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Manual Scilab
Manual Scilab
iii
Índice
I. Scilab ...................................................................................................................... 1
abort ................................................................................................................... 2
add_demo ............................................................................................................ 3
ans ..................................................................................................................... 4
argn .................................................................................................................... 5
backslash (\) ......................................................................................................... 6
banner ................................................................................................................. 7
boolean ............................................................................................................... 8
brackets ............................................................................................................... 9
break ................................................................................................................. 10
case .................................................................................................................. 11
clear .................................................................................................................. 12
clearfun ............................................................................................................. 13
clearglobal ......................................................................................................... 14
colon ................................................................................................................. 15
comma .............................................................................................................. 16
comments .......................................................................................................... 17
comp ................................................................................................................. 18
comparison ......................................................................................................... 19
continue ............................................................................................................. 21
debug ................................................................................................................ 22
delbpt ................................................................................................................ 23
dispbpt .............................................................................................................. 24
do ..................................................................................................................... 25
dot .................................................................................................................... 26
edit ................................................................................................................... 27
else ................................................................................................................... 28
elseif ................................................................................................................. 29
empty ................................................................................................................ 30
end ................................................................................................................... 31
equal ................................................................................................................. 32
errcatch ............................................................................................................. 33
errclear .............................................................................................................. 34
error .................................................................................................................. 35
error_table .......................................................................................................... 36
evstr .................................................................................................................. 45
exists ................................................................................................................. 46
exit ................................................................................................................... 47
external ............................................................................................................. 48
extraction ........................................................................................................... 49
for .................................................................................................................... 52
format ............................................................................................................... 53
funcprot ............................................................................................................. 55
funptr ................................................................................................................ 56
getdebuginfo ....................................................................................................... 57
getmd5 .............................................................................................................. 58
getmemory ......................................................................................................... 59
getmodules ......................................................................................................... 60
getos ................................................................................................................. 61
getscilabmode ..................................................................................................... 62
getshell .............................................................................................................. 63
getvariablesonstack .............................................................................................. 64
getversion .......................................................................................................... 65
global ................................................................................................................ 66
gstacksize .......................................................................................................... 67
Manual Scilab
iv
hat .................................................................................................................... 68
ieee ................................................................................................................... 69
if then else ......................................................................................................... 70
insertion ............................................................................................................ 71
intppty ............................................................................................................... 75
inv_coeff ........................................................................................................... 76
iserror ............................................................................................................... 77
isglobal .............................................................................................................. 78
lasterror .............................................................................................................79
left .................................................................................................................... 80
less ................................................................................................................... 81
macr2lst ............................................................................................................. 82
macr2tree ........................................................................................................... 84
matrices ............................................................................................................. 85
matrix ............................................................................................................... 86
mode ................................................................................................................. 87
mtlb_mode ......................................................................................................... 88
names ................................................................................................................ 89
newfun .............................................................................................................. 90
null ................................................................................................................... 91
parents ............................................................................................................... 92
pause ................................................................................................................. 94
percent .............................................................................................................. 95
perl ................................................................................................................... 96
plus ................................................................................................................... 97
poly .................................................................................................................. 98
power ................................................................................................................ 99
predef .............................................................................................................. 100
quit ................................................................................................................. 101
quote ............................................................................................................... 102
rational ............................................................................................................ 103
readgateway ...................................................................................................... 104
resume ............................................................................................................. 105
return ............................................................................................................... 106
sciargs ............................................................................................................. 107
scilab ............................................................................................................... 108
select ............................................................................................................... 110
semicolon (;) ..................................................................................................... 111
setbpt ............................................................................................................... 112
sethomedirectory ............................................................................................... 113
slash ................................................................................................................ 114
stacksize .......................................................................................................... 115
star .................................................................................................................. 116
startup ............................................................................................................. 117
symbols ........................................................................................................... 118
testmatrix ......................................................................................................... 119
then ................................................................................................................. 120
tilda ................................................................................................................. 121
try ................................................................................................................... 122
type ................................................................................................................. 123
typename .......................................................................................................... 124
user ................................................................................................................. 125
varn ................................................................................................................. 126
ver .................................................................................................................. 127
warning ............................................................................................................ 128
what ................................................................................................................ 129
where .............................................................................................................. 130
whereami ......................................................................................................... 131
Manual Scilab
v
while ............................................................................................................... 132
who ................................................................................................................. 133
who_user .......................................................................................................... 134
whos ............................................................................................................... 135
with_atlas ......................................................................................................... 136
with_gtk ........................................................................................................... 137
with_javasci ...................................................................................................... 138
with_macros_source ........................................................................................... 139
with_module ..................................................................................................... 140
with_pvm ......................................................................................................... 141
with_texmacs .................................................................................................... 142
with_tk ............................................................................................................ 143
II. Equações Diferenciais ............................................................................................ 144
dae .................................................................................................................. 145
daeoptions ........................................................................................................ 150
dasrt ................................................................................................................152
dassl ................................................................................................................ 156
feval ................................................................................................................ 161
impl ................................................................................................................ 162
int2d ................................................................................................................ 164
int3d ................................................................................................................ 166
intc ................................................................................................................. 169
integrate ........................................................................................................... 170
intg ................................................................................................................. 172
intl .................................................................................................................. 174
ode .................................................................................................................. 175
ode_discrete ...................................................................................................... 180
ode_optional_output ........................................................................................... 181
ode_root ........................................................................................................... 183
odedc ............................................................................................................... 185
odeoptions ........................................................................................................ 188
bvode .............................................................................................................. 189
III. Funções Elementares ............................................................................................. 203
abs .................................................................................................................. 204
acos ................................................................................................................. 205
acosd ............................................................................................................... 206
acosh ............................................................................................................... 207
acoshm ............................................................................................................ 208
acosm .............................................................................................................. 209
acot ................................................................................................................. 210
acotd ............................................................................................................... 211
acoth ............................................................................................................... 212
acsc ................................................................................................................. 213
acscd ............................................................................................................... 214
acsch ............................................................................................................... 215
adj2sp .............................................................................................................. 216
amell ............................................................................................................... 217
and .................................................................................................................. 218
asec ................................................................................................................. 219
asecd ............................................................................................................... 220
asech ............................................................................................................... 221
asin ................................................................................................................. 222
asind ............................................................................................................... 223
asinh ............................................................................................................... 224
asinhm ............................................................................................................. 225
asinm ............................................................................................................... 226
atan ................................................................................................................. 227
atand ............................................................................................................... 229
Manual Scilab
vi
atanh ............................................................................................................... 230
atanhm ............................................................................................................. 231
atanm .............................................................................................................. 232
base2dec .......................................................................................................... 233
bin2dec ............................................................................................................ 234
binomial ........................................................................................................... 235
bitand .............................................................................................................. 237
bitor ................................................................................................................ 238
bloc2exp .......................................................................................................... 239
bloc2ss ............................................................................................................ 242
cat ................................................................................................................... 245
ceil .................................................................................................................. 246
cell2mat ........................................................................................................... 247
cellstr .............................................................................................................. 248
char ................................................................................................................. 249
conj ................................................................................................................. 251
cos .................................................................................................................. 252
cosd ................................................................................................................ 253
cosh ................................................................................................................ 254
coshm .............................................................................................................. 255
cosm ............................................................................................................... 256
cotd ................................................................................................................. 257
cotg .................................................................................................................258
coth ................................................................................................................. 259
cothm .............................................................................................................. 260
csc .................................................................................................................. 261
cscd ................................................................................................................. 262
csch ................................................................................................................. 263
cumprod ........................................................................................................... 264
cumsum ........................................................................................................... 265
dec2bin ............................................................................................................ 266
dec2hex ........................................................................................................... 267
dec2oct ............................................................................................................ 268
delip ................................................................................................................ 269
diag ................................................................................................................. 270
diff .................................................................................................................. 271
double ............................................................................................................. 272
dsearch ............................................................................................................ 273
eval ................................................................................................................. 275
exp .................................................................................................................. 276
eye .................................................................................................................. 277
factor ............................................................................................................... 278
fix ................................................................................................................... 279
flipdim ............................................................................................................. 280
floor ................................................................................................................ 281
frexp ............................................................................................................... 282
gsort ................................................................................................................ 283
hex2dec ........................................................................................................... 285
imag ................................................................................................................ 286
imult ............................................................................................................... 287
ind2sub ............................................................................................................ 288
int ................................................................................................................... 289
intersect ........................................................................................................... 290
inttrap .............................................................................................................. 292
isdef ................................................................................................................ 293
isempty ............................................................................................................ 294
isequal ............................................................................................................. 295
isequalbitwise ................................................................................................... 296
Manual Scilab
vii
isinf ................................................................................................................. 297
isnan ............................................................................................................... 298
isreal ............................................................................................................... 299
kron ................................................................................................................ 300
lex_sort ............................................................................................................ 301
linspace ............................................................................................................ 302
log .................................................................................................................. 303
log10 ............................................................................................................... 304
log1p ............................................................................................................... 305
log2 ................................................................................................................. 306
logm ................................................................................................................ 307
logspace ........................................................................................................... 308
lstsize .............................................................................................................. 309
max ................................................................................................................. 310
maxi ................................................................................................................ 311
meshgrid .......................................................................................................... 312
min ................................................................................................................. 313
mini ................................................................................................................ 314
minus .............................................................................................................. 315
modulo ............................................................................................................ 316
ndgrid .............................................................................................................. 317
ndims .............................................................................................................. 319
nearfloat ........................................................................................................... 320
nextpow2 ......................................................................................................... 321
norm ............................................................................................................... 322
not .................................................................................................................. 323
number_properties ............................................................................................. 324
oct2dec ............................................................................................................ 326
ones ................................................................................................................ 327
or ....................................................................................................................328
pen2ea ............................................................................................................. 329
perms .............................................................................................................. 330
permute ............................................................................................................ 331
pertrans ............................................................................................................ 332
primes ............................................................................................................. 333
prod ................................................................................................................ 334
rand ................................................................................................................. 335
rat ................................................................................................................... 337
real ................................................................................................................. 338
resize_matrix .................................................................................................... 339
round ............................................................................................................... 340
sec .................................................................................................................. 341
secd ................................................................................................................. 342
sech ................................................................................................................. 343
setdiff .............................................................................................................. 344
sign ................................................................................................................. 345
signm .............................................................................................................. 346
sin ................................................................................................................... 347
sinc ................................................................................................................. 348
sind ................................................................................................................. 349
sinh ................................................................................................................. 350
sinhm .............................................................................................................. 351
sinm ................................................................................................................ 352
size ................................................................................................................. 353
solve ............................................................................................................... 355
sort ................................................................................................................. 356
sp2adj .............................................................................................................. 358
speye ............................................................................................................... 359
Manual Scilab
viii
spones ............................................................................................................. 360
sprand .............................................................................................................. 361
spzeros ............................................................................................................ 362
sqrt ................................................................................................................. 363
sqrtm ............................................................................................................... 364
squarewave ....................................................................................................... 365
ssrand .............................................................................................................. 366
sub2ind ............................................................................................................ 368
sum ................................................................................................................. 369
sysconv ............................................................................................................ 370
sysdiag ............................................................................................................ 372
syslin ............................................................................................................... 373
tan .................................................................................................................. 375
tand ................................................................................................................. 376
tanh ................................................................................................................. 377
tanhm .............................................................................................................. 378
tanm ................................................................................................................ 379
toeplitz ............................................................................................................ 380
trfmod ............................................................................................................. 381
trianfml ............................................................................................................ 382
tril ................................................................................................................... 383
trisolve ............................................................................................................ 384
triu .................................................................................................................. 385
typeof .............................................................................................................. 386
union ............................................................................................................... 388
unique ............................................................................................................. 389
vectorfind ......................................................................................................... 391
zeros ............................................................................................................... 392
& .................................................................................................................... 393
csgn ................................................................................................................ 394
isvector ............................................................................................................ 395
| ...................................................................................................................... 396
IV. Funções .............................................................................................................. 397
add_profiling .................................................................................................... 398
bytecode .......................................................................................................... 399
bytecodewalk .................................................................................................... 400
deff .................................................................................................................401
exec ................................................................................................................ 402
execstr ............................................................................................................. 404
fun2string ......................................................................................................... 406
function ........................................................................................................... 407
functions .......................................................................................................... 409
genlib .............................................................................................................. 411
get_function_path .............................................................................................. 412
getd ................................................................................................................. 413
head_comments ................................................................................................. 414
lib ................................................................................................................... 415
librarieslist ........................................................................................................ 417
library .............................................................................................................. 418
libraryinfo ........................................................................................................ 419
listfunctions ...................................................................................................... 420
macro .............................................................................................................. 421
macrovar .......................................................................................................... 422
plotprofile ........................................................................................................ 423
profile .............................................................................................................. 424
recompilefunction .............................................................................................. 425
remove_profiling ............................................................................................... 426
reset_profiling ................................................................................................... 427
Manual Scilab
ix
showprofile ....................................................................................................... 428
varargin ........................................................................................................... 429
varargout .......................................................................................................... 430
whereis ............................................................................................................ 431
getf ................................................................................................................. 432
V. Arquivos : funções de Entrada/Saída ......................................................................... 434
chdir ................................................................................................................ 435
fileinfo ............................................................................................................. 436
get_absolute_file_path ........................................................................................ 438
getrelativefilename ............................................................................................. 439
newest ............................................................................................................. 440
sscanf .............................................................................................................. 441
basename ......................................................................................................... 442
copyfile ............................................................................................................ 443
createdir ........................................................................................................... 444
deletefile .......................................................................................................... 445
dir ................................................................................................................... 446
dirname ............................................................................................................ 447
dispfiles ........................................................................................................... 448
fileext .............................................................................................................. 449
fileparts ............................................................................................................ 450
filesep .............................................................................................................. 451
findfiles ........................................................................................................... 452
fprintf .............................................................................................................. 453
fprintfMat ......................................................................................................... 454
fscanf .............................................................................................................. 455
fscanfMat ......................................................................................................... 456
fullfile ............................................................................................................. 457
fullpath ............................................................................................................ 458
getdrives .......................................................................................................... 459
getlongpathname ................................................................................................ 460
getshortpathname ............................................................................................... 461
%io ................................................................................................................. 462
isdir ................................................................................................................. 463
isfile ................................................................................................................ 464
listfiles ............................................................................................................. 465
listvarinfile ....................................................................................................... 466
ls .................................................................................................................... 467
maxfiles ........................................................................................................... 468
mclearerr .......................................................................................................... 469
mclose ............................................................................................................. 470
mdelete ............................................................................................................ 471
meof ................................................................................................................ 472
merror ............................................................................................................. 473
mfprintf........................................................................................................... 474
mscanf ............................................................................................................. 475
mget ................................................................................................................ 478
mgetl ............................................................................................................... 480
mgetstr ............................................................................................................ 481
mkdir ............................................................................................................... 482
mopen ............................................................................................................. 483
movefile ........................................................................................................... 486
mput ................................................................................................................ 487
mputl ............................................................................................................... 489
mputstr ............................................................................................................ 490
mseek .............................................................................................................. 491
mtell ................................................................................................................ 492
pathconvert ....................................................................................................... 493
Manual Scilab
x
pathsep ............................................................................................................ 494
pwd ................................................................................................................. 495
removedir ......................................................................................................... 496
rmdir ............................................................................................................... 497
save_format ...................................................................................................... 498
scanf ............................................................................................................... 501
scanf_conversion ............................................................................................... 502
VI. Biblioteca de Gráficos ........................................................................................... 504
GlobalProperty .................................................................................................. 505
Graphics .......................................................................................................... 509
LineSpec .......................................................................................................... 515
Matplot ............................................................................................................ 517
Matplot1 .......................................................................................................... 520
Matplot_properties ............................................................................................. 522
Sfgrayplot ........................................................................................................ 524
Sgrayplot .......................................................................................................... 526
addcolor ........................................................................................................... 529
alufunctions ...................................................................................................... 530
arc_properties ................................................................................................... 531
autumncolormap ................................................................................................ 533
axes_properties .................................................................................................. 534
axis_properties .................................................................................................. 542
bar .................................................................................................................. 545
barh ................................................................................................................. 547
barhomogenize .................................................................................................. 549
bonecolormap ................................................................................................... 551
captions ........................................................................................................... 552
champ .............................................................................................................. 554
champ1 ............................................................................................................ 556
champ_properties ............................................................................................... 558
clear_pixmap .................................................................................................... 560
clf ................................................................................................................... 561
color ................................................................................................................ 563
color_list .......................................................................................................... 564
colorbar ........................................................................................................... 585
colordef ........................................................................................................... 587
colormap .......................................................................................................... 588
Compound_properties ......................................................................................... 589
contour ............................................................................................................ 590
contour2d ......................................................................................................... 593
contour2di ........................................................................................................ 595
contourf ........................................................................................................... 597
coolcolormap .................................................................................................... 599
coppercolormap ................................................................................................. 600
copy ................................................................................................................ 601
delete ............................................................................................................... 602
dragrect ............................................................................................................ 603
draw ................................................................................................................ 604
drawaxis .......................................................................................................... 605
drawlater .......................................................................................................... 607
drawnow .......................................................................................................... 609
edit_curv ..........................................................................................................610
errbar ............................................................................................................... 611
eval3d .............................................................................................................. 612
eval3dp ............................................................................................................ 613
event handler functions ....................................................................................... 614
fac3d ............................................................................................................... 617
fchamp ............................................................................................................ 618
Manual Scilab
xi
fcontour ........................................................................................................... 620
fcontour2d ........................................................................................................ 621
fec .................................................................................................................. 622
fec_properties ................................................................................................... 625
fgrayplot .......................................................................................................... 627
figure_properties ................................................................................................ 628
fplot2d ............................................................................................................. 631
fplot3d ............................................................................................................. 632
fplot3d1 ........................................................................................................... 633
gca .................................................................................................................. 634
gce .................................................................................................................. 635
gcf .................................................................................................................. 636
gda .................................................................................................................. 637
gdf .................................................................................................................. 639
ged .................................................................................................................. 640
genfac3d .......................................................................................................... 641
geom3d ............................................................................................................ 642
get .................................................................................................................. 643
get_figure_handle .............................................................................................. 645
getcolor ............................................................................................................ 646
getfont ............................................................................................................. 647
getlinestyle ....................................................................................................... 648
getmark ............................................................................................................ 649
getsymbol ......................................................................................................... 650
glue ................................................................................................................. 651
graduate ........................................................................................................... 652
graphics_entities ................................................................................................ 653
graphics_fonts ................................................................................................... 656
graycolormap .................................................................................................... 658
grayplot ........................................................................................................... 659
grayplot_properties ............................................................................................. 660
graypolarplot ..................................................................................................... 662
havewindow ...................................................................................................... 664
hist3d .............................................................................................................. 665
histplot ............................................................................................................ 666
hotcolormap ...................................................................................................... 668
hsv2rgb ............................................................................................................ 669
hsvcolormap ..................................................................................................... 671
is_handle_valid ................................................................................................. 672
isoview ............................................................................................................ 673
jetcolormap ....................................................................................................... 674
label_properties ................................................................................................. 675
legend .............................................................................................................. 677
legend_properties ............................................................................................... 679
legends ............................................................................................................ 682
locate ............................................................................................................... 684
mesh ............................................................................................................... 685
milk_drop ......................................................................................................... 687
move ............................................................................................................... 688
name2rgb ......................................................................................................... 689
newaxes ........................................................................................................... 690
nf3d ................................................................................................................ 691
object_editor ..................................................................................................... 692
oceancolormap .................................................................................................. 697
oldplot ............................................................................................................. 698
param3d ........................................................................................................... 699
param3d1 ......................................................................................................... 701
param3d_properties ............................................................................................ 704
Manual Scilab
xii
paramfplot2d ..................................................................................................... 706
pie ..................................................................................................................707
pinkcolormap .................................................................................................... 708
plot ................................................................................................................. 709
plot2d .............................................................................................................. 714
plot2d1 ............................................................................................................ 719
plot2d2 ............................................................................................................ 721
plot2d3 ............................................................................................................ 722
plot2d4 ............................................................................................................ 723
plot2d_old_version ............................................................................................. 724
plot3d .............................................................................................................. 728
plot3d1 ............................................................................................................ 737
plot3d2 ............................................................................................................ 740
plot3d3 ............................................................................................................ 743
plotframe .......................................................................................................... 746
plzr ................................................................................................................. 748
polarplot .......................................................................................................... 749
polyline_properties ............................................................................................. 751
rainbowcolormap ............................................................................................... 755
rectangle_properties ........................................................................................... 756
relocate_handle ................................................................................................. 759
replot ............................................................................................................... 760
rgb2name ......................................................................................................... 761
rotate ............................................................................................................... 762
rotate_axes ....................................................................................................... 763
rubberbox ......................................................................................................... 764
sca .................................................................................................................. 765
scaling ............................................................................................................. 766
scf ................................................................................................................... 767
sd2sci .............................................................................................................. 768
sda .................................................................................................................. 769
sdf .................................................................................................................. 770
secto3d ............................................................................................................ 771
segs_properties .................................................................................................. 772
set ................................................................................................................... 775
seteventhandler .................................................................................................. 777
show_pixmap .................................................................................................... 778
show_window ................................................................................................... 779
springcolormap .................................................................................................. 780
square .............................................................................................................. 781
stringbox .......................................................................................................... 782
subplot ............................................................................................................. 784
summercolormap ............................................................................................... 785
surf ................................................................................................................. 786
surface_properties .............................................................................................. 790
swap_handles .................................................................................................... 794
text_properties ................................................................................................... 796
title ................................................................................................................. 799
titlepage ........................................................................................................... 801
twinkle ............................................................................................................ 802
unglue ............................................................................................................. 803
unzoom ............................................................................................................ 804
whitecolormap ................................................................................................... 805
winsid .............................................................................................................. 806
wintercolormap ................................................................................................. 807
xarc ................................................................................................................. 808
xarcs ............................................................................................................... 809
xarrows ............................................................................................................ 810
Manual Scilab
xiii
xbasc ............................................................................................................... 811
xbasr ............................................................................................................... 812
xchange ........................................................................................................... 813
xclear .............................................................................................................. 814
xclick .............................................................................................................. 815
xdel ................................................................................................................. 817
xfarc ................................................................................................................ 818
xfarcs .............................................................................................................. 819
xfpoly .............................................................................................................. 820
xfpolys ............................................................................................................821
xfrect ............................................................................................................... 823
xget ................................................................................................................. 824
xgetech ............................................................................................................ 826
xgetmouse ........................................................................................................ 828
xgraduate ......................................................................................................... 830
xgrid ............................................................................................................... 831
xinfo ............................................................................................................... 832
xlfont ............................................................................................................... 833
xload ............................................................................................................... 835
xname .............................................................................................................. 836
xnumb ............................................................................................................. 837
xpause ............................................................................................................. 838
xpoly ............................................................................................................... 839
xpolys .............................................................................................................. 840
xrect ................................................................................................................ 841
xrects ............................................................................................................... 842
xrpoly .............................................................................................................. 843
xsave ............................................................................................................... 844
xsegs ............................................................................................................... 845
xselect ............................................................................................................. 846
xset ................................................................................................................. 847
xsetech ............................................................................................................ 850
xsetm ............................................................................................................... 852
xstring ............................................................................................................. 853
xstringb ............................................................................................................ 854
xstringl ............................................................................................................ 855
xtitle ................................................................................................................ 856
zoom_rect ........................................................................................................ 857
Math rendering in Scilab graphics ........................................................................ 859
VII. Gráficos : exportando e imprimindo ........................................................................ 861
driver ............................................................................................................... 862
xend ................................................................................................................ 863
xinit ................................................................................................................ 864
xs2bmp ............................................................................................................ 865
xs2emf ............................................................................................................. 866
xs2eps ............................................................................................................. 867
xs2fig .............................................................................................................. 868
xs2gif .............................................................................................................. 869
xs2jpg .............................................................................................................. 870
xs2pdf ............................................................................................................. 871
xs2png ............................................................................................................. 872
xs2ppm ............................................................................................................ 873
xs2ps ............................................................................................................... 874
xs2svg ............................................................................................................. 875
VIII. Booleanos ......................................................................................................... 876
bool2s .............................................................................................................. 877
find ................................................................................................................. 878
IX. CACSD .............................................................................................................. 879
Manual Scilab
xiv
black ............................................................................................................... 880
bode ................................................................................................................ 882
chart ................................................................................................................ 884
evans ............................................................................................................... 886
gainplot ............................................................................................................ 887
m_circle ........................................................................................................... 888
nyquist ............................................................................................................. 889
routh_t ............................................................................................................. 891
sgrid ................................................................................................................ 892
zgrid ................................................................................................................ 893
abcd ................................................................................................................ 894
abinv ............................................................................................................... 895
arhnk ............................................................................................................... 899
arl2 ................................................................................................................. 900
arma ................................................................................................................ 902
arma2p ............................................................................................................ 904
armac ..............................................................................................................