Exercícios Estudos Culturais em Língua Inglesa

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Exercícios Estudos Culturais em Língua Inglesa
Man needs to transmit culture. What for? Because if the knowledge constructed by his people was not transmitted generation by generation, everything would be missed, which would block evolution process.
According to Dahls (2001) culture is a collectively held set of attributes, which is: dynamic and changing over time
The political and moral problems in valuing some cultures above others has led many sociologists to adopt a more relativistic position when thinking about and comparing cultures. In this view:  No one culture is "correct"- rather, different cultures are simply different and should be tolerated as such.
	According to the following statement, choose the option which can best complete it. ¿ Because the self emerges in social interaction within the context of a complex, organized, differentiated society, it has been argued that the self must be complex, organized and differentiated as well¿.  (Stryker, 1980). So the self reflects society
Choose the correct alternative: Anthropology began as a specialized discipline in the 19th century within a theoretical school called evolutionism. This approach was related to the dominant Darwinist and, more importantly, social Darwinist paradigms of the period.
For Marcuse and other members of the Frankfurt School, civilization had resulted in capitalist exploitation of the ------- and their alienation. Masses
Herbert  Marcuse was one of the members of -------------------, established in 1923 in Germany – the Frankfurt School
		
	For Marcuse, the so-called civilized culture of the modern age had simply resulted in ever more technologically enhanced means by which humans could -------------------with ever increasing efficiency. Kill
Choose the option which best completes the following statement: The nature of society from a Marxist point of view is one in which unnatural systems of power must be made to seem as though they are a natural and organic outgrowth of the progress of ------------ civilization
_____ personify the culture¿s values and serve as role models. Heroes
The process of commodification is also seen as creating false needs, making people purchase objects/products they do not really need in order to provide capitalists with ---------------. Profits
When Marx refers to  a class in itself to a class for itself, he means that, in other words,  the members of the working classes realize the nature of their situation and begin to develop a class identity that allows them to develop ---------------with their fellow members and act against their oppressors. Solidarity
The hotels Brazil needs for the World Cup never got built. (THE WASHINGTON POST)
The Gavea Tourist, in Rio de Janeiro, is an empty shell of a hotel, a 14-story modernist monument of disintegrating concrete and decaying beauty that has been abandoned for four decades. It is one of three huge, architecturally ghost hotels in Rio de Janeiro, all of which are vacant in a city facing a shortage of rooms for June´s World Cup soccer tournament. Rio could use the Gavea Tourist´s 400-odd rooms. Instead, it is an emblem of the obstacles that interfere in Brazil´s World Cup preparations:  bureaucracy, a slow-moving judiciary and a lack of imaginative planning. `The bureaucracy is phenomenal. The technical capacity of the Brazilian state to produce infrastructure . . . is very low´´, said Christopher Gaffney, visiting professor in architecture and urbanism at Rio's Federal Fluminense University. 
Segundo o texto, que problema o Brasil enfrentará durante a Copa do Mundo? Por que isto deve ocorrer? O que dificulta a solução para este tipo de problema no Rio de Janeiro? A burocracia do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O Rio de Janeiro não terá quartos de hotel em número suficiente para abrigar todos os visitantes. Porque muitas construções de hotéis não estarão prontas até lá. Há obras inacabadas como o Hotel na Gávea, por exemplo.
Sociologists study and research: Society structures, as ethnical groups; social classes, as business men, politicians; genre, as kids, men, women; violence, institutions like family, school, religion, etc.
What is a 'civilization'? The broadest construction of cultural identity.
Which one of the following is seen as the bedrock of any corporate culture? Norms
Weber and Simmels believe that a society full of petty rules can contribute for a loss of - creativity
When people consider the influence of security policies developed by the police in their daily lives we can say that they are studying society – a micro level 
For Weber, people make sense of what they do when they understand – culture is created by humans through the meanings and motives they hold
Choose the WRONG alternative – Micro level correspond to the bigger picture: what people actually do, and what they think about what they do.
Action theory describes the -------------------- that influence action and serve as the foundation for society. In developing his theory, Weber distinguished between the concepts of behavior and action.The option which best completes the previous statement is subjective factors
1. According to the followi ng statement, choose the option which can best co mplete it. Because t he self e merges in social interaction within the context of a complex, organized, differentiated soci ety, it has been argued that th e self must be complex , organized and differ entiated as well (Stryker, 198 0): So the self reflects society 
2. According to Dahl’s (2001) culture is a collectively held set of attributes, which is: Dynamic and changing over time 
3. Man needs to transmit culture. What for ? Because if the knowledge constructed by his people was not transmitted generation by generation, everything would be missed, which would block evolution process . 
4. How do Marxists see culture? As a mechanism by which so groups maintain power over other groups 
5. Identity means: Being able to fix or figure out who we are as people 
6. What is Culture ? (Choose the RIGHT alternative): Culture means the way of life of a pe rson. In other words, how he/she lives. The patterns of social o rganization and the normal wa ys in w hich we are expected to behave in s ociety to uch all aspects of our daily lives. 
7. What alternative refers to the three thinkers analyzed the way in which society is constructed in gr eat part from its relationship to economic conditions; specifically the division of labor: Karl Marx, Emi le Durkheim and Max Weber 
9. Which one of the following is seen as the bedrock of any corporate culture? Norms 
10. What is a 'civilization'? The broadest construction of cultural identity 
11. Sociology is one of the Hu man Sciences that has as subjects: society, its social organization and the processes that connect persons in g roups, institutions and associations. 
12. Sociologists s tudy and research: Society structures as ethnical groups; social classes, as business men, politicians; genre, as kids, men, women; violence, institutions like family, school , religion.
13. Which theoretical perspective on cultural development rests on the logic of evolution? Sociobiology 
14. What is meant by multiculturalism? Culture drawing on many influences but still within the patriarchal framework 
15. Jean Baudrillard's philosophy c enters on the twin concepts of 'hyperreality' and 'simulation'. What do these terms refer to ? To the virtual or unreal nature of contemporary culture in an age of mass communication and mass consumption.
16. Choose the WRONG alterna tive: Identity is essential if meaningful interacti on is to take place amongst a society of thinking, creative, conscious and active individuals 
17. Webers was the type of mind which was continually developing throughout his intellectually prod uctive life. His system of ´sociological the ory´wa s not meant to stand alone. We dare say that his work may be conceived rather as an introduction to the institutional foundations of the modern economic and social order. For Weber, what is the difference between behavior and action? Behavior is an automatic response that occurs with little thought, whereas action is the result of a conscious p rocess in which people give me aning to their acti ons and the wor ld around them . 
18. Choose the WRO NG alternative: Micro level correspond to the bigger picture: what people actually do, and what they think about what they do . 
19. The values, beliefs, behaviour, and material objects that constitute e a people's way of life is defined as: Culture. 
20. Why are Giddens concepts criticized? Because: he exaggerates the degree of choice that individuals have over their own lives, and plays dow n the fact that o ften our lives a re not of our own choosing 
21. Which of the alternatives below does not characterizes Modernity? Small and calm cities, where individual production took place 
22. Post modernity i s a sociocultural and esthetics condition that prevails upon common concepts of a modern era. It has as i ts main principles: A consequential depreciation of ideological co ncepts from the modern era, the ideology crisis from the XX century a nd the occas ional downfall of th e Berlin Wall.
23. Since the 80's a process of construction of a global scale c ulture had b een dev eloped, considering not only the already consolidated mass culture, but also a t rue cultural wo rld system that f ollowed the economical political system resulted from globalization. The Post -Modernity p henomenon arises f rom this context as: A set of values that control the subsequent cultural production, where communication and the Cultural Industry have important roles while diffusing values and ideas of the new system . 
24. What’s the “mass society thesis”? It is a pessimisti c critique of mas s/popular culture, based o n sociological t heories such as Marxis m. It suggests that popular cultu re prev ents critical and revolutionary thought. It l eads to a society where individuals lose their sense of community , their individuality a nd come to rely on strong authority from above.
25. According to theoretical assumptions, the expression 'Subculture' may represent: a set of specific cultural elements adopted by a social group, a s a micro -group, which may either peacefully coexis t in society or co nstitute a marginal subculture if compared to the culture imposed by the cream of the society' (elite).
26. What does agency refer to ? It refers to the freedom individuals have to act on their own choices . Commonly, it is referred to as free will.
27. According to the Post -Modernity phenomenon, globalization: May alter time and space notions, drive out the social system and the imposed structures as well as make possible the emergence of a pluralization of social power centers. 
28. What is the official langua ge of 20 percent of the world's people? Chinese 
29. Which alternative repres ents the right definition of subculture: This usually refers to a group that has broken away from the wider, domina nt culture: a c ulture within a culture that has its own specialist norms a nd values its own o f life, shared by a smaller p roportion of a population.
30. “Culture is among the most complicated words in the E nglish language. It refers to the processes by which the symbolic systems (e.g., commo n s ense, usual way of doing things"; traditions and rituals, frameworks for understanding experience etc.) characteristically shared by a group of people are maintened and transformed across time” (www.encyclopedia .com). Which of the following sta tements about culture is correct: Youth culture refers to those processes and symbolic systems that young people share that are, to some degree, distinctive from those of their parents and the other adu lts in their community.
31. Which alternative represents the right definition of deviant subculture: Deviant subculture: While some subcultures conform for most of part to the broader norms and values of the dominant culture, other groups seek to reject these norms and values and are therefore considered as a deviant subcult̲ure. 
32. Following theoretical assumptions by researchers in general, a coherent reflection about culture concept would be: A collection of devoted behavior, transmitted g eneration by generation.
33. Many contemporary sociologists, especially postmodernists, are i nterested in the role played by popular culture in the creation of identity. They define it as: Popular culture or sometimes mass culture is usually defined as media and other c ultural products that are readily available, o ften cheap to consume and have po pular or mass appeal. Popu lar culture especially fashion and music is also seen to be major feature of youth subcultures. 
34. Roland Barthes' concepts embrace multiple themes of knowledge. In his boo k "Elementos de semiologia", he retakes the concepts of 'sig no' used in the past by t he first writers and exp lains his main concepts as for example: He outcome of 'signo' as a social commun ication way where we find a relation between significante (o manifesto) e o significado (o conotado). 
35. Who saw all languages as made up of a collection of ´s igns´, that is, collection of symbols that stand for, represent, ´symbolize´ somet hing outside the language ? Saussure
36. Para Habermas , a estrutura social é formada por convenções que delimitam o campo de ações, estabelecendo as condições pelas quais escolhemos uma determinada a ção, pensando ter feito a melhor escolha possível. A linguagem é o instrumento que utilizamos para isso, sendo essa estrutura a maior respo nsável por determina r a forma como ela é usada. A partir dess a concepção, podemos dizer que: A estrutura discursiva utilizada pelos falantes de uma língua dispõe da possibilidade de retorno e reinterpretação do discurso, podendo alcançar o fim pretendido por eles ou não . 
37. One of the founders of Semiology as a subject applied to Social Sciences is: Roland Barthes 
38. All of the following typically generate cultural change, except: Ethnocentrism . 
39. How can functionalis m be defined? It is the perspective in sociology according to which society consists of different but related parts, each of which serves a general purpose.
40. Advertising plays an important role in the economic life of almost every market economy. Why is it so? Because: consumption is based on the instant gratification of needs. 
41. Functionalism main goal is:Analyze key elements of a social system, trying to understand how these elements are related to other elements of the same social system and to social system as a whole .
 42. Durkheim thoughts revealed the independent existence of social f acts in relation to persons. He created the expression collective conscious, which means: The standardized man ner of conduct and thought that may be observed in an inner social group . 
43. What are the strengths of functionalism in relation to culture? It allows us to think about the nature of the social system as a whole, ex plains the process of socialization and how culture ca n create order in society . 
44. One of the best results of Feminism in our contemporary society is: A process of intense and global consciousness about women's dignity a nd emancipation . 
45. Studies about Feminism content are important, especially in La tin America because:The political realit y in this continent is marke d by authorita rian crises, the increase of social differences and prejudice against women.
46. According to Sociology, what is ethinicity (etnia)? It refers to a social group that differentiates from other groups if we analyze its cu ltural and social specificities, which form its own identity. 
47. Feminism ideology can tak e many dif ferent forms. In the 1970's, women started developing a theory which helped to explain their oppression. By the 1980's, feminists started disagreeing on particular issues linked to feminism. What w as once o ne theory, began to branch out into many theories that fo cused on different fe minist i ssues. What is the main focus of radical feminism? Radical feminism focuses on men as oppressors. Radical f eminists vi ew prostitution as a reinforcement, perpetuation, subordination, and exploitation of women
48. Mark the correct option as far as the Post -Structuralism movement is concerned: One important factor is that the Post-Structuralism inaugurates and registe rs Nietzsche's French reception, which provided inspiration to one of his theoretical innovations. 
49. About the Feminism phenomenon, we can say that: In spite of its expressivity, the la ck of studies to rescue the feminist contribution and to insert it in the different state levels, especially in the context of Latin America, is still a preoccupation . 
50. What is the difference between a common scientist and a n a pplied s cientist? A commons cientist is interested in the way something functions, whereas an applied scientist is interested in constructing this knowledge and applying it to obtain useful results. 
51. The concept of reflexive modernization or reflexive modernity was launched by a joint effort of three of the leading European sociologists - Anthony Giddens, Ulrich Beck and Scott Lash, three prominent social thinkers. Reflexive modernization is a process of modernization that is characteristic of risk society whereby progress is achieved through reorganization and "reform ". What is Science and technology, for the purpos e of reflexive modernization, concerned with? It i s less concerned with expanding the resource base, but rather with re -evaluating that which is already being use d by society. 
52. The theoretical discussion about nation and nationalism embraces three basic elements: Nation, identity and race 
53. In the past the wor d 'race' was used to explain differences of skin color. Today, Sociology has brought a different meaning. According to this Science, what is race ? A population in which a ll the members share certain inherited characteristics.
54. With the advent of globalization, the idea of the need of consumerism to reach happiness became more and more broadcasted. One example of this fact may be found in: Shopping centers became examples of consumerism' , fast food had total acceptance, young people just want expensive, costly clothes.
55. According to the Reflexive Modernization theory, politicians are not to be blamed for all of their decisions because: The political decisions that influence everyday life the most are not from formal political resolution, but from informal spheres of society.
56. The political and moral problems in valuing some cultures above others has led many sociologis ts to adopt a more relativistic position when thinking about and comparing cultures. In this view: No one culture is "correct"- rather, different cultures are simply different and should be tolerated as such. 
57. What are the main features o f a culture? Language and ethnicity; History and religion; Customs and norms; All of the above 
58. Considering a general definition, Man owns culture. He has the control of language and fire, makes use of different tools, constructs a family and invents myths, religions and sciences. According to this perspective, compare man to the other a nimals. Gabarito: Discutir a superioridade do homem em relação a outros seres, como único portador de cultura. Resposta: The man can build and create things. The man thinks, has social life, can interect one another, imagine. And the animals don't think, their actions are run by instinct. 
59. The process by which one generation passes culture to the next is called: Cultural transmission. 
60. In a globalized contemporary world, high technology has emerge d an d developed different means of communicati on more and more. This generates advantages and disadvantages, respectively: A large flow of ideas among different cultures by the radio, newspapers, TV and the internet; the denying access to technolog y by lower classes, which creates a gap between different communities. 
61. From historical antecedents of the XVIII century, associated to recent t heories (taking into consideration man and culture development) , discuss the concept of culture, highlightng challenges. 
Resposta : Culture is how people can describe their way of life, likes and dislikes, a s well as their point of views . No wadays, we face an exchange in c ultures that is increasing, an d that is our cha llenge: To mai sntain ou r own culture and assimilate these new ones, and interact with everyone in the planet, as a too l to do better business and social partnerships . 
62. An outstanding event that contributed to Post -Structuralim conti nuity was: The interpretati on of Nietzsche's works by Martin Heidegger (1991/ 1961), Deleuze , Derrida, Foucault, Klossows ki and Ko ffman, since the beginning of the 60 s until the 80s . 
63. The expression Reflexiv e Modernity, proposed by Giddens, Beck and Lash in the book Reflexive Modernization aims at analyzing the p resent transf ormations in the world , the crisis process and i ts consequences. Mark t he correct optio n, according to the authors: The social and natural world in this post -modern s ociety is totally influenced by r eflexive human knowledge, giving rise to an idea of ecologi cal crisis and unexpected risks . 
64. According to the Reflexive Modernity theory, politicia ns are not to be blamed for all of their decisions. Explain the reason for this conception.
Resposta : Politicians do not make decisi ons by theirselves. They must follow what is dictated by society, mainly those interests that runs the economic health of their Government. So every and all decision taken must be acceptable for companies and people as a ways of keep up with the s tock markets . 65. Read t he following paragraph and choose the alternative the best reflects the relation between anthropologists and culture. All anthropologists share a reliance upon the culture co ncept, which th ey take a s a starting point for understanding human experience regardless of subdiscipline, specialization, or theoretical orientation. Being so: A. anthropologists define culture differently from common usage a nd have extended its meaning and applicability beyond a simple term to a comprehensive theoretical paradigm.
66. Choose the correct alternative: Anthropology began a s a specialized discipline i n the 19th century wi thin a theoretical school called evolutionism. This approach was related to the dominant Darwinist and, more importantly, socia l Darwinist paradigms of the period. 
67. What are Goffmans strengths? Choose e the alternative that does not belong to his approach: Goffman denies society and individuals as valuable elements in cultural studies 
68. Considering a general definition, Man owns culture. He has the control of language and fire,makes use of different tools, constructs a family, invents myt hs, re ligions and sciences. According to this perspective, mark the correct option: In opposition to the other animals, elaborates, shares and spreads culture generation by generation.
69. Which one is seen as a pro duct of human action, has an aim and has a physical presence? Artefacts 
70. _____ personify the cultur es values and serve as rol e models: Heroes 
71. The study of culture and identity therefore involves debates on a wide range of important issues: The relation between animals and their environment
72. The highly conservative view of the popular/mass culture of the working classes which need the high culture to become better educated, provides intellectual justification for the continuation of the -----------------in society: class system
73. From historical antecedents of the XVIII century, associated to recent theories (taking into consideration man and culture development), discuss the concept of culture, highlighting new challenges. Gabarito: Apontar desafios do mundo contemporâneo.
74. ´At the turn of the century, many advances in science were occurring due to fundamental concepts that philosophers of science refer to as the conception of complex phenomena in terms of basic parts or elements. This conception of science was leading to many important discoveries with important applications in areas such as the biological sciences in the late 1800s.´´ (http://web.mst.edu/)  What is one of the differences between structuralism and post-structuralism? Gabarito: Structuralism may be seen as an anthropological movement associated especially with Claude Lévi-Strauss that seeks to analyze social relationships in terms of highly abstract relational structures often expressed in a logical symbolism. It may also be seen as a method of analysis (as of a literary text or a political system) that is related to cultural anthropology and that focuses on recurring patterns of thought and behavior. Structuralists look at the foundational structures implicit in all productions of a culture, and undertake an analysis of the many parts that create something, to get a better understanding of the creation. Poststructuralists insist that no hierarchy of meanings can ever be established and no solid underlying structural foundation can ever be located. Post-structuralism is a modern philosophical school of thought. Post-Structuralism cannot be reduced to a set of theoretical assumptions or a school, since it represents a complex and interdisciplinary thought movement.
The word 'Sociology' was created in 1838 by Auguste Comte, who intended to unify all the studies related to man, as History, Psychology and Economy. Psychology studies the singularity of individuals. What about Sociology? 
Compare com a sua resposta: Sociology studies society, its social organization and the processes that connect persons in groups, institutions and associations
Discuss the concepts of 'MAN', based on Confúcio's theory (séc. IV a.c.): 
"A NATUREZA DOS HOMENS É A MESMA, SÃO OS SEUS HÁBITOS QUE OS MANTÊM SEPARADOS"; and LARAIA'S (2003): "O HOMEM É O RESULTADO DO MEIO CULTURAL EM QUE FOI SOCIALIZADO." 
Compare com a sua resposta: Individual. Discutir a influência do meio no comportamento do homem
According to the Reflexive Modernity theory, politicians are not to be blamed for all of their decisions. Explain the reason for this conception. 
Compare com a sua resposta: According to the Reflexive Modernization theory, politicians are not to be blamed for all of their decisions because the political decisions that influence everyday life the most are not from formal political resolution, but from informal spheres of society. 
In his work "A Divisão do Trabalho Social", Durkheim assures that we are socialized human beings that possess an individual and collective consciousness. What does he mean by 'collective consciousness'? The expressive collective conscious means the standardized manner of conduct and though that may be observed in a inner social group.