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INGLÊS TÉCNICO
 Revisão - RV2
Tema da Apresentação
Revisão - RV2
INGLÊS TÉCNICO
Class content:
Principais pontos das aulas 6, 7, 8, 9, e 10
Tema da Apresentação
Revisão - RV2
INGLÊS TÉCNICO
O trabalho com coerência e coesão permite aos educadores perceber os elos que contribuem na conexão das palavras. 
Enquanto que a coerência se dá através da relação entre o texto e o contexto, a coesão se constrói na inter-relação entre as partes do texto. Isso nos faz intercalar ambas com o intuito de promover uma compreensão textual.
 
PRONOMES, COESÃO E COERÊNCIA
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INGLÊS TÉCNICO
A cohesive text can be achieved by means of 　　* grammatical devices — such as tense and aspect, reference, substitution, time or place relater and parallel construction; 　　* lexical devices such as hyponymy, synonymy, complimentarity, and metonymy and repetition; 　　* logical connectors, such as "and", "but","in addition", "that is to say", "in the same way", etc.  If you are sensitive to these text cohesive devices while you are reading, you will understand the text better. 
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Pronomes Pessoais: I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They (Eu, você, ele, ela, nós, vocês, eles/elas) Pronomes Demonstrativos: This (Isto, Este, Esta) That (Aquilo, Aquele, Aquela) These (Estes, Estas) Those (Aqueles, Aquelas) Pronomes Relativos: Who (Quem) That (Que) Which (Que) Whose (De quem) When (quando) Where (Onde/Aonde) Pronomes Interrogativos: Who (Quem) What (O Que/Qual) Which (Que/Qual) 
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INGLÊS TÉCNICO
Let us read the example below
The problem with text linguistics is that it is not easily understood by most people.Text linguistics is a relatively new field in linguistics that necessitates a shift in focus from the word and sentence level to the whole text level. In the first sentence, the noun group "text linguistics" appears again in the second sentence which is repetition of the same lexical item. This recurrence of the same lexical item adds to the text's overall cohesiveness. It would be incoherent to start talking about something else other than text linguistics in the second sentence.  
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INGLÊS TÉCNICO
Synonyms My favourite city in the world is San Francisco. The capital is world renown for its clam chowder which attracts tourists from all over the world. In the second sentence "the capital" functions as a synonym for city. Although the second sentence could begin with "city" the synonym used adds word variety to the text, helping the reader stay focused and interested in the idea being discussed.  
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Pronouns 
Baywatch is a TV show produced in America. It has been translated into more than 150 languages. In the second sentence "it" refers back to Baywatch. It would be redundant to have the second sentence begin with Baywatch.  There are several other cohesive devices of course. If you'd like to read about them I recommend Beyond the Sentence by Macmillan (2005). 
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INGLÊS TÉCNICO
MARCADORES DO DISCURSO
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Outdoor activity injury statistics 
More people are hurt snowboarding than any other outdoor activity, accounting for a quarter of emergency room visits, according to the first national study to estimate recreational injuries. Trailing snowboarding are sledding and hiking, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report in the journal Wilderness and Environmental Medicine. The most common problems were broken bones and sprains, accounting for half of all cases.  
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INGLÊS TÉCNICO
"We want people to participate in outdoor recreational activities. But we want people to recognize that there's cause for concern and people can and do get injured," study co-author Arlene Greenspan said Tuesday. She said injuries can be avoided through planning and preparation: making sure your fitness level and skills match the activity and using proper equipment like helmets.  Greenspan said the study is the first to look at injuries from all activities, instead of individual sports or geographic areas. The researchers looked at data on injuries from outdoor activities treated at 63 hospitals in 2004 and 2005. They calculated that almost 213,000 people annually were treated for such injuries nationwide. About half of those injured are young, between ages 10 and 24 and half of the injuries are caused by falls.  
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INGLÊS TÉCNICO
Males are injured at twice the rate of females, but the research didn't look at the reasons. "It could be that males are more risky or it could be that males just participate more than females, or a combination of both," said Greenspan. Nearly 26 percent of the injures were from snowboarding followed by sledding (11 percent); hiking (6 percent); mountain biking, personal watercraft, water skiing or tubing (4 percent); fishing (3 percent) and swimming (2 percent).  
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INGLÊS TÉCNICO
Can a healthy lifestyle alter your genes? 
Comprehensive lifestyle changes including a better diet and more exercise can lead not only to a better physique, but also to swift and dramatic changes at the genetic level, U.S. researchers said on Monday. In a small study, the researchers tracked 30 men with low-risk prostate cancer who decided against conventional medical treatment such as surgery and radiation or hormone therapy.  The men underwent three months of major lifestyle changes, including eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes and soy products, moderate exercise such as walking for half an hour a day, and an hour of daily stress management methods such as meditation. As expected, they lost weight, lowered their blood pressure and saw other health improvements. But the researchers found more
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profound changes when they compared prostate biopsies taken before and after the lifestyle changes. After the three months, the men had changes in activity in about 500 genes -- including 48 that were turned on and 453 genes that were turned off. The activity of disease-preventing genes increased while a number of disease-promoting genes, including those involved in prostate cancer and breast cancer, shut down, according to the study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.  The research was led by Dr. Dean Ornish, head of the Preventive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito, California, and a well-known author advocating lifestyle changes to improve health."It's an exciting finding because so often people say, 'Oh, it's all in my genes, what can I do?'
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Well, it turns out you may be able to do a lot," Ornish, who is also affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, said in a telephone interview. "'In just three months, I can change hundreds of my genes simply by changing what I eat and how I live?' That's pretty exciting," Ornish said. "The implications of our study are not limited to men with prostate cancer."  
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INGLÊS TÉCNICO
Marcadores de discurso são palavras usadas para fazer a ligação de idéias ou marcar o discurso em um texto.
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INGLÊS TÉCNICO
Polysemy
Polysemy is the existence of several meanings for a single word or phrase. The word polysemy comes from the Greek words  poly-, “many” and sêma, “sign”. In other words it is the capacity for a word, phrase, or sign to have multiple meanings i.e., a large semantic field.  
 
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A word like walk is polysemous:
 
I  went walking this
morning
We went for a walk last Sunday
Do you walk the dog every day?
I live near Meadow Walk Drive
the bedroom (move a large object by rocking).
She walks the tower (to haunt a place as a ghost).
The workers threatened to walk (to go on strike).
Walk with God! (to live your life in a particular way)
The wardrobe is too heavy to lift; we’ll have to walk it into
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INGLÊS TÉCNICO
Affixes
 An affix is a letter or group of letters that is added to the beginning or end of a word and changes its meaning.  Examples: 
healthy => un + healthy = unhealthy(un is the affix) 
fear => fear + less = fearless  (less is the affix)
 There are two kinds of affixes:  prefixes and suffixes. 
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When the letter or group of letters is added to the beginning of a word, we call it a prefix. Examples: 
unhappy 
overconfident 
ultraviolet 
underdeveloped
  
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INGLÊS TÉCNICO
When the letter or group of letters is added to the end of a word, we call it a suffix. Examples: 
careful 
secretly 
greatness 
teacher 
 
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INGLÊS TÉCNICO
Tema da Apresentação