<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws0">ÍNDICE<span class="ls8 ws9"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws1">RESUMO<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_0 blank"></span><span class="ls0 ws2">.............................................................................................<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_1 blank"></span>2<span class="ff2"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y3 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">INTRODUÇÃO<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_1 blank"></span><span class="ls0 ws2">...................................................................................<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_1 blank"></span>3<span class="ff2"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y4 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws4">OBJECTIVOS<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls0 ws2">.....................................................................................<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_1 blank"></span>4<span class="ff2"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y5 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws9">OBJECTIVO GERAL<span class="ls8"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls0 ws2">.....................................................................<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_1 blank"></span>4<span class="ff2"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y6 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws9">OBJECTIVOS ES<span class="_4 blank"></span>PECÍFICOS<span class="ls8"> <span class="_1 blank"></span><span class="ls0 ws2">......................................................<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_1 blank"></span>4<span class="ff2"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y7 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws9">FUNDAMENTO TEÓRICO<span class="ls3"> <span class="ls0 ws2">.............................................................</span><span class="ls8"> <span class="_2 blank"></span>5<span class="_5 blank"> </span><span class="ff2"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y8 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lsa ws9">1. Termoqu<span class="lsb ws5">ímica</span><span class="ls8"> <span class="_0 blank"></span><span class="ls0 ws2">..............................................................................<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_1 blank"></span>5<span class="_5 blank"> </span><span class="ff2"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y9 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lsa ws9">2. Determinação do calor de neutr<span class="_4 blank"></span>alização<span class="ls8"> <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls0 ws2">...................................<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_1 blank"></span>9<span class="ff2"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 ya ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws9">MATERIAIS E REAGENTES<span class="ls8"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls0 ws2">........................................................<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_1 blank"></span><span class="lsa ws6">10<span class="ff2 ls8 ws9"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 yb ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws7">PROCED<span class="lsc ws9">IMENTOS EX<span class="_5 blank"> </span>PERIMENT<span class="_5 blank"> </span>AIS<span class="ls8"> <span class="_0 blank"></span><span class="ls0 ws2">......................................<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_1 blank"></span><span class="lsa ws6">12<span class="ff2 ls8 ws9"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 yc ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws9">DISCUSSÃO DOS RES<span class="_4 blank"></span>ULTADOS<span class="ls8"> <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls0 ws2">................................................<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="lsa ws6">14<span class="ff2 ls8 ws9"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 yd ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws1">Dete<span class="lsd ws9">rminação da capacidade calorifica do calorímetro<span class="ls8"> <span class="_1 blank"></span><span class="ls0 ws2">.............<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_1 blank"></span><span class="lsa ws6">17<span class="ff2 ls8 ws9"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 ye ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws1">CONCLUSÃO<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_0 blank"></span><span class="ls0 ws2">...................................................................................<span class="ls8 ws9"> <span class="_1 blank"></span><span class="lsa ws6">24<span class="ff2 ls8 ws9"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 yf ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lse ws8">BIBLIOGRAFIA<span class="ls6 ws9"> <span class="ls0 ws2">..............................................................................</span><span class="ls8"> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="lsa ws6">26<span class="ff2 ls8 ws9"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 y10 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y11 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y12 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y13 w2 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3548ae19-59b4-497c-891e-22e5795877f8/bg2.png"><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y14 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y15 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y16 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y17 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m1 x4 h8 y18 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc1 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y19 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws9">INSTITUTO S<span class="_5 blank"> </span>UPERIOR<span class="_5 blank"> </span> POLITÉCN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ICO DE TEC<span class="_5 blank"> </span>NOLO<span class="_5 blank"> </span>GIAS E CIÊN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>CIAS<span class="ls8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y1a ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws9">AV. Luanda Su<span class="_4 blank"></span>l, Rua <span class="_4 blank"></span>Lateral <span class="_4 blank"></span>Via S10, <span class="_4 blank"></span>Talatona <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls12">Municíp<span class="_4 blank"></span>io do<span class="_4 blank"></span> Bel<span class="_4 blank"></span>as <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls13 wsa">Luanda/Angola</span> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1b ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws9">Telefones: <span class="lsf">+244226430334/44226430330 <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls15">Correio <span class="_4 blank"></span>electr<span class="_4 blank"></span>ónico:<span class="_4 blank"></span> geral@i<span class="_4 blank"></span>sptec.<span class="_4 blank"></span>co.ao<span class="ls8"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 hb y1c ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1d ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1e ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div></div><div class="c x8 y1f w3 hc"><div class="t m0 x9 h7 y20 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">2 </div></div><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 xa h2 y21 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls16 wsb">RESUMO<span class="ls8 ws9"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y22 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y23 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Através da experiência diária, <span class="_4 blank"></span>o conceito de <span class="_4 blank"></span>calor como sendo uma <span class="_4 blank"></span>forma de energia <span class="_4 blank"></span>que </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y24 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">flui <span class="_8 blank"> </span>do <span class="_8 blank"> </span>mais <span class="_8 blank"> </span>quente <span class="_8 blank"> </span>para <span class="_8 blank"> </span>o <span class="_8 blank"> </span>mais <span class="_8 blank"> </span>frio, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>surge <span class="_8 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>maneira <span class="_8 blank"> </span>quase <span class="_8 blank"> </span>intuitiva. <span class="_8 blank"> </span>Enquanto <span class="_8 blank"> </span>outras </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y25 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">formas de energia são convertidas em calor, o inverso não é possível. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y26 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Assim sendo, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>prática realizada <span class="_5 blank"> </span>foi <span class="_5 blank"> </span>sobre a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>determinação do <span class="_5 blank"> </span>calor <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de neutralização, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>isto </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y27 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">é, o calor libertado quando ocorre uma reacção de neutralização. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y28 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">A <span class="_4 blank"></span>determinação <span class="_4 blank"></span>do <span class="_4 blank"></span>calor <span class="_6 blank"></span>de neutralização <span class="_4 blank"></span>é <span class="_6 blank"></span>feita à <span class="_4 blank"></span>pressão <span class="_4 blank"></span>constante, <span class="_6 blank"></span>no qual <span class="_4 blank"></span>se <span class="_4 blank"></span>relaciona </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y29 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">o <span class="_8 blank"> </span>mesmo <span class="_5 blank"> </span>com <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>variação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>entalpia. <span class="_8 blank"> </span>Por <span class="_8 blank"> </span>este <span class="_5 blank"> </span>motivo, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>o <span class="_8 blank"> </span>calor <span class="_8 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>neutralização <span class="_8 blank"> </span>também </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y2a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">pode ser chamado entalpia de neutralização. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y2b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">A <span class="_6 blank"></span>prática <span class="_4 blank"></span>dividiu-se <span class="_6 blank"></span>em <span class="_4 blank"></span>duas <span class="_6 blank"></span>partes. <span class="_4 blank"></span>A <span class="_6 blank"></span>primeira <span class="_4 blank"></span>parte <span class="_6 blank"></span>foi <span class="_6 blank"></span>a <span class="_4 blank"></span>da <span class="_6 blank"></span>determinação <span class="_4 blank"></span>da <span class="_6 blank"></span>capacidade </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y2c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">calorífica <span class="_9 blank"> </span>do <span class="_9 blank"> </span>sistema <span class="_9 blank"> </span>calorímetro <span class="_9 blank"> </span>usando <span class="_9 blank"> </span>a <span class="_9 blank"> </span>água <span class="_9 blank"> </span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>a <span class="_9 blank"> </span>segunda, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>a <span class="_9 blank"> </span>da <span class="_9 blank"> </span>determinação <span class="_9 blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y2d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">entalpia <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>neutralização <span class="_a blank"> </span>usando <span class="_a blank"> </span>as <span class="_a blank"> </span>soluções <span class="_a blank"> </span>do <span class="_a blank"> </span>ácido <span class="_a blank"> </span>clorídrico <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>hidróxido <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>sódio, </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y2e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">para <span class="_8 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_a blank"> </span>posterior <span class="_8 blank"> </span>reacção <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>neutralização, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>no <span class="_a blank"> </span>qual <span class="_8 blank"> </span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>processo <span class="_8 blank"> </span>ocorreu <span class="_8 blank"> </span>no <span class="_a blank"> </span>interior <span class="_8 blank"> </span>do </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y2f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">calorímetro para a obtenção das temperaturas que ajudariam na determinação da mesma. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y30 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Posteriormente compararam-se os valores obtidos <span class="_5 blank"> </span>com os valores padrões, para <span class="_5 blank"> </span>se poder </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y31 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">calcular <span class="_6 blank"></span>os <span class="_6 blank"></span>erros <span class="_6 blank"></span>relativos <span class="_6 blank"></span>percentuais, <span class="_4 blank"></span>bem <span class="_6 blank"></span>como <span class="_6 blank"></span>o <span class="_6 blank"></span>desvio <span class="_6 blank"></span>padrão. <span class="_6 blank"></span>Os <span class="_6 blank"></span>dados <span class="_6 blank"></span>obtidos <span class="_4 blank"></span>sobre </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y32 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>calorimetria <span class="_8 blank"> </span>foram <span class="_8 blank"> </span>mais <span class="_8 blank"> </span>aceitáveis <span class="_8 blank"> </span>em <span class="_a blank"> </span>relação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>aos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>dados <span class="_a blank"> </span>obtidos <span class="_5 blank"> </span>para <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>determinação </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y33 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">da entalpia de neutralização. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y34 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 wsc">Palavras-chave<span class="ff2 ws9">: calor, entalpia, capacidade calorífica, reacção de neutralização. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y35 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y36 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y37 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y38 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y39 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y3a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y3b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y3c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y3d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y3e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y13 w2 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3548ae19-59b4-497c-891e-22e5795877f8/bg3.png"><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y14 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y15 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y16 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y17 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m1 x4 h8 y18 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc1 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y19 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws9">INSTITUTO S<span class="_5 blank"> </span>UPERIOR<span class="_5 blank"> </span> POLITÉCN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ICO DE TEC<span class="_5 blank"> </span>NOLO<span class="_5 blank"> </span>GIAS E CIÊN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>CIAS<span class="ls8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y1a ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws9">AV. Luanda Su<span class="_4 blank"></span>l, Rua <span class="_4 blank"></span>Lateral <span class="_4 blank"></span>Via S10, <span class="_4 blank"></span>Talatona <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls12">Municíp<span class="_4 blank"></span>io do<span class="_4 blank"></span> Bel<span class="_4 blank"></span>as <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls13 wsa">Luanda/Angola</span> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1b ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws9">Telefones: <span class="lsf">+244226430334/44226430330 <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls15">Correio <span class="_4 blank"></span>electr<span class="_4 blank"></span>ónico:<span class="_4 blank"></span> geral@i<span class="_4 blank"></span>sptec.<span class="_4 blank"></span>co.ao<span class="ls8"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 hb y1c ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1d ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1e ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div></div><div class="c x8 y1f w3 hc"><div class="t m0 x9 h7 y20 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">3 </div></div><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 xb h2 y21 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws9">INTRODUÇÃO <span class="ls8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y22 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y23 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Ao <span class="_b blank"> </span>longo <span class="_b blank"> </span>das <span class="_a blank"> </span>reacções <span class="_b blank"> </span>entre <span class="_b blank"> </span>um <span class="_b blank"> </span>ácido <span class="_b blank"> </span>e <span class="_b blank"> </span>uma <span class="_b blank"> </span>base, <span class="_b blank"> </span>há <span class="_b blank"> </span>uma <span class="_b blank"> </span>libertação <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>calor, <span class="_b blank"> </span>que <span class="_b blank"> </span>é </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y24 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">denominado <span class="_9 blank"> </span>calor <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>neutralização <span class="_9 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_c blank"> </span>ainda, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>entalpia <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>neutralização. <span class="_c blank"> </span>Essa <span class="_9 blank"> </span>reacção </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y25 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">ocorre <span class="_5 blank"> </span>entre <span class="_5 blank"> </span>um <span class="_8 blank"> </span>ácido <span class="_5 blank"> </span>forte <span class="_5 blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_5 blank"> </span>base <span class="_5 blank"> </span>forte, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>o <span class="_5 blank"> </span>que <span class="_8 blank"> </span>faz <span class="_5 blank"> </span>com <span class="_5 blank"> </span>que <span class="_8 blank"> </span>ao <span class="_5 blank"> </span>fim <span class="_5 blank"> </span>se <span class="_8 blank"> </span>tenha <span class="_5 blank"> </span>apenas </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y26 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">como produto <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>água, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>pois <span class="_5 blank"> </span>as <span class="_5 blank"> </span>outras <span class="_5 blank"> </span>espécies são <span class="_5 blank"> </span>espectadoras, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>devido <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>capacidade que </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y27 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">tanto os ácidos fortes como as bases fortes têm de se dissociar. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y28 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> No <span class="_c blank"> </span>experimento <span class="_c blank"> </span>realizado, <span class="_b blank"> </span>para <span class="_c blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>cálculo <span class="_c blank"> </span>da <span class="_c blank"> </span>entalpia <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>neutralização, <span class="_c blank"> </span>usaram-se <span class="_c blank"> </span>os </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y29 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">dados <span class="_c blank"> </span>da <span class="_c blank"> </span>temperatura <span class="_c blank"> </span>registadas <span class="_c blank"> </span>pelo <span class="_b blank"> </span>termopar, <span class="_c blank"> </span>no <span class="_c blank"> </span>interior <span class="_c blank"> </span>do <span class="_c blank"> </span>calorímetro, <span class="_c blank"> </span>usando-<span class="ls18">se </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y2a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">como mistura as soluções de ácido clorídrico e hidróxido de sódio. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y2b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Para além do <span class="_4 blank"></span>cálculo para <span class="_4 blank"></span>a determinação da <span class="_4 blank"></span>entalpia de <span class="_4 blank"></span>neutralização, teve-se também <span class="_4 blank"></span>a </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y2c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">determinação da <span class="_5 blank"> </span>capacidade calorífica <span class="_5 blank"> </span>do <span class="_5 blank"> </span>sistema calorímetro, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>cujo <span class="_5 blank"> </span>líquido usado <span class="_5 blank"> </span>para <span class="_5 blank"> </span>o </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y2d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">efeito foi a água (uma mistura de água fria e quente).<span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y2e ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y2f ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y30 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y31 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y32 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y33 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y34 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y35 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y36 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y37 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y38 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y39 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y3a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 y3f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y40 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y13 w2 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3548ae19-59b4-497c-891e-22e5795877f8/bg4.png"><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y14 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y15 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y16 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y17 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m1 x4 h8 y18 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc1 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y19 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws9">INSTITUTO S<span class="_5 blank"> </span>UPERIOR<span class="_5 blank"> </span> POLITÉCN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ICO DE TEC<span class="_5 blank"> </span>NOLO<span class="_5 blank"> </span>GIAS E CIÊN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>CIAS<span class="ls8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y1a ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws9">AV. Luanda Su<span class="_4 blank"></span>l, Rua <span class="_4 blank"></span>Lateral <span class="_4 blank"></span>Via S10, <span class="_4 blank"></span>Talatona <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls12">Municíp<span class="_4 blank"></span>io do<span class="_4 blank"></span> Bel<span class="_4 blank"></span>as <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls13 wsa">Luanda/Angola</span> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1b ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws9">Telefones: <span class="lsf">+244226430334/44226430330 <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls15">Correio <span class="_4 blank"></span>electr<span class="_4 blank"></span>ónico:<span class="_4 blank"></span> geral@i<span class="_4 blank"></span>sptec.<span class="_4 blank"></span>co.ao<span class="ls8"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 hb y1c ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1d ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1e ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div></div><div class="c x8 y1f w3 hc"><div class="t m0 x9 h7 y20 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">4 </div></div><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 xc h2 y21 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls16 wsb">OBJE<span class="ls19">C<span class="ls1b wsd">TIVOS<span class="ls8 ws9"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y22 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 he y41 ff6 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws9">OBJECTIVO GERAL </div><div class="t m0 x6 hf y42 ff7 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws9"> <span class="ff8 ls8">Determinar a capacidade calorífica do calorímetro; </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 hf y43 ff7 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws9"> <span class="ff8 ls8">Determinar a entalpia de neutralização envolvida na reacção de neutralização. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y44 ff1 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws9">OBJECTIVOS ESPECÍFICOS </div><div class="t m0 x6 hf y45 ff7 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws9"> <span class="ff8 ls8">Determinar o calor de neutralização do ácido forte(HCl); </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 hf y46 ff7 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws9"> <span class="ff8 ls8">Estudar <span class="_b blank"> </span>a <span class="_c blank"> </span>variação <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>energia <span class="_c blank"> </span>em <span class="_b blank"> </span>reacções <span class="_c blank"> </span>entre <span class="_b blank"> </span>ácidos <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_b blank"> </span>bases <span class="_c blank"> </span>por <span class="_b blank"> </span>uma <span class="_c blank"> </span>base </span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hf y47 ff8 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">forte(NaOH). </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 y48 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y49 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y4a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y4b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y4c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y4d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y4e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y4f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y50 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y51 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y52 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y53 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y37 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y54 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y55 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y56 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y3b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y57 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y13 w2 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3548ae19-59b4-497c-891e-22e5795877f8/bg5.png"><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y14 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y15 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y16 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y17 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m1 x4 h8 y18 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc1 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y19 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws9">INSTITUTO S<span class="_5 blank"> </span>UPERIOR<span class="_5 blank"> </span> POLITÉCN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ICO DE TEC<span class="_5 blank"> </span>NOLO<span class="_5 blank"> </span>GIAS E CIÊN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>CIAS<span class="ls8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y1a ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws9">AV. Luanda Su<span class="_4 blank"></span>l, Rua <span class="_4 blank"></span>Lateral <span class="_4 blank"></span>Via S10, <span class="_4 blank"></span>Talatona <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls12">Municíp<span class="_4 blank"></span>io do<span class="_4 blank"></span> Bel<span class="_4 blank"></span>as <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls13 wsa">Luanda/Angola</span> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1b ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws9">Telefones: <span class="lsf">+244226430334/44226430330 <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls15">Correio <span class="_4 blank"></span>electr<span class="_4 blank"></span>ónico:<span class="_4 blank"></span> geral@i<span class="_4 blank"></span>sptec.<span class="_4 blank"></span>co.ao<span class="ls8"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 hb y1c ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1d ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1e ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div></div><div class="c x8 y1f w3 hc"><div class="t m0 x9 h7 y20 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">5 </div></div><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 xd h2 y21 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws9">FUNDAMENTO TEÓRICO <span class="ls8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y22 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y58 ff1 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws9">1. Termoquímica </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y59 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Termoquímica <span class="_6 blank"></span>é <span class="_6 blank"></span>o <span class="_6 blank"></span>estudo <span class="_6 blank"></span>do <span class="_6 blank"></span>calor <span class="_6 blank"></span>trocado <span class="_6 blank"></span>quando <span class="_6 blank"></span>ocorrem <span class="_6 blank"></span>reacções <span class="_6 blank"></span>químicas. <span class="_6 blank"></span>É <span class="_6 blank"></span>um <span class="_6 blank"></span>ra<span class="_4 blank"></span>mo </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y5a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">da <span class="_a blank"> </span>termodinâmica, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>pois <span class="_a blank"> </span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>vaso <span class="_8 blank"> </span>da <span class="_a blank"> </span>reacção <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>seu <span class="_a blank"> </span>conteúdo <span class="_a blank"> </span>constituem <span class="_8 blank"> </span>um <span class="_a blank"> </span>sistema, <span class="_d blank"> </span>e <span class="_d blank"> </span>as </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y5b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">reacções <span class="_c blank"> </span>químicas <span class="_9 blank"> </span>provocam <span class="_c blank"> </span>troca <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>energia <span class="_c blank"> </span>entre <span class="_9 blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>sistema <span class="_9 blank"> </span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>as <span class="_c blank"> </span>suas <span class="_9 blank"> </span>vizinhanças. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y5c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Assim, <span class="_a blank"> </span>podemos <span class="_b blank"> </span>usar <span class="_b blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>calorimetria <span class="_b blank"> </span>para <span class="_b blank"> </span>medir <span class="_a blank"> </span>o <span class="_b blank"> </span>calor <span class="_b blank"> </span>produzido <span class="_a blank"> </span>ou <span class="_b blank"> </span>absorvido <span class="_b blank"> </span>numa </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y5d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">reacção <span class="_5 blank"> </span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>identificar <span class="_5 blank"> </span>o <span class="_5 blank"> </span>calor <span class="_8 blank"> </span>à <span class="_5 blank"> </span>variação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>energia <span class="_5 blank"> </span>interna <span class="_8 blank"> </span>se <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>reacção <span class="_5 blank"> </span>ocorrer <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>volume </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y5e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">constante, <span class="_e blank"> </span>ou <span class="_e blank"> </span>à <span class="_e blank"> </span>variação <span class="_e blank"> </span>de <span class="_e blank"> </span>entalpia <span class="_e blank"> </span>se <span class="_e blank"> </span>a <span class="_e blank"> </span>reacção <span class="_e blank"> </span>ocorrer <span class="_e blank"> </span>a <span class="_e blank"> </span>pressão <span class="_e blank"> </span>constante. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y5f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Inversamente, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>se <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>energia <span class="_5 blank"> </span>interna <span class="_5 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>variação de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>entalpia forem <span class="_8 blank"> </span>conhecidas para <span class="_8 blank"> </span>uma </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y60 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">certa <span class="_5 blank"> </span>reacção, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>é <span class="_5 blank"> </span>possível <span class="_8 blank"> </span>calcular <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>quantidade <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>calor <span class="_5 blank"> </span>que <span class="_8 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_5 blank"> </span>reacção <span class="_8 blank"> </span>pode <span class="_5 blank"> </span>produzir. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y61 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">(ATKINS e PAULA, 2012) </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y62 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y63 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Como já <span class="_5 blank"> </span>é <span class="_5 blank"> </span>sabido, um <span class="_5 blank"> </span>processo <span class="_5 blank"> </span>que <span class="_5 blank"> </span>liberta calor <span class="_5 blank"> </span>para <span class="_5 blank"> </span>as <span class="_5 blank"> </span>vizinhanças é <span class="_5 blank"> </span>exotérmico, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>e um </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y64 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">que <span class="_f blank"> </span>absorve <span class="_f blank"> </span>o <span class="_f blank"> </span>calor <span class="_f blank"> </span>das <span class="_f blank"> </span>vizinhanças <span class="_f blank"> </span>é <span class="_f blank"> </span>endotérmico. <span class="_f blank"> </span>Como <span class="_f blank"> </span>a <span class="_f blank"> </span>libertação <span class="_f blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>calor </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y65 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">corresponde <span class="_a blank"> </span>à <span class="_a blank"> </span>diminuição <span class="_a blank"> </span>da <span class="_b blank"> </span>entalpia <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>um <span class="_a blank"> </span>sistema, <span class="_b blank"> </span>podemos <span class="_a blank"> </span>dizer <span class="_a blank"> </span>que <span class="_a blank"> </span>um <span class="_b blank"> </span>processo </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y66 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">exotérmico a <span class="_4 blank"></span>pressão constante <span class="_4 blank"></span>é aquele <span class="_4 blank"></span>no qual <span class="_4 blank"></span>a variação <span class="_4 blank"></span>de entalpia <span class="_4 blank"></span>é menor <span class="_4 blank"></span>que zero. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y67 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Inversamente, <span class="_6 blank"></span>uma <span class="_6 blank"></span>vez <span class="_6 blank"></span>que <span class="_4 blank"></span>a <span class="_6 blank"></span>absorção <span class="_6 blank"></span>de <span class="_6 blank"></span>calor <span class="_6 blank"></span>provoca <span class="_4 blank"></span>a <span class="_6 blank"></span>elevação <span class="_6 blank"></span>de <span class="_6 blank"></span>entalpia <span class="_6 blank"></span>do <span class="_4 blank"></span>sistema, </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y68 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">um <span class="_8 blank"> </span>processo <span class="_8 blank"> </span>endotérmico <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>pressão <span class="_d blank"> </span>constante <span class="_8 blank"> </span>é <span class="_8 blank"> </span>aquele <span class="_8 blank"> </span>no <span class="_8 blank"> </span>qual <span class="_d blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>variação <span class="_8 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>entalpia <span class="_8 blank"> </span>é </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y69 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">maior que zero. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y6a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 xe h5 y6b ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">1.1.Variações de Entalpia Padrão </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y6c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Para a entalpia padrão, temos de prestar atenção aos seguintes conceitos: </div><div class="t m0 xe hd y6d ff9 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls1c">Ø<span class="ff7 ls1d ws9"> <span class="ff2 ls8">A <span class="_6 blank"></span>entalpia-padrão <span class="_6 blank"></span>de <span class="_6 blank"></span>transição <span class="_6 blank"></span>é <span class="_6 blank"></span>igual <span class="_6 blank"></span>ao <span class="_6 blank"></span>calor <span class="_4 blank"></span>trocado <span class="_6 blank"></span>a <span class="_6 blank"></span>pressão <span class="_6 blank"></span>constante <span class="_6 blank"></span>durante </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y6e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls1e ws9">a <span class="ls8">transição; </span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y6f ff9 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls1c">Ø<span class="ff7 ls1d ws9"> <span class="ff2 ls8">Uma <span class="_f blank"> </span>equação <span class="_f blank"> </span>termoquímica <span class="_10 blank"> </span>é <span class="_f blank"> </span>uma <span class="_f blank"> </span>equação <span class="_10 blank"> </span>química <span class="_f blank"> </span>acompanhada <span class="_f blank"> </span>de <span class="_10 blank"> </span>sua </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y70 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">variação de entalpia correspondente </div><div class="t m0 xe hd y71 ff9 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls1c">Ø<span class="ff7 ls1d ws9"> <span class="ff2 ls8">A <span class="_8 blank"> </span>lei <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>Hess <span class="_8 blank"> </span>estabelece <span class="_8 blank"> </span>que <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>entalpia-padrão, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_8 blank"> </span>reacção <span class="_8 blank"> </span>global <span class="_5 blank"> </span>é <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>soma </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y72 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">das <span class="_11 blank"> </span>entalpias-padrão <span class="_11 blank"> </span>das <span class="_11 blank"> </span>reacções individuais <span class="_11 blank"> </span>nas <span class="_11 blank"> </span>quais <span class="_11 blank"> </span>a <span class="_11 blank"> </span>reacção <span class="_11 blank"> </span>pode <span class="_11 blank"> </span>ser </div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y73 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">dividida. </div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y13 w2 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3548ae19-59b4-497c-891e-22e5795877f8/bg6.png"><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y14 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y15 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y16 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y17 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m1 x4 h8 y18 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc1 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y19 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws9">INSTITUTO S<span class="_5 blank"> </span>UPERIOR<span class="_5 blank"> </span> POLITÉCN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ICO DE TEC<span class="_5 blank"> </span>NOLO<span class="_5 blank"> </span>GIAS E CIÊN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>CIAS<span class="ls8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y1a ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws9">AV. Luanda Su<span class="_4 blank"></span>l, Rua <span class="_4 blank"></span>Lateral <span class="_4 blank"></span>Via S10, <span class="_4 blank"></span>Talatona <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls12">Municíp<span class="_4 blank"></span>io do<span class="_4 blank"></span> Bel<span class="_4 blank"></span>as <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls13 wsa">Luanda/Angola</span> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1b ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws9">Telefones: <span class="lsf">+244226430334/44226430330 <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls15">Correio <span class="_4 blank"></span>electr<span class="_4 blank"></span>ónico:<span class="_4 blank"></span> geral@i<span class="_4 blank"></span>sptec.<span class="_4 blank"></span>co.ao<span class="ls8"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 hb y1c ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1d ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1e ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div></div><div class="c x8 y1f w3 hc"><div class="t m0 x9 h7 y20 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">6 </div></div><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 x2 hd y74 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">As <span class="_8 blank"> </span>variações <span class="_8 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>entalpia <span class="_8 blank"> </span>são <span class="_d blank"> </span>geralmente <span class="_8 blank"> </span>registradas <span class="_8 blank"> </span>para <span class="_8 blank"> </span>os <span class="_8 blank"> </span>processos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>que <span class="_d blank"> </span>ocorrem <span class="_8 blank"> </span>sob </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y75 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">um conjunto <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de condições <span class="_5 blank"> </span>admitidas <span class="_5 blank"> </span>como padrão. <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Na maior <span class="_5 blank"> </span>parte <span class="_5 blank"> </span>dos casos, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>considera-</div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y76 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">se <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>variação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>entalpia-padrão, <span class="_5 blank"> </span><span class="ffa wse">!"#</span>, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>como <span class="_5 blank"> </span>sendo <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>variação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>entalpia <span class="_8 blank"> </span>num <span class="_5 blank"> </span>processo </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y77 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">em <span class="_8 blank"> </span>que <span class="_8 blank"> </span>as <span class="_5 blank"> </span>substâncias, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>nos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>estados <span class="_8 blank"> </span>inicial <span class="_8 blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>final, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>estão <span class="_8 blank"> </span>nos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>respectivos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>estados-padrão. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y78 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">O <span class="_a blank"> </span>estado-padrão <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>uma <span class="_a blank"> </span>substância, <span class="_a blank"> </span>numa <span class="_a blank"> </span>certa <span class="_a blank"> </span>temperatura, <span class="_a blank"> </span>é <span class="_a blank"> </span>o <span class="_b blank"> </span>da <span class="_a blank"> </span>substância <span class="_a blank"> </span>na <span class="_a blank"> </span>sua </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y79 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">forma pura sob pressão de 1 bar. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y45 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Como <span class="_12 blank"> </span>exemplo <span class="_12 blank"> </span>de <span class="_12 blank"> </span>variação <span class="_12 blank"> </span>de <span class="_12 blank"> </span>entalpia-padrão <span class="_12 blank"> </span>temos <span class="_12 blank"> </span>o <span class="_12 blank"> </span>da <span class="_12 blank"> </span>entalpia-padrão <span class="_12 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y7a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">vaporização, <span class="ffa wse">!</span><span class="fs6 ls2a wsf v1">vap</span><span class="ffa wse">"#</span>, <span class="_4 blank"></span>que é <span class="_4 blank"></span>a <span class="_4 blank"></span>variação de <span class="_4 blank"></span>entalpia por <span class="_4 blank"></span>mol <span class="_4 blank"></span>quando um <span class="_4 blank"></span>líquido <span class="_4 blank"></span>puro, 1 <span class="_4 blank"></span>bar, </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y7b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">se vaporiza em gás, também a 1 bar, como na seguinte transformação: </div><div class="t m0 xf h10 y7c ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8">"</div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y7d ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls1f">$<span class="fs2 ls8 ws10 v2">%<span class="_12 blank"> </span>&<span class="_13 blank"> </span>' "</span></div><div class="t m0 xc h12 y7d ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls20">$<span class="fs2 ls21 ws11 v2">% ( )))))))))))))))))))))))))!</span><span class="ff2 fs6 ls2a wsf v3">vap</span><span class="fs2 ls8 ws12 v2">"# <span class="ls2b ws13">*+*<span class="ls8 ws14">,<span class="_14 blank"> </span>- .</span>/0<span class="ls22">1</span>22<span class="ls21">)<span class="ff2 ls8 ws9">kJ/mol </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y7e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Como <span class="_8 blank"> </span>se <span class="_d blank"> </span>viu <span class="_d blank"> </span>no <span class="_d blank"> </span>exemplo <span class="_d blank"> </span>mencionado, <span class="_d blank"> </span>as <span class="_d blank"> </span>entalpias-padrão <span class="_d blank"> </span>podem <span class="_d blank"> </span>se <span class="_d blank"> </span>referir <span class="_d blank"> </span>a <span class="_d blank"> </span>qualquer </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y7f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">temperatura. Entretanto, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>temperatura adotada <span class="_5 blank"> </span>para <span class="_5 blank"> </span>o <span class="_5 blank"> </span>registro de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>dados <span class="_5 blank"> </span>termodinâmicos </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y80 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">é <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>298,15 <span class="_8 blank"> </span>K <span class="_5 blank"> </span>(correspondente <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>25,00<span class="ffa ls23">#</span>C). <span class="_5 blank"> </span>A <span class="_8 blank"> </span>menos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>observação <span class="_8 blank"> </span>em <span class="_8 blank"> </span>contrário, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>todos </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y81 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">os <span class="_11 blank"> </span>dados <span class="_f blank"> </span>termodinâmicos <span class="_11 blank"> </span>neste <span class="_15 blank"> </span>texto <span class="_11 blank"> </span>se <span class="_15 blank"> </span>referem <span class="_15 blank"> </span>a <span class="_15 blank"> </span>esta <span class="_11 blank"> </span>temperatura <span class="_15 blank"> </span>convencional. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y82 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">(ATKINS e PAULA, 2012) </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y83 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 xe h5 y84 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">1.2.Entalpias de Transformações Químicas </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y85 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Uma <span class="_a blank"> </span>das <span class="_b blank"> </span>maneiras <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>se <span class="_b blank"> </span>registrar <span class="_b blank"> </span>a <span class="_b blank"> </span>variação <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>entalpia <span class="_b blank"> </span>que <span class="_b blank"> </span>acompanha <span class="_b blank"> </span>uma <span class="_b blank"> </span>reacção </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y86 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">química <span class="_4 blank"></span>é escre<span class="_4 blank"></span>ver a <span class="_6 blank"></span>equação termoquímica, <span class="_4 blank"></span>a <span class="_4 blank"></span>combinação <span class="_4 blank"></span>de <span class="_4 blank"></span>uma <span class="_4 blank"></span>equação <span class="_4 blank"></span>química <span class="_4 blank"></span>com </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y87 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">a correspondente variação de entalpia padrão: </div><div class="t m0 x11 h10 y88 ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws15">3 "</div><div class="t m0 x12 h11 y89 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls24">4<span class="fs2 ls8 ws16 v2">(<span class="_16 blank"> </span>. 5%</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h11 y89 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls24">$<span class="fs2 ls8 ws15 v2">(<span class="_13 blank"> </span>'<span class="_11 blank"> </span>3 %</span></div><div class="t m0 x14 h11 y89 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls24">$<span class="fs2 ls8 ws16 v2">(<span class="_16 blank"> </span>. 5"</span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h12 y89 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls20">$<span class="fs2 ls8 ws14 v2">%<span class="_12 blank"> </span>&<span class="_17 blank"> </span>)))))))!"# - 6<span class="ls2b ws13">780<span class="ls1e ws17">9: <span class="ls21 ws18">)))))))<span class="ff2 ls8 ws9"> (equação1) </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y8a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Em <span class="_5 blank"> </span>que <span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ffa wse">!"#</span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>é <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>variação <span class="_8 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>entalpia <span class="_8 blank"> </span>quando <span class="_5 blank"> </span>os <span class="_8 blank"> </span>reagentes <span class="_5 blank"> </span>nos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>seus <span class="_5 blank"> </span>respectivos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>estados-</div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y8b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">padrão se transformam em produtos, também, nos seus respectivos estados-padrão: </div><div class="t m0 x16 h10 y8c ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls18 ws19">;<=(<>?<@<span class="ls25">)<span class="ls2c ws1a">ABCD@ <span class="ls26">1<span class="ls2d ws1b">@<A=C=ED@ </span>1<span class="ls27 ws1c"><F <span class="ls21">)<span class="ls2d ws1d">@<B@ </span>)</span><span class="ws1e"><@?=ED@ <span class="ls28">6</span></span></span></span><span class="ws1f">A=EC<span class="ls8 wse">GD</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h10 y8d ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls29">'<span class="ls2c ws20">ACDEB?D@ <span class="ls21">)</span><span class="ws21">ABCD@ <span class="ls26">1</span></span></span><span class="ls2d ws1b">@<A=C=ED@<span class="ls26">1</span></span><span class="ls27 ws22"><F <span class="ls25">)</span></span><span class="ls2d ws1d">@<B@ <span class="ls21">)</span></span><span class="ls27 ws1e"><@?=ED@ <span class="ls28">6</span></span><span class="ls2c ws1f">A=EC</span><span class="ls8 ws23">GD <span class="ffb ws9"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y8e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Excepto <span class="_6 blank"></span>no <span class="_6 blank"></span>caso <span class="_4 blank"></span>de <span class="_6 blank"></span>reacções <span class="_6 blank"></span>iónicas <span class="_6 blank"></span>m <span class="_6 blank"></span>solução, <span class="_6 blank"></span>as <span class="_4 blank"></span>variações <span class="_6 blank"></span>de <span class="_6 blank"></span>entalpia <span class="_6 blank"></span>que <span class="_6 blank"></span>acompanham </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y8f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">a mistura <span class="_5 blank"> </span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>separação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>são <span class="_5 blank"> </span>insignificantes em <span class="_5 blank"> </span>comparação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>com <span class="_5 blank"> </span>as <span class="_5 blank"> </span>variações <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>entalpia </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y90 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">da reacção em si. </div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y13 w2 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3548ae19-59b4-497c-891e-22e5795877f8/bg7.png"><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y14 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y15 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y16 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y17 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m1 x4 h8 y18 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc1 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y19 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws9">INSTITUTO S<span class="_5 blank"> </span>UPERIOR<span class="_5 blank"> </span> POLITÉCN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ICO DE TEC<span class="_5 blank"> </span>NOLO<span class="_5 blank"> </span>GIAS E CIÊN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>CIAS<span class="ls8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y1a ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws9">AV. Luanda Su<span class="_4 blank"></span>l, Rua <span class="_4 blank"></span>Lateral <span class="_4 blank"></span>Via S10, <span class="_4 blank"></span>Talatona <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls12">Municíp<span class="_4 blank"></span>io do<span class="_4 blank"></span> Bel<span class="_4 blank"></span>as <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls13 wsa">Luanda/Angola</span> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1b ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws9">Telefones: <span class="lsf">+244226430334/44226430330 <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls15">Correio <span class="_4 blank"></span>electr<span class="_4 blank"></span>ónico:<span class="_4 blank"></span> geral@i<span class="_4 blank"></span>sptec.<span class="_4 blank"></span>co.ao<span class="ls8"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 hb y1c ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1d ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1e ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div></div><div class="c x8 y1f w3 hc"><div class="t m0 x9 h7 y20 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">7 </div></div><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 x2 hd y74 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Alternativamente, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>escrevemos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>equação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>química <span class="_8 blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>então <span class="_8 blank"> </span>registramos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>entalpia-padrão </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y91 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">de reacção<span class="ffa wse">)!</span><span class="fs6 ls2e v1">r</span><span class="ffa wse">)"#</span>. Em geral: </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y92 ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 wse">!<span class="ff2 fs6 ls2f v1">r</span><span class="ws24">)"#<span class="_11 blank"> </span>-<span class="_18 blank"> </span>H "#<span class="fs7 ls30 v4">I</span>6<span class="_19 blank"> </span>H "#<span class="fs7 ws13 v4">I<span class="_1a blank"></span><span class="ls32 ws25">JKLMKNOK<span class="_1b blank"></span><span class="ls33 ws26">PJQRSOQT <span class="ff2 fs2 ls8 ws9 v2">(equação <span class="_8 blank"> </span>2, <span class="_d blank"> </span>definição <span class="_d blank"> </span>de <span class="_d blank"> </span>entalpia-padrão <span class="_d blank"> </span>de </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y93 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">reacção). </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y94 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">A seguir, temos a tabela com algumas entalpias-padrão, a uma temperatura de 298,15 K: </div><div class="t m0 x4 h13 y95 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h13 y96 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls34 ws9">Tabela 1.<span class="_4 blank"></span> Ental<span class="_4 blank"></span>pias de<span class="_4 blank"></span> formação<span class="_4 blank"></span> e de <span class="_4 blank"></span>combustão <span class="_4 blank"></span>a 298 K.<span class="ls8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x18 hd y97 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h13 y98 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y99 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Lei de Hess </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y9a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">As <span class="_9 blank"> </span>entalpias <span class="_1c blank"> </span>padrão <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1c blank"> </span>reacções <span class="_9 blank"> </span>individuais <span class="_1c blank"> </span>podem <span class="_9 blank"> </span>ser <span class="_1c blank"> </span>combinadas <span class="_9 blank"> </span>para <span class="_1c blank"> </span>se <span class="_9 blank"> </span>obter <span class="_1c blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y9b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">entalpia <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>outra <span class="_5 blank"> </span>reacção. <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Esta <span class="_5 blank"> </span>aplicação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>da <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Primeira <span class="_8 blank"> </span>Lei da <span class="_8 blank"> </span>termodinâmica é <span class="_8 blank"> </span>conhecida </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y9c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">como a lei de Hess: </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y9d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">\u2018\u2019 <span class="_c blank"> </span>A <span class="_c blank"> </span>entalpia-padrão <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_c blank"> </span>reacção <span class="_c blank"> </span>global <span class="_c blank"> </span>é <span class="_c blank"> </span>igual <span class="_9 blank"> </span>à <span class="_c blank"> </span>soma <span class="_c blank"> </span>das <span class="_c blank"> </span>entalpias-padrão <span class="_c blank"> </span>das </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y9e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">reacções <span class="_5 blank"> </span>individuais <span class="_5 blank"> </span>em <span class="_5 blank"> </span>que <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>reacção <span class="_5 blank"> </span>global <span class="_5 blank"> </span>possa <span class="_5 blank"> </span>ser <span class="_5 blank"> </span>dividida\u2019\u2019. <span class="_5 blank"> </span>(ATKINS <span class="_5 blank"> </span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>PAULA, </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y9f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">2012) </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ya0 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 xe h5 ya1 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">1.3.Entalpias de Reacção em Termos de Entalpias de Formação </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ya2 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Podemos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>considerar, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>conceitualmente, <span class="_d blank"> </span>que <span class="_8 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_8 blank"> </span>reacção <span class="_d blank"> </span>avança <span class="_8 blank"> </span>pela <span class="_8 blank"> </span>decomposição <span class="_d blank"> </span>dos </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ya3 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">reagentes <span class="_9 blank"> </span>nos <span class="_c blank"> </span>respectivos <span class="_9 blank"> </span>elementos <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>depois <span class="_9 blank"> </span>pela <span class="_c blank"> </span>combinação <span class="_9 blank"> </span>destes <span class="_9 blank"> </span>elementos <span class="_c blank"> </span>nos </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ya4 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">produtos <span class="_4 blank"></span>correspondentes. <span class="_6 blank"></span>O valor <span class="_6 blank"></span> <span class="_4 blank"></span>da <span class="_4 blank"></span>variação <span class="_6 blank"></span>de entalpia <span class="_6 blank"></span>de <span class="_4 blank"></span>formação, <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ffa wse">!<span class="ff2 fs6 ls31 v1">f</span>"#<span class="ff2 ws9">, <span class="_6 blank"></span>da <span class="_4 blank"></span>reacção </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ya5 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">global <span class="_1d blank"> </span>é <span class="_1d blank"> </span>igual <span class="_1d blank"> </span>à <span class="_1d blank"> </span>soma <span class="_1d blank"> </span>das <span class="_1d blank"> </span>entalpias <span class="_1d blank"> </span>de <span class="_1d blank"> </span>decomposição <span class="_1d blank"> </span>e <span class="_1d blank"> </span>de <span class="_1d blank"> </span>formação. <span class="_1d blank"> </span>Como <span class="_1d blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ya6 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">decomposição <span class="_4 blank"></span>é <span class="_6 blank"></span>a reacção <span class="_6 blank"></span>inversa da <span class="_6 blank"></span>formação, a <span class="_6 blank"></span>entalpia de <span class="_6 blank"></span>uma etapa <span class="_6 blank"></span>de decomposição </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ya7 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">é <span class="_6 blank"></span>o <span class="_4 blank"></span>negativo <span class="_6 blank"></span>da <span class="_6 blank"></span>entalpia <span class="_4 blank"></span>de <span class="_6 blank"></span>formação <span class="_6 blank"></span>correspondente. <span class="_4 blank"></span>Logo, <span class="_6 blank"></span>com <span class="_4 blank"></span>as <span class="_6 blank"></span>entalpias <span class="_6 blank"></span>de <span class="_4 blank"></span>formação </div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y13 w2 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3548ae19-59b4-497c-891e-22e5795877f8/bg8.png"><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y14 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y15 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y16 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y17 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m1 x4 h8 y18 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc1 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y19 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws9">INSTITUTO S<span class="_5 blank"> </span>UPERIOR<span class="_5 blank"> </span> POLITÉCN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ICO DE TEC<span class="_5 blank"> </span>NOLO<span class="_5 blank"> </span>GIAS E CIÊN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>CIAS<span class="ls8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y1a ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws9">AV. Luanda Su<span class="_4 blank"></span>l, Rua <span class="_4 blank"></span>Lateral <span class="_4 blank"></span>Via S10, <span class="_4 blank"></span>Talatona <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls12">Municíp<span class="_4 blank"></span>io do<span class="_4 blank"></span> Bel<span class="_4 blank"></span>as <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls13 wsa">Luanda/Angola</span> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1b ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws9">Telefones: <span class="lsf">+244226430334/44226430330 <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls15">Correio <span class="_4 blank"></span>electr<span class="_4 blank"></span>ónico:<span class="_4 blank"></span> geral@i<span class="_4 blank"></span>sptec.<span class="_4 blank"></span>co.ao<span class="ls8"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 hb y1c ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1d ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1e ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div></div><div class="c x8 y1f w3 hc"><div class="t m0 x9 h7 y20 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">8 </div></div><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 x2 hd y74 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">das <span class="_4 blank"></span>substâncias <span class="_4 blank"></span>temos <span class="_4 blank"></span>informação <span class="_4 blank"></span>suficiente <span class="_6 blank"></span>para calcular <span class="_4 blank"></span>a <span class="_6 blank"></span>entalpia de <span class="_4 blank"></span>qualquer <span class="_4 blank"></span>reacção, </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y75 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">usando: </div><div class="t m0 x19 h10 y76 ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 wse">!<span class="ff2 fs6 ls31 v1">r</span><span class="ws24">)"#<span class="_11 blank"> </span>-<span class="_18 blank"> </span>H !</span></div><div class="t m0 xa h11 ya8 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls35">U<span class="fs2 ls8 ws24 v2">"#<span class="_1c blank"> </span>6<span class="_19 blank"> </span>H !</span></div><div class="t m0 x1a h11 ya8 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls36">U<span class="fs2 ls8 wse v2">"#</span></div><div class="t m0 x1b h12 ya8 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls32 ws25">JKLMKNOK<span class="_1e blank"></span><span class="ls33 ws27">PJQRSOQT <span class="ff2 fs2 ls8 ws9 v2"> (equação 3) </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ya9 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Em que <span class="_4 blank"></span>cada <span class="_4 blank"></span>entalpia <span class="_4 blank"></span>de formação <span class="_4 blank"></span>aparece <span class="_4 blank"></span>multiplicada <span class="_4 blank"></span>pelo <span class="_4 blank"></span>coeficiente e<span class="_4 blank"></span>stequiométrico </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yaa ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">correspondente. (SIMÕES e SOBRINHO) </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yab ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 xe h5 yac ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">1.4.Dependências das Entalpias de Reacção com a Temperatura </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yad ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">A <span class="_c blank"> </span>dependência <span class="_b blank"> </span>da <span class="_c blank"> </span>entalpia <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>uma <span class="_c blank"> </span>reacção <span class="_b blank"> </span>com <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_c blank"> </span>temperatura <span class="_b blank"> </span>é <span class="_c blank"> </span>expressa <span class="_b blank"> </span>pela <span class="_c blank"> </span>lei <span class="_c blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yae ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Kirchhoff. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yaf ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">As entalpias-padrão <span class="_1c blank"> </span>de <span class="_1c blank"> </span>muitas reacções <span class="_1c blank"> </span>forma medidas <span class="_1c blank"> </span>em <span class="_1c blank"> </span>diferentes temperaturas. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yb0 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Entretanto, <span class="_6 blank"></span>na <span class="_6 blank"></span>ausência <span class="_6 blank"></span>dessas <span class="_6 blank"></span>informações, <span class="_6 blank"></span>é <span class="_6 blank"></span>possível <span class="_6 blank"></span>estimar <span class="_6 blank"></span>as <span class="_6 blank"></span>entalpias-padrão <span class="_6 blank"></span>de <span class="_6 blank"></span>uma </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yb1 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">reacção <span class="_8 blank"> </span>em <span class="_8 blank"> </span>diferentes <span class="_8 blank"> </span>temperaturas <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>partir <span class="_8 blank"> </span>das <span class="_8 blank"> </span>capacidades <span class="_8 blank"> </span>caloríficas <span class="_8 blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>da <span class="_8 blank"> </span>entalpia <span class="_8 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yb2 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">reacção em uma outra temperatura. Em muitos casos, dados de capacidade calorífica são </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yb3 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">mais <span class="_c blank"> </span>exactos <span class="_9 blank"> </span>que <span class="_c blank"> </span>as <span class="_9 blank"> </span>entalpias <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>reacção <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>modo <span class="_9 blank"> </span>que, <span class="_c blank"> </span>dado <span class="_c blank"> </span>que <span class="_9 blank"> </span>a <span class="_c blank"> </span>informação <span class="_9 blank"> </span>seja </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yb4 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">disponível, o procedimento <span class="_5 blank"> </span>que será <span class="_5 blank"> </span>descrito é <span class="_5 blank"> </span>mais exacto que <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a medida <span class="_5 blank"> </span>directa de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>uma </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yb5 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">entalpia de reacção em temperatura elevada. (ATKINS e PAULA, 2012) </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yb6 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Assim sendo: </div><div class="t m0 x1c h10 yb7 ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws28">" V</div><div class="t m0 x1d h11 yb8 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls37">$<span class="fs2 ls8 ws14 v2">- "<span class="_17 blank"> </span>V</span></div><div class="t m0 x1e h11 yb8 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls38">W<span class="fs2 ls8 ws29 v2">. 3</span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h11 yb8 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls39">P<span class="fs2 ls2c v2">EV</span></div><div class="t m0 x1f h14 yb9 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls8">X</div><div class="t m0 x20 h15 yba ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8">Y</div><div class="t m0 x21 h14 ybb ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls8">X</div><div class="t m0 x4 h16 ybc ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls3a">Z<span class="ff2 fs2 ls8 ws9 v5"> (equação 4) </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y69 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Admitimos que <span class="_5 blank"> </span>não há <span class="_5 blank"> </span>transição de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>fase no <span class="_5 blank"> </span>intervalo de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>temperatura considerado. Como </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y6a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">como esta <span class="_5 blank"> </span>equação vale <span class="_5 blank"> </span>para cada <span class="_5 blank"> </span>substância que <span class="_5 blank"> </span>participa da <span class="_5 blank"> </span>reacção, a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>entalpia-padrão </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ybd ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">da reacção varia de <span class="ffa wse">!</span><span class="fs6 ls31 v1">r</span><span class="ffa wse">"#[V</span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h12 ybe ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls1f">W<span class="fs2 ls3b v2">\<span class="ff2 ls8 ws9"> para: </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h10 ybf ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 wse">!<span class="ff2 fs6 ls31 v1">r</span><span class="ws2a">"# V</span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h11 yc0 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls37">$<span class="fs2 ls8 ws14 v2">- !</span><span class="ff2 fs6 ls2e v3">r</span><span class="fs2 ls8 ws2a v2">"# V</span></div><div class="t m0 x24 h12 yc0 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls38">W<span class="fs2 ls3c v2">.<span class="ff2 ls3d ws9"> </span><span class="ls8 wse">!</span></span><span class="ls3e">J<span class="fs2 ls8 wse v2">3#</span><span class="ls3f">P<span class="fs2 ls2c v2">EV</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x25 h14 yc1 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls8">X</div><div class="t m0 x26 h15 yc2 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8">Y</div><div class="t m0 x27 h14 yc3 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls8">X</div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 yc4 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls40">Z<span class="ff2 fs2 ls8 ws9 v5"> (equação 5a,Lei de Kirchhoff) </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yc5 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Em que <span class="_5 blank"> </span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span><span class="ffa wse">!<span class="fs7 ls41 v4">J</span>3#<span class="fs7 ls39 v4">P</span></span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>é a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>diferença <span class="_5 blank"> </span>entre as <span class="_5 blank"> </span>capacidaders <span class="_5 blank"> </span>caloríficas molares <span class="_5 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_5 blank"> </span>produtos <span class="_5 blank"> </span>e as </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yc6 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">capacidades <span class="_12 blank"> </span>caloríficas <span class="_12 blank"> </span>molares <span class="_12 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_12 blank"> </span>reagentes, <span class="_12 blank"> </span>nas <span class="_12 blank"> </span>condições-padrão, <span class="_12 blank"> </span>cada <span class="_1f blank"> </span>qual </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yc7 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">ponderada pelo coeficiente estequiométrico correspondente na equação química: </div><div class="t m0 x29 h10 yc8 ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 wse">!<span class="fs7 ls3e v4">J</span>3#<span class="fs7 ls42 v4">P</span><span class="ws2b">- H</span></div><div class="t m0 x2a h12 yc9 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls33 ws2c">PJQRSOQT <span class="fs2 ls8 wse v2">!</span><span class="ls3e">J<span class="fs2 ls8 wse v2">3#</span><span class="ls8 ws2d">P1I<span class="_15 blank"> </span><span class="fs2 ws2e v2">6 !</span><span class="ls41">J</span><span class="fs2 wse v2">3#</span><span class="ws2f">P1I<span class="_20 blank"></span><span class="ls32 ws30">JKLMKNOKT <span class="ff2 fs2 ls8 ws9 v2"> (equação 5b) </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yca ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Normalmente, <span class="_1d blank"> </span>é <span class="_1d blank"> </span>uma <span class="_1d blank"> </span>boa <span class="_1d blank"> </span>aproximação <span class="_1d blank"> </span>admitir <span class="_1d blank"> </span>que <span class="_e blank"> </span><span class="ffa wse">!<span class="fs7 ls3e v4">J</span>3#<span class="fs7 ls3f v4">P</span></span> <span class="_1d blank"> </span>seja <span class="_1d blank"> </span>independente <span class="_1d blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ycb ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">temperatura. <span class="_10 blank"> </span>Embora <span class="_1d blank"> </span>as <span class="_10 blank"> </span>capacidades <span class="_1d blank"> </span>caloríficas <span class="_1d blank"> </span>das <span class="_10 blank"> </span>substâncias <span class="_1d blank"> </span>possam <span class="_10 blank"> </span>variar, <span class="_1d blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ycc ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">diferença entre elas varia menos. (ATKINS e PAULA, 2012) </div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y13 w2 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3548ae19-59b4-497c-891e-22e5795877f8/bg9.png"><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y14 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y15 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y16 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y17 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m1 x4 h8 y18 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc1 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y19 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws9">INSTITUTO S<span class="_5 blank"> </span>UPERIOR<span class="_5 blank"> </span> POLITÉCN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ICO DE TEC<span class="_5 blank"> </span>NOLO<span class="_5 blank"> </span>GIAS E CIÊN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>CIAS<span class="ls8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y1a ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws9">AV. Luanda Su<span class="_4 blank"></span>l, Rua <span class="_4 blank"></span>Lateral <span class="_4 blank"></span>Via S10, <span class="_4 blank"></span>Talatona <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls12">Municíp<span class="_4 blank"></span>io do<span class="_4 blank"></span> Bel<span class="_4 blank"></span>as <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls13 wsa">Luanda/Angola</span> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1b ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws9">Telefones: <span class="lsf">+244226430334/44226430330 <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls15">Correio <span class="_4 blank"></span>electr<span class="_4 blank"></span>ónico:<span class="_4 blank"></span> geral@i<span class="_4 blank"></span>sptec.<span class="_4 blank"></span>co.ao<span class="ls8"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 hb y1c ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1d ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1e ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div></div><div class="c x8 y1f w3 hc"><div class="t m0 x9 h7 y20 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">9 </div></div><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 x2 h5 ycd ff1 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws9">2. Determinação do calor de neutralização </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y75 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Os <span class="_5 blank"> </span>ácidos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>fortes <span class="_8 blank"> </span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>as <span class="_8 blank"> </span>bases <span class="_8 blank"> </span>fortes <span class="_5 blank"> </span>estão <span class="_8 blank"> </span>totalmente <span class="_5 blank"> </span>dissociados <span class="_8 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_8 blank"> </span>ionizados <span class="_5 blank"> </span>em <span class="_8 blank"> </span>solução </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yce ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">aquosa diluída, pelo que a reacção pode traduzir-se pela equação: </div><div class="t m0 x2b h17 y77 ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls43">"<span class="fs7 ls44 v6">]</span><span class="ls27 ws31">=^ </span><span class="ls8 ws32">.<span class="_1c blank"> </span>" % <span class="fs7 ls45 v6">_</span><span class="ws33">' "</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h12 ycf ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls1f">$<span class="fs2 ls8 ws14 v2">%<span class="_17 blank"> </span>&<span class="_12 blank"> </span>)))))))!"# - 6<span class="ls2b ws13">`+<span class="ls8 wse">1*)<span class="ls1e ws17">9: <span class="ls46">a<span class="ls4b ws34">FD& <span class="ls21">)</span></span></span></span><span class="ff2 ws9"> (equação 6) </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y78 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">A <span class="_4 blank"></span>entalpia <span class="_4 blank"></span>de <span class="_4 blank"></span>neutralização <span class="_4 blank"></span>é <span class="_4 blank"></span>assim <span class="_4 blank"></span>chamada <span class="_6 blank"></span>porque, a <span class="_4 blank"></span>pressões <span class="_4 blank"></span>constantes, <span class="_4 blank"></span>a <span class="_4 blank"></span>variação <span class="_4 blank"></span>de </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y79 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">entalpia é igual á quantidade de calor. </div><div class="t m0 x2c hd yd0 ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws35">!"<span class="_15 blank"> </span>-<span class="_11 blank"> </span>b <span class="ff2 ws9"> (equação 7) </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yd1 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Para a variação de entalpia de neutralização molar: </div><div class="t m0 x2 h18 yd2 ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws14">!"<span class="_15 blank"> </span>- <span class="fs7 ws13 v7">c</span><span class="fs8 ls47 ws36 v8">defg</span></div><div class="t m0 x2d h19 yd3 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls48">N<span class="fs2 ls8 ws37 v9">))))) h<span class="_11 blank"> </span></span><span class="ls4c va">ij</span></div><div class="t m0 x2e h1a yd3 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls4d ws38">IQk<span class="fs2 ls49 v9">l<span class="ff2 ls8 ws9">, <span class="_d blank"> </span>onde <span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ffa">^</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1d h12 yd4 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls4e ws39">NKSO <span class="ff2 fs2 ls8 ws9 v2"> <span class="_8 blank"> </span>é <span class="_d blank"> </span>o <span class="_8 blank"> </span>calor <span class="_d blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>neutralização <span class="_d blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>n <span class="_d blank"> </span>é <span class="_8 blank"> </span>o <span class="_d blank"> </span>número <span class="_8 blank"> </span>de <span class="_d blank"> </span>moles <span class="_d blank"> </span>do </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yd5 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">produto que neste caso é a água. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yd6 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Esta determinação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>baseia-se <span class="_5 blank"> </span>na <span class="_5 blank"> </span>lei <span class="_5 blank"> </span>da <span class="_5 blank"> </span>conservação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de energia; <span class="_5 blank"> </span>para <span class="_5 blank"> </span>que <span class="_5 blank"> </span>se <span class="_5 blank"> </span>verifique <span class="_5 blank"> </span>esta </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yd7 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">lei é necessário que a reacção seja realizada num recipiente <span class="_4 blank"></span>o mais isolado possível, para </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yd8 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">que <span class="_d blank"> </span>as <span class="_a blank"> </span>trocas <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>calor <span class="_a blank"> </span>com <span class="_a blank"> </span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>exterior <span class="_d blank"> </span>sejam <span class="_a blank"> </span>desprezíveis <span class="_a blank"> </span>(transformações <span class="_a blank"> </span>adiabáticas). </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yd9 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">(SIMÕES e SOBRINHO) </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yda ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Assim, <span class="_11 blank"> </span>a energia <span class="_11 blank"> </span>libertada <span class="_11 blank"> </span>na <span class="_11 blank"> </span>reacção <span class="_11 blank"> </span>de <span class="_11 blank"> </span>neutralização <span class="_11 blank"> </span>o <span class="_11 blank"> </span>calor <span class="_11 blank"> </span>de <span class="_11 blank"> </span>neutralização <span class="_11 blank"> </span>é </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ydb ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">integralmente transferida para a solução calor da solução, cuja temperatura aumenta. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h10 ydc ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8">^</div><div class="t m0 x2f h11 ydd ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls4e ws3a">NKSO <span class="fs2 ls8 ws3b v2">. ^</span></div><div class="t m0 x30 h12 ydd ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls4f ws3c">TQk <span class="fs2 ls8 ws14 v2">- 0<span class="ff2 ws9">, em que <span class="ffa">^</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x31 h12 ydd ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls4f ws3d">TQk <span class="ff2 fs2 ls8 ws9 v2"> pode ser calculada pela equação 7: </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h10 yde ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8">^</div><div class="t m0 x2f h11 ydf ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls4f ws3e">TQk <span class="fs2 ls8 ws14 v2">- F</span><span class="ws3f">TQk <span class="fs2 ls8 ws40 v2">m ) 3</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h12 ydf ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls4f ws3f">TQk <span class="fs2 ls8 ws41 v2">m<span class="_1c blank"> </span>!V<span class="ff2 ws9">, onde: </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ye0 ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls4a">F<span class="fs7 ls4f ws42 v4">TQk </span><span class="ff2 ls8 ws9"> \u2013 é a massa da solução; </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h10 ye1 ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8">3</div><div class="t m0 x2f h12 ye2 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls4f ws43">TQk <span class="ff2 fs2 ls8 ws9 v2"> \u2013 é a capacidade calorífica mássica da solução. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ye3 ffa fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws44">!V <span class="ff2 ws9"> \u2013 é a variação da temperatura, que é calculada como </span><span class="ws16">!V<span class="_15 blank"> </span>-<span class="_11 blank"> </span>V<span class="_21 blank"> </span>6 V</span></div><div class="t m0 x32 h12 ye4 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls20">n<span class="ff2 fs2 ls8 ws9 v2">. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ye5 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 ye6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ye7 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ye8 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd ye9 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yea ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yeb ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yec ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yed ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yee ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hf yef ff8 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y13 w2 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3548ae19-59b4-497c-891e-22e5795877f8/bga.png"><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y14 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y15 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y16 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y17 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m1 x4 h8 y18 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc1 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y19 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws9">INSTITUTO S<span class="_5 blank"> </span>UPERIOR<span class="_5 blank"> </span> POLITÉCN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ICO DE TEC<span class="_5 blank"> </span>NOLO<span class="_5 blank"> </span>GIAS E CIÊN<span class="_5 blank"> </span>CIAS<span class="ls8"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y1a ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws9">AV. Luanda Su<span class="_4 blank"></span>l, Rua <span class="_4 blank"></span>Lateral <span class="_4 blank"></span>Via S10, <span class="_4 blank"></span>Talatona <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls12">Municíp<span class="_4 blank"></span>io do<span class="_4 blank"></span> Bel<span class="_4 blank"></span>as <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls13 wsa">Luanda/Angola</span> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1b ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws9">Telefones: <span class="lsf">+244226430334/44226430330 <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls15">Correio <span class="_4 blank"></span>electr<span class="_4 blank"></span>ónico:<span class="_4 blank"></span> geral@i<span class="_4 blank"></span>sptec.<span class="_4 blank"></span>co.ao<span class="ls8"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 hb y1c ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1d ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y1e ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div></div><div class="c x33 y1f w4 hc"><div class="t m0 x9 h7 y20 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls18 ws45">10<span class="ls8 ws9"> </span></div></div><div class="c x0 y0 w1 h1"><div class="t m0 x13 h2 y21 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls51 ws46">MATERIAI<span class="ls8 ws9">S <span class="ls1b">E REAGENTES </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x34 hf yf0 ff8 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yf1 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yf2 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yf3 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yf4 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yf5 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yf6 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yf7 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yf8 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yf9 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yfa ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yfb ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yfc ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yfd ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x35 h13 yfe ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls52 ws9">Fig. 1 <span class="ls8">\u2013 <span class="ls34">Esquema <span class="_4 blank"></span>da Prat<span class="_4 blank"></span>ica<span class="ls8"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd yff ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">Para <span class="_5 blank"> </span>o <span class="_5 blank"> </span>registro <span class="_5 blank"> </span>das <span class="_5 blank"> </span>temperaturas <span class="_8 blank"> </span>medidas <span class="_5 blank"> </span>pelo <span class="_5 blank"> </span>termopar <span class="_5 blank"> </span>utilizou-se <span class="_5 blank"> </span>o <span class="_5 blank"> </span>computador <span class="_8 blank"> </span>(3) <span class="_5 blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y100 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">marca <span class="_b blank"> </span>\u201cSCEPTRE\u201d <span class="_c blank"> </span>cujo <span class="_b blank"> </span>programa <span class="_c blank"> </span>utilizado <span class="_b blank"> </span>foi <span class="_b blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>Measurement, <span class="_b blank"> </span>opção <span class="_c blank"> </span>cobra <span class="_b blank"> </span>3 <span class="_c blank"> </span>times </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y101 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">temperature, <span class="_6 blank"></span>a <span class="_6 blank"></span>medição <span class="_6 blank"></span>das <span class="_4 blank"></span>temperaturas <span class="_6 blank"></span>em <span class="_6 blank"></span>ºC <span class="_6 blank"></span>foi <span class="_6 blank"></span>feita <span class="_4 blank"></span>utilizando-se <span class="_6 blank"></span>o <span class="_6 blank"></span>termopar <span class="_6 blank"></span>(5), <span class="_6 blank"></span>para </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y102 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">proceder-se à <span class="_11 blank"> </span>agitação que era <span class="_11 blank"> </span>necessária no <span class="_11 blank"> </span>decorrer da <span class="_11 blank"> </span>reacção de <span class="_11 blank"> </span>neutralização </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y103 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">utilizou-se a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>placa <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de aquecimento <span class="_5 blank"> </span>e agitação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>(4) <span class="_5 blank"> </span>da marca <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Sartorious <span class="_5 blank"> </span>e modelo <span class="_5 blank"> </span>LE623P </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y104 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">sendo <span class="_d blank"> </span>que <span class="_a blank"> </span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>mesmo <span class="_d blank"> </span>também <span class="_a blank"> </span>auxiliava <span class="_a blank"> </span>no <span class="_d blank"> </span>aquecimento <span class="_a blank"> </span>da <span class="_a blank"> </span>água <span class="_d blank"> </span>destilada <span class="_a blank"> </span>que <span class="_a blank"> </span>era <span class="_a blank"> </span>feito </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y105 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">utilizando-se <span class="_4 blank"></span>um <span class="_6 blank"></span>béquer (2) <span class="_6 blank"></span>que <span class="_4 blank"></span>foi <span class="_4 blank"></span>utilizada <span class="_6 blank"></span>na determina<span class="_4 blank"></span>ção <span class="_4 blank"></span>da <span class="_6 blank"></span>capacidade calorífica <span class="_6 blank"></span>do </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y106 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">calorímetro, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>o <span class="_1c blank"> </span>calorímetro <span class="_9 blank"> </span>(1) <span class="_1c blank"> </span>foi <span class="_9 blank"> </span>utilizado <span class="_9 blank"> </span>para <span class="_1c blank"> </span>a <span class="_9 blank"> </span>determinação <span class="_1c blank"> </span>das <span class="_9 blank"> </span>entalpias <span class="_1c blank"> </span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>das </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y107 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">capacidades caloríficas. </div><div class="t m0 x36 hd y108 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x36 hd y109 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x36 hd y10a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x36 hd y10b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x36 hd y10c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y10d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> <span class="_22 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y10e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y10f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y110 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y111 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y112 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y113 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9"> </div><div class="t m0 x35 h13 y114 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls52 ws9">Fig. 2<span class="ls50"> \u2013 <span class="ls34">Esquema <span class="_4 blank"></span>da Prat<span class="_4 blank"></span>ica<span class="ls8"> </span></span></span></div></div><div class="c x37 y115 w5 h1b"><div class="t m0 x38 hd y116 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">3 </div></div><div class="c x39 y117 w6 h1c"><div class="t m0 x38 hd y118 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">5 </div></div><div class="c x3a y119 w6 h1c"><div class="t m0 x38 hd y118 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">4 </div></div><div class="c x17 y11a w6 h1c"><div class="t m0 x38 hd y118 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">4 </div></div><div class="c x39 y11b w6 h1c"><div class="t m0 x38 hd y118 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">1 </div></div><div class="c x3b y11c w7 h1c"><div class="t m0 x38 hd y118 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">2 </div></div><div class="c x3c y11d w8 h1b"><div class="t m0 x38 hd y116 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">6 </div></div><div class="c x3d y11e w5 h1b"><div class="t m0 x38 hd y116 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">6 </div></div><div class="c x2c y11d w5 h1b"><div class="t m0 x38 hd y116 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">6 </div></div><div class="c xf y11f w5 h1b"><div class="t m0 x38 hd y116 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">7 </div></div><div class="c x3e y120 w5 h1b"><div class="t m0 x38 hd y116 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">8 </div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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