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Published by Express Publishing 
Liberty House, Greenham Business Park, Newbury, 
Berkshire RG19 6HW 
Tel.: (0044) 1635 817 363 
Fax: (0044) 1635 817463 
e-mail: inquiries@expresspublishing.co.uk 
http://www.expresspublishing.co.uk 
© Express Publishing, 2011 
Design and Illustration © Express Publishing, 2011 
First published 2011 
Made in EU 
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or 
transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior 
written permission of the publishers. 
This book is not meant to be changed in any way. 
ISBN 978-0-85777-817-8 
Table of Contents 
f.1 1 
Answer Key . . .. .. ... . . . .... . .... . ...... ... . . .. . ....... . . . . . . .... . . .. .. . .... 4 
Audioscripts . .. . ....... . . .. . . .. . . .. . ..... . . . .. . .. .... . . ... . .. . . . . .... . ...... 13 
~ 2 
Answer Key . ... . ............ .. ... . .. . ..... .. .... ... .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . ... . 16 
Audioscripts ...... . . .. . . .......... . ... . . . . .... .. . .... . ........ . . ... ........ 27 
f:) 
3 
Answer Key ... . ...... . ...... ......... . . . . . .... . . . ... . . . ........ . . . ..... . .. . 31 
Audioscripts ... . . .. . . . ... ... . .. . .. . . . . . ..... . ........ . . ..... . ... ... .. .. .. . . 44 
Boo Answer Key 
Unit 1 
1 Suggested Answers 
2 
3 
4 
1 Judge, attorney/lawyer, paralegal, clerk of the 
court, bailiff. 
2 I would like to be a judge. I think it would be much 
less stressful than being an attorney, because you 
don't have to worry about winning your case. 
However you still get to work in a court and hear 
lots of interesting cases. 
1 plaintiff 
2 defendant 
3 speak on behalf of their clients 
4 may assist the attorney 
5 judge 
1 B 3 D 5 F 7 G 
2 A 4 C 6 E 
B 2 B 3 A 4 A 
5 Suggested Answer 
6 
In the legal system a civil case begins with a plaintiff, 
the person who makes a complaint. The plaintiff files 
the complaint with a court. The person the plaintiff 
accuses of a crime is the defendant. Both the plaintiff 
and the defendant have attorneys to present their 
cases to the court. Attorneys have paralegals, people 
who have legal training, to assist them. In the court a 
jury and a judge listen to both sides of the case. The 
jury decides on a verdict and the judge makes the 
decision on how to resolve the case. 
D 2 D 
7 1 civil 3 complaint 
4 defendant 
5 plaintiff 
6 jury 2 attorney 
8 Suggested Answer 
A: Hi, Sally. How is that civil case coming along. 
B: Oh, Roger, I wish you hadn't reminded me! 
A: Why, what's wrong? 
B: I'm afraid our client's complaint has run out of steam. 
A: Well, has it? 
B: It depends or whether the judge decides there 
was a valid contract between the plaintiff and the 
defendant. He really needs the money, or his 
factory may be forced to close down. 
A: Do you have evidence to prove that there was? 
B: Some, but the defendant's attorney is very good 
and he may succeed in having it disallowed. 
A: Okay, then why don't you ask our paralegal to do 
some more research? 
B: Good idea. 
4 Answer Key 
9 Suggested Answer 
Civil Case Update 
Attorney: Sally Fields 
Plaintiff's complaint: Plaintiff manufactured goods 
and supplied them to defendant. Defendant not paying. 
Possible outcome: Defendant may win case. Plaintiffs 
factory will close down. 
Reason: Plaintiff has little evidence / defendant's 
attorney is very good. 
Unit 2 
1 Suggested Answers 
2 
3 
4 
1 People decide to take legal action for many 
reasons, for example if they have been injured in 
an accident that was not their fault, if their 
property has been damaged, if they have been 
unfairly treated by their employer or if they have 
been the victim of a crime. 
2 People usually need to contact a legal firm to get 
advice about how to take legal action. People 
also need to be sure they have evidence to 
support their claim. 
T 2 F 3 T 
B 2 A 3 B 4 A 5 B 
1 settle 3 trial 5 proof 
2 appeal 4 legal action 
5 Suggested Answer 
6 
If you have been involved in a dispute or have been 
injured by someone else's carelessness, Butler and 
Evans Associates can help you to take legal action and 
get due process. They will initiate a lawsuit to try and 
get you the damages you are entitled to. Butler and 
Evans investigate your case to get the proof required 
for your trial and if the court's verdict is not in your favor 
they will try to appeal the case. If Butler and Evans don't 
win your case, they don't charge you any fee. 
A 2 C 
7 1 offer 3 settle 5 proof 
2 lawsuit 4 pay for half 6 you're right 
8 Suggested Answer 
A: Good morning, Mrs. Smith. I just received a call 
from Mr. Jones' lawyer. He said, Mr. Jones is willing 
to put an end to your dispute. 
B: Great. So what do we do next? 
A: Well, he will only stop defending the lawsuit if you 
agree to settle. 
B: What is he asking for? 
A: He wants you to pay for the costs of arguing the 
case so far and he will pay for the damages to 
your car. 
B: But I was parked on the side of the road! He drove 
straight into me! 
A: I understand. But seeing as the legal system for 
these types of cases can be so slow, I suggest 
you settle. 
B: Oh, all right, then you're the expert. 
9 Suggested Answer 
Client: Samantha Smith 
Date: 4th July 2001 
Meeting about: Settlement of car crash case. 
Recommended that client should settle by agreeing 
to pay legal costs to date. Only then will Mr Jones 
pay for damages to her car. 
Client will settle on these terms. 
Unit 3 
1 Suggested Answers 
2 
1 Legal professionals can find information about 
cases in legal encyclopedias, law journals, digests 
and case annotations. These books can be found 
in many libraries. Courts will also have records of 
past cases, and nowadays there are several 
computerized databases of court cases on the 
Internet. 
2 Legal professionals need good research skills 
because they have to find and research laws and 
past cases relevant to their case. 
B 2 C 3 B 
3 1 primary materials 
2 form book 
3 cite 5 resources 
4 digest 
4 1 journals 4 case annotation 
2 computerized database 5 legal encyclopedia 
3 references 
5 Suggested Answer 
Law libraries keep different documents in different 
sections. In one section you will find primary 
materials, which are the texts containing actual laws. 
In another you can look at secondary materials, 
which give opinions on these laws. In the section for 
secondary materials you will find legal encyclopedias 
and digests, which are summaries of individual cases. 
Law journals will be contained in another section. In 
these journals you can find case annotations. Finally, 
6 
oot{ . Answer Key 
form books, are kept in another part of the library. 
Most libraries also have computerized databases with 
all these resources on them. 
F 2 T 3 F 
7 1 legal encyclopaedias 
2 in common 
4 primary materials 
5 statutes 
3 case annotations 6 No problem 
8 Suggested Answer 
A: Hi John. Did the law library have anything to help 
our case? 
B: Yes. There were several similar cases in the legal 
encyclopedias. It seems that judges often dismiss 
cases against young defendants. 
A: Do the dismissed cases have anything in common? 
B: Well, I looked at the case annotations and found 
that none of the defendants had any previous 
convictions. 
A: Great work! 
B: I've also collected some primary materials about 
crimes involving young offenders. 
A: Thank you. Can you do me one more favor? Write 
a summaryof the statutes on young offenders. 
B: No problem, I'll do it right away. 
9 Suggested Answer 
Source(s): Legal encyclopedias, case annotations 
Useful info: Judges often dismissed cases against 
young defendants 
What cases have in common: Young defendants/no 
previous convictions. 
Unit4 
1 Suggested Answers 
1 In the USA new laws are made when a member of 
Congress sponsors a bill proposing a new law. The 
bill is assigned to a committee who study it with the 
help of experts. If the committee decides to pass it 
on then the relevant chamber of Congress votes 
on the bill. If a majority votes for the bill it passes to 
the next chamber of Congress (i.e.: if it was 
introduced in the Senate, it goes to the House of 
Representatives and vice versa) and the process is 
repeated. If the second chamber votes in favor of 
the bill it is revised by a conference committee and 
then sent back to both chambers to be voted on 
again. If the bill is passed by both chambers, it goes 
to the president for their signature and approval. 
After this, it officially becomes a law. If the president 
doesn't approve the bill, it can still become law if 
two thirds of Congress approve it. 
Answer Key 5 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
Book 1 Answer Key 
I think this system works well because it prevents 
people from quickly making laws that might not 
benefit people. There are a lot of checks and no 
one person has absolute authority. 
2 National laws, or federal laws, are passed by the 
federal government. State laws are passed by 
states and apply only to the specific state which 
they were passed in. They should not contradict 
national law. States also delegate lawmaking 
powers to different agencies, counties and cities, 
which can make local laws about smaller issues 
such as parking rules. 
T 2 F 3 
A 2 A 3 
B 2 B 3 
C 2 A 
1 national legislation 
2 accident 
3 tough 
T 
B 
C 
4 A 5 B 
4 B 5 A 
4 took that case 
5 state law 
6 statute 
7 Suggested Answer 
B: Why is Great Cars Incorporated being sued? 
A: They didn't follow the national legislation on brake 
testing procedures. A client's brakes failed and he 
crashed into a wall. 
B: So, the driver's suing Great Cars? 
A: Yes. He's suing them for $ 1 million. 
B: That sounds hard to beat. 
A: Well, we'll have a shot. There's a precedent from a 
lawsuit against Car Masters. A judge dismissed the 
case when they weren't able to follow the statute. 
B: Aaah, I've seen it. It should help our client's case. 
8 Suggested Answer 
Date: 27th May 2011 
I met with Julian today. He is working on a case for 
Great Cars Inc. The company didn't meet the 
requirements of national brake testing regulations 
and as a consequence, a customer drove into a wall 
and is suing them for $1 million. But Julian thinks they 
can win the lawsuit. There is a precedent that might 
help them. Another company didn't meet state law 
requirements for seatbelts. But, a judge dismissed the 
case when they weren't able to follow the statute. 
6 Answer Key 
Unit 5 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
Suggested Answers 
1 When they first meet attorneys and clients might 
talk about legal fees, which court a case will go 
to, the possible duration of the case, its likelihood 
of success and what documents are needed from 
the client. 
2 In order to work together and trust each other 
attorneys and their clients need to agree on fees 
before beginning a case. Preparing a case is a lot 
of work, and running a law firm is expensive. 
Attorneys need to know they will be paid. 
B 2 B 3 C 
A 2 D 3 C 4 B 
1 medical records, police report 
2 intake memo, fee agreement 
3 correspondence/litigation 
F 2 T 3 T 
1 agreement 4 demand package 
2 intake 5 litigation 
3 retainer 6 form 
7 Suggested Answer 
A: Janine, did you find the signed copies of the fee 
agreement and retainer agreement for Mrs. 
Jackson? 
B: Yes, I did. Have you also got her intake memo? 
A: Oh, yes. I guess it's still in my office. 
B: Don't worry, I can get it. 
A: Have you got a copy of the demand package we 
sent for her medical records? 
B: Yes It's all in her pre-litigation folder. 
A: Fantastic. Please send her a copy along with the 
other documents. Don't forget to include the form 
letter. 
B: No problem. 
8 Suggested Answer 
Dear Mrs. Jackson, 
I am pleased to enclose the foll owing documents: 
Fee agreement 
Retainer agreement 
Intake memo 
Demand package 
Please sign the relevan documents and return them 
to us as soon as possiDle. 
Janine Davis. 
Paralegal 
Unit 6 
1 Suggested Answers 
2 
1 In the USA there are district courts, state courts, 
a Court of Appeals and a Supreme Court. 
2 Disputes with the state go to the state courts. 
General disputes involving federal laws go to 
district courts. Appeals against previous rulings go 
to the Court of Appeals. Specific claims relating 
to bankruptcy or tax go to specialized bankruptcy 
and tax courts. The Supreme Court usually only 
hears cases that involve important questions 
about the Constitution or federal law. 
F 2 T 3 F 
3 1 District 3 jurisdiction 
2 state 4 claims 
4 1 Supreme 3 review 5 discretionary 
2 appeals 4 bankruptcy 6 specialized 
5 Suggested Answer 
6 
In the USA there are 5 main types of courts. In the 
state courts disputes with the state are decided. 
Other disputes go to district courts or in some cases 
to specialized courts, such as tax or bankruptcy 
courts. If you disagree with a verdict your case will 
go to the Court of Appeals, which reviews decisions 
from other courts. The Supreme Court is also an 
appeals court, but it has discretionary review, meaning 
it may choose whether it hears your case or not. 
X 2 .I 3 .I 4 X 5 X 
7 1 state 
2 district 
3 decides 
4 reviewed 
5 review 
6 discretionary 
8 Suggested Answer 
A: So, will my case go to the state courts? 
B: No, it won't. 
A: But it's a dispute with the state. 
B: Yes, but district courts normally have jurisdiction 
over cases like yours. 
A: Okay, I understand. And is it possible to appeal 
against a district court's decision? 
B: Yes, we can ask for the decision to be reviewed 
in the Court of Appeals. 
A: Are you sure they will review a small case like mine? 
B: They have to. Only the Supreme Court operates 
under discretionary review, so don't worry! 
Book Answer Key 
9 Suggested Answer 
Dear Mr. Moisey, 
In response to your question, your case is not going 
to the state courts. It is going to a district court 
because it is a small case and does not fall under 
the jurisdiction of any specialized court. 
If you do not agree with the court's decision, the case 
goes to an appeals court. 
They have to review it because they do not have 
discretionary review (the ability to choose which 
cases they will review). 
Yours Faithfully, 
T. Greer 
Unit 7 
1 Suggested Answers 
1 Which court hears a case is determined by where 
the offense was committed, where the defendant 
or plaintiff are from, and what the case is about. 
2 A case can be heard in more than one court, both 
state and district, if the parties are from different 
states. This allows the parties involved to escape 
the possible prejudice of local judges and juries. 
A case is also heard in more than one type of 
court if the initial verdict is appealed and the case 
goes to the Court of Appeals for review. 
2 1 Personal jurisdiction 
2 Jurisdiction over an area 
3 Subject jurisdiction 
4 Only one court can decide the issue 
5 Concurrent jurisdiction 
3 B 2 A 3 B 
4 1 territorial jurisdiction 5 forum shopping 
2 exclusive 6 legal bodies 
3 personal jurisdiction 7 subject jurisdiction 
4 concurrent 
5 Suggested Answer 
6 
There are three main types of jurisdiction. Firstly there 
ispersonal jurisdiction, the authority over a person. 
Secondly there is territorial jurisdiction or authority 
over an area, and lastly there is subject jurisdiction 
which is authority over a particular subject. 
D 2 C 
7 1 territorial 3 concurrent 
4 welcome 
5 legal bodies 
6 favor 2 adjudicate 
Answer Key 7 
Book Answer Key 
8 Suggested Answer 
A: Which court is this case going to? 
B: Probably to the district court. It has territorial 
jurisdiction. 
A: Okay. But in this case, a subject-specific court 
can also adjudicate. Right? 
B: I don't think so. I'm pretty sure no other legal bodies 
have authority. But you're welcome to check. 
A: I will do. I think jurisdiction is concurrent, and a 
subject specific court might be more likely to rule 
in our favor. 
B: I hope that's true! 
9 Suggested Answer 
The case is likely to go to the district court because 
it has territorial jurisdiction. 
Mr. Ryan believes that a subject-specific court can 
also adjudicate. 
We must check whether there is concurrent jurisdiction. 
Then we can choose a court that is more likely to rule 
in our favor. 
Unit 8 
1 Suggested Answers 
2 
1 During a trial the jury, judge, bailiff, the clerk of the 
court and the attorneys must be present in the 
courtroom. 
2 Lawyers can interview jurors and ask specific 
questions to determine if they will be able to give 
an unbiased verdict in the trial or will be 
prejudiced against the case. 
F 2 T 3 F 
3 1 C 
2 E 
3 A 
4 B 
5 F 
6 D 
4 A 2 B 3 A 4 B 
5 Suggested Answer 
6 
When you report for jury duty you are asked a series 
of questions by the defense and prosecution attorneys 
to find out if you are a suitable juror for the case. If 
you are not chosen for the jury you will leave after 
the questioning. If you are chosen then you will do 
jury duty for the trial and help decide on a verdict. 
A 2 D 
7 1 juror 3 unfair 5 proceedings 
6 clerk 2 reason 4 defense 
8 Answer Key 
8 Suggested Answer 
A: Your honor, I don't believe that Juror 5 should sit 
for this trial. 
B: Why? 
A: Due to an answer he gave to one of my 
questions. He said that violent computer games 
have made young people nowadays more likely 
to commit crimes. 
B: And you're concerned that he will be unfair 
towards the defendant. 
A: Exactly. My client's only twelve. 
B: Fair enough. Juror 5 is released. 
A: Thank you, your honor. 
B: We'll continue the process after the clerk of the 
court calls in another juror. 
9 Suggested Answer 
Jury Notes 
Today we released a juror. I thought he would be 
unfair towards the defendant. 
I believe this because he said that young people 
nowadays are more likely to commit crimes as a 
result of playing violent video games and the 
defendant is only 12 years old. The judge agreed and 
asked the clerk of the court to call in another juror. 
Unit 9 
1 Suggested Answers 
2 
3 
4 
5 
1 Before a case can go to court the defendant has 
to be formally charged with a crime or offense. 
Attorneys may need to exchange documents 
pertaining to the trial , and the prosecution must 
present their evidence to a judge to prove that 
they have a valid case. There may also be an 
opportunity for the parties to settle the case 
without going through court. 
2 A jury might not be able to agree on a verdict if 
there are strong differences of opinion among the 
jurors. This could be because case is very 
controversial, or the evidence is confusing. 
B 2 C 3 D 
1 acquitted 3 plea bargain 
2 suppress 4 discovery 
1 sentenced, charged 
2 arraignment, trail 
3 mistrial, pre-trial hearing 
T 2 F 3 T 
6 1 pre-trial hearing 
2 suppress 
7 Suggested Answer 
3 discovery 
4 trial 
5 mistrial 
6 handle 
B: Hello, Richard Burke speaking. 
A: Richard, it's Elizabeth Smith. I'm calling about the 
pre-trial hearing on Monday. How was it? 
B: Not so good. The judge suppressed a lot of our 
evidence. 
A: Oh, no. Do we have a trial date? Will we have 
enough time to prepare the evidence we do have? 
B: This is the good news. The trial's not until April. 
Lots of time. 
A: I agree. I still want to handle the case myself. 
B: Okay, just do your best. Looks like we'll lose this 
one, anyway. 
8 Suggested Answer 
Date of Hearing: 21st December 
Jury's decision or evidence: Suppressed 3/4 of our 
evidence 
Trial scheduled for: 20th April 2011 
Who will handle case: Elizabeth Smith. 
Unit 10 
1 Suggested Answers 
1 It is important to behave properly in a court room in 
order to make a good impression on the judge and 
jury. It is also a sign of respect for the judicial system. 
2 People can find information about court etiquette 
on the Internet, in libraries and legal books, and 
from their attorneys. 
2 1 protocols 3 lies 
2 All rise 4 addressing 
3 1 under oath 3 approach the bench 
2 address 4 off the record 
4 1 B 3 B 5 A 
2 C 4 B 6 C 
5 Suggested Answer 
In court before the judge enters you will hear the 
clerk of the court say "All rise" and you must stand 
up. You are sworn in by the clerk. After you have 
been sworn in you are under oath and you must not 
lie. If you lie you can be charged with perjury. In the 
courtroom you must not interrupt the judge and you 
have to call him "Your Honor". Only the lawyers may 
approach the bench, where they may talk to the 
judge off the record from the well, the area right in 
front of the bench. 
Book 1 Answer Key 
6 A 2 A 
7 1 approach the bench 
2 evidence 
4 perjury 
5 removed 
6 protocol 3 under oath 
8 Suggested Answer 
A: Your Honor, may I have permission to approach 
the bench. 
B: You may. 
A: Your Honor, I have evidence that this witness 
worked with my client. 
B: But he just told us he had never met your client 
before. 
A: I know. He's changing his story even though he's 
under oath. 
B: Are you accusing the witness of perjury? 
A: Yes. He should be removed and investigated. 
B: That's a very serious charge. You must follow 
protocol to do that. 
9 Suggested Answer 
Complaint 
Attorney: Mr. Rodriguez 
What is the accusation? Perjury 
Is there evidence: Yes 
If yes, what is it: Records of employment show the 
witness worked with my client. 
Required action: Removal and investigation of witness. 
Unit 11 
1 Suggested Answers 
1 Yes, I do think that people can commit crimes for 
good reasons. If someone breaks into a factory 
that manufactures bombs and damages the 
machinery, they are guilty of trespass and harm 
to property, but they committed the offence with 
the aim of saving innocent lives. 
2 For minor crimes such as burglary or harm to 
property, probation or community service are fair 
punishments. For major crimes, such as murder, 
going to jail is a fair punishment. I believe capital 
punishment is never fair, because it is a crime itself. 
2 1 probation 3 jail 
2 trespassing 4 murder 
3 B 2 B 3 A 4 A 5 B 
4 B 2 A 3 C 4 A 5 B 
Answer Key 9 
Book Answer Key 
5 Suggested Answer 
6 
Criminal law punishes those people who commit 
crimes. 
For minor crimes, such as trespassing you may get a 
fine. 
If a criminal commits the same offence many times 
they may go to jail. 
T 2 F 3 T 
7 1 probation 3 convicted 
4 jail 
5 crime 
6 offend 2 trespassing 
8 Suggested Answer 
B: Let's talk about the sentencing? My client doesn't 
deserve to go to jail. Will you recommend probation? 
A: Why would I do that? 
B: My client's crime wasn't violent. He was only 
trespassing. 
A: I take your point - but he was convicted for theft 
only last year. 
B: True. But he was punished for that and he doesn't 
deserve to go to jail now. 
A: I'm still going to recommend a short term in jail. I 
just don't want him to offend again. 
9 Suggested AnswerI recommend that the defendant should be put on 
probation. 
I feel this way because, in spite of the fact that he 
has been in trouble before, he is a good man and I 
do not believe he will offend again. 
I do not want the defendant to receive a sentence 
of three months in jail. 
That sentence would be disproportionate to the 
nature of the defendant's offense. 
Unit 12 
1 Suggested Answers 
1 People take legal action against other people for 
many reasons. These can include unfair treatment 
at work, injury to person or property as a result of 
someone else's conduct, and disputes with 
neighbors or family members. 
2 Courts award money to plaintiffs who win their 
cases as compensation for the mental, physical 
or monetary damages they may have suffered as 
a result of the defendant's action. These damages 
also act as a deterrent against future misconduct 
on the part of the defendant. 
2 1 C 2 D 3 D 
1 0 Answer Key 
3 A 2 B 3 E 4 C 5 D 
4 1 compensation 
2 sue 
4 injunction 
5 liability 
3 punitive damages 
5 Suggested Answer 
6 
The successful applicant will deal mainly with tort law 
cases. The cases will mainly concern suing for 
monetary damages as a result of personal injuries. 
The successful applicant will also be responsible for 
helping clients file for injunctions and for proving 
liability and establishing the negligence of defendants. 
Other cases the candidate may be involved in will 
concern probate and divorce. 
T 2 T 3 F 
7 1 tort law 3 liability 5 probate 
2 injunctions 4 monetary damages 6 afraid 
8 Suggested Answer 
A: Good morning Ms. Adams. Please sit down. 
B: Thank you. 
A: Let's get started. Do you have any experience 
with tort law? 
B: I do. At my last job, I filed injunctions against 
companies and initiated lawsuits. 
A: And were you often able to prove liability and 
establish negligence? 
B: Very often. Around 80% of my clients were 
awarded monetary damages. 
A: Excellent. Do you have any experience with probate? 
B: I do, but it's very limited, I'm afraid. 
9 Suggested Answer 
Job title: Civil Law Attorney 
Candidates name: Ms. Alena Adams 
Experience in tort law: Extensive, in last job filed 
injunctions and initiated lawsuits. 
Experience in probate: Limited, but has some. 
Unit 13 
1 Suggested Answers 
1 Government agencies make rules for businesses 
to prevent them from taking advantage of their 
customers or abusing the environment in order to 
make more profit. These rules also make sure that 
businesses behave fairly towards each other. 
2 An attorney can help business owners follow laws 
by explaining what legislation they need to comply 
with and helping them complete the relevant 
paperwork. 
2 F 2 T 3 F 
3 1 license 3 jeopardize 5 negotiate 
2 bureaucracy 4 regulations 
4 C 2 C 3 B 4 A 5 C 
5 B 2 C 
6 1 sit down 4 public health 
2 Health Department 5 required 
3 compliance 6 restaurant 
7 Suggested Answer 
A: Mr. Evans, please sit down and tell what I can do 
for you 
B: Thank you. The issue is that the Health 
Department wants to shut down my restaurant. 
A: Why is that? 
B: The health inspector told me that I'm not in 
compliance with regulations. 
A: Did the inspector tell you which regulations you 
weren't complying with? 
B: The problem is that I don't have a public health 
license. 
A: Okay, I see. All restaurant owners have to have 
one. But I can definitely help with that. 
B: That's good news. I need it as quickly as possible 
to stop them shutting down my restaurant. 
8 Suggested Answer 
Clients name: Mr. Evans 
Legal problem: Health inspector says his restaurant 
is not in compliance with health regulations. 
Details: Needs a public health license. 
Unit 14 
1 Suggested Answers 
1 An attorney will start by asking a new client for 
details about their case. The attorney will try and 
elicit as many facts about the case as possible. 
They will also ask the client if they have any 
documentation to support their claim. 
2 An attorney might not take a case if they believe 
they are very unlikely to win it. They may also 
refuse cases that could easily be settled outside 
of court, or those with insufficient basis or 
evidence for a trial. Attorneys may not take cases 
that are outside their field of expertise and require 
a great deal of research. 
2 1 T 2 F 3 F 
Book 1 Answer Key 
3 1 beliefs 4 recommend 7 obtain 
2 assertion 5 termination 
3 documentation 6 wrongful 
4 valid 2 elicit 3 factual 
5 B 2 C 
6 1 cause 4 valid 
2 wrongful termination 5 obtain 
3 documentation 6 get them 
7 Suggested Answer 
A: So, please tell me what's going on Miss Crane? 
B: Well, last week, without warning from my boss, I 
was asked to pack up all my things and leave the 
office. I even had security guards escort me out. 
A: I'm sorry you had to go through that. Do you have 
any idea why your employer took this action? 
B: Not at all. I thought I was doing a really good job. 
A: Then, you're obviously interested in filing a lawsuit 
of wrongful termination of employment against 
your boss. 
B: Very much so! I had a pay rise one month before 
I was let go. It just doesn't make sense. 
A: Do you have documentation to support your 
assertions? 
B: Yes, I have kept everything. 
A: OK, no need to worry now. What you have told me 
so far suggests you have a strong claim. Please 
send me all the documents in your possession. I will 
review them, and then we can move forward. A 
statement of facts will be very useful, too. 
B: Thank you so much for your help. Wonderful. I'll 
send you the papers tonight. 
A: You're welcome. 
8 Suggested Answer 
Clients name: Georgina Crane 
Reason for visit: potential wrongful termination 
Has documentation: ~/N Said she would send them 
tonight. 
If yes, what type: Not sure yet, but may have 
certificate in pay rise. 
Recommend accepting case: ~/N 
Unit 15 
1 Suggested Answers 
1 A witness can help your case by giving testimony 
to support it. For example, an eyewitness account. 
However witnesses who lie, either to support or 
damage your case, can harm it by making it seem 
weak. 
Answer Key 11 
2 
3 
Book Answer Key 
2 Friendly witnesses, those who support your case, 
hostile witnesses, those who don't support your 
case, eyewitness, those who saw an incident first 
hand and expert witnesses, who offer expert 
opinions on matters related to a case. 
T 2 F 3 T 
B 2 A 3 D 4 E 5 C 
4 1 first hand 3 prejudiced 5 statement 
4 credibility 2 qualifications 
5 Suggested Answer 
6 
A reliable witness can really help a court case. 
Unfortunately, not all witnesses are reliable. If you aren't 
sure about your witnesses' credibility it could destroy 
your case. There are 4 main types of witnesses. 
A friendly witness is one who supports your case, but 
this could mean that they are biased and they may 
lie in court to try and support the case. This can make 
your case seem weak. A hostile witness, one who 
doesn't support your case, can cause similar problems 
by making false statements against the case. 
Eyewitnesses, those who saw events firsthand, may 
not be credible if they didn't see the event clearly. 
There can even be problems with expert witnesses, 
so it is always important to check their credentials. 
B 2 C 
7 1 expert witness 
2 happy 
4 eyewitness statements 
5 accounts 
3 qualifications 6 credible 
12 Answer Key 
8 Suggested Answer 
A: Thanks for coming in today. The reason I asked 
you here is because I need an expert witness for 
a case. 
B: Well, I'd be happy to help you. 
A: That's good news. First, I just need to confirm your 
qualifications. How long have you been in the 
police force? 
B: I've been an officer for 19 years. 
A: Great. My problemis that eyewitness statements 
say that my client was at the crime scene. 
B: And he wasn't? 
A: No. He only looks like the suspect. 
B: Eyewitness accounts certainly aren't always reliable. 
9 Suggested Answer 
Witnesses's name: Detective Jones 
Type of witness: Expert 
Opinion of eyewitness accounts: Not always credible 
Unit 1 
Attorney 1 Hi, Robert. How is that civil case going? 
Attorney 2 Hey, Janet. It's not going all that well, actually. 
Attorney 1: Oh? What's wrong? 
Attorney 2: The defendant's attorney is pretty good. He's 
making our complaint seem weak. 
Attorney 1: Well, it's not, is it? 
Attorney 2: No, the defendant owes my client thousands 
of dollars. But that's based on a verbal agreement. 
Attorney 1: I see. So the plaintiff has nothing in writing? 
Attorney 2: Exactly. I'm worried that the jury will decide 
against us. 
Unit 2 
Lawyer: Hello, Mr. Williams. I received an offer from Ms. 
Johnson's lawyer. She's ready to end this dispute. 
Client: Really? What do we need to do? 
Lawyer: Well, she's not dropping the lawsuit unless you 
agree to settle. 
Client: What is she asking for? 
Lawyer: She wants you to pay for half of the damages 
to her car. 
Client: But I didn't wreck her car! Someone else ran into it. 
Lawyer: I know. But since you have no proof, I suggest 
you settle. 
Client: I don't like it. But I guess you're right. 
Unit 3 
Lawyer: Oh, Mary, you're back. Did the law library have 
anything to help our case? 
Paralegal: Yes, there were several similar cases in the 
legal encyclopedia. Apparently, judges often dismiss 
cases against young defendants. 
Lawyer: Okay. Do those defendants have anything in 
common? 
Paralegal: According to the case annotations, none of 
them had any previous convictions. 
Lawyer: That's perfect. 
Paralegal: I also gathered primary materials about crimes 
involving young offenders. 
Lawyer: Thank you. Can you do me one more favor? Write 
a summary of the statutes on young defendants. 
Paralegal: No problem. 
Unit4 
Lawyer 1: So, why is Great Cars Incorporated being 
sued? 
Lawyer 2: They didn't follow national legislation on brake 
testing procedures. 
Lawyer 1: I see. And a driver got in an accident? 
Audioscripts 
Lawyer 2: Right. Now he's suing them for $1 million. 
Lawyer 1: It sounds tough to beat. 
Lawyer 2: We have a shot. There's a precedent from a 
lawsuit against Car Masters. 
Lawyer 1: I almost took that case. They didn't meet state 
law requirements for seat belts, right? 
Lawyer 2: Yes. But a judge dismissed the case when 
they weren't able to follow the statute. 
Unit 5 
Lawyer: Janine, I've signed the fee agreement and the 
intake memo for Mr. Hendricks. 
Paralegal: Thanks. What about the retainer agreement? 
Lawyer: Oh, sorry, it's probably still in my office. 
Paralegal: Don't worry, I'll get it. 
Lawyer: Have you got a copy of the demand package 
we sent for his medical records? 
Paralegal: Yes, the records are in his pre-litigation folder. 
Lawyer: Good. Send that to him too, and don't forget to 
include the form letter. 
Paralegal: No problem. 
Unit 6 
Client: So, is my case going to the state courts? 
Attorney: No, that's not going to happen. 
Client: Why not? It's a dispute with the state. 
Attorney: Well, district courts usually have jurisdiction 
over smaller cases like yours. 
Client: I see. What do we do if the district court decides 
against us? 
Attorney: We ask for the case to be reviewed in the 
Court of Appeals. 
Client: And they have to review it, right? 
Attorney: Yes. There's no discretionary review in appeals 
courts. That's reserved for the Supreme Court. 
Unit 7 
Lawyer 1: Which court is this case going to? 
Lawyer 2: Probably to the district court. It has territorial 
jurisdiction. 
Lawyer 1: A subject-specific court is able to adjudicate 
this matter too, right? 
Lawyer 2: I don't think so. 
Lawyer 1: Really? I thought jurisdiction was concurrent. 
Lawyer 2: You're welcome to check. But I don't think any 
other legal bodies have authority. 
Lawyer 1: I'll find out. I think we could choose a court 
more likely to rule in our favor. 
Lawyer 2: I hope you're right. 
Answer Key 13 
Audioscripts 
UnitS 
Attorney: Your Honor, I don't believe that juror four should 
sit for this trial. 
Judge: For what reason? 
Attorney: One of his answers to my questions. He 
believes that young people are more likely to commit 
crimes these days. 
Judge: And you're worried that he will be unfair toward 
the defendant? 
Attorney: Yes. My client is only seventeen years old. 
Judge: The defense has a point. We'll release him. 
Attorney: Thank you, Your Honor. 
Judge: We'll continue the proceedings after the clerk of 
the court calls in another juror. 
Unit9 
Attorney 1: Hello, Fiona Barksdale speaking. 
Attorney 2: Fiona, it's David. I'm calling about the pre-trial 
hearing yesterday. How did it go? 
Attorney 1: It went really well. The judge didn't suppress 
any evidence. 
Attorney 2: That's good. I was worried when the defense 
attorney requested discovery. When is the trial 
scheduled for? 
Attorney 1: November. We still have some time to prepare. 
Attorney 2: Good. I really don't want this to end in a 
mistrial. 
Attorney 1: Me neither. In fact, I'd like to handle it myself. 
Attorney 2: Good. I think you can win it. 
Unit 10 
Attorney: Your Honor, may I have permission to approach 
the bench? 
Judge: You may. 
Attorney: Your Honor, I have evidence that this witness 
attended college with my client. 
Judge: But she just said that she doesn't know your client. 
Attorney: I know. She's changing her story even though 
she's under oath. 
Judge: Are you accusing the witness of perjury? 
Attorney: Yes. She should be removed and investigated. 
Judge: That's a serious charge. You need to follow 
protocol to do that. 
14 Answer Key 
Unit 11 
Defense Lawyer: Let's talk about the sentencing. My client 
doesn't deserve to go to jail. Will you recommend 
probation? 
Prosecutor: Why would I do that? 
Defense Lawyer: His crime wasn't violent. He was only 
trespassing. 
Prosecutor: But he was convicted of assault and battery 
two years ago. 
Defense Lawyer: Yes, but he was punished for that. 
Prosecutor: I'm still recommending that he go to jail. 
Defense Lawyer: That seems unnecessary for such a 
small crime. 
Prosecutor: I just don't want him to offend again and hurt 
an innocent person. 
Unit 12 
Interviewer: Good morning, Mr. Raymond. Please sit down. 
Job Candidate: Thank you. 
Interviewer: Let's get started. Do you have any 
experience with tort law? 
Job Candidate: Yes. At my last job I filed injunctions 
against companies and initiated lawsuits. 
Interviewer: Were you often able to prove liability and 
establish negligence? 
Job Candidate: Yes, my clients were awarded monetary 
damages in about 75 percent of my cases. 
Interviewer: And do you have any experience with 
probate? 
Job Candidate: I'm afraid I don't. Sorry. 
Unit 13 
Attorney: Mr. Mclntyre, please sit down and tell me what 
I can do for you. 
Client: Thank you. The Health Department wants to shut 
my restaurant down. 
Attorney: Why do they want to do that? 
Client: The health inspector said I'm not in compliance 
with regulations. 
Attorney: Did the inspector say which regulations you 
aren't following? 
Client: Well, the problem is that I don't have a public 
health license. 
Attorney: All restaurant owners are required to have one. 
I can help you with that. 
Client: That's great. I need it as soon as possible to keep 
my restaurant open. 
Unit 14 
Attorney: Welcome, Mrs. Smith. Please, tell me what's 
going on. 
Client: Well, I was fired without cause last week. 
Attorney: So, you're interestedin a wrongful termination 
suit? 
Client: Exactly. For years I got great reviews from my 
bosses. Then suddenly, I was let go. 
Attorney: I see. Do you have documentation to support 
that claim? 
Client: Yes. Several years' worth, actually. 
Attorney: Excellent. I think you have a' valid complaint. As 
soon as we obtain those reviews, we'll take the case. 
Client: Great. I'll get them right now. 
Unit 15 
Lawyer: Thanks for coming in, Detective. I'll get to the 
point. I need an expert witness. 
Detective: I'd be happy to help. 
Lawyer: Great. And just to confirm your qualifications, 
how long have you been a police officer? 
Investigator: I've been on the force for fifteen years. 
Lawyer: That's good. Now, eyewitness statements say 
that my client was at the scene of a crime. 
Investigator: But he wasn't there? 
Lawyer: No. He just looks like the suspect. 
Investigator: Well, eyewitness accounts aren't always 
credible. 
Audioscripts 
Answer Key 1 5 
Answer Key 
Unit 1 
1 Suggested Answers 
2 
1 Before a trial lawyers exchange: information about 
witnesses, evidence to be presented at the trial, 
results of mental and physical examinations, 
documents relevant to the case (such as financial 
records or letters) and interrogatories, a list of 
questions to be answered about the case. 
2 The process of exchanging information before a 
trial is called discovery. Lawyers send the 
opposing party requests for production, which are 
demands for documents pertaining to the case, 
and interrogatories, lists of question about the 
case. They may also request medical or mental 
examinations. Lawyers may also wish to interview 
the opposing party's witnesses before the trial. In 
this case, interviews with the witness take place 
with both parties present. Depositions, written 
transcripts of these interviews, are made for the 
lawyer's use. 
F 2 T 3 F 
3 1 B 
2 C 
3 A 
4 F 
5 D 
6 E 
4 A 2 C 3 A 4 B 5 A 
5 Suggested Answer 
6 
• I am writing about the Peterson case; I have 
received the interrogatory from the opposing 
attorney, Mr. Truesdale, but we are still waiting for 
the request for admissions. 
• Mr. Truesdale also requested a physical examination 
of Mr. Peterson and asked if you could contact 
him about an out-of-court settlement. 
• Lastly, I need to know if it is necessary to issue a 
subpoena because if so, I will request one from 
the court. 
./ 2 ~ 3 ~ 4 ./ 5 ./ 
7 1 update you 
2 going on 
3 discovery documents 
4 interrogatory 
5 physical examination 
6 privileged 
8 Suggested Answer 
B: Good morning, Mr. Sellers. I want to update you 
on your case. 
A: Sure. What's happening? 
16 Answer Key 
B: Remember the discovery documents we asked for 
two weeks ago? We received these yesterday -
from the defendant's attorney. 
A: Great. Did he complete the interrogation as well? 
B: You mean the interrogatory. Yes, he did. But he 
also wants you to have a physical examination. 
A: Can't they just talk to my doctor? 
B: I'm afraid not. Any information you share with your 
doctor is privileged. 
A: Fair enough. So, what do I need for the physical 
examination? 
B: Here's the address for the doctor's office. Just 
show up there at 9 am on Wednesday 5th March. 
A: And the witness who saw the accident? Is she 
going to testify? 
B: She should. The court sent a subpoena to her 
today ('subpoena' is the legal word for a witness 
summons). If she refuses to testify, she could be 
held in contempt of court and face penalties. 
9 Suggested Answers 
What kind on information did the opposing attorney 
send? 
Discovery documents. Interrogatory. 
What has the opposing attorney requested? 
Physical examination. 
What happens if the witness ignores the subpoena? 
Possible contempt of court. Penalties. 
Dear Mr. Sellers, 
Here is a quick update on your case. The defendant's 
attorney has sent us the discovery documents and 
the interrogatory. They have requested that you go 
for a physical examination. Please call the Sunny Dale 
surgery on 389 4939 to arrange an appointment with 
Dr. Green. Lastly, the witness has been sent a 
subpoena, which means she will have to testify or she 
will face charges of contempt of court and perjury. 
Yours, 
Lisa Macmillan 
Paralegal. 
Unit 2 
1 Suggested Answers 
1 You can submit a formal statement to a court either 
by appearing in court and testifying orally under 
oath, or by submitting an affidavit. An affidavit is the 
written testimony of a witness, confirmed under 
oath and signed before a notary. It can be read in 
court in place of a witness giving oral testimony. 
2 A witness can help a case by confirming facts, 
presenting eyewitness testimony or giving an 
expert opinion on an issue. 
2 A 2 C 3 D 
3 A 2 E 3 C 4 B 5 D 
4 A 2 A 3 B 4 B 5 B 
5 F 2 F 3 T 
6 1 coming in 
2 signed 
4 in court 
5 go to trial 
3 leave anything out 6 on the stand 
7 Suggested Answer 
A: Thank you for coming in today, Ms. Brook. 
B: No problem at all. I just hope I can be of some 
assistance. 
A: I'm sure you can be. Now, I have your signed 
affidavit here. Is it complete and correct? 
B: Yes. I know it's short, but it's everything I saw. 
A: That's okay. We only need the facts about what 
you witnessed. You're certain that you haven't 
omitted anything? 
B: Yes - it's all there. So, will I have to testify in court, 
too? 
A: Probably not. I doubt this case will go to trial. 
B: Oh, I see. 
A: But on the off chance that it does, will you be 
happy to take the stand and attest to this 
information? 
B: Yes, of course. Mr. Green loves that piano. 
A: Your testimony will be very useful in getting it 
fixed. Thanks again. 
8 Suggested Answer 
What is the witness's relationship to your client? 
Neighbor. 
What did the witness see? 
Four removal men dropping Mr. Green's piano as they 
lifted it up the steps to his house. The piano hit the 
ground and two legs broke off. 
Is the witness willing to testify in court on your 
client's behalf? 
Yes. 
Unit 3 
1 Suggested Answers 
1 Legal memorandums are usually written by 
paralegals, law students or lawyers. 
2 It is important to keep written records of legal 
matters so you can keep track of a case. Keeping 
2 
Book 2 Answer Key 
written records also means a case can be easily 
transferred to another lawyer if necessary. In 
some cases, written documents are also required 
to be kept by law. 
F 2 T 3 F 
3 1 legal memorandum 
2 pertinent 
4 conclusion 
5 citations 
3 assignment 
4 1 issues 4 analysis 
2 recommendations 
3 heading 
5 statement of facts 
5 Suggested Answer 
6 
A legal memo is an essay about a legal issue. The 
first part of the memo is the heading, which includes 
who the memo is to and from, its date, subject and 
which office file it refers to. Next comes the 
information about your assignment, explaining why 
you sent the memo. Following this is a statement of 
facts, an analysis of laws pertaining to the case and 
citations of other similar cases. To end a summary of 
recommendations for the case is given. 
T 2 F 3 T 
7 1 write a 
2 familiar 
4 legal team 
5 citations 
3 read the file 6 in mind 
13 Suggested Answer 
B: Hi, Kelly. Would you write a legal memorandum for 
me today? 
A: Yes, I can do it this afternoon. 
B: It's about the Stone case. Are you familiar with it? 
A: Yes, I've read the file. 
B: Good. I would like you to summarize the legal 
issues to send out to our legal team. 
A: Do you want me to include an analysis as well? 
B: Yes. And don't forget to include any citations you 
find regarding similar cases. 
A: Do you have any cases in mind? 
B: Thompson versus Jones is one. Maybe Reynolds 
versus Johnson too. 
A: Okay, I'llstart with those. When do you want this 
to go out? 
B: Asap. Thanks, Kelly. 
Answer Key 17 
Book ~ Answer Key 
9 Suggested Answer 
What information appears in the heading 
Who memo is to and from, date, subject, file name 
and number. 
Which pertinent cases should the assistant look 
at for citations 
Thompson versus Jones, Reynolds versus Johnson 
When should the memo be sent out 
Today 
Dear Kelly, 
Please can you write me a legal memorandum on the 
Stone case. Your heading should include who the 
memorandum is to and from; the date; the subject it 
is regarding; and the file name and file number. 
After you have summarized the issues of the case I 
would like you to provide a brief analysis; in oth~r 
words, your opinion on the merits of the case and the 
chances it has of being successful. I believe that 
Thompson versus Jones and possibly Reynolds 
versus Johnson, are cases that are relevant to ours. 
Please could you check this, and include citations for 
any other cases you feel to be pertinent. 
This case is quite urgent now, so if you could get this 
memo out today that would be great. 
Regards, 
Monica 
Unit4 
1 Suggested Answers 
2 
3 
4 
1 Before a trial commences lawyers submit legal 
briefs to a court. These briefs specify a party's 
legal position and give reasons why the court 
should decide in its favor. 
2 The losing party can try to appeal their case with 
a court of appeals. 
F 2 T 3 T 
A 2 B 3 A 
1 briefs 4 legal position 
2 dismissed 5 unbiased 
3 merit brief 6 advocacy group 
5 Suggested Answer 
There are 5 main types of briefs. Legal briefs state a 
party's legal position and are given to the court 
before a trial begins. Trial briefs are used by attorneys 
to help them argue their case after a trial starts. Merit 
briefs are impartial descriptions of a case based on 
18 Answer Key 
6 
evidence and decide if a case will be heard in court. 
Amicus briefs are filed by people not directly involved 
in the case, such as advocacy groups. Lastly, 
appellate briefs are used in appeals cases and they 
explain why the previous decision was wrong. 
T 2 F 3 T 
7 1 trial 4 legal briefs 
5 officials 2 to prepare 
3 important 
8 Suggested Answer 
6 left to file 
A: Morning, Gerry. I see the court has given you a 
trial date. 
B: Yes, Dave - 7th April. We're working hard to prepare. 
A: You have a mountain of briefs, too, I see! 
B: Yes, sorry about that! This is an important case for 
us. The legal briefs are in the top folder; amicus 
briefs are in the second. There's a big one from the 
American Civil Liberties Union - and Lambda Legal. 
A: Okay, I'll ensure they get to the right officials. 
B: Great, thanks. 
A: Have you filed the merit briefs as well? 
B: Not yet. We have until Friday to file those, so I'm 
hoping to bring them in before Thursday. 
A: See you towards the end of the week, then. 
B: See you then. Thanks again. 
9 Suggested Answer 
What types of briefs have been filed? 
Legal briefs. Amicus briefs. 
When is the court date for this case? 
7th April. 
Which advocacy groups have filed amicus briefs? 
American Civil Liberties Union. Lambda Legal. 
Unit 5 
1 Suggested Answers 
1 Lawyers issue motions to request that judges 
issue a ruling or order on a legal matter. Motions 
can be helpful in reducing trials to their core 
disputes. However, they can also be a used 
tactically by lawyers to get evidence for their 
case, or to discount the evidence of an opponent. 
2 Motions can; ask the court to change the venue 
of the trial, ask the court to set aside a ruling or 
jury decision because of an error or exclusion, ask 
the court to give a witness or party protection, ask 
the court to make an immediate judgment without 
a trial, ask the court to demand a specific action 
from any party involved in the case, ask the court 
to dismiss an issue as irrelevant to the case, or 
ask the court to remove all or part of one party's 
evidence or witnesses testimony. 
2 1 motion 3 motion to dismiss 
2 proceedings 4 ruling 
3 B 2 A 3 A 
4 B 2 C 3 A 
5 C 2 B 
6 1 ruling on 4 grounds 
2 motion 5 courthouse 
3 to strike the 
7 Suggested Answer 
B: Can you help me to prepare a motion this morning? 
A: Yes, is it for the Simpson trial? 
B: Yes. 
A: We're still waiting for a ruling on our motion for 
change of venue in that case. 
B: I expect the judge will issue that ruling today. 
A: What type of motion are we working on today? 
B: A motion to strike the testimony of their witness. 
A: How come? 
B: She is over eighty years old and has very poor 
eyesight. There is no way she could have seen 
what she says she saw. 
A: I see. I'll draft the motion now and it should be 
with you in about an hour. 
B: Many thanks. Could you bring it to the courthouse 
when it's done. 
A: No worries. 
8 Suggested Answer 
What kind of motion needs to be prepared? 
Motion to strike testimony of a witness. 
What are you waiting for the judge to issue a 
ruling about? 
Change of venue. 
When will the new motion be brought to the 
courthouse? 
In about an hour. 
Book ~ Answer Key 
Unit 6 
1 Suggested Answers 
2 
1 Accidents that often lead to court settlements 
include, accidents at work, such as slips, trips and 
falling accidents, car accidents, dog attacks, 
industrial disease, medical negligence and holiday 
accidents. 
2 After suffering an injury a person might hire a 
lawyer to sue the guilty party for damages. These 
damages compensate for any mental, physical or 
monetary harm the plaintiff suffered as a result of 
the injury. 
D 2 B 3 C 
3 1 E 
2 D 
3 A 
4 C 
5 F 
6 B 
4 1 intent I injured party 
2 civil litigation I defamation 
3 tort action I harm to property 
5 B 2 D 
6 1 appointment 
2 your case 
4 want to sue 
5 specialize in 
6 Tuesday 3 trespassed 
7 Suggested Answer 
A: Good morning: Jetson and Lee. 
B: Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment to 
talk to a lawyer about a tort action. 
A: Okay. Can you tell me about your case? 
B: A group of local teenagers have damaged my car. 
A: I see, and was it deliberate? 
B: Absolutely, I told them off for making too much 
noise and then they smashed the windows of my 
car. 
A: I'm sorry to hear that. So obviously you would like 
to sue for damages. 
B: Yes, for harm to property. 
A: Well, you've come to the right place. These are 
exactly the kinds of cases that we specialize in. 
B: I gathered that from your website. 
A: Okay, then, can you come in to meet Mr. Ponting 
on Monday at 10? 
B: That's perfect. I look forward to meeting him then. 
Answer Key 19 
Answer Key 
8 Suggested Answer 
What kind of legal action does he or she want to 
talk about? 
Intentional tort 
What/who caused the harm or injury? 
A group of local teenagers. 
What types of damages does he or she want to 
be reimbursed for? 
Broken car windows. 
Notes: A Mrs. Smith called to discuss a potential tort 
action. A group of teenagers have damaged her car 
and she believes the act to be deliberate. She wants 
to sue for harm to property. I have made an 
appointment with Mr. Ponting for Monday at 10:00am. 
Unit 7 
2 
3 
4 
Suggested Answers 
1 All kinds of injuries can result from negligence, 
including broken bones, fractures and sprains, back 
and neck injuries, burns, cuts and repetitive strain 
injuries. These can be caused by poor equipment, 
faulty machinery or unsafe working conditions. 
2 As a result of injury, people may lose income from 
lost hours of work. They may suffer a great deal 
of pain and stress. Medical care can be very 
expensive and people may end up in debt as a 
result of their injuries. People sue for compensation 
to help them deal with these problems. 
T 2 F 3 T 
1 harm4 prudence 
2 compensation 5 actual cause 
3 duty of care 6 breach of duty 
A 2 A 3 B 4 A 
5 Suggested Answer 
The memo is about a negligent tort case. A woman, 
Ms. Willus, slipped and fell because of the uneven 
ground in a shopping centre. Ms. Willus wants 
compensation for mental and physical injury and the 
time she was off work. In this case the duty of care 
falls to the shopping center's owners, who didn't take 
enough ~are to avoid risk or injury. The attorney 
dealing with the case has just received witness reports 
that clearly prove the other party is liable because 
they did not meet a "reasonable person" standard. 
20 Answer Key 
6 F 2 T 3 F 
7 1 witness reports 4 not met 
2 opposing party 5 proximate 
3 liability 6 strong case 
8 Suggested Answer 
A: Good morning, Kay. 
B: Good morning, Mr. Byron. Did you get my memo 
about the Wilder case? 
A: I did, thank you. Do you have the witness reports? 
And the compensation figures? 
B: Right here. 
A: Good. Will you copy them for the other side and 
then bring me the file? 
B: Sure. I think we have proved liability, don't you. 
A: I do. It all rests on whether the judge agrees duty 
of care was breached. 
B: The proximate cause of her fall was definitely the 
uneven paving stones on the sidewalk. 
A: I agree. Have you checked in on Mrs. Wilder? Is 
she walking again yet? 
B: Yes, she came off crutches yesterday, and 
spoke to her on the telephone this morning. 
A: Good for her. 
9 Suggested Answer 
How was the client injured? 
Tripped due to uneven paving stones on the sidewalk. 
What do the witness reports say? 
Witnesses saw Mrs. Wilder fall after she tripped on 
uneven paving stones on the sidewalk. 
Who is at fault for the accidents? 
Local council. They failed to repair, or mark the 
uneven sidewalk. 
To: Mr. Byron 
From: Kay Fields 
Date: May 30 
RE: Wilder Case: Negligent tort 
Dear Mr. Byron, 
I have received the witness reports for the Wilder 
case. The evidence proves the other party's liability. 
I am certain that they did not maintain a "reasonable 
person" standard and have breached their duty of 
care. The proximate cause of her fall was definitely 
the uneven sidewalk. 
I have spoken to Mrs. Wilder and she came off 
crutches yesterday. 
Best 
Kay Fields. 
UnitS 
1 Suggested Answers 
1 Neighbors seek legal solutions for disputes if they 
cannot resolve a problem themselves. This may 
be because one party refuses to communicate or 
cooperate with another. Because legal rulings are 
enforceable, taking legal action against a neighbor 
also forces them to change their problematic 
behavior. 
2 Excessive noise, gangs in the streets, aggressive 
pets, litter, abandoned vehicles and traffic are all 
considered a nuisance in residential neighborhoods. 
2 1 nuisance 
2 property 
3 interferes 
4 allegation 
3 B 2 A 3 A 4 A 
4 C 2 A 3 B 4 B 
5 Suggested Answer 
6 
Ms. Gomes has a problem with her neighbor Ms. 
Brown. Ms. Brown's dogs cause a lot of noise and 
wake Ms. Gomes and her other neighbors up early in 
the morning. They have spoken about the problem 
before but nothing has changed. Ms. Brown refuses 
to meet with a mediator so Ms. Gomes may have to 
take legal action. 
F 2 T 3 T 
7 1 demand 4 is the problem 
5 alternative 2 small claims court 
3 respond 
8 Suggested Answer 
B: What's the problem? 
A: I have a neighbor whose dog barks all day and night. 
It's very difficult to sleep at night because of this. 
B: Ah, excessive noise. 
A: Yes, it's such a nuisance. What can I do? 
B: Well, before you think about taking her to court, 
you should send her a demand letter. 
A: I've already sent her a letter asking her to meet 
me. I really don't want to have to get the police 
involved. And I would rather avoid the small claims 
court. 
B: Okay, one step at a time. So: you say she didn't 
agree to meet you? 
A: No, she didn't even reply. 
Answer Key 
B: I will draft a letter, coming from our law firm, 
including a settlement request. 
A: Okay; and what if she ignores this letter, too? 
B: Then we take your neighbor to court. 
9 Suggested Answer 
What is creating the nuisance? 
Neighbor's dog and the neighbor's refusal to 
communicate. 
How does it interfere with the neighbor's lives? 
Excessive noise. Can't sleep at night. 
What will happen if the recipient does not respond 
to the letter? 
The issue will be settled in court. 
Unit 9 
1 Suggested Answers 
2 
1 Poor quality, old or faulty equipment and ill-
maintained buildings or work sites may make a 
situation unsafe. Inadequate safety information or 
lack of protective clothing can also be dangerous. 
2 A wildlife park keeps their animals enclosed in 
strong cages. The animals are well looked-after, 
and the staff are well-trained. However, one day 
a herd of deer escape and cause damage to 
local property. Even though they did everything 
they could to prevent such an escape, the wildlife 
park is still legally responsible for the damage. 
F 2 T 3 F 
3 1 Hazardous 
2 culpability 
3 demonstration of fault 
4 1 good faith / damage 
2 legal responsibility / absolute liability 
3 precaution / strict liability 
5 Suggested Answer 
Liability is being legally accountable for something 
but being liable does not mean that you have 
intentionally done something wrong. Sometimes, even 
though you may have taken all the necessary 
precautions an accident happens that damages 
someone or something. In these cases, whoever was 
responsible for what caused the damage is at fault. 
When culpability can be proved, even if damage was 
unintentional, the case comes into the category of 
absolute liability. 
Answer Key 21 
Book 2 Answer Key 
6 .! 2 X 3 .! 4 .! 5 X 
7 1 in an accident 4 strict liability 
5 discuss with 2 every precaution 
3 broke her leg 
8 Suggested Answer 
B: You have some questions for our legal team, Mr. 
Sellers. 
A: Yes. Questions about my company's liability in an 
accident. 
B: Okay, do tell me. I will note them down and a 
lawyer will get back to you. 
A: Super. 
B: So, what happened? 
A: There was an accident at our work site. I can't 
see how it happened. I honestly believed we had 
taken every precaution. No one could call our 
work site unsafe. 
B: What was the accident? Was someone hurt? 
A: Yes, a woman cut her arm badly on one of our 
industrial machines. 
B: I see. Sounds like you could have to prepare 
yourself for a claim of strict liability. 
A: Oh. So, what is my legal responsibility? 
B: I'm afraid I can't answer that. You'll need to 
discuss it with one of our qualified practitioners. 
He or she will get back to you very soon. 
A: Okay, then, I'll wait to hear back. 
9 Suggested Answer 
Did the client take precautions to prevent an 
accident? 
Believes he did. 
What happened to the person who had the 
accident? 
Woman cut her arm badly on an industrial machine. 
What information does the client want the lawyers 
to provide? 
Details of potential legal responsibility. Specifically, in 
what way might client have strict liability for the 
accident. 
Dear Mr. Gomez, 
I just had a call from a Mr. Sellers about his company's 
liability for an accident. He believes his company had 
taken all the necessary precautions to keep their 
work site safe and prevent an accident. However, a 
woman has been injured using an industrial machine. 
Mr. Sellers needs advice about his legal position in 
terms of strict liability. 
Speak to you later, 
Andrew 
22 Answer Key 
Unit 10 
1 Suggested Answers 
2 
3 
4 
1 Manufacturers are responsible for a defective 
product, unless it has been damaged in transit, in 
which case, suppliers or distributors may be at fault. 
2 A consumer might contact a lawyer if they had 
beeninjured by a dangerous or defective product. 
They might also contact a lawyer if a product had 
been marketed incorrectly and its use had 
resulted in damage to person or property. 
D 2 B 3 C 
1 defective 
2 retailers 
3 consumer protection laws 
4 dangerous 
5 safety 
6 class action suit 
A 2 B 3 C 
5 Suggested Answer 
6 
Manufacturers, suppliers and distributors are all 
responsible for product safety. 
The consumer must prove the product was defective, 
or that the product was marketed incorrectly for the 
defendant to be liable. 
However if a product is dangerous then strict liability 
applies. 
These laws apply in most states in America. 
T 2 F 3 F 
7 1 coming in 4 laptop 
5 incident 2 computer stand 
3 up to 
8 Suggested Answer 
6 falls under 
A: Thank you for coming in today. I understand you 
were hurt by a manufactured product. 
B: Yes, a defective dining room chair. 
A: How was it defective? 
B: After it had been delivered I sat down on it and it 
collapsed under me. It was already assembled and 
I was assured that it was safe. 
A: I'm sorry to hear that. How were you injured? 
B: I have a wrist and a back injury. 
A: Okay. There's little doubt that this potential claim 
falls under product liability laws. Did you contact 
the manufacturer? 
~ 
B: Yes, but they haven't responded. 
A: That doesn't look good. 
B: I know; that's why I called you. 
9 Suggested Answer 
What product are you writing about? 
Defective dining room chair. 
How has it injured your body or damaged your 
property? 
Wrist and back injury. 
Who else have you contacted? 
Manufacturer/lawyer. 
Dear Sir/Madam, 
I am writing to complain about a defective product. I 
purchased four dining rooms chairs from your website 
last week. When they were delivered, I sat down on 
one and it collapsed beneath me. As a result I have 
a wrist and back injury. I have contacted a lawyer 
about the issue and will be pursuing legal action 
unless I hear from you soon. 
Yours, 
Ben Wilkes. 
Unit 11 
1 Suggested Answers 
2 
1 Contracts usually contain: the names of the 
parties involved, those parties' obligations and 
responsibilities to each other, how they should 
perform these duties, payment terms, liabilities, 
procedure in the case of breach of contract, the 
dates the contract is valid from and to and the 
date it was signed and became legally binding 
2 An attorney will be able to help you draft a fair, 
legally binding contract using the correct legal 
language. Getting an attorney to draft a contract 
for you can also protect you from costly legal 
action later on. 
T 2 F 3 F 
3 1 B 
2 D 
3 E 
4 A 
5 F 
6 C 
4 1 A 
2 B 
3 C 
4 B 
5 A 
6 A 
5 Suggested Answer 
The successful applicant will mainly deal with writing, 
maintaining and updating legal contracts for 
manufacturers. They will draft requirements contracts, 
distribution agreements, agreements of sale and 
severable contracts. They will also deal with contracts 
6 
Book 2 Answer Key 
of employment and bilateral and unilateral contracts. 
Additionally, the successful candidate will look out for 
adhesion contracts and breaches of contract and 
defend the company's clients if they have been 
wronged. Finally, they will help clients with business 
loan agreements. 
T 2 F 3 F 
7 1 regarding 
2 drawn up 
4 requirements contract 
5 let her know 
3 beforehand 6 free time 
8 Suggested Answer 
B: Hi, Annette. Can I make an appointment to speak 
with your new attorney? 
A: Of course. What is this regarding? 
B: I need to have some contracts drawn up. 
A: Okay. Are there any details I should give her 
beforehand? 
B: One is a requirements contracts for one of our 
partners. Until now, we've been operating under 
an implied contract and I'm afraid it won't cover 
us any longer. 
A: I'll let her know. 
B: The second concerns another partner who may 
be in breach of contract. 
A: Okay, I'll pass that on too. 
B: Does she have any free time this week? 
A: Possibly Thursday, early evening. Can I get back 
to you on that? 
B: Certainly. Look forward to hearing from you. Thank 
you. 
A: Our pleasure. 
9 Suggested Answer 
What kind of contract does he/she need help with? 
Requirements contract needs drafting for one of their 
partners (implied contract up until now). Also, potential 
breach of contract for another partner. 
When would she like to meet with the attorney? 
Said you might be free Thursday, early evening. 
Hello Tim, 
Just had a call from one of our clients, Mr. Webb of 
Alliance Supplies. He needs help to draft a 
requirements contract. He also has some questions 
about a potential breach of contract by one of his 
partners. 
He'd like to meet this week, I suggested Thursday, 
early evening. What do you think? 
Thanks, 
Annette. 
Answer Key 23 
Book 2 Answer Key 
Unit 12 
1 Suggested Answers 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
There are two parts to a contract that make it 
legally valid. The first is the agreement, or the 
terms and conditions of the contract, which both 
parties must agree to. For an agreement to be 
legal and binding, it must also have some form of 
consideration. This means that all parties involved 
must receive something of value. Consideration is 
usually one party giving a product or service, and 
the second party giving some form of monetary 
compensation. 
2 Businesses need to rely on contracts because not 
everyone is reliable. Contracts set out the terms 
of a partnership clearly to avoid misunderstanding. 
They also allow businesses to take legal action if 
the contract is unfairly breached. 
B 2 C 3 D 
1 offer 
2 valid 
3 appointment 
1 exchange 
2 object 
3 acceptance 
B 2 C 
1 contractual dispute 
2 appointment 
3 binding 
4 
5 
6 
4 
5 
binding 
assent 
review 
terms 
consideration 
4 valid 
5 enforceable 
6 come in 
7 Suggested Answer 
A: Hello, Mr. Hicks. How are you doing? 
B: Hi, Laurie. I'm fine, although I'm having a contractual 
dispute with a partner company. 
A: Would you like to make an appointment with Mr 
Booth? 
B: Yes, please. I need to make sure the terms of our 
contract are binding. 
A: Do you have a valid contract? 
B: I think so. But I don't know whether it's enforceable. 
A: Don't worry. Our contracts team will go over it with 
you. 
8 Suggested Answer 
What is the problem with the contract? 
Not sure if it is enforceable. 
24 Answer Key 
What is the object (or purpose) of the contract? 
To create legally binding contractual terms with a 
partner company. . 
What does the client want the attorney to determine 
about the contract? 
If the terms are binding and enforceable. 
Unit 13 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
Suggested Answers 
1 When a person or company does not honor a 
contract they become liable for the monetary 
damages that result from their breach of contract. 
If they refuse to deliver the services or payment 
designated in the contract, they can be taken to 
court for breach of contract and sued for damages. 
2 In the best case scenario, contract problems are 
resolved by the two parties discussing the 
problem and coming to an agreement. However, 
if this is not possible, many people will try 
mediation or arbitration to resolve the dispute. The 
last resort will be to take the issue to court. 
F 2 T 3 T 
A 2 B 3 A 
B 2 C 3 A 
B 2 C 
1 handling 3 defend 5 reached 
2 My firm 4 the whole thing 
7 Suggested Answer 
A: Are you handling the case for the new Museum? 
B: That's right. My firm is working with them. 
A: Can you tell me if there has there been a breach 
of contract? 
B: I can't discuss the details. But we do defend our 
client's decision. 
A: They've accused the other side of fraud, right? 
B: Yes.They have announced that publicly. They are 
very upset about the whole thing. 
A: You mean the film was not what they expected? 
B: No. The filmmaker has misled them from the start. 
A: I understand. How soon will a resolution be reached? 
B: Very soon, we hope. 
A: Are you going to trial? 
B: We hope not. We're hoping to settle the matter 
through arbitration. 
8 Suggested Answer 
What do the parties accuse each other of? 
A filmmaker has accused the museum of breach of 
contract. The museum has accused the filmmaker of 
fraud. 
What is the dispute over? 
The museum had an agreement to show a 
documentary film. It now refuses to show the film, 
claiming it was not what they had expected. 
How will they resolve the case? 
Hopefully by arbitration. 
Jen's Legal Blog: A breach of contract? 
An interesting case is underway at the moment. It 
involves a local museum who commissioned a film 
and then refused to show it. Why? They say the film 
was not what they expected and have accused the 
filmmaker of fraud. He has accused them of breach 
of contract. They are hoping to settle the issue 
through arbitration. But will the filmmaker accept 
money or push for his art to be shown? 
Unit 14 
1 Suggested Answers 
2 
1 
2 
lawyers/attorneys, paralegals, judges, arbitrators. 
Conflict of interest, reasonable fees, impartiality, 
confidentiality, diligence, misconduct, trust, 
fraudulence. 
B 2 C 3 D 
3 1 F 3 A 5 B 
2 D 4 E 6 C 
4 1 professional conduct / fraudulent acts 
2 impartiality / diligence 
3 reasonable fees / transactions 
5 C 2 D 
6 1 course 4 wrote a paper 
5 advocate 2 room 304 
3 agenda 
7 Suggested Answer 
B: Which course are you interested in, ma'am? 
A: The Professional Conduct course. 
B: That course is in room 304 at 10 am. 
A: Can you tell me what's on the agenda? 
B: Hold on, I have the agenda here. Yes, it's about 
the standard of behavior and client care that is 
required of lawyers. It also deals with client 
confidentiality. 
2 Answer Key 
A: Sounds interesting. Will conflict of interest be 
discussed too? 
B: Sure will. The professor wrote a paper on it last 
year. 
A: Oh yes. I saw it in The Law Journal. 
B: He's also written about how to advocate for your 
clients. 
8 Suggested Answer 
What were the important points on the agenda? 
Professional conduct. Client care. Client confidentiality. 
Conflict of interest. 
What has the professor written about? 
Conflict of interest. Advocating for your clients. 
Unit 15 
Suggested Answers 
1 Doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals, 
psychologists, teachers, social workers and legal 
professionals. 
2 Some information is kept confidential because it is 
personal and sensitive. If it was public knowledge, 
it could lead to discrimination, embarrassment, or 
damage to professional reputation. If personal 
information is released it can also lead to practical 
problems with getting loan~, insurance coverage or 
employment. 
2 1 confidential 3 waive 
2 effective representation 4 information 
3 A 2 B 3 B 
4 B 2 C 3 A 
5 F 2 T 3 F 
6 1 phone calls 4 consent 
2 former 5 confidential 
3 waive 6 make a deal 
7 Suggested Answer 
A: Were there any phone calls this morning? 
B: Yes, there was one from Mike Davis. 
A: Our former client? What was he calling about? 
B: The prosecutor wants him to waive his attorney-
client privilege. 
A: Is he going to consent to that? 
B: I don't know. He wants to speak with you about it. 
A: I'll call him today. Our communication should 
remain confidential. 
B: Why would he give up that right? 
Answer Key 25 
Book Answer Key 
A: To make a deal with the prosecution, I imagine. 
S: And would you have to reveal information from 
your conversations? 
A: Yes, absolutely everything in our records. 
S: That's not good. I hope he changes his mind. 
8 Suggested Answer 
What did the client call about? 
Possible waiver of attorney-client privilege. 
Who has asked him to make this decision? 
Prosecutor. 
Why might the client choose to make that decision? 
To make a deal with the prosecution. 
Anna, 
Mike Davis, your former client just called for you. The 
prosecutor has asked him to waive his attorney-client 
privilege. He wants to speak to you about it. I suppose 
he must want to make a deal with the prosecution. 
Speak to you later, 
Joe 
26 Answer Key 
Unit 1 
Attorney: Good morning, Mr. Peterson. I want to update 
you on your case. 
Client: Okay. What's going on? 
Attorney: The defendant's lawyer sent us the discovery 
documents we asked for. 
Client: Okay. What about the interrogation? 
Attorney: You mean the interrogatory? 
Client: That's it. 
Attorney: We have it, along with a request for a physical 
examination. 
Client: Can't they just talk to my doctor? 
Attorney: No. Any information you shared with your 
doctor is privileged. 
Client: So, what do I need for the physical examination? 
Attorney: Just show up at the doctor's office on June 
3rd, at 9:30 in the morning. Here's the address. 
Client: And the witness who saw the accident? Is she 
going to testify? 
Attorney: The court sent over a subpoena today. She 
has to testify, unless she wants to get into trouble 
with the law. 
Unit 2 
Attorney: Thank you for coming in today, Ms. Jackson. 
Witness: It's no problem. I just hope I can help. 
Attorney: Great! Now, I have your signed affidavit here. 
Is this complete and correct? 
Witness: Yes. I thought I only had to describe what 
happened briefly. 
Attorney: That's right. We only need the facts about what 
you witnessed. I just wanted to make sure that you 
didn't leave anything out. 
Witness: Nope, that's it. So, will I have to testify in court 
about what I saw? 
Attorney: With any luck, no. Hopefully, we won't have to 
go to trial with this case. 
Witness: Oh, I see. 
Attorney: However, if we do, will you attest to this 
information on the stand? 
Witness: Yes, of course. 
Attorney: Thank you. Your testimony will be very useful. 
Witness: I just hope that he gets his piano fixed. What a 
mess! 
Audioscripts 
Unit 3 
Attorney: Hi, Sue. Would you write a legal memorandum for 
me today, please? 
Paralegal: Yes. I can work on that this afternoon. 
Attorney: It's about the Singh case. Are you familiar with it? 
Paralegal: Yes. I've read the file. 
Attorney: Good. Please summarize the issues to send 
out to our legal team. 
Paralegal: Sure. Would you like me to include an analysis 
as well? 
Attorney: Yes. And any citations you can find from similar 
cases. 
Paralegal: Do you have any cases in mind? 
Attorney: Smith versus Carson, for one. Maybe Palmer 
versus Lee. 
Paralegal: I'll start there. When do you want it sent out? 
Attorney: As soon as possible. Thanks, Sue 
Paralegal: You're welcome. I'll get right to work on this. 
Unit4 
Official: Good morning, Sam. I see that the court date 
has been set for your trial. 
Paralegal: Morning, Pamela. Yes, we're working hard to 
prepare. 
Official: This is quite a big stack of briefs. 
Paralegal: There are quite a few. This is an important 
case for us. 
Official: I can tell. 
Paralegal: There are legal briefs in the top folder. Amicus 
briefs are in the second folder. 
Official: Okay. I'll make sure that they get to the right 
officials. 
Paralegal: Perfect. 
Official: Have you filed merit briefs as well? 
Paralegal: We have a few days left to file them. I'm 
planning to bring those in on Friday. 
Official: I'll see you on Friday, then. 
Paralegal: See you then. Thank you. 
Answer Key 27 
Audioscripts 
Unit 5 
Lawyer: Can you help me to prepare a motion this 
morning? 
Assistant: Yes. Is it for the Smith trial? 
Lawyer: Yes. 
Assistant: We're still waiting for a ruling on our motion