Aula_01ESTRUTURASINTÁTICA4

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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Aula 1: A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
Study the word classes (parts of speech): nouns, adjectives, articles, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions and analyze their relation with clause elements in the discourse.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
Word Classes
If you noticed, indefinite and demonstrative pronouns are placed as pronouns or determiners. What’s the difference?
Let’s analyze some examples:
Both of the students came – In this case, both is a determiner, as it which co-occurs with a noun (students). 
Both came.. – In this case, both is a pronoun, as it is replacing a noun (students).
Try to ignore the few who sneer. (indefinite pronoun)
Try to ignore the few people who sneer.(determiner)
This is a fast moving train. (demonstrative pronoun)    
This train is moving fast. (determiner)
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
Some words, such as NUMBERS, do not fit in any of the word classes given above. They can behave as adjectives (one loaf or two?) or 
pronouns (I want one now!).
 
NOTE: There are some authors that will divide them: 
a) Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.
b) Lexical verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, auxiliary verbs, numerals, determiners, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions.
Word Classes
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
OPEN (OR FORM CLASSES) - new words can be added to the class as the need arises. The class of nouns, for instance, is potentially infinite, since it is continually being expanded as new scientific discoveries are made, new products are developed, and new ideas are explored. They are:
Nouns
Lexical Verbs (or Full Verbs)
Adjectives
Adverbs
Interjections
 
The words in open classes are called CONTENT (OR LEXICAL) WORDS. They are words which have meaning in themselves.
Word Classes – Functional Classification
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
CLOSED (OR STRUCTURE CLASSES) WORD CLASSES -they are made up of finite sets of words which are never expanded (though their members may change their spelling, for example, over long periods of time). They are:
Auxiliary Verbs (primary and modal verbs)
Determiners
Pronouns
Prepositions
Conjunctions
 
The words in open classes are called FUNCTION WORDS. They are words which have little or no meaning other than the grammatical idea they express. There are only about 300 in English. 
Word Classes – Functional Classification
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
One Word, Multiple Classes
The word class of a word is a permanent characteristic of a word and part of its definition, but many words can belong to more than one word class. 
 
Items may belong to more than one class. In most instances, we can only assign a word to a word class when we encounter it in context. 
The unfolding spectacle astonished the child. - VERB
The astonished child watched the spectacle unfold. - ADJECTIVE
It looks good. - verb
She has good looks. – NOUN
I know that they are abroad – CONJUNCTION
I know that. – PRONOUN
I know that man. - DETERMINER
One must be careful not to offend them. – GENERIC PRONOUN
Give me one good reason. - NUMBER 
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
One Word, Multiple Classes
Here are some more examples:   
I couldn’t give her an immediate answer. - NOUN
I was surprised when he answered my letter. - VERB
Do not write on the front of the answer sheet. - ADJECTIVE
 
I cook dinner every Sunday.  - VERB
The cook is on holiday. - NOUN
  
He drives a fast car. - ADJECTIVE  
He drives very fast on the motorway. - ADVERB
 
Turn on the light. - NOUN
I'm trying to light the fire. - VERB 
I usually have a light lunch. - ADJECTIVE 
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
The Word Classes And The Clause Elements
There is a close connection between the eight word classes and the seven clause elements—subjects, verbs (verb elements), objects, predicatives, complements, adnominal functors and adverbials. The various types of phrase function as one or another of the clause elements; they are the “constituents” of the clause elements in other words. 
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
The Word Classes And The Clause Elements
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
Noun X Substantive
In English, a noun (from the Latin "nomen") is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns are usually the first words which small children learn. The highlighted words in the following sentences are all nouns:
Late last year our neighbors bought a goat. 
Portia White was an opera singer. 
The bus inspector looked at all the passengers' passes. 
According to Plutarch, the library at Alexandria was destroyed in 48 B.C. 
 
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
Noun X Substantive
The word "substantive" comes from the Latin words sub + sto (stans, stantis...), and literally means "standing in place of."  A substantive is a term covering all words that can function like a noun. In general, they are the HEAD of a phrase (sintagma). Substantives include nouns, gerunds, adjectival nouns and pronouns.
The studio is large.
Studying is good for you.
The rich are here.
This is a good book.
 
Let’s see:
big bananas (‘big’ is an adnominal functor) 
a big banana (‘a’ and ‘big’ are adnominal functors) 
this big banana (‘this’ and ‘big’ are adnominal functors) 
a very big banana (‘a’, ‘very’ ‘big’ are adnominal functors) 
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
The Word Classes And The Clause Elements
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
The Word Classes And The Clause Elements
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
The Word Classes And The Clause Elements
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
1. What is the function word in the sentence: “I don’t imagine you can succeed in a business venture.”
a) You	b) imagine	c) business	d) venture	e) Succeed
 
2. Choose the alternative that correctly analyses the word ‘after’ in the following sentences:
I. Z comes after Y in the alphabet.
II. They are still friends after all their differences.
III. He departed shortly after.
IV. I saw them after I arrived.
a) preposition – preposition – preposition – conjunction
b) preposition – preposition – conjunction – preposition
c) preposition – preposition – adverb – conjunction
d) conjunction – preposition – adverb – conjunction
e) conjunction – preposition – adverb – preposition
Let’s Practice
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A Estrutura Linguística e as Palavras – Aula 1
3. Indicate the word class of the underlined words in the following paragraph.“Without compulsion, though sometimes encouraged by the Roman authorities, the natives began to adopt the Latin language, to build towns of the Italian type, to imitate Graeco-Roman architecture and
sculpture, to copy the manners of the Romans. In the Basque country and in Wales the indigenous languages have actually survived, whereas in Gaul, Celtic ultimately disappeared with few traces except in place names.”
a) preposition - preposition – adverb – noun - conjunction
b) preposition - conjunction –pronoun – noun - conjunction
c) preposition - preposition – pronoun – noun - preposition
d) preposition - conjunction – adverb – noun - conjunction
e) preposition - conjunction – adverb – adjective - conjunction
4. Which word cannot be a verb?
a) Breakfast b) lunch c) eat d) dinner e) snack
Let’s Practice