Polymer Characterization - Laboratory Techniques and Analysis-toc

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CONTENTS 
1. CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES ............... 1 
Chromatography for Analytical Analyses ............ 1 
Gas Chromatography .......................... 1 
General .................................. 1 
Types of Gas Chromatography .................. 3 
Liquid Chromatography ........................ 3 
General .................................. 3 
Types of Liquid Chromatography ................ 5 
Type of Information Obtained ................... 6 
Advantages ................................ 7 
Disadvantages .............................. 7 
Interferences ............................... 7 
GPC/DRI ................................... 7 
Gel Permeation Chromatography .................. 8 
GPC/DRI/LALLS ............................ 10 
GPC/DRI/VIS ............................... 11 
GPC/DRI/UV ............................... 11 
GPC/DRI/FTIR .............................. 15 
Submitting Samples ......................... 15 
2. THERMAL ANALYSIS .......................... 17 
General Principles of Operation .................. 17 
Thermal Analysis of Polymers ................... 19 
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) .......... 20 
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) .............. 20 
Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) .............. 20 
Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) .... 23 
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3. MICROSCOPY FOR POLYMER 
CHARACTERIZATION .......................... 25 
General Information .......................... 25 
Non-Routine Techniques ....................... 27 
4. ELEMENTAL AND STRUCTURAL 
CHARACTERIZATION TESTS .................... 43 
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ................. 43 
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission 
Spectroscopy .............................. 45 
Ion Chromatography (IC) ...................... 48 
Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE) ................... 52 
Mass Spectrometry (MS and GC/MS) ............. 55 
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer .......... 60 
Sample Preparation ......................... 62 
Established Methods by ‘H NMR ............... 63 
Fourier Transform Infrared (FI’IR) ............... 64 
Ultraviolet, Visible, and Infrared Spectrometry 
(UV, Vis, IR) .............................. 64 
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry ................ 73 
Potentiometric Titrations ....................... 78 
Neutron Activation Analysis ..................... 80 
5. RHEOMETRY ................................. 83 
Rheometrics System IV ........................ 83 
Capillary Rheometry .......................... 85 
Torque Rheometry ........................... 87 
6. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF POLYMERS ............ 97 
Comminution, Separation, and Identification ........ 97 
Stabilizer Identification ....................... 100 
Polymer Identification ........................ 102 
APPENDIX A: ABBREVIATIONS OF POLYMERS . . . . . . . 105 
APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY OF POLYMERS 
AND TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 
APPENDIX C: PROFESSIONAL AND TESTING 
ORGANIZATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) . . . . . . 117 
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American Society for Testing and 
Materials (ASTM) ......................... 117 
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ............ 118 
National Bureau of Standards (NBS) ............. 119 
National Electrical Manufacturers 
Association (NEMA) ........................ 119 
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) ....... 120 
National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) ............ 120 
Plastics Technical Evaluation Center (Plastec) ...... 121 
Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE) ............... 122 
Society of Plastics Industry (SPI) ................ 122 
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) ................. 123 
APPENDIX D: GLOSSARY OF ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 
TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235