Aula 02

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Língua Inglesa - Aspectos Morfossintáticos
Noélia Lobos
Aula 2
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Morphology
Complex words can be broken down into smaller units for analysis. They are made up from different elements; roots, bases, free/bound morphemes and affixes. 
Affixes are attached to bases in order to modify meaning. There are two types of affixes that we must be familiar with:
Prefix: Is a morpheme that is attached to the front of a base. e.g.
DEACTIVATE
Suffix: Is a morpheme that is attached to the end of a base. e.g. 
STUPIDLY 
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Morphology X Syntax
Grammar' is often used as a blanket term to cover both morphology and syntax (actually, morphology is the study of word forms, and syntax the study of sentence structure);
It is possible to have the syntax right, but the morphology wrong- for example, in children's language the child will often put together their sentence perfectly well, but use the wrong affix, or apply an affix where there needn't be one- for example, 'I felled over' instead of 'I fell over'.
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Morphology X Syntax
One of the major differences between morphology and syntax is that syntax follows strict rules, while morphology is often inconsistent with many exceptions to the rules;
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Derivation 
Derivational morphemes: new words formed from old ones but the two are considered to be separate words in meaning. 
The part of speech and basic meaning is changed. 
Run and Re-run are examples of this. They can appear as both affixes and suffixes in English.
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Derivation and compounding
The main role of them is to create new words that involves lexical meaning changes, depending on the context the words are inserted on changing, so far, their function on a sentence:
			VERB		 		NOUN
		 write 				 writer
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Derivation and compounding
Derivational morphemes can change the category of a word:
free /adjective/ 	 > 	freedom /noun/
kill /verb/ 		 >	 killer /noun/
category /noun/	 > 	categorize /verb/
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Derivation and compounding
The head of a phrase is the element that determines the syntactic function of the whole sentence. 
For example, in a noun phrase the head is the noun that refers to the same entity that the whole phrase refers to. 
Other elements in a sentence are referred as dependents. 
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Derivation and compounding
The English language is a dependent-marking language. 
Think of possessive noun phrases: the head noun is not marked to indicate that it is possessed. The possessor is marked:
* Those are Jack’s dogs.
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Derivation 
Derivational morphemes derive a new word / with a new part of speech (category);
When we derive words, we change the words’ functions. 
If we derive beginning from begin, using the suffix –ing, the function of the words is changed from a verb (begin) to a noun (beginning).
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Inflection
Expresses grammatical changes by altering word forms. For example, singular words might take inflectional morpheme 's' in order to make them plural. They do not alter the part of speech of a word: 
girl and girls both remain as nouns. 
They usually only appear as suffixes in English.
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Inflection
The Inflection does not change the word class of a word, although it changes the grammatical function of the word, which reflects on a change of meaning of the word in the context. 
inflections in English are more common through suffixes. But, in rare cases, inflectional processes can be reflected through a change in the stem vowel, which means the use of the same singular and plural forms. 
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Inflection
In English the inflection functions are:
plural {s}, {en} (e.g. children, brethren, oxen, etc.) for nouns;
third person singular present {s} for verbs;
‘genitive’ {s} with nouns;
past tense {ed}, {en} for verbs;
participles {ing}, {ed} for verbs;
comparative {er}, superlative {est} for adjectives;
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Syntax
Syntax is all about the structure of sentences, and what determines which words go where;
Studying syntax allows us to define descriptive rules about how language works;
The main characteristics taken into account in syntax are morphology and the principles which govern sentence construction.
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Syntax
Syntax also notes the differences between written and spoken language, as spontaneous speech will often ignore standard structural rules. 
By studying syntax you will learn about different parts of speech, including just how many types of verbs there are, and many mind-boggling* structural phenomena such as why the location of contextual information determines who a pronoun is really talking about. 
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Syntax
Syntax is basically the structure of sentences;
Sentences have to follow certain structural rules in order to make sense: 
Order words make sense need to.
Words need order to make sense.
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Syntax
Sentences are made up of smaller phrases. 
There are several difference types of phrase that can be used in a sentence, but the two phrases which must be used in a sentence for it to make sense are:
a noun phrase 
a verb phrase.
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Syntax
In a phrase, we must have a word which is called the head. 
The dog ran far away.
In the first phrase ‘dog’ is the head because it is the main part of the phrase, and in the second phrase ‘ran’ is the head because it is essential for the phrase to exist.
 We can have ‘dog ran’, which isn’t grammatical, but this still makes sense since we can understand that the dog ran. 
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Syntax
So ‘the’ and ‘far away’ have to be given a name to distinguish them from the head. 
We call these modifiers:
They modify the head and give it specific meaning. 
The determiner ‘the’ modifies the ‘dog’ because it lets us know which dog we are referring to. 
The phrase ‘far away’ modifies the verb ‘ran’ by letting us know the extent to which the dog ran.
Língua Inglesa - Aspectos Morfossintáticos
Noélia Lobos
Atividade 2
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Finding morphemes
For each of the following bound morphemes, determine whether it is derivational or inflectional and give two words in which it appears:
Example: –able: 	derivational
			eatable; readable
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Exercise
 –ity = derivational – ability, possibility 
–s = inflectional – runs, works
un– = derivational – unpredictable, unbelievable
–ing = inflectional and derivational – walking, running
–al = derivational – normal, geological 
–er = inflectional, derivational – faster, worker
–ed = inflectional, derivational – worked, interested
* /ˈmaɪnd bɑːɡlɪŋ/ (informal) very difficult to imagine or to understand; extremely surprising
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