Protocolo Anestésico Gatos - Cornell

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CARE105.01 Cat Anesthesia
 
The intent of this standard operating procedure (SOP) is to describe commonly used 
methods to anesthetize cats. This procedure is intended for use by CARE staff and 
investigators who anesthetize cats. This procedure is approved by the Cornell 
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and the Cornell Center for 
Animal Resources and Education (CARE). Any exemption must be submitted for 
approval to the IACUC prior to its application. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
1. Introduction 
2. Materials 
3. Procedures 
4. Safety 
5. Contingencies 
6. References 
7. Appendices 
 
 
1. Introduction 
This SOP presents considerations and anesthetic protocol options commonly 
encountered with cats. 
 
2. Materials 
• Gas anesthesia machine 
• Anesthesia monitoring devices 
• Endotracheal tubes, cuffed 
(size 3.0, 3.5, 4.0) 
• Laryngoscope 
• Plain gauze roll 
• Gauze squares 
• Sterile eye lubricant 
• Lidocaine lubricant 
• Long cotton swab 
• Sterile 0.9% saline or Lactated 
Ringer’s Solution (LRS) 
• Intra-venous drip set (pediatric 
60 drip/ml) 
• Intra-venous catheter and cap 
• Bandage tape 
• 70% Ethanol 
• Disinfectant scrub (ex: 
Nolvasan) 
• Needles and syringes 
• Anesthesia/analgesia drugs 
o Premedications– See 
Appendix 1 
o Injectable anesthetic 
induction agents – See 
Appendix 2 
o Inhalant anesthetics – See 
Appendix 3 
o Neuromuscular blockers 
(NMB)/Paralytics – See 
Appendix 4 
NOTE: Check the expiration dates on all drugs; do not use any drugs past the 
expiration date. 
 
3. Procedures 
NOTE: refer to Appendix 5 for examples of anesthetic drug protocols. All drugs must 
be approved by the IACUC prior to use. 
 
a. All cats undergoing anesthesia must be assessed and approved for anesthesia by 
a CARE veterinarian or designee. 
b. Cats should be fasted for 12 hours prior to anesthesia; Very young cats (less than 
10 weeks) and cats less than 2 kg should be fasted for only 1-2 hours. 
c. Obtain an accurate body weight. 
d. Calculate the dose of glycopyrrolate (0.01-0.02mg/kg) and administer if the heart 
rate goes below 80bpm during anesthesia. 
e. Premedication: administer per Appendix 1, 0-5 minutes before induction if given IV 
and 10-20 minutes before induction if given SQ or IM. An analgesic must be 
administered preoperatively for procedures that may result in pain. 
i. Intravenous injection locations: 
• Cephalic vein 
• Lateral saphenous vein 
ii. Intramuscular injection locations: 
• Cranial thigh (quadriceps) 
• Lumbar spinal epaxial muscles 
• Caudal thigh muscles (point the needle posteriorly) 
NOTE: Sciatic nerve damage can occur if the needle is pointed medially or 
cranially for a caudal thigh muscle injection. Avoid injecting into areas of pathology 
or surgical implants. 
iii. Subcutaneous injections: administer subcutaneous injections in the 
interscapular region, the lateral thoracic, or lumbar dorsal region. 
f. Place an intravenous catheter to maintain venous access and administer 
intravenous fluids and/or drugs. 
i. Shave and aseptically prepare the catheter site 
ii. Cannulate and secure IV catheter in one of the following locations: 
• Peripheral IV access: cephalic or saphenous vein. 
• Central venous access: external jugular vein. 
iii. Administer 0.9% saline or Lactated Ringer’s Solution IV at an average rate of 
10 mL/kg/hour while anesthetized. 
g. Injectable anesthesia: see Appendix 2 
i. Can be used alone for short, non-invasive procedures. 
ii. Used for induction prior to intubation and the use of inhalant anesthesia. 
h. Endotracheal Intubation: 
 i. Lubricate the endotracheal tube with lidocaine gel or sterile lubricant. 
ii. With the cat in sternal recumbency, extent the head and neck so that they are in 
a straight line. 
iii. Use a long piece of gauze roll to hold the upper jaw, pull the tongue forward 
and down out of the mouth. 
iv. Use the laryngoscope to disengage the epiglottis from the soft palate, exposing 
the glottis and vocal chords. 
v. Using a long cotton swab, apply a dab of lidocaine gel to the larynx. 
vi. Insert the endotracheal tube gently past the vocal folds into the trachea. 
vii. Confirm proper placement by checking for the cats breath as it exits the 
endotracheal tube during exhalation. 
viii. Secure the endotracheal tube by tying the gauze around the tube and then 
behind the animal’s head. 
ix. Hook up the endotracheal tube to the gas anesthesia machine and start the 
oxygen (400-800mL/min) and gas anesthesia (1.5-2.0%). 
x. Inflate the cuff of the endotracheal tube. 
i. Maintenance of Anesthesia: 
i. Keep cat warm by providing a heat source that will not burn throughout the 
duration of the anesthesia and until the cat has fully recovered from anesthesia. 
ii. Use monitoring devices to assess vital signs and anesthetic depth (ex: pulse 
oximetry, blood pressure, EKG, thermometer). 
iii. Never leave the cat unattended while anesthetized. 
j. Recovery: 
i. Turn off gas anesthetic vaporizer but keep oxygen running for 5 minutes. 
ii, Deflate cuff and remove endotracheal tube when the cat begins to swallow. 
iii. Observe cat during recovery until fully awake. 
 
4. Safety 
a. Only anesthetic machines with valid certification (<12 months) may be used. 
b. Avoid unintended inhalation of volatile anesthetic agents by using proper 
scavenging equipment. Refer to CARE SOP 712, Waste Anesthetic Gas 
Scavenging Systems. 
c. Attend Waste Anesthetic Gas (WAGS) training given by EH&S 
d. Monitor the use of chemical agents and assure that product safety 
recommendations are followed to protect the health and welfare of the humans and 
animals that are exposed to the agents. 
e. Drugs that come under the control of the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) must be 
stored in a double-locked cabinet in a secure area. Use of these drugs must be 
documented in a dedicated log book. 
 
5. Contingencies 
a. Contact Cornell Environmental Health and Safety at www.ehs.cornell.edu or 255-
8200 for concerns regarding the use of chemical agents and monitoring of waste 
anesthetics gas. 
b. Contact CARE at 1-800-349-2456 or care@cornell.edu for concerns regarding the 
use of particular anesthetic regimes or additional training. 
 
6. References 
• Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals; Kohn, et al., Ed.; Academic 
Press: New York, 1997. 
• CARE SOP 712: Waste Anesthetic Gas Scavenging Systems 
http://www.research.cornell.edu/care/documents/SOPs/CARE712.pdf 
• Muir, et al. Handbook of Veterinary Anesthesia; Mosby: New York, 1995. 
• The University of Michigan, ULAM website, “Canine Anesthesia Guidelines”. 
http://www.ulam.umich.edu/UCUCA/forms/UL716C~1.DOC (accessed Dec. 2005). 
• University of Virginia Health System website, “Anesthesia and Analgesia”. 
http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/ccm/Anesth/aneshome.cfm (accessed 
Dec. 2005). 
• Plumb, D.C. Veterinary Drug Handbook; Iowa State Press: Ames, Iowa, 1995. 
• Harvey, R.C., et al. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Dogs and Cats and Ferrets. In 
Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals (D.F. Kohn, S.K. Wixson, W.J. 
White, and G.J. Benson, eds.), pp. 257-273. Academic Press, San Diego, California, 
1997. 
 
7. Appendices: 
 
Appendix 1 
 
Feline Tranquilizers, Sedatives, Analgesics, and Other Agents1 
Drug Dose/Route2 Duration of 
Effect* 
Notes 
Acepromazine 0.02–0.1 mg/kg IV, IM, 
SQ 
(maximum 3 mg total 
dose) 
4 hours Moderate sedation, no 
analgesia. Must be 
given at 15-45’ prior to 
desired effect. 
Acepromazine/ 
Butorphanol 
0.02/0.22 IV, IM, SQ 15–60 minutes Moderate to heavy 
sedation. IM or SQ 
onset is 15-30 minutes. 
Atropine 0.04 mg/kg IM, SQ 
0.01–0.02mg/kg IV 
30–60 minutes Elevated heart rate may 
result. 
Buprenorphine 0.005 mg/kg IM, SQ, IV 6–12 hours Moderate analgesia. 
Hydromorphone 0.05–0.1 mg/kg IM, IV, 
SC 
2–4 hours Moderate to high 
analgesia; medication 
with a tranquilizer 
should be used to 
prevent excitation. 
Carprofen 4 mg/kg PO, SC 24 hours Moderate analgesia, 
onset ≥60 minutes. 
Diazepam (Valium®) 0.05–0.2 mg/kg IV 30–
180 minutes 
Mild sedative & 
anamnestic; maximum 
10 mg total dose. 
Glycopyrrolate 0.01–0.02 mg/kg IM, 
SQ 
60–
120 minutes 
Elevated heart rate may 
result. 
Midazolam (Versed®) 0.05–0.2 mg/kg IV, IM <2 hours Mild sedative & 
anamnestic. 
Xylazine (Rompun®) 0.1–-0.5 mg/kg IV 
slowly 
0.2–1 mg/kg IM, SQ 
30–-60 minutes Sedative, analgesic; 
nausia may result; 
avoid in sick or 
debilitated animals; 
reverse with Yohimbine. 
Yohimbine (Yobine®) 0.2 mg/kg IV Xylazine reversal agent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Appendix 2 
 
Feline Injectable Anesthetics and Combinations 
 
Anesthetic Dose and Route Duration of 
Effect 
Notes 
Medetomidine 
(Domitor®) 
0.005–0.02 mg/kg IV, IM Dose dependent Profound drop in 
heart rate; reversed 
with equal volume 
of Atipamezole 
Medetomidine + 
Butorphanol 
 
0.2 mg/kg butorphanol + 
equal volume of 
medetomidine in same 
syringe IV or IM 
(assumes 10 mg/mL 
butorphanol) 
IV 20 minutes 
IM longer 
sedation but less 
effect 
15–20 minute 
surgical plane of 
anesthesia. Can 
be reversed with 
Atipamezole 
Thiopental 10–15 mg/kg IV 15 minutes Breath holding 
Give IV to effect 
Ketamine + 
Diazepam (Valium®) 
3 mg/kg Ketamine + 
0.3 mg/kg Diazepam IV 
20 minutes May be mixed in 
same syringe, 
Llaryngeal reflexes 
preserved 
Ketamine + 
Midazolam 
5 mg/kg Ketamine + 
0.1–0.2 mg/kg Midazolam 
IV 
20 minutes May be mixed in 
same syringe, 
Laryngeal reflexes 
preserved 
Ketamine + 
Acepromazine 
2–4 mg/kg Ketamine IV + 
0.1 mg/kg Acepromazine 
IV, IM 
10 minutes Minor procedures 
Propofol 2–-8 mg/kg IV induction 
(dose to effect) 
0.2–-0.4 mg/kg/min IV 
infusion 
Until discontinued Breath holding 
Tiletamine + 
Zolazepam 
(Telazol®) 
9.7–11.9 mg/kg IM, SQ 20–30 minutes Good for fractious 
cats, but rough 
recovery 
Atipamezole Dose is equal volume to 
medetomidine in milliliters 
or 5x medetomidine dose 
in milligrams. 
IM or IV 
 
 
Appendix 3 
 
Feline Inhalation Anesthetics 
Drug Dose and Route Duration of 
Effect 
Notes 
Halothane 5% induction 
2%–3% maintenance 
Until discontinued Inhalant 
anesthetic 
Isoflurane 5% induction 
1%–3% maintenance 
Until discontinued Preferred 
Inhalant 
anesthetic 
Nitrous oxide 1:1 mixture of nitrous 
oxide to oxygen 
Until discontinued Use in 
conjunction with 
other inhalant 
anesthetics 
 
Appendix 4 
 
Feline Neuromuscular blockers 
Drug Dose/Route Duration of 
Effect 
Notes 
Succinylcholine 0.5–1 mg/kg IV 1–10 minutes Little effect on 
heart rate and 
blood pressure 
Pancuronium 
bromide 
0.044 mg/kg IV 30–40 minutes Duration is dose 
dependant (30–
50 min). Can be 
reversed with 
edrophonium 
0.5mg/kg, IV. 
 
Important: Carefully note the following prior to the use of NMBs: 
ƒ Neuromuscular blocking agents are used as an adjunct to general anesthesia when a 
level of muscle relaxation is required that cannot be achieved with anesthesia alone. 
ƒ Because these agents do not render the animal unconscious and therefore able to 
perceive pain, extreme care must be taken to ensure that a proper level of anesthesia 
and analgesia are achieved prior to administering a neuromuscular blocking agent. 
ƒ Parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure should be monitored throughout 
the procedure to assure that adequate anesthesia and analgesia are maintained. 
ƒ It is essential that that all animals receiving neuromuscular blocking agents be placed 
on a ventilator. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ƒ Appendix 5: Example of anesthetic protocol for laparotomy (e.g., spay). 
 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
Acepromazine 
Buprenorphine 
0.05–0.1 mg/kg IM 
0.005 mg/kg IM 
Mixed in same syringe 
Takes 30 minutes to reach maximum 
effect 
Carprofen 4 mg/kg SC 
 
Install IV catheter and administer fluids at 10 mL/kg/hour 
 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
Ketamine + 
Diazepam (Valium®) 
3 mg/kg Ketamine + 
0.3 mg/kg Diazepam IV 
 
 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
Bupivacaine 0.5% Local infiltration of incision 
site, ~0.5 mg/kg 
 
 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
Isoflurane 1.5%–3% inhalation 
 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
Buprenorphine 0.005 mg/kg IM q 6–
12 hours 
 
Carprofen 4 mg/kg q 24 hours for 3–
5 days 
Can be divided in 2 doses of 2 mg/kg 
q12h 
 
Appendix 6: Example of anesthetic protocol for dental prophylaxis (no 
extraction/pain expected). 
 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
Acepromazine 
Buprenorphine 
0.02–0.1 mg/kg IM 
0.005 mg/kg IM 
Mixed in same syringe 
Takes 30 minutes to reach maximum 
effect 
 
Install IV catheter and administer fluids at 10 mL/kg/hour 
 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
Propofol 2–8 mg/kg IV slowly to 
effect 
 
 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
Isoflurane 1.5%–3% inhalation 
 
1 IV = intravenous, IM = intramuscular, SQ= subcutaneous, PO = oral 
 
 
Written by/date : Effective date : Review date : Referee: SOP : 
M. Martin/students 
April 10, 2006 
May 2006 May 2009 T. Pavek CARE105.01 
 
	Preferred 
	Inhalant anesthetic
	Succinylcholine 
	Buprenorphine