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Prévia do material em texto

12. Horizontal Well 
Completion 
2 
Topics Covered 
 Planning the horizontal well 
completion 
 Horizontal well completion 
techniques 
 Equipping the horizontal well 
 Working in the horizontal well 
environment 
 Logging and perforation 
3 
Horizontal Well Completion 
• Horizontal well (HW) drilling is potentially the most 
important completion technique since hydraulic 
fracturing 
• HW is normally drilled vertically to a particular 
depth and horizontally to additional hundreds or 
thousands feet 
• HW is classified based on its turning radius 
– R = 57.3/BUR (buildup rate, o/ft) 
– Three types: short, medium, and long-radius 
4 
Completion of Horizontal Wells 
• HW completion depends on formation 
characteristics, reservoir type, and drilling 
technique 
• Formation characteristics: homogeneous or 
heterogeneous 
• Reservoir type: gas or under-saturated or 
saturated or heavy oil 
• Drilling technique: short or medium or long-
radius method 
5 
Completion Types 
• Two types: open hole and cased-cemented 
completion 
• Open hole:can be true or pseudo open hole 
– true OH in competent formation with no 
water or gas 
– pseudo OH with slotted liners and/or ECP for 
isolation 
• Cased-cemented hole 
– premium completion (very expensive) 
– need to perforate; last option 
6 
Horizontal Open-Hole Completion 
 This is a true open hole completion and it is used in consolidated 
and competent formation with medium to high permeability 
7 
Horizontal Perforated Liner Completion 
(pseudo open-hole) 
 The pre-perforated liner/casing is used where little or no stimulation is required, and 
the segmented uncemented liner/casing is used for open-hole evaluation of the 
wellbore and subsequent selective stimulation, if necessary. 
8 
Horizontal Perforated Liner Completion 
(pseudo open-hole) 
 The pre-perforated liner/casing is used where little or no stimulation is required, and 
the segmented uncemented liner/casing is used for open-hole evaluation of the 
wellbore and subsequent selective stimulation, if necessary. 
9 
Running of a horizontal pre-pack liner/screen 
 The slotted or pre-perforated liner/casing is used where little or no stimulation is 
required, and the segmented uncemented liner/casing is used for open-hole 
evaluation of the wellbore and subsequent selective stimulation, if necessary. 
10 
Horizontal Well Selective 
Completion with ECP 
External casing 
packers 
 The pre-perforated liner/casing is used here with some external casing packers (ECP). 
The ECPs are used for isolation of the hole segments that showed little or no 
production. 
11 
Horizontal well cased and 
cemented liner completion 
1. The cased and cemented completion is the premium completion approach. This 
means that the well must be perforated and stimulated. 
2. Costs associated with these operations are so significant that there must be 
problems associated with the wellbore/formation combination that cannot be 
addressed in any other way 
12 
Equipping the Horizontal Wells 
• Most tools are set with rotation movement, or hydraulic pressure, 
which must be applied around the bend to the horizontal segment. 
Major tools are external casing packers (ECP), bridge plugs, packers, 
and artificial lift devices (pumping equipment) 
• The tool size and operation are the most important parameters for the 
tools 
– Length L, and diameter of the a rigid tool that can be run around 
the bend is a f(R) 
– L = 1/6[R2 - (R -d)2]0.5; d = IDcasing - ODtool 
– L = tool length, ft; R and d are in inches 
• All tools are set by mechanical, or hydraulic or passive action. The 
movement required to set or unset a tool should be minimized. 
13 
Effect of radius of curvature on the length 
of tool that can be run in a horizontal well 
1. The length and diameter of a 
rigid tool that can be transported 
around a curve is dependent on 
the curve radius and the tool 
clearance. 
2. The maximum length of any 
specific diameter of tool to be 
transported around a curve can 
be calculated using the equation 
 L = 1/6[R2 - (R -d)2]0.5; 
d = IDcasing – ODtool; 
L = tool length, ft; 
R and d are in inches 
14 
Multiphase flow patterns in a 
horizontal well 
 The dips and rises in the 
well profile act as down-
hole separators for the 
various phases of the 
produced fluids, leading to 
slug flow 
 These slugs may be big 
enough to load up and kill 
the well. Thus, tubing 
should be landed at the 
low point in the lateral so 
as to minimize slugging. 
15 
Figure 6.11 - Horizontal well perforation configuration in 
consolidated (360 phasing) and unconsolidated (120 - & 180 - 
phasing) formations 
Perforation of Horizontal Wells 
 Gun orientation - full phase (360o) in consolidated formations and 180o or 
120o-phase in unconsolidated formations 
 Perforation density - use a lower shot density (2-shots/ft). This is 
because so much zone is exposed in horizontal wells plus perforating is 
expensive 
 Use bullet guns in low compressive formation and jet guns in high 
compressive formation 
16 
Artificial Lift Equipment in HW 
• These are gas lift, hydraulic jet, and electric submersible 
pumps 
• Gas lift - a viable option in short and medium-radius, 
may be uneconomical in long-radius 
• Hydraulic jet pumps - affected slightly by hole inclination 
but inefficient in low pressure wells 
• Electric submersible pumps - not good in high angle 
wells and must be centralized. Also, very sensitive to 
high GOR. Have ability to lift large amount of fluids 
17 
Working in Horizontal Well 
• Hole cleaning - use high viscous pill or 
magnet 
• Tubing stress at the bend - use flexible 
material 
• Perforation 
18 
Coiled Tubing Conveyed Logging Tools 
• CT has three main parts: measuring 
tools and protection equipment, an 
electric connector between tool and 
drill pipe, and slide entry capability. 
• It is important to prevent damage to 
cable by not lowering the slide entry 
sub beyond certain inclination or 
protect it by clamping along drill 
pipe. 
1. Advantages: easy and rapid to use (significant reduction in rig time), accurate depth 
control, and the ability to make multiple runs. 
 
2. Disadvantage: CT will buckle when the frictional forces associated with the guns in the 
horizontal hole exceed the CT critical buckling load. The advantages of CT are the 
speed of running the guns, the ability to log perforating guns on depth, 
19 
Nitrogen kickoff of a well using 
coiled tubing 
1. This figure shows one of the 
major applications of CT 
(nitrogen kickoff) 
2. 25% of the CT business 
accounts for nitrogen kickoffs. 
3. It is possible to pump N2 too 
fast Lighten column while RIH, 
then pump N2 at bottom of well 
20 
HW Cementing Problems & Solutions 
 Three main problems: free-water on the upper side 
of well, deposition of solids, and inadequate 
fluid/cement displacement 
– Associated problems include mud and gas channeling 
 Solutions include the following: 
– Good cement and fluid design;(YP30 lbf/100 ft2) 
– Use mechanical devices - centralizers & scratchers 
– Use mechanical actions - rotate/reciprocate 
– Displace cement and fluid in turbulent flow 
21 
A typical flow meter for production 
logging on coiled tubing 
1. This figure shows another application of CT (production 
logging). The production profile of a horizontal well is 
often requiredfor effective production management. To 
optimize well production, pressures and entry points of 
water, oil, and gas are the necessary data. One of the 
biggest problem is measuring and interpreting 
multiphase flow of the fluids especially in horizontal 
wells. 
2. Two techniques have been developed to improve the 
quality of data measurement of two-phase flow in 
horizontal wells and to determine the location of fluid 
flux. These techniques, using CT, involve (a) a small 
variable-diameter metal petal-basket and a fluid 
analyzer tool, and (b) a temperature survey tool to 
measure temperature anomalies during production or 
injection of fluids.

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