Resumo de Inglês 1ºPP

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3024 – Yago Carvalho
File 4A – From rags to riches:
Form: [has/have + past participle]
Tempo indeterminado Antes Agora
Nós usamos o Present Perfect para dizer que uma ação ocorreu em um tempo in-
determinado antes de agora. O tempo exato não é importante. Você não pode usar o Pre-
sent Perfect com expressões de tempo específicos, tais como: yesterday, one year ago, 
last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, 
etc. Nós podemos usar o Presente Perfeito com expressões vagas tais como: ever, never, 
once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
a) Present Perfect (experience) + ever, never:
 Usa-se frequentemente o present perfect com ever para expressar uma ideia de ''alguma 
vez na vida'' e never para uma ação que nunca ocorreu.
Ex: Have you ever been to London ? 'Yes, I have' or 'No, I haven't'.
 Has she ever worked in Colégio Naval ? 'No, she has never worked here.
OBS1: O ever é utilizado nas perguntas.
OBS2: Diferença entre 'been' e 'gone':
 He's gone to Paris = He is in Paris now
 He's been to Paris = He went to Paris and came back
b) Present Perfect or Simple Past ?
 Os diálogos geralmente começam com o Presente Perfect (com uma pergunta 
generalizada) e então mudam para o Simple Past (com perguntas especificas e 
detalhadas do tipo: 'when, where, who with …'
 Assim dizendo, utiliza-se o Simple Past para perguntar ou dizer exatamente quando 
alguma ação aconteceu.
Ex: Have you ever been to the USA ? 'Yes, I have' 
 When did you go there? 'I went last year'
 Who did you go with ? 'I went with my wife and children' 
 Where did you stay ? 'We stayed in a great hotel'
3024 – Yago Carvalho
c) Vocabulary: Clothes
A dress (vestido) A Top (blusa) A skirt (saia)
A shirt (camisa) A belt (cinto) A T-shirt (camiseta)
A sweater (suéter) A suit (terno) A coat (casaco)
A tie (gravata) A scarf (cachecol) A tracksuit (agasalho eportivo)
A jacket (jaqueta) A hat (chapéu) A cap (boné)
A blouse (blusa feminina) Pyjamas (pijama) Trousers (calças)
Jeans (calça jeans) Shorts Shoes (sapato)
Boots (botas) Trainers (tênis) Socks (meias)
Tights (meia calça)
 Verbs used with clothes:
− get dresses: se vestir
− wear: vestir/usar
− take off: tirar (a roupa)
− try on: exprimentar
− put on: colocar
File 4B – Family Conflicts:
a) Present Perfect + yet, just, already:
− yet:
 Utiliza-se 'yet' + present perfect na negativa ou em perguntas. Na pergunta, indaga se 
algo que você pensa que irá acontecer, aconteceu ou não. Coloca-se o 'yet' no fim da 
frase. Nas respostas, negativas, ele indica que algo ainda não ocorreu.
Ex: Have you washed the car yet ? (Você já lavou o carro ?) (yet = já)
 No, I haven't washed it yet. (Não, eu não lavei o carro ainda.) (yet = ainda)
− just:
 Utiliza-se 'just' em frases afirmativas para dizer que algo acabou de acontecer, ou seja, 
aconteceu muito recentemente. Coloca-se o 'just' depois antes do verbo prinipal.
Ex: Would you like a coffee?
 No, thanks. I've just ha one. (Não, obrigado. Eu acabei de tomar um.) 
− already: 
 Utiliza-se 'already' em frases afirmativas para dizer que alguma coisa já aconteceu,ou 
seja, aconteceu antes ou mais cedo do que o esperado. Coloca-se o 'already' antes do 
verbo principal.
Ex: Do you want to see this movie? (Você quer ver este filme?)
 No, I've already seen it twice. (Não, eu já o assisti duas vezes)
 Can I buy this magazine? (Posso comprar esta revista?)
 No, I've already bought one. (Não, eu já comprei-a.)
3024 – Yago Carvalho
b) Vocabulary: Verb Phrases.
− He never makes his bed. (make th bed = fazer a cama)
− He never tidies his room. (tidy = arrumar)
− She leaves wet towels on the bathroom floor. (leave = deixar)
− … just after I've cleaned the floor. (clean = limpar)
− He never does the washing up. (do the washing up = lavar a louça)
− She always changes the channel on the TV. (change = mudar, trocar)
− He promised to take the dog for a walk every day. (take … for a walk levar pra passear)
− She always does her homework at the last minute. (do the homework = fazer o dever)
File 4C – Faster, Faster!
a) Comparatives, as … as, less … than:
Adjective Comparative
tall taller 1 sílaba: + er
easy busier consoante+y: tira o y e fica +ier
interesting more interesting 2 ou mais sílabas: more + 
adjective
good
bad
far
better
worse
further/farther
Irregulares
Advérbio Compativo Advérbio Comparativo
regular irregular
quickly More quickly hard harder
slowly More slowly well better
badly worse
 Utiliza-se adjetivos comparativos para comparar pessoas e coisas;
Ex: My sister is younger than me
 Rio de Janeiro is bigger than Angra dos Reis.
 Utiliza-se advérbios compativos para comparar ações;
Ex: He drives more carefully than me.
 Vasco plays better than Flamengo.
 Pode-se também utilzar (not) as + (adjective/adverb) + as em uma relação de igualdade;
Ex: I'm not as tall as my friend.
 They don't speak as fast as me.
OBS: o contrário de 'more' é 'less'.
Ex: We sleep less than previous generations. (Nós dormimos menos que a geração 
anterior)
3024 – Yago Carvalho
b) Vocabulary: Time expressions
− don't have enough time (não ter tempo suficiente)
− save time (poupar tempo)
− waste time (disperdiçar tempo)
− take a long time (tomar muito tempo / demorar muito)
− spend more time (gastar mais tempo)
− on time (estar na hora certa / pontual)
File 4D – The World’s Friendliest City
a) Superlative: Utiliza-se the + superlative adjective para se destacar alguma coisa/pessoa 
em um determinado grupo.
Ex: The highest mountain in Europe.
 She’s the best in the class.
Adjective Superlative
tall The tallest 1 sílaba: + est
hot The hottest Consoante + vogal + consoante: 
dobrar a consoante final + est.
easy The easiest Consoante + y: tira y e fica: iest
beautiful The most beautiful 2 ou mais sílabas: most + adjetivo
good
bad
far
The best
The worst
The farthest / furthest
Irregular
- Geralmente utiliza-se o superlative com o Present Perfect, para dar uma ideia 
enfática de destaque dentro do que foi feito ou aconteceu na experiência do 
locutor.
Ex: Russia is the coldest place we’ve ever been to.
(Russia é o lugar mais frio em que já estivemos) *Dentre todos que eles estiveram 
a Rússia é o MAIS frio.
b) Vocabulary: Oppositive adjetives
- Far --- > Near
- Polite --- > Rude
- Dangerous --- > Safe
- Crowded --- > Empty
- Polluted --- > Clean
- Noisy --- > Quiet
- Boring --- > Exciting/Interesting
- Modern --- > Old
Prefixos para formar adjetivos opostos:
- UN: happy
 healthy
 comfortable
 tidy
- IM: possible
 polite
 patient
3024 – Yago Carvalho
File 5A – Are you a Party Animal?
a) Grammar: uses of the infinitive (with to)
- Utiliza-se “to + the infinitive” depois de:
1) Alguns *verbos*, como por exemplo: want, need, would like, etc.
Ex: I want to go to the party
 I need to buy some new clothes
*** Cuidado, pois existe um lista de verbos que deve-se usar “infinitive with to” e “–ing.” 
Infelizmente a solução é decorar, mas com o tempo e exercícios os mesmos serão 
fixados.
 **** Verbs + to :
Decide to: we decided to go to France.
Forget to: Don’t forget to clean your room.
Help to: I help my dad to fix the car.
Hope to: We hope to see you again.
Learn to: I’m learning to play the piano.
Need to: I need to drink some water.
Offer to: They offered to take me to the school.
Plan to: They’re planning to travel next weekend.
Pretend: She pretended to be ill, but she wasn’t really.
Remember to: Remember to bring your books tomorrow.
Start: She started to cry in front of me.
Try to: I’m trying to get a jog,but it’s very hard.
Want to: I want to visit my family.
Would like to: I’d like to live in England.
 **** Verbs + -ing :
Enjoy: I enjoy listening to the radio.
Finish: Have you finished getting dressed?
Go on (=continue): I have to go on working until 9 o’clock.
Hate: I hate waking up early.
Like: I like singing at the shower.
Love: I love walking on the beach at the morning.
(Don’t Mind) = (não ligar, não se incomodar): I don’t mind cooking, It’s ok.
Spend (time): She spends hours talking with her boyfriend.
Stop: Please stop talking.
 
2) Adjetivos (**sempre**)
Ex: It isn’t easy to find a job.
 Nice to meet.
 It’s important not to be late. ** The negative infinitive is “not to + verb”
3) Para mostrar o motive pelo qual alguma coisa acontece. (**To say why**):
Ex: I came to this school to learn English. NOT for learn English.
 I went to the party to meet new people.
3024 – Yago Carvalho
The topic of a paragraph is usually introduced in a sentence; this sentence is called 
the topic sentence. However, the topic sentence can do more than intruduce the subject 
of the paragraph. A good topic sentence also serves to state an idea or attitude about the 
topic. This idea or attitude about the topic is called the controlling idea; it controls what 
the sentences in the paragraph will discuss. All sentences in the paragraph should 
relate to and develop the controlling idea.
A carefully thought out topic sentence will serve two important functions. First, it will 
provide you, the author, the means to stay focused on your objective . It's a lot easier to 
write if you know what you are going to write about! Second, a clearly stated topic 
sentence will provide readers with the tools they need to clearly understand what you have 
to say. These are important reasons to carefully consider topic sentences before 
beginning writing.
Ex: Smoking cigarettes can be an expensive habit.
In this sentence the topic is the habit of smoking cigarettes; the controlling idea is that 
smoking can be expensive. A paragraph that develops this topic sentence should 
demonstrate that smoking can indeed be an expensive habit.
Ex: My hometown is famous for several amazing natural features. First, it is 
noted for the Wheaton River, which is very wide and beautiful. Also, on the other side of 
the town is Wheaton Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep.
Note how the first sentence, “My hometown is famous for several amazing geographical 
features” is the most general statement (topic sentence). This sentence is different from 
the two sentences that follow it, since the second and third sentences function as 
controlling ideas.
Read the following topic sentences. They all contain a topic (in red) and a con-
trolling idea (in green). When your introduction contains a clearly stated topic sentence 
such as one of the following, your reader will know what to expect and, therefore, under-
stand your ideas better.
1. People can avoid burglaries by taking certain precautions. 
(The precautions for…)
2. There are several advantages to growing up in a small town. 
(The advantages of…)
3. Most US universities require a 550 point TOEFL score for a number of reasons. 
(The reasons for…)
4. Air pollution in Mexico City is the worst in the world for a number of reasons. 
(The causes of…) or (The effects of…)
5. Fixing a flat tire on a bicycle is easy if you follow these steps. 
(The steps for…)
6. There are several enjoyable ways to travel between the US and Queretaro. 
(The ways to…) or (The methods of…)
7. Animals in danger of becoming extinct come from a wide range of countries. 
(The different countries… [parts, kinds, types])
3024 – Yago Carvalho
8. Effective leadership requires specific qualities that anyone can develop. 
(The qualities (or characteristics or traits) of…)
9. Industrial waste poured into Lake Michigan has led to dramatic changes in its abil-
ity to support marine life. 
(The effects of…)
10. In order to fully explore the wreck of the Titanic, scientists must address several 
problems. 
(The difficulties of…) or (The obstacles to…)
** Don’t forget those transition words: Before, After, However, In addition to, First, Second, 
So, Thus, Therefore, In conclusion, To conclude, In brief, Because, As a result, Since, 
While, When, etc.
**** ATENÇÃO: O PROFESSOR PEDRA, DISSE QUE A PARTE DE REDAÇÃO SERÁ DI-
VIDIDA EM 2 PARTES: 1ª PARTE - HAVERÁ ALGUMAS FRASES EM QUE O ALUNO 
TERÁ QUE IDENTIFICAR QUAL O TOPIC SENTENCE E A CONTROLLING IDEA, VA-
LENDO 2,O PONTOS. 2ª PARTE - A REDAÇÃO PROPRIAMENTE DITA, VALENDO 8,0 
PONTOS. SERÃO DADOS ALGUNS TOPIC SENTENCES PRONTOS ENTRE OS QUAIS 
O ALUNO DEVE ESCOLHER UM E DESENVOLVER SEU PARAGRAFO, MUITO PARE-
CIDO COM EXERCÍCIO FEITO EM SALA DE AULA.
Good luck for everybody !