Inglês Técnico - Aula 02

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INGLÊS TÉCNICO
 Lesson 2 - Conhecimento prévio e vocabulário: 
Inferência contextual e dedução
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Class content:
 Palavras ‘universais’. 
Conhecimento prévio - importância da ativação dessa estratégia. 
Estratégia de inferência lexical e dedução na compreensão de textos em inglês.
 
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WHAT ARE UNIVERSAL WORDS?!?
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Universal words are words which are used in many countries with the same meaning. English on the other hand is full of synonyms – words that basically mean the same thing. A few examples, with the universally understood word in bold:
taxi and cab 
hotel and motel
bill and check
Coca-Cola, Coke and Pepsi
sofa and coach
toilet and bathroom/restroom
tram and streetcar
pasta and noodles
 
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When travelling abroad, it can be helpful to know the universal word and use that one, as it will be more readily understood.
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As the name indicates, Universal Words are expected to be universal. The concept of "universality" must be understood in the sense of capable of being used and understood by all, and Universal Words depict concepts that may range from absolutely global to absolutely local, and even temporary. They are universal in the sense that they are uniform identifiers. 
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Apesar de você já ter percebido que a língua inglesa é bem diferente da língua portuguesa, nesta aula você irá notar algumas semelhanças na estrutura linguística. Você será estimulado a observar essenciais elementos que podem lhe facilitar na compreensão de textos em inglês.
Universal as a Adjective has these synonyms:
prevalent, prevailing, general, worldwide, widespread, ubiquitous, omnipresent, limitless, unlimited, common, pandemic, epidemic.
Universal as a Noun has these synonyms:
cosmic, infinite, boundless, limitless, unlimited, measureless, endless, uncircumscribed, all-inclusive, all-embracing, all-encompassing, wide-ranging,comprehensive.
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alternative
circumstance
comment
compensate
component
consent
considerable
constant
constrain
contribute
convention
coordinate
core
corporate
correspond
criterion
deduce
demonstrate
document
dominate
emphasis
ensure
exclude
framework
fund
illustrate
immigrate
Imply
initial
instance
maximise
minor
negative
outcome
partner
philosophy
physical
proportion
publish
react
register
rely
remove
scheme
sequence
sex
shift
specify
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Se você desse uma volta agora no shopping mais próximo, ou observasse os outdoors, os salões de beleza, restaurantes, fosse à lan house,  jogasse videogame, e até talvez assistisse TV, poderia ficar surpreso com a quantidade de palavras em inglês que fazem parte de nosso cotidiano. 
CONHECIMENTO PREVIO 
O acionamento consciente desse tipo de conhecimento vai possibilitar a você a formulação de hipóteses e deduções em relação ao significado do texto.
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The process by which a conclusion is inferred from multiple observations is called inductive reasoning. The conclusion may be correct or incorrect, or correct to within a certain degree of accuracy, or correct in certain situations. Conclusions inferred from multiple observations may be tested by additional observations. 
hipóteses, suposições e previsões que fazemos ao nos deparar com um texto em língua estrangeira
refutadas ou confirmadas
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CONTEXTO SEMÂNTICO - O significado do texto a partir das palavras/idéias ordenadas em um mesmo grupo e contexto, por exemplo: hospital, nurse, doctor, ambulance).
CONTEXTO GRAMATICAL - As pistas gramaticais (por exemplo, dicas que nos indicam se a palavra é verbo, substantivo, etc) – o que estudaremos gradualmente mais adiante.
CONTEXTO NÃO VERBAL - Informação não verbal (estudada na aula 1).
CONHECIMENTO SOBRE A ESTRUTURA DO TEXTO - Layout, título, subtítulo, divisão de parágrafos, etc. Estudamos também na aula 1, através do reconhecimento de gêneros textuais e estaremos sempre retomando essas discussões.
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An inference is an educated guess or prediction about something unknown based on available facts and information. It is the logical connection between what you observe or know and what you do not know. The writer's purpose, style, tone, and word choice influence the type of inferences that readers make. In this chapter guidelines for making inferences are given along with suggestions for recognizing the author's intended purpose, style, and tone. Additional suggestions are provided for analyzing the author's choice of words by recognizing a word's denotative meaning as well as the connotative meaning. 
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Fill the spaces with each one of the words below:
access      complex issue      contrast      debate      exhibitions      fee      fees      founded      funded      funding      illustration      individual      institutions      levy      major      priorities      purchases      revenue      subsidise      sufficient      survive 
 
MUSEUMS
One very___in today’s world is the___of museums and art galleries. While there is an argument that they should be free to the general public and  by___governments, I also believe that there is also a case for saying that they should charge an entrance fee like other attractions. 
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Those who argue that museums should be free typically make one of two arguments. The first argument is that___like museums are a public service and therefore there should be free___to the man in the street. If for example there was a charge only the wealthy could afford to enjoy works of art. The second, and related, argument is that if they did___a charge fewer people would go to museums. This would be serious as they are educational___and standards would fall. In___, there is only one___argument on the other side of the . This is that both museums and art galleries need to charge an entrance___if they are to___in the modern world. Governments do not have  funds to___all such institutions and there are other___for public money. Therefore these galleries and museums need to charge their customers not only to___but to update their___and make new . 
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By way of___, the Tate Modern in London could not have been___without___from admissions. My personal position is that there is no clear answer to this question as there are such strong arguments on both sides. Perhaps it is possible for some museums and galleries to charge___and for others not to. It will depend on the situation of the___museum or gallery. 
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Read the text below and try to infer the answers to each question:
Speaking
     Have you ever had to do a speech in front of a large group of people? First, you have to walk up there to the front of the room. Everyone has his eye on you. You hope that you don’t look scruffy or sloppy. Then, you try to look relaxed, but unless you are gifted
or really clever at speaking, you will probably look tense. You may even start to blush -- or worse, to perspire. After that, you have to breathe and speak without sounding too foolish. You try to speak normally, and you hope that your body or your hands do not shake. Most people try to get finished as soon as they can, or at least before the audience yawns. When you finish, you sit down as fast as you can.
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1. Where is the main idea of this paragraph located?
in the first sentence b. in the last sentence c. in two sentences d. in the middle of the paragraph e. it is implied
2. Speakers are often nervous when they go in front of the room. Which of these words is NOT something that the writer says that people do when they are nervous?
a. perspire b. blush c. wink d. shake e. sweat
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3. Which of these statements best states the main idea of this paragraph?
a. Speaking in front of a lot of people is done if worst comes to worst. b. If all else fails, you might have to speak in front of a large group of people. c. When you speak in front of people, you have to speak slowly and clearly. d. Some people do not know how hard it is to speak in front of a large group of people. e. When it comes to speaking in front of a large group, it is a difficult and makes most people miserable.
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4. Using the context, what do you think scruffy or sloppymeans?
neatly dressed
dressed in a disorderly way
wearing a suit
being too tall or too short
silent, not speaking
5. Using the context, what do you think the word foolishmeans?
a. free and easy b. embarrassed and uneasy c. ready to leave d. unhappy or unpleasant e. without a care, with no worries
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6. When the author uses the word "you" in the paragraph, who does the author mean?
Teachers
People
Other students
Anyone who talks
Readers
7. Everyone has his eye on you. Is this literal or figurative?
a. literal b. figurative
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8. Using the context, what do you think the word tensemeans?
nervous and uncomfortable
Unhappy
lighthearted and gay
ready to make a speech
gifted and clever
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speech (spech) n. 1. The faculty or act of speaking. 2.Conversation; vocal communication. 3. A talk in front of others; public address. 4. A person's habitual manner of speaking. 5. The language or dialect of a nation or region. [<OE spec, spraec]
9. What definition fits the word "speech" as it is used in this passage?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
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Choose the one inference that is most logically based on the information you are given. Although more than one of the choices might be logical, you are looking for the most logical one. Study the example first. 
Example A teacher always uses PowerPoint© presentations in class.   a. The teacher does not like to write on the board. b. The teacher has poor handwriting.    c. The teacher prefers using PowerPoint© presentations.   d. The teacher likes using PowerPoint© presentations because writing on the board takes too much time. Explanation: The correct answer is c. Based on the information we are given, we can only conclude that the teacher—for whatever reason—prefers using PowerPoint© presentations. 
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There are clothes scattered all over Amanda's bedroom floor. 
 
 Amanda can never decide what to wear. 
 Amanda is getting ready to donate clothes she no longer wears. 
 During a robbery, the thief threw Amanda's clothes all over the floor of her bedroom. 
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2. A shoe store has held four "Going Out of Business" sales during the past year. 
 
 There has been unusual public interest in shoes during the past year. 
 Stylish shoes sell quickly. 
 The shoe store finds that "Going Out of Business" sales increase the number of shoes it sells. 
 The manager of the shoe store is trying to cheat people. 
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3. The wastebasket is filled with shredded paper. 
 Someone shredded the paper because he or she did not want others to be able to read it. 
 The shredded paper contains information that could get someone in trouble. 
 Someone enjoys using the paper shredder. 
 Someone needed shredded paper to pack a breakable item before mailing it.
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Read the passage and then respond to the questions. Each question will ask you to make a logical inference based on textual details. Explain your answer by referencing the text. 
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Kyle ran into his house and slammed the door behind him. He paused with his back to the wall and tried to catch his breath. The puppy in his coat struggled to get out. Kyle looked out the window worriedly, but he saw that nobody was coming. Then he let the puppy out of his jacket. The puppy yelped while Kyle took the collar off of him. He threw the collar in an old soup can in the trash, carefully flipping over the can. The dog looked around nervously. 
1. Why is Kyle out of breath?
2. Why is the puppy nervous?
3. Why does Kyle put the collar in a soup can?
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BYE BYE!!!
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