<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w0 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/b31f9048-15d0-4d04-8587-0324d2a351c4/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0">o</div><div class="t m1 x2 h2 y1 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">CAMPO<span class="_0 blank"> </span>SOCIAL<span class="_1 blank"> </span>DAS POLfTICAS</div><div class="t m1 x3 h2 y2 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">PÚBLICAS<span class="_1 blank"> </span>E SUA<span class="_2 blank"> </span>DIMENSÃO<span class="_3 blank"> </span>SUBJETIVA</div><div class="t m2 x4 h3 y3 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0">0,</div><div class="t m3 x5 h4 y4 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2">\u2022</div><div class="t m4 x6 h5 y5 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">i':</div><div class="t m5 x6 h6 y6 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m6 x6 h7 y7 ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m7 x7 h6 y8 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m7 x8 h8 y9 ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m7 x8 h7 ya ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">r</div><div class="t m8 x8 h2 yb ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m9 x8 h6 yc ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">':1</div><div class="t m7 x9 h9 yd ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t ma xa h9 ye ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">[".1</div><div class="t m5 xb h9 yf ff2 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">E quem<span class="_4 blank"> </span>garante<span class="_5 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>a História</div><div class="t mb xc ha y10 ff2 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">£</div><div class="t m5 xd h9 y10 ff2 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5">carroça abandonada</div><div class="t m5 xe h9 y11 ff2 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">Numa<span class="_5 blank"> </span>beira<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de estrada</div><div class="t m5 xf h9 y12 ff2 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">Ou numa<span class="_7 blank"> </span>estação<span class="_4 blank"> </span>inglória</div><div class="t m5 x10 h9 y13 ff2 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8">A hist6ria<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ê<span class="_8 blank"> </span>um<span class="_6 blank"> </span>carro<span class="_9 blank"> </span>alcgre</div><div class="t m5 x11 h9 y14 ff2 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">cheio<span class="_6 blank"> </span>de um povo<span class="_4 blank"> </span>conlcntc</div><div class="t m5 x12 h9 y15 ff2 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9">que atropela,</div><div class="t mc x13 h9 y15 ff2 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">indifelente</div><div class="t m5 x12 h9 y16 ff2 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9">todo<span class="_4 blank"> </span>aquele<span class="_9 blank"> </span>que a</div><div class="t md x14 h9 y16 ff2 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">nCgGc</div><div class="t m7 x11 h5 y17 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">:e</div><div class="t mb x15 h6 y17 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa">um trem<span class="_a blank"> </span>riscando<span class="_b blank"> </span>trilhos</div><div class="t mb x16 h6 y18 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsb">Abrindo<span class="_c blank"> </span>novos espaços</div><div class="t m0 x15 h6 y19 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc">Acenando<span class="_d blank"> </span>mu.!toi braços</div><div class="t m0 x15 h6 y1a ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">Balançando</div><div class="t m5 x17 h3 y1a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0">nOSS05</div><div class="t m0 x18 h6 y1a ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">filhos</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y1b ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">[</div><div class="t me x19 h5 y1b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">...</div><div class="t mf x1a h9 y1b ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">]</div><div class="t m10 x1b hb y1c ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd">Canción por<span class="_7 blank"> </span>la</div><div class="t m11 x15 hb y1c ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">ullidad</div><div class="t m10 x1c hb y1c ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 wse">de Latinoamérica</div><div class="t md x1d h6 y1d ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf">Pablo<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Milanez<span class="_9 blank"> </span>'e Chico</div><div class="t m5 x1e h9 y1d ff2 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">Bl\arquc</div><div class="t m12 x3 hc y1e ff2 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws10">Neste<span class="_4 blank"> </span>capitulo.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>apresentamos<span class="_c blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>compreensão<span class="_c blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>temos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>nosso<span class="_4 blank"> </span>obj eto</div><div class="t m12 x1f hc y1f ff2 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws11">. de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>análise.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a dimensão<span class="_f blank"> </span>subjetiva<span class="_a blank"> </span>do<span class="_9 blank"> </span>campo<span class="_a blank"> </span>social<span class="_7 blank"> </span>das poUticas</div><div class="t m5 x20 ha y1f ff2 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws12">públicas. En.</div><div class="t m6 x21 h6 y20 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">l'</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w1 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w1 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/b31f9048-15d0-4d04-8587-0324d2a351c4/bg2.png"><div class="t mb x22 hd y21 ff4 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws14">MARIA<span class="_a blank"> </span>DA GRAÇAM.<span class="_b blank"> </span>GONÇALVES</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y22 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws15">te<span class="_10 blank"> </span>demos<span class="_a blank"> </span>ser<span class="_11 blank"> </span>necessária<span class="_a blank"> </span>uma<span class="_a blank"> </span>delimitação<span class="_a blank"> </span>desse<span class="_4 blank"> </span>campo,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a fim<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>se apontar,</div><div class="t m13 x23 ha y23 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">1'0</div><div class="t m5 x24 ha y23 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">teriormente,<span class="_c blank"> </span>a cOJitribuição q~e<span class="_11 blank"> </span>a psicologia<span class="_9 blank"> </span>sócio-histórica<span class="_c blank"> </span>pode<span class="_4 blank"> </span>trazer<span class="_7 blank"> </span>à</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y24 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws17">adação<span class="_c blank"> </span>na área.<span class="_12 blank"> </span>.</div><div class="t m7 x25 h2 y25 ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws18">,</div><div class="t m7 x26 he y26 ff5 fsc fc0 sc0 ls0">t</div><div class="t m6 x27 hf y27 ff5 fsd fc0 sc0 ls0">i</div><div class="t m5 x28 ha y27 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws19">Primeiramente, como</div><div class="t m14 x29 ha y27 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">já</div><div class="t m5 x2a ha y27 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">mencionamos,</div><div class="t m13 x2b ha y27 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 x2c ha y27 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a">importante reconhecer que</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y28 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b">di<span class="_a blank"> </span>ersos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>fenômenos<span class="_f blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_6 blank"> </span>integram<span class="_10 blank"> </span>esse campo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e,<span class="_8 blank"> </span>como<span class="_5 blank"> </span>tal,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>carregam<span class="_a blank"> </span>uma</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y29 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c">di<span class="_13 blank"> </span>ensão<span class="_9 blank"> </span>subjetiva.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Ao falar<span class="_8 blank"> </span>de políticas<span class="_9 blank"> </span>públicas,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>falamos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de relações<span class="_5 blank"> </span>sociais</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y2a ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">e<span class="_14 blank"> </span>situações<span class="_7 blank"> </span>diversas;<span class="_9 blank"> </span>ocupação<span class="_10 blank"> </span>e 'convivência<span class="_9 blank"> </span>nos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>esp~ços<span class="_8 blank"> </span>públicos;<span class="_7 blank"> </span>adesão</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y2b ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">de<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ndivíduos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a orientações<span class="_5 blank"> </span>gerais<span class="_8 blank"> </span>de<span class="_15 blank"> </span>comportamento;<span class="_10 blank"> </span>expressão,<span class="_e blank"> </span>identificação,</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y2c ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e">pn<span class="_5 blank"> </span>blematização<span class="_f blank"> </span>e transformação<span class="_d blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>demandas;<span class="_f blank"> </span>partiCipação<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_5 blank"> </span>indivíduos</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y2d ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">cn<span class="_10 blank"> </span>diferentes<span class="_5 blank"> </span>contextos;<span class="_4 blank"> </span>decisões<span class="_5 blank"> </span>coletivas; adequação<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>linguagem<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e proce-</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y2e ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f">di<span class="_a blank"> </span>1cntos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_5 blank"> </span>intervenção<span class="_16 blank"> </span>a populações<span class="_b blank"> </span>diversas;<span class="_a blank"> </span>estruturação<span class="_2 blank"> </span>de<span class="_7 blank"> </span>grupos<span class="_f blank"> </span>e</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y2f ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws17">m<span class="_10 blank"> </span>virncntos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>sociais;<span class="_5 blank"> </span>dinâmicas<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de relações<span class="_7 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_4 blank"> </span>indivíduos,<span class="_c blank"> </span>grupos,<span class="_a blank"> </span>movi-</div><div class="t m15 x25 h4 y30 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws20">,</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y31 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">mínto~<span class="_4 blank"> </span>e poder<span class="_7 blank"> </span>públir.o.<span class="_15 blank"> </span>Todos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>esses fenômenos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>e outros<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ainda<span class="_6 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>poderiam</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y32 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws21">seI' arrolados<span class="_7 blank"> </span>envolvem<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ou<span class="_11 blank"> </span>expressam<span class="_7 blank"> </span>aspectos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>subjetivos.</div><div class="t m5 x28 ha y33 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">Nosso<span class="_9 blank"> </span>enfoque,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>porém,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>nos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>obriga<span class="_9 blank"> </span>a uma<span class="_4 blank"> </span>delimitação<span class="_a blank"> </span>mais<span class="_9 blank"> </span>clara.<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Qual</div><div class="t mb x2d hc y33 ff4 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y34 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws22">o<span class="_c blank"> </span>ontornQ<span class="_9 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>percebemos<span class="_f blank"> </span>para<span class="_5 blank"> </span>esses aspectos?<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Em<span class="_6 blank"> </span>que<span class="_9 blank"> </span>contexto<span class="_a blank"> </span>se consti-</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y35 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">tu<span class="_10 blank"> </span>m?<span class="_e blank"> </span>A<span class="_e blank"> </span>formulação<span class="_f blank"> </span>geral<span class="_8 blank"> </span>é que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>são<span class="_11 blank"> </span>aspectos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>subjetivos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>pertencentes<span class="_c blank"> </span>a sujei-<span class="_10 blank"> </span>.</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y36 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">to<span class="_c blank"> </span>históricos,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>constituídos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>na<span class="_11 blank"> </span>relação<span class="_4 blank"> </span>dialética<span class="_9 blank"> </span>do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>indivíduo<span class="_a blank"> </span>com<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a realidade.</div><div class="t m5 x23 ha y37 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws24">A<span class="_a blank"> </span>ormulação<span class="_a blank"> </span>específica<span class="_11 blank"> </span>deve<span class="_6 blank"> </span>apontar<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que<span class="_11 blank"> </span>o campo<span class="_5 blank"> </span>social<span class="_11 blank"> </span>das<span class="_8 blank"> </span>políticas<span class="_5 blank"> </span>públi-</div><div class="t m5 x2e ha y38 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2">ca.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>se configura<span class="_10 blank"> </span>historicamente,<span class="_16 blank"> </span>na<span class="_5 blank"> </span>dinâmica<span class="_f blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>relações<span class="_7 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_a blank"> </span>o Estado,<span class="_a blank"> </span>a</div><div class="t m5 x2e ha y39 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e">so<span class="_7 blank"> </span>iedade,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a economia<span class="_a blank"> </span>e os<span class="_11 blank"> </span>indivíduos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>.que, de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>formas<span class="_5 blank"> </span>diversas?<span class="_15 blank"> </span>nem<span class="_5 blank"> </span>sempre</div><div class="t m5 x2e ha y3a ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws25">cl,<span class="_15 blank"> </span>ras,<span class="_e blank"> </span>expressam<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>relação<span class="_9 blank"> </span>das<span class="_9 blank"> </span>classes sociais.<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Tal<span class="_e blank"> </span>dinâmica.envolveaspectos</div><div class="t m5 x2e ha y3b ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">oh<span class="_6 blank"> </span>etivos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>e subjetivos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>e nela<span class="_11 blank"> </span>a psicologia<span class="_4 blank"> </span>tem<span class="_9 blank"> </span>condições<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>identificar<span class="_7 blank"> </span>sujeitos</div><div class="t m5 x2e ha y3c ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f">e ,nbjetividades,<span class="_16 blank"> </span>bem<span class="_10 blank"> </span>como<span class="_10 blank"> </span>concepções<span class="_17 blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>sujeito<span class="_f blank"> </span>e de subjetividade<span class="_b blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m5 x2e ha y3d ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">pe<span class="_e blank"> </span>.mdam<span class="_f blank"> </span>as<span class="_8 blank"> </span>ações<span class="_9 blank"> </span>e relações.</div><div class="t m16 x2e h2 y3e ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws26">p 'líncas<span class="_17 blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_a blank"> </span>como<span class="_f blank"> </span>espaço<span class="_18 blank"> </span>de<span class="_10 blank"> </span>afirmação<span class="_16 blank"> </span>de<span class="_a blank"> </span>direitos</div><div class="t m5 x2f ha y3f ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws27">Falar<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>poUticas públicas/sociais</div><div class="t m6 x30 hf y40 ff5 fsd fc0 sc0 ls0">l</div><div class="t m5 x31 ha y3f ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws28">é falar<span class="_9 blank"> </span>da<span class="_7 blank"> </span>relação<span class="_7 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_a blank"> </span>o<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Estado,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>'a</div><div class="t m5 x2e ha y41 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">so<span class="_8 blank"> </span>'iecl<1.de<span class="_19 blank"></span>e a<span class="_15 blank"> </span>economia<span class="_5 blank"> </span>no<span class="_9 blank"> </span>capitalismo,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ou<span class="_e blank"> </span>seja,<span class="_15 blank"> </span>falar<span class="_8 blank"> </span>dessa<span class="_11 blank"> </span>relação<span class="_11 blank"> </span>no<span class="_15 blank"> </span>interior</div><div class="t m5 x32 h9 y42 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">1.</div><div class="t m12 x33 hc y42 ff4 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">o</div><div class="t m5 x34 h9 y42 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws29">texto,<span class="_a blank"> </span>em<span class="_6 blank"> </span>sua<span class="_5 blank"> </span>continuidade,<span class="_b blank"> </span>trará<span class="_7 blank"> </span>esclarecimentos<span class="_2 blank"> </span>sobre<span class="_a blank"> </span>a terminologIa<span class="_c blank"> </span>"polftlcas</div><div class="t m5 x2e h9 y43 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2a">pLiblicas" e<span class="_11 blank"> </span>"polfticas<span class="_5 blank"> </span>sociais".</div><div class="t m17 x25 hd y44 ff5 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2b">,</div><div class="t m5 x35 h5 y44 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">.</div><div class="t m18 x36 hd y45 ff5 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">.'</div><div class="t m7 x37 h10 y46 ff5 fse fc0 sc0 ls0">..</div><div class="t m6 x38 h3 y46 ff5 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0">~:</div><div class="t mb x39 hd y21 ff4 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2c">PSICOLOGIA,<span class="_b blank"> </span>SUB)E1'IVIDADE<span class="_16 blank"> </span>E POUTICAS<span class="_f blank"> </span>PÚBUCAS</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y47 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2d">da<span class="_e blank"> </span>relação<span class="_4 blank"> </span>capital-trabalho.<span class="_f blank"> </span>Nesse<span class="_1a blank"> </span>sentido,<span class="_15 blank"> </span>políticas<span class="_8 blank"> </span>públicas<span class="_8 blank"> </span>sociais devem<span class="_11 blank"> </span>ser</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y48 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">consideradas</div><div class="t m13 x3a ha y48 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 x3b ha y48 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2e">luz<span class="_11 blank"> </span>das<span class="_6 blank"> </span>relações<span class="_6 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>classe em<span class="_8 blank"> </span>uma<span class="_9 blank"> </span>determinada<span class="_f blank"> </span>sociedade.</div><div class="t m5 x3c ha y49 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">Em<span class="_6 blank"> </span>toda<span class="_4 blank"> </span>história<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>desenvolvimento<span class="_5 blank"> </span>do<span class="_e blank"> </span>capitalismo,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>observa-se<span class="_11 blank"> </span>a dinâ-</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y27 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2f">mica<span class="_7 blank"> </span>estrutural,<span class="_17 blank"> </span>que<span class="_9 blank"> </span>situa<span class="_5 blank"> </span>as<span class="_8 blank"> </span>classes sociais<span class="_11 blank"> </span>na<span class="_6 blank"> </span>contradição<span class="_10 blank"> </span>fundamental<span class="_a blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y28 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">movimenta<span class="_f blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>sociedade<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e permite<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a acumulação<span class="_5 blank"> </span>do<span class="_8 blank"> </span>capital;<span class="_8 blank"> </span>e, ao mesmo<span class="_9 blank"> </span>tem-</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y29 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e">po<span class="_5 blank"> </span>e <span class="fsb ws30">COlUO </span><span class="ws24">resultado<span class="_10 blank"> </span>dessa<span class="_5 blank"> </span>dinâmica<span class="_5 blank"> </span>estrutural,<span class="_a blank"> </span>observa-se<span class="_a blank"> </span>o Estado<span class="_11 blank"> </span>em<span class="_9 blank"> </span>seu</span></div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y4a ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e">papel<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_5 blank"> </span>organiz<1ção<span class="_1b blank"> </span>social<span class="_5 blank"> </span>e política<span class="_a blank"> </span>e manutenção<span class="_c blank"> </span>ideológica<span class="_5 blank"> </span>do<span class="_4 blank"> </span>sistema</div><div class="t m5 x3d ha y4b ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws31">,capitalista.<span class="_16 blank"> </span>Os<span class="_4 blank"> </span>preceitos<span class="_a blank"> </span>básicos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>predominam<span class="_18 blank"> </span>nesse<span class="_9 blank"> </span>processo<span class="_5 blank"> </span>são os<span class="_9 blank"> </span>do</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y4c ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws32">liberalismo,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>seja<span class="_11 blank"> </span>na<span class="_11 blank"> </span>definição<span class="_7 blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>mercado,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>seja<span class="_8 blank"> </span>na<span class="_9 blank"> </span>definição<span class="_4 blank"> </span>do lugar<span class="_4 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>in-</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y5 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws33">divíduos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e das<span class="_9 blank"> </span>instituições,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_6 blank"> </span>elas o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Estado.</div><div class="t m5 x3c ha y4d ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws15">Dessa<span class="_6 blank"> </span>forma,<span class="_a blank"> </span>no<span class="_4 blank"> </span>contexto<span class="_a blank"> </span>do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>capitalismo,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>aparecem<span class="_7 blank"> </span>as pollticas<span class="_9 blank"> </span>sociais</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y4e ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">como<span class="_9 blank"> </span>maneira<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_e blank"> </span>concretizar<span class="_a blank"> </span>a relação<span class="_11 blank"> </span>indivíduo<span class="_a blank"> </span>e sociedade,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>o<span class="_e blank"> </span>que<span class="_e blank"> </span>se<span class="_15 blank"> </span>dá<span class="_8 blank"> </span>por</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y4f ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws34">meio<span class="_a blank"> </span>da relaç1io<span class="_15 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_a blank"> </span>o Estado,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>como<span class="_7 blank"> </span>representante<span class="_18 blank"> </span>da sociedade<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>nesse</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y50 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws35">sentido,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>expressando<span class="_a blank"> </span>suas<span class="_9 blank"> </span>contradições,<span class="_a blank"> </span>e o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>bem-estar<span class="_10 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>indi'víduos. A<span class="_11 blank"> </span>no-</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y51 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws36">ção de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>bem-estar,<span class="_f blank"> </span>introduzida<span class="_f blank"> </span>pela<span class="_6 blank"> </span>economia<span class="_7 blank"> </span>como<span class="_5 blank"> </span>um<span class="_4 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>critérios<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de ava-</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y52 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c">liação<span class="_11 blank"> </span>da organização<span class="_5 blank"> </span>econÔmica da sociedade,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>traz,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>como<span class="_11 blank"> </span>se<span class="_15 blank"> </span>verá<span class="_15 blank"> </span>adiante,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>um</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y53 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws37">viés<span class="_11 blank"> </span>subjetivo pára essa<span class="_8 blank"> </span>avaliação,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>será<span class="_9 blank"> </span>importante<span class="_18 blank"> </span>considerar<span class="_4 blank"> </span>para c('-</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y54 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws38">meçar<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>identificar<span class="_4 blank"> </span>'a dimensão<span class="_a blank"> </span>subjetiva<span class="_4 blank"> </span>presente<span class="_a blank"> </span>nessa<span class="_11 blank"> </span>realidade.</div><div class="t m5 x3c ha y55 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">No<span class="_9 blank"> </span>capitalismo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>concorrencial,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>tenta-se<span class="_a blank"> </span>a realização<span class="_4 blank"> </span>da<span class="_11 blank"> </span>máxima<span class="_9 blank"> </span>da<span class="_8 blank"> </span>liber-</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y38 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws39">dade<span class="_a blank"> </span>capitalista:<span class="_7 blank"> </span>livre concorrência,<span class="_b blank"> </span>livre consumo,<span class="_f blank"> </span>livre venda<span class="_5 blank"> </span>da força<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y39 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3a">trabalho.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Entretanto,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>desde<span class="_6 blank"> </span>o<span class="_15 blank"> </span>início<span class="_5 blank"> </span>essa<span class="_e blank"> </span>máxima<span class="_5 blank"> </span>revelou<span class="_5 blank"> </span>seus limites<span class="_11 blank"> </span>concre-</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y3a ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">tos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>e<span class="_8 blank"> </span>a ideologia<span class="_7 blank"> </span>liberal<span class="_11 blank"> </span>teve<span class="_9 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>fornecer<span class="_a blank"> </span>elementos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>para<span class="_5 blank"> </span>colaborar<span class="_5 blank"> </span>na<span class="_11 blank"> </span>tenta-</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y56 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">tiva<span class="_8 blank"> </span>de<span class="_15 blank"> </span>driblar<span class="_4 blank"> </span>as<span class="_e blank"> </span>inconsistências<span class="_a blank"> </span>e insistir<span class="_4 blank"> </span>na<span class="_11 blank"> </span>organização<span class="_7 blank"> </span>da<span class="_8 blank"> </span>sociedade<span class="_e blank"> </span>via<span class="_15 blank"> </span>leis</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y57 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3b">do mercado.</div><div class="t m13 x3c ha y58 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">Um</div><div class="t m5 x3 ha y58 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3c">primeiro<span class="_18 blank"> </span>aspecto<span class="_10 blank"> </span>dessa ideologia<span class="_f blank"> </span>que aparece</div><div class="t mb x10 hc y58 ff4 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 xf ha y58 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e">a valorização<span class="_10 blank"> </span>do</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y59 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws21">trabalho.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>A vadIagem</div><div class="t mb x3e hc y59 ff4 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 x3f ha y59 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3d">perseguida,<span class="_f blank"> </span>condenada.<span class="_10 blank"> </span>Os<span class="_8 blank"> </span>indivíduos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>são livres, mas</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y5a ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3e">não<span class="_5 blank"> </span>devem, entretanto,<span class="_f blank"> </span>ficar</div><div class="t m14 x40 ha y5a ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 x41 ha y5a ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3f">margem<span class="_f blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>mercado,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>não'têm<span class="_10 blank"> </span>essa liberdade;</div><div class="t m5 x42 ha y5b ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws40">.devem<span class="_6 blank"> </span>par;ticipar,<span class="_8 blank"> </span>obrigatoriamente,<span class="_2 blank"> </span>da<span class="_11 blank"> </span>venda<span class="_5 blank"> </span>livre<span class="_6 blank"> </span>da<span class="_6 blank"> </span>força<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de trabalho<span class="_a blank"> </span>e<span class="_8 blank"> </span>do</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y5c ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws41">livre consumo,</div><div class="t m5 x3c ha y5d ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws42">Asteorias<span class="_f blank"> </span>do bem-estar<span class="_f blank"> </span>desse<span class="_5 blank"> </span>período<span class="_10 blank"> </span>têm<span class="_5 blank"> </span>uma<span class="_4 blank"> </span>perspectiva<span class="_a blank"> </span>econômica</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y5e ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws43">qUe, no<span class="_8 blank"> </span>entanto,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>como<span class="_11 blank"> </span>dissemos,<span class="_a blank"> </span>inclui<span class="_4 blank"> </span>um<span class="_9 blank"> </span>viés<span class="_e blank"> </span>subjetivo.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>A</div><div class="t m19 x15 h11 y5e ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws44">teoria do bem-es-</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y5f ff6 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws45">tar econômico,<span class="_a blank"> </span><span class="ff4 ws2">conforme<span class="_b blank"> </span>Faleiros(2000b),<span class="_1c blank"> </span>identifica<span class="_16 blank"> </span>o bem-estar<span class="_b blank"> </span>com<span class="_a blank"> </span>o</span></div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y60 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws46">consumo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>qUe traz<span class="_7 blank"> </span>felicidade<span class="_5 blank"> </span>para<span class="_f blank"> </span>o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>indivíduo,<span class="_18 blank"> </span>com<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a<span class="_6 blank"> </span>satisfação<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>seus<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de-</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y61 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">sejos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>e preferências<span class="_a blank"> </span>pessoais,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>garantida<span class="_b blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>livre<span class="_9 blank"> </span>escolha,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>num<span class="_7 blank"> </span>sistema<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_e blank"> </span>livre</div><div class="t m5 x43 hc y62 ff4 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">\u2022</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w0 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/b31f9048-15d0-4d04-8587-0324d2a351c4/bg3.png"><div class="t m12 x44 ha y63 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws47">competiUva<span class="_1d blank"> </span>dos<span class="_f blank"> </span>bens<span class="_c blank"> </span>no<span class="_c blank"> </span>mercado,<span class="_1d blank"> </span>determinando<span class="_1e blank"> </span>a distribuição<span class="_0 blank"> </span>lucrativa<span class="_1d blank"> </span>e</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y64 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws48">não<span class="_f blank"> </span>de acordo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>com<span class="_17 blank"> </span>as necessidades<span class="_1f blank"> </span>reais<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de<span class="_a blank"> </span>consumo.<span class="_1 blank"> </span>Isso<span class="_10 blank"> </span>resulta<span class="_16 blank"> </span>em<span class="_f blank"> </span>uma</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y65 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws48">situação<span class="_2 blank"> </span>em<span class="_10 blank"> </span>que<span class="_10 blank"> </span>sempre<span class="_2 blank"> </span>há<span class="_10 blank"> </span>trabalhadores<span class="_20 blank"> </span>sem<span class="_17 blank"> </span>meios<span class="_17 blank"> </span>de sobrevivência.</div><div class="t m19 xa hd y65 ff7 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">SCl-:1</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y66 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws49">condições<span class="_1d blank"> </span>de<span class="_7 blank"> </span>acesso<span class="_17 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_a blank"> </span>mercado.<span class="_1d blank"> </span>A mesma<span class="_b blank"> </span>situação<span class="_2 blank"> </span>faz com<span class="_17 blank"> </span>que<span class="_a blank"> </span>o<span class="_7 blank"> </span>trabalho</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y67 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4a">não seja<span class="_5 blank"> </span>realmente<span class="_21 blank"> </span>escolhido.<span class="_21 blank"> </span>mas imposto<span class="_d blank"> </span>nas<span class="_7 blank"> </span>condições<span class="_2 blank"> </span>que interessam<span class="_1 blank"> </span>aos</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y68 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4b">donos dos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>meios de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>produção.</div><div class="t m12 x45 ha y69 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4c">Como<span class="_17 blank"> </span>decorr!ncia,<span class="_20 blank"> </span>impõe-se<span class="_13 blank"> </span>a necessidade<span class="_22 blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>garantir<span class="_d blank"> </span>condições<span class="_1d blank"> </span>mini-</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y6a ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4d">m~<span class="_21 blank"> </span>de<span class="_7 blank"> </span>vida<span class="_f blank"> </span>aos<span class="_f blank"> </span>trabalhador.es,<span class="_14 blank"> </span>seja<span class="_a blank"> </span>para<span class="_17 blank"> </span>garantir<span class="_1 blank"> </span>a<span class="_7 blank"> </span>reprodução<span class="_14 blank"> </span>da<span class="_10 blank"> </span>Corça de</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y6b ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4e">trabalho.<span class="_13 blank"> </span>seja<span class="_5 blank"> </span>para<span class="_f blank"> </span>manter<span class="_d blank"> </span>os<span class="_9 blank"> </span>nlveis<span class="_f blank"> </span>necessários<span class="_21 blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>consumo<span class="_1 blank"> </span>para<span class="_a blank"> </span>a continui.</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y6c ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4f">dade<span class="_b blank"> </span>da produção</div><div class="t m5 x46 h12 y6c ff8 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">e</div><div class="t m12 x47 ha y6c ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws50">acumulação<span class="_1f blank"> </span>de<span class="_a blank"> </span>capital.<span class="_2 blank"> </span>l! nesse<span class="_f blank"> </span>contexto<span class="_21 blank"> </span>estrutural.<span class="_1f blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y6d ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws51">contradição<span class="_23 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_10 blank"> </span>capital<span class="_f blank"> </span>e trabalho.<span class="_16 blank"> </span>que<span class="_a blank"> </span>as necessidades<span class="_21 blank"> </span>básicas<span class="_f blank"> </span>dos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>trabalha-</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y6e ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws52">dores<span class="_17 blank"> </span>vão<span class="_7 blank"> </span>se transformando.<span class="_24 blank"> </span>em<span class="_7 blank"> </span>maior<span class="_18 blank"> </span>ou<span class="_7 blank"> </span>menor<span class="_b blank"> </span>grau,<span class="_f blank"> </span>por<span class="_a blank"> </span>questões<span class="_16 blank"> </span>conjun-</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y6f ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws53">turais.<span class="_c blank"> </span>em direitos<span class="_16 blank"> </span>sociais.</div><div class="t m12 x45 ha y70 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws54">Os<span class="_9 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_c blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_10 blank"> </span>têm.<span class="_a blank"> </span>então,<span class="_a blank"> </span>como<span class="_f blank"> </span>sujeitos.<span class="_f blank"> </span>os trabalhadores.<span class="_14 blank"> </span>sendo<span class="_18 blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m12 x48 ha y35 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws55">uma<span class="_c blank"> </span>parte<span class="_16 blank"> </span>deles<span class="_c blank"> </span>refere-se<span class="_1d blank"> </span>aos trabalhadores<span class="_25 blank"> </span>que<span class="_f blank"> </span>têm<span class="_c blank"> </span>trabalho<span class="_1 blank"> </span>remunen\do</div><div class="t m12 x48 ha y36 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4c">(assalariado<span class="_1d blank"> </span>ou<span class="_7 blank"> </span>autônomo)<span class="_23 blank"> </span>e outra<span class="_c blank"> </span>parte<span class="_17 blank"> </span>refere-se<span class="_16 blank"> </span>aos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>trabalhadores<span class="_1f blank"> </span>sem<span class="_10 blank"> </span>em-</div><div class="t m12 x48 ha y55 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws56">prego (Slngcr, 2003).</div><div class="t m12 x45 ha y71 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws57">Podemos<span class="_22 blank"> </span>dizer<span class="_16 blank"> </span>que<span class="_c blank"> </span>a noção<span class="_13 blank"> </span>de<span class="_10 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_1d blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_16 blank"> </span>constituirá<span class="_0 blank"> </span>outro<span class="_d blank"> </span>viés</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y72 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws58">subjetivo<span class="_16 blank"> </span>de avaliação<span class="_18 blank"> </span>da<span class="_7 blank"> </span>organização<span class="_22 blank"> </span>da sociedade<span class="_13 blank"> </span>capitalista,<span class="_16 blank"> </span>na<span class="_5 blank"> </span>medida<span class="_d blank"> </span>em</div><div class="t m12 x48 ha y73 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4e">que<span class="_10 blank"> </span>trará<span class="_c blank"> </span>para<span class="_17 blank"> </span>a cena<span class="_10 blank"> </span>social<span class="_c blank"> </span>a perspectiva<span class="_22 blank"> </span>do<span class="_10 blank"> </span>trabalho.<span class="_13 blank"> </span>Se<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a<span class="_4 blank"> </span>noção<span class="_17 blank"> </span>inicial,<span class="_16 blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y74 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws57">bem-estar<span class="_1f blank"> </span>individual,<span class="_1f blank"> </span>na<span class="_a blank"> </span>verdade<span class="_21 blank"> </span>representa<span class="_1f blank"> </span>o<span class="_7 blank"> </span>capital<span class="_16 blank"> </span>c seus<span class="_f blank"> </span>interesses.<span class="_22 blank"> </span>na</div><div class="t m12 x48 ha y15 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws59">produção<span class="_d blank"> </span>e no<span class="_5 blank"> </span>consumo,<span class="_d blank"> </span>a conquista,<span class="_13 blank"> </span>pelos<span class="_a blank"> </span>trabalhadores,<span class="_14 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_c blank"> </span>sociais,</div><div class="t m12 x48 ha y75 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5a">representa os<span class="_11 blank"> </span>interesses do<span class="_4 blank"> </span>trabalho.<span class="_d blank"> </span>E<span class="_15 blank"> </span>os<span class="_4 blank"> </span>representa como<span class="_f blank"> </span>conquista<span class="_d blank"> </span>objetiva,</div><div class="t m12 x48 ha y76 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4c">mas,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>também,<span class="_2 blank"> </span>como<span class="_f blank"> </span>conquista<span class="_1d blank"> </span>no<span class="_7 blank"> </span>âmbito<span class="_18 blank"> </span>do<span class="_5 blank"> </span>viés<span class="_7 blank"> </span>subjetivo:<span class="_18 blank"> </span>não<span class="_a blank"> </span>basta<span class="_17 blank"> </span>a satis-</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y77 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws58">fação<span class="_10 blank"> </span>individual<span class="_13 blank"> </span>de desejos.</div><div class="t m5 x49 hc y77 ff7 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m12 x4a ha y77 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5b">preciso<span class="_f blank"> </span>que<span class="_7 blank"> </span>se estenda<span class="_16 blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>satisfação<span class="_b blank"> </span>às necessida-</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y78 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4c">des<span class="_a blank"> </span>básicas,<span class="_a blank"> </span>fundamentais<span class="_25 blank"> </span>e de<span class="_5 blank"> </span>direito<span class="_16 blank"> </span>a</div><div class="t m1a x4b h13 y78 ff8 fsf fc0 sc0 ls0">todos</div><div class="t m12 x4c ha y78 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5c">os<span class="_5 blank"> </span>trabalhadores.<span class="_1f blank"> </span>A medida<span class="_2 blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m12 x48 ha y79 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws57">nvaUação<span class="_f blank"> </span>do<span class="_f blank"> </span>bem-estar<span class="_14 blank"> </span>se<span class="_a blank"> </span>ampUa<span class="_17 blank"> </span>para<span class="_b blank"> </span>uma<span class="_16 blank"> </span>nova<span class="_17 blank"> </span>percepção.<span class="_22 blank"> </span>a do<span class="_f blank"> </span>coletivo</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y7a ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5d">social<span class="_17 blank"> </span>que. compartilha<span class="_0 blank"> </span>necessidades<span class="_23 blank"> </span>e<span class="_8 blank"> </span>desejos.</div><div class="t m12 x45 ha y7b ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5e">Essa<span class="_7 blank"> </span>conquista<span class="_1d blank"> </span>vaJ se<span class="_7 blank"> </span>dando<span class="_2 blank"> </span>atravessada<span class="_1d blank"> </span>pela<span class="_f blank"> </span>contradição<span class="_14 blank"> </span>fundamental</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y7c ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws51">do<span class="_7 blank"> </span>capitaUsmO,<span class="_f blank"> </span>que<span class="_5 blank"> </span>delimita<span class="_2 blank"> </span>e<span class="_11 blank"> </span>configura<span class="_d blank"> </span>as condições<span class="_1d blank"> </span>de<span class="_5 blank"> </span>trabalho.<span class="_16 blank"> </span>as<span class="_11 blank"> </span>posdbi-</div><div class="t m12 x48 ha y7d ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4c">!idades<span class="_f blank"> </span>de<span class="_5 blank"> </span>consumo,<span class="_1d blank"> </span>as<span class="_9 blank"> </span>relações<span class="_b blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_17 blank"> </span>e os<span class="_9 blank"> </span>embates<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nesse<span class="_10 blank"> </span>campo.</div><div class="t m12 x45 ha y7e ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5f">No<span class="_a blank"> </span>Inicio<span class="_f blank"> </span>do<span class="_a blank"> </span>capitalismo.<span class="_22 blank"> </span>as questões<span class="_d blank"> </span>relativas<span class="_b blank"> </span>às necessidades<span class="_26 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_f blank"> </span>tra.</div><div class="t m12 x44 ha y7f ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws60">balhadores<span class="_1 blank"> </span>aparedam<span class="_1 blank"> </span>socialmente<span class="_1 blank"> </span>muito<span class="_f blank"> </span>mais<span class="_a blank"> </span>no<span class="_5 blank"> </span>que diz respeito<span class="_f blank"> </span>aos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>que<span class="_a blank"> </span>não</div><div class="t m6 x7 ha y80 ff9 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">~</div><div class="t m7 x7 h14 y80 ff9 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls0">..</div><div class="t m7 x9 h7 y81 ff9 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">\u2022.</div><div class="t m18 x4d h15 y81 ff7 fs11 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws61">'</div><div class="t m6 x4e hf y82 ff9 fsd fc0 sc0 ls0 ws62">I'</div><div class="t m6 x4e h6 y83 ff9 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws63">I</div><div class="t m7 x4e h2 y84 ff9 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m6 x7 h15 y84 ff7 fs11 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws61">'</div><div class="t m1b x4e h6 y85 ff9 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws64">, I</div><div class="t m1c x4e h16 y86 ff9 fsf fc0 sc0 ls0">i</div><div class="t m6 x7 hd y86 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2b">I</div><div class="t m1d x4e h17 y87 ff9 fs12 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws65">I</div><div class="t m1e x4e h18 y88 ff9 fs13 fc0 sc0 ls0">i</div><div class="t m5 x4e h5 y89 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m4 x4f h19 y8a ff9 fs14 fc0 sc0 ls0">r</div><div class="t m1 x4f h1a y8b ff9 fs15 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws66">I</div><div class="t m1f x4f h1b y8c ff9 fs16 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws67">I</div><div class="t m20 x4f h16 y8d ff9 fsf fc0 sc0 ls0 ws68">I</div><div class="t m7 x4f h19 y8e ff9 fs14 fc0 sc0 ls0">r</div><div class="t mb x4f h4 y8f ff9 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t ma x50 h14 y90 ff9 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws69">I</div><div class="t me x6 h1c y91 ff9 fs17 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6a">I</div><div class="t m6 x50 h16 y92 ff9 fsf fc0 sc0 ls0">"</div><div class="t m5 x51 h3 y93 ff9 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6b">MARIA<span class="_7 blank"> </span>DA<span class="_8 blank"> </span>GRAÇA<span class="_5 blank"> </span>M. GONÇALVes</div><div class="t m6 x25 hf y94 ff9 fsd fc0 sc0 ls0">.'~</div><div class="t m21 x52 h6 y94 ff9 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">';</div><div class="t m22 x53 h6 y94 ff9 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">.</div><div class="t m5 x54 h6 y94 ff9 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">.</div><div class="t m1e x55 h5 y94 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">.</div><div class="t m7 x56 h5 y94 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">","</div><div class="t m5 x57 h1d y94 ff9 fs18 fc0 sc0 ls0">"</div><div class="t m1e x58 h5 y94 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">.</div><div class="t m23 x5 h1e y94 ff9 fs19 fc0 sc0 ls0">.</div><div class="t m24 x23 h16 y95 ff9 fsf fc0 sc0 ls0">;-'.'~.f;,:.~</div><div class="t m25 x33 ha y95 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6c">G??C?~.~êl)~I~~f:S,s~s~n~d~.<span class="_27 blank"></span>a</div><div class="t m12 x59 ha y95 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6d">avaliação<span class="_17 blank"> </span>do bem-estar</div><div class="t mc x5a ha y95 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m12 x5b ha y95 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">subjetiva:</div><div class="t m25 x5c ha y95 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">o</div><div class="t m12 x5d ha y95 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">individuo</div><div class="t m1e x23 h13 y96 ff8 fsf fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6e">'~'_I:"</div><div class="t m5 x33 h6 y96 ff7 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m12 x34 ha y96 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5b">o mclhQrjuiz"descu<span class="_28 blank"> </span>bem-cstar:Mas,<span class="_1c blank"> </span>também<span class="_d blank"> </span>se considera.<span class="_1d blank"> </span>nessa<span class="_10 blank"> </span>avaliação,</div><div class="t m26 x25 hf y97 ff9 fsd fc0 sc0 ls0">""c,</div><div class="t m27 x52 h3 y97 ff7 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6f">1<span class="_29 blank"> </span>..<span class="_2a blank"> </span>.,'"<span class="_10 blank"> </span>,..<span class="_1a blank"> </span>~-<span class="_f blank"> </span>.</div><div class="t m12 x24 ha y98 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4e">",<span class="_f blank"> </span>alrenda;<span class="_b blank"> </span>de<span class="_a blank"> </span>fo~m~ global<span class="_17 blank"> </span>e<span class="_4 blank"> </span>não<span class="_10 blank"> </span>sU3?istribuição:<span class="_1c blank"> </span>se<span class="_7 blank"> </span>aumenta<span class="_1d blank"> </span>o<span class="_4 blank"> </span>bem-estar<span class="_26 blank"> </span>e a</div><div class="t m12 x33 ha y99 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">partic1paç.;o</div><div class="t mb x5e h16 y99 ff7 fsf fc0 sc0 ls0">doJ</div><div class="t m12 x5f ha y99 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws70">pobres<span class="_18 blank"> </span>na<span class="_5 blank"> </span>distribuição<span class="_26 blank"> </span>da<span class="_7 blank"> </span>riqueza<span class="_b blank"> </span>não<span class="_a blank"> </span>diminui,<span class="_13 blank"> </span>o bem-estar</div><div class="t m5 x33 ha y9a ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m12 x34 ha y9a ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">aumentado.</div><div class="t m7 x60 h1f y9a ff7 fs1a fc0 sc0 ls0">Ou</div><div class="t m12 x57 ha y9a ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws70">seja,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>o bem-estar<span class="_23 blank"> </span>da<span class="_7 blank"> </span>sociedade<span class="_1 blank"> </span>depende<span class="_1 blank"> </span>do<span class="_5 blank"> </span>bem-estar<span class="_1f blank"> </span>dos</div><div class="t m12 x33 ha y9b ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4e">individuas<span class="_22 blank"> </span>que<span class="_a blank"> </span>a compõem<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e cada<span class="_17 blank"> </span>indivf~uo</div><div class="t m5 x61 ha y9b ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m12 x62 ha y9b ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws71">o melhor<span class="_b blank"> </span>juiz<span class="_f blank"> </span>de seu<span class="_7 blank"> </span>bem4cs-</div><div class="t m12 x33 ha y9c ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws72">tari<span class="_7 blank"> </span>c. se<span class="_4 blank"> </span>um<span class="_10 blank"> </span>individuo<span class="_23 blank"> </span>tiver<span class="_7 blank"> </span>um<span class="_f blank"> </span>bem-estar<span class="_23 blank"> </span>superior<span class="_1d blank"> </span>ao<span class="_5 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>demais,<span class="_16 blank"> </span>sem<span class="_10 blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m12 x33 ha y9d ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws70">o bem-estar<span class="_1 blank"> </span>desses<span class="_17 blank"> </span>diminua,<span class="_1d blank"> </span>então<span class="_b blank"> </span>o bem-estar<span class="_1 blank"> </span>da<span class="_7 blank"> </span>sociedade<span class="_1d blank"> </span>cresceu<span class="_16 blank"> </span>(teoria</div><div class="t m12 x33 ha y9e ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">do</div><div class="t m28 x63 h11 y9e ff8 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws73">crescimento constante).</div><div class="t m12 x64 ha y9e ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5b">Nessa<span class="_f blank"> </span>perspectiva,<span class="_22 blank"> </span>os<span class="_5 blank"> </span>indivíduos<span class="_1 blank"> </span>são<span class="_a blank"> </span>as moléculas</div><div class="t m12 x33 ha y9f ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws74">sociais<span class="_b blank"> </span>do<span class="_c blank"> </span>sistema<span class="_13 blank"> </span>econômico.<span class="_20 blank"> </span>A elite<span class="_18 blank"> </span>representa<span class="_1f blank"> </span>os<span class="_f blank"> </span>mais<span class="_c blank"> </span>capazes.<span class="_13 blank"> </span>os<span class="_f blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m12 x33 ha ya0 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">enriqueceram.</div><div class="t m12 x65 ha ya1 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws52">Essa<span class="_7 blank"> </span>concepção<span class="_1 blank"> </span>valoriza.<span class="_16 blank"> </span>dessa<span class="_c blank"> </span>forma.<span class="_b blank"> </span>as noções<span class="_16 blank"> </span>fundamentais<span class="_29 blank"> </span>do<span class="_a blank"> </span>libe-</div><div class="t m12 x33 ha ya2 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4c">ralismo<span class="_c blank"> </span>econOmico.<span class="_16 blank"> </span>que<span class="_7 blank"> </span>v~<span class="_e blank"> </span>no<span class="_7 blank"> </span>mercado<span class="_13 blank"> </span>a regulação<span class="_2 blank"> </span>natural<span class="_2 blank"> </span>da<span class="_5 blank"> </span>economia<span class="_13 blank"> </span>c da</div><div class="t m12 x33 ha ya3 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws75">socledade.<span class="_26 blank"> </span>Co~o<span class="_14 blank"> </span>decorr~ncia.<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os conceitos<span class="_22 blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m28 x66 h11 ya3 ff8 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">utilidade</div><div class="t m12 x67 ha ya3 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">e</div><div class="t m28 x68 h11 ya3 ff8 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">otimização,</div><div class="t m12 x69 ha ya3 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">que</div><div class="t m12 x33 ha ya4 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4c">combinam<span class="_22 blank"> </span>lucro<span class="_17 blank"> </span>e satisfação<span class="_2 blank"> </span>do<span class="_a blank"> </span>consumidor<span class="_0 blank"> </span>(preferências<span class="_23 blank"> </span>e<span class="_6 blank"> </span>preços).<span class="_b blank"> </span>são<span class="_a blank"> </span>cri-</div><div class="t m12 x33 ha ya5 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws76">ttrios<span class="_22 blank"> </span>de<span class="_17 blank"> </span>avaliação<span class="_22 blank"> </span>econÔmica<span class="_23 blank"> </span>e. ao<span class="_10 blank"> </span>mesmo<span class="_1 blank"> </span>tempo.<span class="_1 blank"> </span>social.<span class="_d blank"> </span>A<span class="_a blank"> </span>questão<span class="_23 blank"> </span>do</div><div class="t m12 x33 ha ya6 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws57">bem.estar<span class="_0 blank"> </span>econÔmico<span class="_1 blank"> </span>seria<span class="_16 blank"> </span>equacionada<span class="_29 blank"> </span>pela<span class="_c blank"> </span>relação<span class="_d blank"> </span>entre<span class="_d blank"> </span>os<span class="_a blank"> </span>preços<span class="_d blank"> </span>e os</div><div class="t m12 x33 ha ya7 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws71">gastos<span class="_f blank"> </span>de cada<span class="_f blank"> </span>indivíduo.<span class="_22 blank"> </span>entendendo-se<span class="_28 blank"> </span>o preço<span class="_f blank"> </span>como<span class="_b blank"> </span>medida<span class="_2 blank"> </span>da<span class="_7 blank"> </span>utilidade,</div><div class="t m12 x6a ha ya8 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws48">definida<span class="_13 blank"> </span>no<span class="_10 blank"> </span>merendo<span class="_21 blank"> </span>pelo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>grau<span class="_18 blank"> </span>de satisfação<span class="_d blank"> </span>dos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>consumidores<span class="_25 blank"> </span>individuais.</div><div class="t m12 x6a ha ya9 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4c">Ou<span class="_7 blank"> </span>seja,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>é um~<span class="_a blank"> </span>perspectiva<span class="_23 blank"> </span>que<span class="_10 blank"> </span>tem<span class="_a blank"> </span>como<span class="_f blank"> </span>critério<span class="_2 blank"> </span>de<span class="_5 blank"> </span>avaliação<span class="_16 blank"> </span>os<span class="_9 blank"> </span>indivíduos</div><div class="t m12 x6a ha yaa ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4c">c sua<span class="_a blank"> </span>satisfação.<span class="_1f blank"> </span>.</div><div class="t m21 x6b h6 yab ff9 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws77">. I</div><div class="t m12 x65 ha yac ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws78">Os<span class="_7 blank"> </span>limites ~cssa<span class="_17 blank"> </span>teoria desde logo<span class="_a blank"> </span>se<span class="_5 blank"> </span>revelaram.<span class="_1 blank"> </span>Mostrou:se<span class="_1f blank"> </span>uma<span class="_17 blank"> </span>pen;-</div><div class="t m12 x6a ha y8a ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4c">pectiva<span class="_c blank"> </span>teórica.<span class="_b blank"> </span>na<span class="_7 blank"> </span>medida<span class="_16 blank"> </span>em<span class="_a blank"> </span>que<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a defesa<span class="_10 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>interesses<span class="_13 blank"> </span>do<span class="_4 blank"> </span>capital<span class="_17 blank"> </span>implicou</div><div class="t m12 x6a ha yad ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5b">uma<span class="_10 blank"> </span>organização<span class="_23 blank"> </span>crescente<span class="_d blank"> </span>de<span class="_a blank"> </span>monopólios.<span class="_26 blank"> </span>minando<span class="_22 blank"> </span>cada<span class="_f blank"> </span>vez<span class="_9 blank"> </span>mais<span class="_10 blank"> </span>as possi-</div><div class="t m12 x6a ha yae ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6d">bilidades<span class="_d blank"> </span>da nlivre<span class="_7 blank"> </span>concorrência':<span class="_1f blank"> </span>Além<span class="_f blank"> </span>disso,<span class="_a blank"> </span>tal teoria<span class="_b blank"> </span>supunha<span class="_21 blank"> </span>uma<span class="_f blank"> </span>separa-</div><div class="t m12 x6a ha yaf ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws79">ção<span class="_7 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_f blank"> </span>produção<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e<span class="_11 blank"> </span>consumo;<span class="_1d blank"> </span>não<span class="_a blank"> </span>foram<span class="_17 blank"> </span>consideradas<span class="_1f blank"> </span>questões<span class="_16 blank"> </span>rel~.t1vas ao</div><div class="t m12 x6a ha yb0 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws48">controle<span class="_13 blank"> </span>da<span class="_4 blank"> </span>força<span class="_17 blank"> </span>de traballio<span class="_13 blank"> </span>e<span class="_9 blank"> </span>não<span class="_10 blank"> </span>foi<span class="_9 blank"> </span>abordado<span class="_22 blank"> </span>o<span class="_6 blank"> </span>problema<span class="_22 blank"> </span>da d1strlbuJçio</div><div class="t m12 x6a ha yb1 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4f">de renda.</div><div class="t m12 x6c ha yb2 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7a">Isso<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ocorre;e<span class="_b blank"> </span>vai sendo<span class="_17 blank"> </span>evidenciado<span class="_14 blank"> </span>porque<span class="_16 blank"> </span>uma<span class="_f blank"> </span>das<span class="_7 blank"> </span>caracterlsticas<span class="_26 blank"> </span>pró-</div><div class="t m12 x6a ha yb3 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws48">prias<span class="_f blank"> </span>do<span class="_a blank"> </span>modo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>de produção<span class="_14 blank"> </span>capitalista</div><div class="t m5 x6d ha yb3 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m12 x6e ha yb3 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws48">a<span class="_4 blank"> </span>impossibUidade<span class="_1f blank"> </span>de contar.<span class="_16 blank"> </span>na or-</div><div class="t m12 x6f ha yb4 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws48">ganização<span class="_1 blank"> </span>econOmica<span class="_2 blank"> </span>da sociedade.<span class="_23 blank"> </span>com<span class="_f blank"> </span>uma<span class="_f blank"> </span>situação<span class="_13 blank"> </span>em<span class="_a blank"> </span>que<span class="_f blank"> </span>todos<span class="_17 blank"> </span>os tra-</div><div class="t m12 x6f ha yb5 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7b">balhadores<span class="_2b blank"> </span>tenham<span class="_23 blank"> </span>emprego<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e todos<span class="_16 blank"> </span>os<span class="_10 blank"> </span>trabalhadores<span class="_1e blank"> </span>autOnomos<span class="_1 blank"> </span>tenham</div><div class="t m12 x6f ha yb6 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4c">sucesso<span class="_c blank"> </span>no<span class="_7 blank"> </span>mercado.<span class="_2 blank"> </span>Faz<span class="_9 blank"> </span>parte<span class="_10 blank"> </span>da<span class="_5 blank"> </span>estrutura<span class="_21 blank"> </span>capitalista<span class="_16 blank"> </span>a produção<span class="_21 blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>exceden-</div><div class="t m12 x6f ha yb7 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws47">~e<span class="_2c blank"> </span>que<span class="_f blank"> </span>limita<span class="_16 blank"> </span>a necessidade<span class="_23 blank"> </span>de<span class="_2d blank"> </span>produção.<span class="_22 blank"> </span>por<span class="_2d blank"> </span>um<span class="_f blank"> </span>lado<span class="_17 blank"> </span>e,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>por<span class="_2d blank"> </span>outro.<span class="_b blank"> </span>a venda</div><div class="t m6 x70 hf yb8 ff9 fsd fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m29 x71 h6 yb8 ff9 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">..</div><div class="t m6 x72 h9 yb9 ff7 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">"</div><div class="t m7 x70 h20 yba ffa fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7c">,J",</div><div class="t m5 x70 hf ybb ff9 fsd fc0 sc0 ls0">.-,'</div><div class="t m2a x21 h5 ybc ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">.i</div><div class="t m2b x73 h8 ybd ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0">L</div><div class="t md x44 hd ybe ff7 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7d">PSICOLOGIA.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>SUBIllTIVIDADE<span class="_10 blank"> </span>E POt1TICAS<span class="_2d blank"> </span>PúauCAS</div><div class="t m2c x74 h21 ybf ff9 fs1b fc0 sc0 ls0">"</div><div class="t m7 x75 h6 y85 ff9 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws63">I</div><div class="t m1e x75 h5 yc0 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m1d x75 h9 yc1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7e">I</div><div class="t m7 x75 h8 yc2 ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7f">I</div><div class="t m7 x76 h7 y56 ff9 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws80">'I</div><div class="t m7 x75 h9 yc3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m1f x75 hd yc4 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2b">I</div><div class="t m5 x77 ha yc5 ff9 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws81">...<span class="_2e blank"></span>i</div><div class="t m7 x75 h6 yc6 ff9 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws63">I</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h22" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h22"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w0 h22" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/b31f9048-15d0-4d04-8587-0324d2a351c4/bg4.png"><div class="t m5 x78 ha yc7 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws82">pia liberal<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de que o<span class="_e blank"> </span>mercado,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>em ação espontânea.<span class="_a blank"> </span>produziria<span class="_5 blank"> </span>equilíbrio<span class="_8 blank"> </span>entre</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha yc8 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws83">.<span class="_11 blank"> </span>todos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>os<span class="_8 blank"> </span>indivíduos<span class="_a blank"> </span>(vantagens<span class="_5 blank"> </span>para<span class="_4 blank"> </span>todos,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>através<span class="_6 blank"> </span>da<span class="_15 blank"> </span>livre<span class="_11 blank"> </span>concorrência<span class="_4 blank"> </span>e da</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha yc9 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws84">livre<span class="_9 blank"> </span>escolha)<span class="_5 blank"> </span>jamais<span class="_7 blank"> </span>foi realizada.</div><div class="t md x7a ha yc9 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">O</div><div class="t m5 x7b ha yc9 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws85">crescimento<span class="_f blank"> </span>dos monopólios<span class="_a blank"> </span>e</div><div class="t m19 x7c hc yc9 ffb fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws86">as mu-</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha yca ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws87">danças<span class="_4 blank"> </span>na<span class="_11 blank"> </span>produção,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>com<span class="_9 blank"> </span>a utilização<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>tecnologia<span class="_4 blank"> </span>que<span class="_8 blank"> </span>diminui<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a necessida-</div><div class="t m1e x78 h10 ycb ffc fse fc0 sc0 ls0">de</div><div class="t m5 x3c ha ycb ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws88">de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>mão<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>obra<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e aumenta<span class="_17 blank"> </span>a produção,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>vão<span class="_5 blank"> </span>evidenciando<span class="_a blank"> </span>cada<span class="_6 blank"> </span>vez<span class="_e blank"> </span>mais</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha ycc ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws89">que é<span class="_8 blank"> </span>a<span class="_9 blank"> </span>produção<span class="_2d blank"> </span>que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>comanda<span class="_2d blank"> </span>o<span class="_9 blank"> </span>consumo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>e<span class="_6 blank"> </span>não o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>inverso.<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Tratava-se,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>na-</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha y2a ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8a">quele<span class="_6 blank"> </span>momento,<span class="_f blank"> </span>de justificar<span class="_7 blank"> </span>isso ideologicamente<span class="_f blank"> </span>e,<span class="_8 blank"> </span>ao mesmo<span class="_4 blank"> </span>tempo,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>esta-</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha ycd ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws87">belecer<span class="_7 blank"> </span>regulaçÕes<span class="_15 blank"> </span>que<span class="_11 blank"> </span>contivessem-os<span class="_a blank"> </span>desequilíbrios<span class="_a blank"> </span>e pennilissem<span class="_c blank"> </span>a conti-</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha yce ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8b">nuidade<span class="_a blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>desenvolvimento<span class="_17 blank"> </span>das forças produtivas<span class="_10 blank"> </span>capitalistas.</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha ycf ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8c">A<span class="_e blank"> </span>teoria<span class="_8 blank"> </span>do<span class="_8 blank"> </span>bem-estar<span class="_a blank"> </span>econômico<span class="_5 blank"> </span>não<span class="_6 blank"> </span>explicava<span class="_15 blank"> </span>mais,<span class="_15 blank"> </span>frente<span class="_e blank"> </span>a<span class="_15 blank"> </span>essas ques-</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha yd0 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8d">tões,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>como<span class="_11 blank"> </span>se daria<span class="_9 blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>satisfação<span class="_9 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>indivíduos.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Dentro<span class="_5 blank"> </span>da<span class="_e blank"> </span>ideologia liberal,<span class="_8 blank"> </span>os</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha y30 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8e">critérios<span class="_2d blank"> </span>continuavam<span class="_b blank"> </span>sendo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>os do<span class="_a blank"> </span>mercado<span class="_2d blank"> </span>e<span class="_4 blank"> </span>do<span class="_5 blank"> </span>consumo.<span class="_a blank"> </span>Entretanto,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>as</div><div class="t m5 x7e ha yd1 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8f">.<span class="_1a blank"> </span>mudanças<span class="_5 blank"> </span>,na produção<span class="_10 blank"> </span>e<span class="_15 blank"> </span>os<span class="_8 blank"> </span>monopÓlios<span class="_9 blank"> </span>eram<span class="_9 blank"> </span>fatos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>deveriam<span class="_11 blank"> </span>ser<span class="_8 blank"> </span>aceitos.</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha ya2 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws83">Sendo,<span class="_8 blank"> </span>então,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>os<span class="_15 blank"> </span>monopólios<span class="_10 blank"> </span>uma<span class="_4 blank"> </span>realidade,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a garantia<span class="_4 blank"> </span>do<span class="_e blank"> </span>bem-estar<span class="_5 blank"> </span>dos</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha ya3 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws90">individuos<span class="_f blank"> </span>deveria<span class="_7 blank"> </span>contar<span class="_10 blank"> </span>coma<span class="_2d blank"> </span>intervenção<span class="_d blank"> </span>do Estado.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Continuava<span class="_a blank"> </span>sendo</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha yd2 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws91">no<span class="_4 blank"> </span>mercado<span class="_a blank"> </span>que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>os individuas<span class="_17 blank"> </span>deveriam<span class="_7 blank"> </span>buscar<span class="_a blank"> </span>a satisfação<span class="_11 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>suas<span class="_11 blank"> </span>necessi-</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y83 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws87">,dades<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de'consumo.<span class="_f blank"> </span>Mas,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>o<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Estado<span class="_5 blank"> </span>deveria<span class="_7 blank"> </span>subsidiar<span class="_a blank"> </span>a produção<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>produtos</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha yd3 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws92">essenciais;<span class="_9 blank"> </span>estabelecer<span class="_a blank"> </span>regras<span class="_5 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>viabilizassem<span class="_a blank"> </span>o mínimo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>para<span class="_5 blank"> </span>cnda um;<span class="_9 blank"> </span>re-</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha yd4 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws93">gular<span class="_4 blank"> </span>as relações<span class="_9 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_4 blank"> </span>os<span class="_6 blank"> </span>produtores;<span class="_10 blank"> </span>regular<span class="_5 blank"> </span>as relações<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de trabalho.</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha yd5 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws94">São várias<span class="_7 blank"> </span>as<span class="_9 blank"> </span>implicações<span class="_2d blank"> </span>daí<span class="_7 blank"> </span>deçorrentes.<span class="_c blank"> </span>O<span class="_4 blank"> </span>capitalismo<span class="_a blank"> </span>monopolista</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha yd6 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws95">impõe<span class="_9 blank"> </span>novas<span class="_8 blank"> </span>concepções<span class="_6 blank"> </span>para<span class="_4 blank"> </span>o bem-estar<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e surge<span class="_e blank"> </span>a</div><div class="t m19 x4c h11 yd6 ffd fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws96">segunda alternativa<span class="_a blank"> </span>melhor</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha y13 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8a">no<span class="_6 blank"> </span>lugar<span class="_4 blank"> </span>da teoria<span class="_7 blank"> </span>do<span class="_8 blank"> </span>bem-estar<span class="_f blank"> </span>econômico<span class="_10 blank"> </span>(Faleiros,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>2000b).<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Nessa<span class="_11 blank"> </span>segunda</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha yd7 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws97">via,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>não<span class="_9 blank"> </span>é<span class="_e blank"> </span>o<span class="_15 blank"> </span>consumidor<span class="_18 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>tem<span class="_9 blank"> </span>a primeira<span class="_2d blank"> </span>escolha,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>já<span class="_11 blank"> </span>que<span class="_8 blank"> </span>ele está<span class="_e blank"> </span>prisionei~</div><div class="t m26 x78 hd yd8 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">tO</div><div class="t m5 x3c ha yd8 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws88">do<span class="_4 blank"> </span>monopólio<span class="_17 blank"> </span>e sua<span class="_6 blank"> </span>liberdade<span class="_10 blank"> </span>está<span class="_4 blank"> </span>condicionada<span class="_f blank"> </span>pelo<span class="_5 blank"> </span>"interesse<span class="_9 blank"> </span>público~</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha yd9 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws87">Nesse<span class="_11 blank"> </span>momento.<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a produçãO<span class="_5 blank"> </span>comanda<span class="_10 blank"> </span>o<span class="_e blank"> </span>consumo<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>forma<span class="_4 blank"> </span>mais'clara.</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha yda ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws98">Entretanto.<span class="_2d blank"> </span>o consumidor<span class="_2f blank"> </span>deve<span class="_9 blank"> </span>acreditar<span class="_10 blank"> </span>que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>escolhe<span class="_9 blank"> </span>e<span class="_8 blank"> </span>aí entra<span class="_5 blank"> </span>o papel</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha ydb ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws99">da propaganda.<span class="_17 blank"> </span>Apresentam-se<span class="_10 blank"> </span>os mesmos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>produtos<span class="_a blank"> </span>com<span class="_8 blank"> </span>pequenas<span class="_9 blank"> </span>variações</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha ydc ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9a">que<span class="_8 blank"> </span>traurn<span class="_2f blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>ilusão<span class="_4 blank"> </span>da<span class="_11 blank"> </span>escol?a;<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a publicidade<span class="_10 blank"> </span>tenta<span class="_7 blank"> </span>escolher<span class="_e blank"> </span>pelo<span class="_6 blank"> </span>consumidor</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha y1b ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9b">e apresenta<span class="_7 blank"> </span>como<span class="_6 blank"> </span>bom<span class="_5 blank"> </span>para<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ele o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m21 x7b ha y1b ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 x80 ha y1b ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9c">bom<span class="_9 blank"> </span>para<span class="_7 blank"> </span>o produtor.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Deve-se,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>apesar</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha ydd ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws94">disso,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>tentar<span class="_a blank"> </span>garantir<span class="_f blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>satisfação<span class="_a blank"> </span>do<span class="_5 blank"> </span>consumidor<span class="_b blank"> </span>e a publicidade<span class="_10 blank"> </span>esforça-se</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha yde ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9d">também<span class="_a blank"> </span>por<span class="_4 blank"> </span>produzir<span class="_10 blank"> </span>essa satisfação.</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha ydf ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9e">Nesse proce~so<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ocorre<span class="_f blank"> </span>a inversão:</div><div class="t m14 x81 hd ydf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">0_</div><div class="t m5 x82 ha ydf ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9f">que <span class="fs5 ls1">é</span><span class="wsa0">bom<span class="_a blank"> </span>para<span class="_a blank"> </span>o produtor<span class="_2f blank"> </span>deve</span></div><div class="t m5 x78 ha ye0 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa1">aparecer<span class="_5 blank"> </span>como<span class="_4 blank"> </span>bom<span class="_5 blank"> </span>para<span class="_5 blank"> </span>o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>consumidor,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>sendo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que<span class="_9 blank"> </span>o interesse<span class="_4 blank"> </span>do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>produtor<span class="_2f blank"> </span><span class="fs5">é</span></div><div class="t m6 x83 hc ye1 ffc fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7c">I</div><div class="t m7 x23 h5 ye2 ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa2">,,361</div><div class="t m12 x61 hd ye2 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa3">MARIA<span class="_11 blank"> </span>DA GRAÇA M.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>GONÇALVES</div><div class="t m2d x84 h1a ye3 ffb fs15 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa4">1 .</div><div class="t md x84 ha ye4 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa5">tiJil.ham:trabalho,</div><div class="t m5 x55 ha ye4 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa5">do,queem,ielação</div><div class="t md x85 ha ye4 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa6">aos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>demais.<span class="_16 blank"> </span>Na verdade.<span class="_13 blank"> </span>no<span class="_a blank"> </span>momento<span class="_26 blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m19 x84 hc ye5 ffb fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">iri</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha ye5 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">tituir</div><div class="t m19 x86 hc ye5 ffb fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa7">o capitalismo<span class="_1d blank"> </span>como<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a.Jióva<span class="_a blank"> </span>organização</div><div class="t m5 x87 ha ye5 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">socialeeconÓmicaera</div><div class="t m19 x5d hc ye5 ffb fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">fun-</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha ye6 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa8">d<span class="_7 blank"> </span>mental<span class="_2d blank"> </span>que<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a<span class="_4 blank"> </span>nova<span class="_6 blank"> </span>'forma<span class="_2d blank"> </span>de<span class="_5 blank"> </span>trabalho'<span class="_10 blank"> </span>fosse- valorizada<span class="_18 blank"> </span>e,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>se<span class="_9 blank"> </span>necessário,</div><div class="t m5 x24 ha ye7 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">posta.</div><div class="t m2e x86 h16 ye7 ffb fsf fc0 sc0 ls0">Já</div><div class="t m5 x88 ha ye7 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9a">nos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>referimosaiSso,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>quando<span class="_4 blank"> </span>mencionamos<span class="_17 blank"> </span>a<span class="_1a blank"> </span>repressão<span class="_9 blank"> </span>à vadiagem</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha ye8 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa9">e<span class="_13 blank"> </span>imposição<span class="_7 blank"> </span>aos indivIduos<span class="_a blank"> </span>para<span class="_5 blank"> </span>que<span class="_11 blank"> </span>vendessem<span class="_10 blank"> </span>sua</div><div class="t md x66 ha ye8 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">forçil</div><div class="t m5 x89 ha ye8 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsaa">de trabalho.</div><div class="t md x6f ha ye9 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsab">Várias medidas<span class="_d blank"> </span>foram<span class="_b blank"> </span>criadas<span class="_2f blank"> </span>para</div><div class="t m5 x8a ha ye9 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">garantir</div><div class="t md x8b ha ye9 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsac">que os</div><div class="t m5 x8c ha ye9 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsad">indivíduos entrassem</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha yea ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsaa">n<span class="_2 blank"> </span>mercado<span class="_2d blank"> </span>com<span class="_4 blank"> </span>sua<span class="_4 blank"> </span>força<span class="_6 blank"> </span>de trabalho.<span class="_2d blank"> </span>todas<span class="_7 blank"> </span>elas<span class="_6 blank"> </span>expressando<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a concepção</div><div class="t md x84 ha yeb ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsae">d<span class="_2 blank"> </span>que<span class="_7 blank"> </span>o desemprego<span class="_23 blank"> </span>seria<span class="_a blank"> </span>voluntário,"portanto<span class="_30 blank"> </span>deveria</div><div class="t m5 x66 ha yeb ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws83">.se:rcriticado<span class="_15 blank"> </span>e punido.</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha yec ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsaf">S~o exemplos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>dessas<span class="_6 blank"> </span>medidas:<span class="_9 blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>proibição<span class="_4 blank"> </span>da<span class="_11 blank"> </span>mendicância;<span class="_10 blank"> </span>marcar<span class="_4 blank"> </span>os<span class="_8 blank"> </span>mendi-</div><div class="t m15 x25 h4 y2c ffc fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha y6a ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws94">gds com<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ferro<span class="_5 blank"> </span>em<span class="_9 blank"> </span>brasa<span class="_7 blank"> </span>para<span class="_4 blank"> </span>localizar<span class="_7 blank"> </span>os<span class="_9 blank"> </span>reincidentes;<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a deportação<span class="_c blank"> </span>para<span class="_5 blank"> </span>as</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha y6b ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsb0">cglônias<span class="_4 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>"não<span class="_4 blank"> </span>queriam" trabalhar;<span class="_c blank"> </span>a<span class="_6 blank"> </span>criação das <span class="ffd wsb1">Workhouses, </span><span class="wsb2">na In-</span></div><div class="t m5 x84 ha yed ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9a">glaterra<span class="_5 blank"> </span>e ,dos<span class="_15 blank"> </span>"hospitais<span class="_5 blank"> </span>gerais':<span class="_6 blank"> </span>na<span class="_9 blank"> </span>França,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>onde<span class="_11 blank"> </span>os<span class="_4 blank"> </span>sem<span class="_9 blank"> </span>trabalho<span class="_a blank"> </span>eram<span class="_4 blank"> </span>inter-</div><div class="t m5 x2e ha yee ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws87">,nddos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>e obrigados<span class="_a blank"> </span>a trabalhar.<span class="_31 blank"> </span>.</div><div class="t m1e x25 h5 yef ffc fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m7 x25 h21 y32 ffc fs1b fc0 sc0 ls0">i</div><div class="t m5 x6f ha y32 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws87">Nesse primeiro<span class="_a blank"> </span>periodo,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>então,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a questão<span class="_7 blank"> </span>do<span class="_8 blank"> </span>trabalho<span class="_10 blank"> </span><span class="fs5 ls2">é</span><span class="ws8a">tratada<span class="_a blank"> </span>de forma</span></div><div class="t m5 x84 ha yf0 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws94">a ~stabelecer<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>modo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>cada vez mais<span class="_7 blank"> </span>claro<span class="_4 blank"> </span>os<span class="_6 blank"> </span>contornos<span class="_c blank"> </span>das novas<span class="_7 blank"> </span>relações</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha yf1 ffc fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">~</div><div class="t m5 x8d ha yf2 ffc fs9 fc0 sc0 ls3">i<span class="ffb ls0 wsb2">aos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>que<span class="_7 blank"> </span>não<span class="_5 blank"> </span>têm<span class="_a blank"> </span>os<span class="_15 blank"> </span>meios<span class="_c blank"> </span>de produção<span class="_b blank"> </span>resta<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a<span class="_9 blank"> </span>opção<span class="_a blank"> </span>de se submeter<span class="_10 blank"> </span>à</span></div><div class="t m5 x84 ha yf3 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsb3">v<span class="_a blank"> </span>nela da<span class="_9 blank"> </span>força<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>trabalho.<span class="_2d blank"> </span>Isto</div><div class="t md x8e ha yf3 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa5">é,</div><div class="t m5 x59 ha yf3 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsb4">ao mesmo<span class="_2d blank"> </span>tempo,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>reforçado<span class="_f blank"> </span>ideologica-</div><div class="t m5 x25 ha yf4 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsb5">ente,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>com<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>divulgação<span class="_7 blank"> </span>da<span class="_6 blank"> </span>ideia<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>que os<span class="_6 blank"> </span>que não trabalham</div><div class="t m21 x8f ha yf4 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">ó</div><div class="t m5 x90 ha yf4 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws45">fazem vo-</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha y86 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsb6">lu<span class="_10 blank"> </span>tariamente<span class="_2d blank"> </span>e, por<span class="_7 blank"> </span>isso, merecem<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>fome<span class="_9 blank"> </span>ou<span class="_6 blank"> </span>mesmo<span class="_a blank"> </span>a morte.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>A<span class="_11 blank"> </span>proteção</div><div class="t md x91 ha y86 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha yf5 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsb7">g,<span class="_15 blank"> </span>rantida<span class="_6 blank"> </span>apenas<span class="_9 blank"> </span>aos impossibilitados<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_1a blank"> </span>trabalhar<span class="_7 blank"> </span>por<span class="_11 blank"> </span>questões<span class="_11 blank"> </span>físicas<span class="_e blank"> </span>(velhos.</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha y87 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsb8">drcntes"<span class="_5 blank"> </span>deficientes).<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Em<span class="_6 blank"> </span>nenhum<span class="_17 blank"> </span>caso estão<span class="_9 blank"> </span>postas<span class="_5 blank"> </span>as<span class="_11 blank"> </span>questões<span class="_7 blank"> </span>como de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>di-</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha yf6 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsb9">r1tos;<span class="_a blank"> </span>os<span class="_15 blank"> </span>que<span class="_11 blank"> </span>podem<span class="_7 blank"> </span>trabalhar<span class="_a blank"> </span>devem<span class="_6 blank"> </span>fazê-lo<span class="_11 blank"> </span>e<span class="_15 blank"> </span>sujeitar-se<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a?<span class="_e blank"> </span>mercado;<span class="_a blank"> </span>os que</div><div class="t m2f x84 h8 yf7 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0">~10</div><div class="t m5 x2f ha yf7 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9e">podem,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>têm<span class="_a blank"> </span>como<span class="_a blank"> </span>recurso<span class="_a blank"> </span>a filantropia,<span class="_a blank"> </span>reconhecida<span class="_b blank"> </span>pelo<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Estado,<span class="_a blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha yf8 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9c">d<span class="_a blank"> </span>signava<span class="_8 blank"> </span>tal<span class="_11 blank"> </span>tarefa<span class="_9 blank"> </span>às Igrejas.<span class="_e blank"> </span>por<span class="_4 blank"> </span>exemplo.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>A relação<span class="_4 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_4 blank"> </span>o Estado,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>socie-</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha yf9 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws87">d<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>e a economia<span class="_a blank"> </span>não<span class="_5 blank"> </span>está,<span class="_8 blank"> </span>então,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>permeada<span class="_f blank"> </span>pelos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_6 blank"> </span>explicita-</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha yd9 ffb fs2 fc0 sc0 ls4">1<span class="fs9 ls0 wsba">ente colocados,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>mas<span class="_5 blank"> </span>pela repressão<span class="_a blank"> </span>aO<span class="_2c blank"> </span>não<span class="_5 blank"> </span>trabalho<span class="_17 blank"> </span>e<span class="_6 blank"> </span>pela<span class="_9 blank"> </span>assistência<span class="_a blank"> </span>aos</span></div><div class="t m5 x24 ha yfa ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">possibilitados.</div><div class="t m5 x6a ha yfb ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsbb">Isso<span class="_e blank"> </span>ocorre<span class="_7 blank"> </span>no<span class="_9 blank"> </span>plano social<span class="_6 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_9 blank"> </span>mesmo<span class="_9 blank"> </span>tempo<span class="_a blank"> </span>que,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>no plano econômico.</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha y8d ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsbc">d<span class="_a blank"> </span>fende~se<span class="_2c blank"> </span>o viés<span class="_15 blank"> </span>do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>bem.e~tar<span class="_7 blank"> </span>do indivíduo,<span class="_a blank"> </span>com<span class="_9 blank"> </span>a<span class="_15 blank"> </span>teoria<span class="_5 blank"> </span>do bem-estar<span class="_a blank"> </span>eco-</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha yfc ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws87">n<span class="_17 blank"> </span>mico, como<span class="_7 blank"> </span>refer!ncia<span class="_a blank"> </span>para<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a produção<span class="_2d blank"> </span>e o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>éonslimo.</div><div class="t m5 x6a ha yfd ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsbd">As primeiras<span class="_10 blank"> </span>crises<span class="_8 blank"> </span>do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>capitalismo<span class="_9 blank"> </span>impuseram,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>entretanto,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>novas<span class="_e blank"> </span>formas</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha yfe ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws94">d<span class="_2 blank"> </span>regulnção<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que<span class="_9 blank"> </span>possibilitassem<span class="_18 blank"> </span>a manutenção<span class="_b blank"> </span>das<span class="_4 blank"> </span>relações<span class="_7 blank"> </span>capitalistas.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>A</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha yff ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws99">ão invisível<span class="_e blank"> </span>do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>mercado"<span class="_9 blank"> </span>talvez<span class="_8 blank"> </span>necessitasse<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de uma<span class="_4 blank"> </span>colaboração<span class="_5 blank"> </span>e passa~se</div><div class="t m5 x84 ha y100 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsaa">a<span class="_c blank"> </span>tribuir<span class="_7 blank"> </span>um<span class="_9 blank"> </span>papel<span class="_6 blank"> </span>mais<span class="_9 blank"> </span>claro ao Estado,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>o de garantir<span class="_7 blank"> </span>essa<span class="_e blank"> </span>regulação.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>A<span class="_e blank"> </span>uto-</div><div class="t md x92 hf y101 ffc fsd fc0 sc0 ls0">,.'.'</div><div class="t m30 x92 h3 y102 ffc fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0">i.,</div><div class="t m0 x38 h2 y103 ffc fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0">,~,:.</div><div class="t mc x36 h5 y104 ffc fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">,~,</div><div class="t m7 x93 h15 y104 ffc fs11 fc0 sc0 ls0">"</div><div class="t m31 x37 hc y7f ffc fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">,r~</div><div class="t m5 x36 h23 y105 ffc fs1c fc0 sc0 ls0 wsbe">I"</div><div class="t m7 x38 h19 y106 ffc fs14 fc0 sc0 ls0">.</div><div class="t m32 x94 hd y107 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">'~,</div><div class="t m12 x78 hd y108 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 wsbf">PSICOLOGiA,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>SUll)ETIVrDADE<span class="_a blank"> </span>E POLITICAS<span class="_9 blank"> </span>PÚBLICAS</div><div class="t m5 x14 h1f y109 ffc fs1a fc0 sc0 ls0">"</div><div class="t m33 x95 h9 y10a ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7e">I</div><div class="t m34 x95 h1 y10b ffc fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc0">I</div><div class="t m7 x95 hd y10c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">1</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w2 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w2 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w2 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/b31f9048-15d0-4d04-8587-0324d2a351c4/bg5.png"><div class="t m35 x4e h5 y1a ffe fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">'I</div><div class="t m32 x9 ha y10d ffe fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m36 x4e hc y10e ffe fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">~,'</div><div class="t m1d x50 ha y10f ffe fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">I,Li</div><div class="t m37 x96 hd y110 fff fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">J'</div><div class="t md x97 hd y111 fff fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc1">PSICOLOGIA.<span class="_a blank"> </span>sualJnWIDA061!<span class="_32 blank"> </span>POLtT1CAS pOauCAS</div><div class="t m12 x98 hc y63 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc2">Esse processo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>iniciado<span class="_c blank"> </span>no<span class="_7 blank"> </span>século<span class="_a blank"> </span>XVIII,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>com<span class="_a blank"> </span>as<span class="_9 blank"> </span>revoluções<span class="_a blank"> </span>burguesM</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y112 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc3">(Primeira<span class="_10 blank"> </span>Revolução Industrial,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>Revolução<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Americana,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>Revolução Francesa),</div><div class="t m12 x7d hc y113 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc4">.estendeu-se<span class="_5 blank"> </span>durante<span class="_10 blank"> </span>os<span class="_15 blank"> </span>séculos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>seguintes,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>inserindo<span class="_f blank"> </span>a questão<span class="_7 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_e blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>dos</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y114 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc5">cidadãos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>na<span class="_5 blank"> </span>relação<span class="_5 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_a blank"> </span>o<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Estado<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e a sociedade.<span class="_2d blank"> </span>Inicialmente,<span class="_f blank"> </span>como<span class="_a blank"> </span>apon-</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y115 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc6">tamos,<span class="_a blank"> </span>são afirmados</div><div class="t m38 x99 hd y115 fff fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">05</div><div class="t m12 x9a hc y115 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc7">direitos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>individuais.<span class="_a blank"> </span>decorrência<span class="_c blank"> </span>do liberalismo<span class="_2d blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y116 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc8">sustenta<span class="_10 blank"> </span>ideologicamente<span class="_c blank"> </span>o<span class="_4 blank"> </span>modo<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>produção<span class="_17 blank"> </span>capitalista.<span class="_a blank"> </span>A seguir.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>na<span class="_7 blank"> </span>con-</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y117 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc9">solidação<span class="_c blank"> </span>do<span class="_a blank"> </span>capitalismo,<span class="_b blank"> </span>as questões<span class="_c blank"> </span>da<span class="_7 blank"> </span>democracia<span class="_2 blank"> </span>burguesa<span class="_c blank"> </span>devem<span class="_17 blank"> </span>ser</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y118 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsca">equacionadas<span class="_17 blank"> </span>e entram<span class="_10 blank"> </span>em<span class="_9 blank"> </span>cena<span class="_9 blank"> </span>os<span class="_8 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_a blank"> </span>politicos.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Por</div><div class="t md x9b ha y118 ffe fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">fun,</div><div class="t m12 x9c hc y118 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wscb">vai sendo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>esta-</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y119 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wscc">belecido<span class="_a blank"> </span>um<span class="_7 blank"> </span>conjunto<span class="_2d blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>que,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>desde<span class="_7 blank"> </span>as primeiras<span class="_2d blank"> </span>manifestações<span class="_c blank"> </span>or-</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y11a fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wscd">ganizadas<span class="_a blank"> </span>do proletariado,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m39 x9d h24 y11a ff10 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsce">já</div><div class="t m12 x80 hc y11a fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wscf">trazem<span class="_7 blank"> </span>o questionamento<span class="_2f blank"> </span>da<span class="_6 blank"> </span>ordem<span class="_a blank"> </span>capita-</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y11b fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd0">lista. são<span class="_a blank"> </span>reivindicações<span class="_21 blank"> </span>que apontam<span class="_13 blank"> </span>para<span class="_18 blank"> </span>interesses<span class="_18 blank"> </span>que não são<span class="_2d blank"> </span>os<span class="_a blank"> </span>da</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y11c fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd1">burguesia.<span class="_a blank"> </span>mas<span class="_8 blank"> </span>os dos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>trabalhadores;<span class="_f blank"> </span>são<span class="_8 blank"> </span>os direitos<span class="_a blank"> </span>sociais que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>vão expressar,</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y11d fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd2">na<span class="_6 blank"> </span>medida<span class="_a blank"> </span>de seu<span class="_6 blank"> </span>avanço,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>consolidação<span class="_10 blank"> </span>ou<span class="_6 blank"> </span>recuo,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>o processo<span class="_5 blank"> </span>contrnditório<span class="_c blank"> </span>da</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y11e fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd3">luta<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>classes que<span class="_9 blank"> </span>ocorre<span class="_a blank"> </span>com<span class="_5 blank"> </span>o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>dêsenvoivimento<span class="_18 blank"> </span>do<span class="_4 blank"> </span>capitalismo.</div><div class="t m12 x98 hc y11f fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd4">Cada<span class="_9 blank"> </span>embate<span class="_9 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_4 blank"> </span>frações<span class="_11 blank"> </span>da burguesia<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ascendente<span class="_a blank"> </span>ou que consolida<span class="_5 blank"> </span>seu</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y120 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsca">poder.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ou<span class="_8 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a burguesia<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e a classe<span class="_8 blank"> </span>operária.<span class="_a blank"> </span>traz<span class="_4 blank"> </span>uma<span class="_9 blank"> </span>parcela<span class="_5 blank"> </span>nova<span class="_8 blank"> </span>ou<span class="_5 blank"> </span>uma</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc yd3 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wscf">retomada<span class="_17 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_a blank"> </span>que<span class="_9 blank"> </span>devem<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ser<span class="_9 blank"> </span>defendidos.<span class="_10 blank"> </span>São<span class="_11 blank"> </span>exemplos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>o movimento</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y121 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd5">democrático<span class="_18 blank"> </span>de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>John<span class="_7 blank"> </span>WUkes na<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Inglaterra.<span class="_10 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_2d blank"> </span>1760 e<span class="_5 blank"> </span>1780. e<span class="_8 blank"> </span>a<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Revolução</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y122 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc5">Americana<span class="_17 blank"> </span>pela<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Independência.<span class="_18 blank"> </span>que<span class="_5 blank"> </span>instaurou<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a república<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e afirmou<span class="_a blank"> </span>direitos</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y123 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">humanos.</div><div class="t m12 x98 hc y124 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd6">Entretanto,<span class="_18 blank"> </span>enquanto<span class="_b blank"> </span>no<span class="_a blank"> </span>campo<span class="_a blank"> </span>dos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_2d blank"> </span>civis e<span class="_9 blank"> </span>poHticos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>foram<span class="_10 blank"> </span>se</div><div class="t m12 x9e hc y125 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc9">estabelecendo<span class="_b blank"> </span>avanços,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>as condições<span class="_f blank"> </span>de<span class="_7 blank"> </span>trabalho<span class="_b blank"> </span>continuavam<span class="_b blank"> </span>péssimas,<span class="_17 blank"> </span>o</div><div class="t m12 x9e hc y126 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd7">movimento<span class="_9 blank"> </span>operário<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e os<span class="_e blank"> </span>sindicatos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>eram<span class="_4 blank"> </span>reprimidos.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Nesse âmbito.<span class="_e blank"> </span>as<span class="_e blank"> </span>rdações</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y127 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd8">não<span class="_7 blank"> </span>estavam<span class="_4 blank"> </span>colocadas<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ainda<span class="_a blank"> </span>como<span class="_5 blank"> </span>questões<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de di.reitos.</div><div class="t m1d x98 hc y128 ffe fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">£,</div><div class="t m12 x9f hc y128 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd8">a<span class="_15 blank"> </span>partir<span class="_10 blank"> </span>da Revolução<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Francesa<span class="_5 blank"> </span>que<span class="_9 blank"> </span>outra<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ordem<span class="_a blank"> </span>de direitos.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>além<span class="_5 blank"> </span>dos</div><div class="t m12 x9e hc y129 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd9">civis<span class="_8 blank"> </span>e<span class="_11 blank"> </span>poUticos,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>começa<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a<span class="_9 blank"> </span>tomar<span class="_10 blank"> </span>forma.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>As forças<span class="_6 blank"> </span>revolucionárias<span class="_2d blank"> </span>contavam</div><div class="t m12 x9e hc y12a fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsda">entre<span class="_7 blank"> </span>suas liJeiras<span class="_8 blank"> </span>com dois grandes<span class="_a blank"> </span>grupos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>da<span class="_9 blank"> </span>burguesia<span class="_f blank"> </span>(girondinos</div><div class="t mb xa h11 y12a ff11 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">versus</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y12b fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc5">jacobinos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>e franciscanos);<span class="_c blank"> </span>e com<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a<span class="_9 blank"> </span>grande<span class="_a blank"> </span>massa<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>despossuldos.<span class="_f blank"> </span>os<span class="_5 blank"> </span>traba-</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y12c fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsdb">lhadores<span class="_a blank"> </span>alijados.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>antes<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de mais<span class="_6 blank"> </span>nada.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>do<span class="_4 blank"> </span>novo processo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>econômico<span class="_10 blank"> </span>em<span class="_9 blank"> </span>curso</div><div class="t m12 x48 hc y12d fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc4">.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>e não<span class="_5 blank"> </span>apenas<span class="_4 blank"> </span>da<span class="_8 blank"> </span>participação<span class="_f blank"> </span>politica.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Assim.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>se<span class="_8 blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>burguesia<span class="_5 blank"> </span>lutava<span class="_11 blank"> </span>pelo<span class="_9 blank"> </span>poder</div><div class="t m12 x9e hc y12e fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">polltico,</div><div class="t m16 xa0 h13 y12e ff11 fsf fc0 sc0 ls0 ws68">"estes</div><div class="t m12 xa1 hc y12e fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsdc">[os trabalhadores}<span class="_10 blank"> </span>almejavam<span class="_7 blank"> </span>não<span class="_9 blank"> </span>s9<span class="_6 blank"> </span>os direitos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>políticos</div><div class="t m3a x1a hd y12e fff fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">lUílS</div><div class="t m12 x9e hc y12f fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsdd">também<span class="_10 blank"> </span>os sociais"<span class="_9 blank"> </span>(Singer,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>2003. p.<span class="_11 blank"> </span><span class="fs9 wsde">209).</span></div><div class="t m12 x98 hc y130 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsdf">Essa conquista<span class="_7 blank"> </span>não<span class="_4 blank"> </span>se<span class="_8 blank"> </span>dá,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>entretanto.<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>imediato.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Todo<span class="_9 blank"> </span>o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>processo</div><div class="t m1c x19 hd y130 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">fLV')-</div><div class="t m12 x97 hc y131 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wse0">lucionário<span class="_c blank"> </span>francês,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>que se<span class="_4 blank"> </span>estende<span class="_2d blank"> </span>do final<span class="_5 blank"> </span>do século<span class="_5 blank"> </span>XVIII até<span class="_5 blank"> </span>mcucos<span class="_b blank"> </span>do</div><div class="t m5 x72 h5 y132 ffe fs4 fc0 sc0 ls5">,<span class="fs5 ls0">.</span></div><div class="t m3b x73 h6 y133 ffe fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">,j</div><div class="t m6 x73 ha y134 ffe fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">~</div><div class="t m5 x21 ha y135 fff fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">-;</div><div class="t m2c xa2 h5 y136 ffe fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">f</div><div class="t md x66 hd y137 fff fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 wse1">MARIA<span class="_9 blank"> </span>DA GRAÇA M. GONÇALVIlS</div><div class="t m11 x30 h16 y138 ffe fsf fc0 sc0 ls0 wse2">"</div><div class="t m3c xa3 h25 y95 fff fs1d fc0 sc0 ls0 wse3">)<span class="_b blank"> </span>~ ',O</div><div class="t m12 xa4 hc y95 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wse4">e-r.c:a'i1~as:enão.o<span class="_33 blank"></span>..<span class="_33 blank"></span>~bem" do</div><div class="t m5 xa5 ha y95 fff fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">consumidor.</div><div class="t m12 xa6 hc y95 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd4">Se no<span class="_5 blank"> </span>capitalismo</div><div class="t m5 x91 ha y95 fff fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">coo.</div><div class="t m5 x25 h5 y139 fff fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">I:</div><div class="t m3d x28 h10 y139 ffe fse fc0 sc0 ls0 wse5">,q ,</div><div class="t m3e x53 h7 y139 fff fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,~:i~l~~ái.;\l~óf1~O</div><div class="t m12 xa7 hc y139 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wse6">era<span class="_6 blank"> </span>distinguido<span class="_17 blank"> </span>do valor<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>troca,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>aqui, no<span class="_4 blank"> </span>capi-</div><div class="t m5 x27 hc y13a fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wse7">:1\~r~s~~fó~{ciP91ista;<span class="_34 blank"></span>o</div><div class="t m12 x29 hc y13a fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">valor</div><div class="t m5 xa7 hc y13a fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">de</div><div class="t m12 x85 hc y13a fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wse8">troca <span class="fs9">é</span></div><div class="t m1a xa8 h11 y13a ff11 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7c">trat1sformado</div><div class="t m5 xa6 hc y13a fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">em</div><div class="t m12 xa9 hc y13a fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">valor</div><div class="t m5 xaa hc y13a fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wse9">de uso.</div><div class="t mb x4d h11 y13b ff11 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsea">',"<span class="_35 blank"></span>,',<span class="_36 blank"></span>..<span class="_2e blank"></span>i;;r~<span class="_14 blank"> </span>., ,-</div><div class="t m1f x63 h26 y13b ff11 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0">~.ia'</div><div class="t m12 xab hc y13b fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wseb">verdaac, lo</div><div class="t mb x57 h11 y13b ff11 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsec">second best</div><div class="t m12 xac hc y13b fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsed">vai também<span class="_2d blank"> </span>se<span class="_9 blank"> </span>mostrando<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ilusório,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>porque<span class="_a blank"> </span>o</div><div class="t m12 xad hc y13c fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsee">- que</div><div class="t mb xae hc y13c fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m12 xaf hc y13c fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wscf">possível<span class="_4 blank"> </span>para<span class="_9 blank"> </span>o consumidor</div><div class="t mb xb0 hc y13c fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m12 xb1 hc y13c fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd2">o que<span class="_9 blank"> </span><span class="fs9 ls6">é</span><span class="wsef">produzido.<span class="_10 blank"> </span>sua escolha</span></div><div class="t mb xb2 hc y13c fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m12 xb3 hc y13c fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">posterior</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y13d fff fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m12 x6a ha y13d fff fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf0">apresentação<span class="_1f blank"> </span>dos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>produtos<span class="_21 blank"> </span>no<span class="_7 blank"> </span>mercado<span class="_13 blank"> </span>e depende<span class="_d blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>sua<span class="_a blank"> </span>inserção<span class="_b blank"> </span>na<span class="_5 blank"> </span>estru-</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y69 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf1">tura produtiva.</div><div class="t m14 x60 ha y69 fff fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">''A</div><div class="t m12 x5f hc y69 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc4">concentração<span class="_c blank"> </span>da<span class="_4 blank"> </span>riqueza.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>das<span class="_6 blank"> </span>decisões,e<span class="_5 blank"> </span>da<span class="_11 blank"> </span>produção<span class="_2d blank"> </span>c sua</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y6a fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc4">centralização<span class="_10 blank"> </span>vão<span class="_9 blank"> </span>eliminando<span class="_f blank"> </span>cada<span class="_6 blank"> </span>vez<span class="_9 blank"> </span>mais<span class="_11 blank"> </span>a liberdade<span class="_a blank"> </span>do<span class="_4 blank"> </span>consumidor"<span class="_c blank"> </span>(Fa-</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y13e fff fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf2">leiros. 2000b.</div><div class="t mb x55 hc y13e fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">p.</div><div class="t m5 xb4 ha y13e fff fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsde">22).</div><div class="t m5 x63 ha y4e fff fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf3">O<span class="_7 blank"> </span>inIcio<span class="_a blank"> </span>da, organização<span class="_2 blank"> </span>do<span class="_a blank"> </span>movimento<span class="_2 blank"> </span>operário.</div><div class="t m11 xb5 hc y4e fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">já</div><div class="t m5 x8f ha y4e fff fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf4">em meados<span class="_f blank"> </span>do</div><div class="t m15 xb6 h4 y11b ffe fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y13f fff fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf5">século XVIII,<span class="_8 blank"> </span>trouxe à<span class="_8 blank"> </span>cena<span class="_4 blank"> </span>outros<span class="_7 blank"> </span>elementos. os<span class="_8 blank"> </span>quais<span class="_4 blank"> </span>vão<span class="_4 blank"> </span>possibilitar.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>cadn</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y140 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf6">vez mais, a<span class="_e blank"> </span>ampliação<span class="_7 blank"> </span>da noção<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de direitos.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Os direitos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>individuais.<span class="_a blank"> </span>proclama-</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y33 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd8">dos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>no<span class="_5 blank"> </span>processo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de ascensão<span class="_7 blank"> </span>da bl!rguesia,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>inicialmente.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>como_<span class="_35 blank"></span>~ireItos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>civis<span class="_e blank"> </span>e</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y34 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc4">a seguir<span class="_9 blank"> </span>como<span class="_9 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>pollticos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>dentro<span class="_7 blank"> </span>da<span class="_e blank"> </span>concepção<span class="_5 blank"> </span>burguesa<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_15 blank"> </span>democracia.</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y7 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf7">estabelecem.<span class="_17 blank"> </span>contraditoriamente.<span class="_14 blank"> </span>a possibilidade<span class="_b blank"> </span>de uma<span class="_17 blank"> </span>nova<span class="_a blank"> </span>experiência</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y141 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc4">subjetiva<span class="_6 blank"> </span>(ter<span class="_6 blank"> </span>direitos)<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e<span class="_15 blank"> </span>a afirmação<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ideológica<span class="_9 blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>individualismo<span class="_2d blank"> </span>liberal,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>base</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc ye1 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf8">de<span class="_5 blank"> </span>sustentação<span class="_13 blank"> </span>da concepção<span class="_17 blank"> </span>de sociedade<span class="_b blank"> </span>vigente.<span class="_a blank"> </span>A<span class="_5 blank"> </span>sequéncia<span class="_b blank"> </span>dos<span class="_a blank"> </span>fatos</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y142 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf9">histódcos<span class="_c blank"> </span>mostr'a; como<span class="_7 blank"> </span>essa<span class="_11 blank"> </span>contradição<span class="_c blank"> </span>vai<span class="_6 blank"> </span>ser<span class="_9 blank"> </span>expressa.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a<span class="_11 blank"> </span>seguir,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>na<span class="_9 blank"> </span>noção</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y143 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd8">de direitos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>sociais.</div><div class="t m12 x63 hc y144 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsfa">Tal processo<span class="_a blank"> </span>inicia-se<span class="_5 blank"> </span>em<span class="_6 blank"> </span>função<span class="_a blank"> </span>das<span class="_e blank"> </span>condições<span class="_a blank"> </span>criadas<span class="_a blank"> </span>pelo<span class="_11 blank"> </span>capitalismo</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y145 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf6">ascendente.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Com<span class="_4 blank"> </span>o<span class="_e blank"> </span>processo<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de desenvolvimento<span class="_2d blank"> </span>do novo<span class="_6 blank"> </span>modo<span class="_a blank"> </span>de produção.</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y146 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsca">as<span class="_11 blank"> </span>condições<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>~abalho<span class="_c blank"> </span>mostravam-se<span class="_c blank"> </span>extremamente<span class="_b blank"> </span>penosas<span class="_a blank"> </span>e desumanas</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y147 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc5">e passaram<span class="_a blank"> </span>a ser<span class="_9 blank"> </span>denunciadas<span class="_b blank"> </span>e combatidas<span class="_f blank"> </span>pelos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>trabalhadores.<span class="_18 blank"> </span>Sua<span class="_6 blank"> </span>organi-</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y148 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsfb">zação começava</div><div class="t m4 xb7 hc y148 ffe fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">ã.</div><div class="t m12 xb8 hc y148 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc5">possibilitar<span class="_a blank"> </span>ações<span class="_5 blank"> </span>coletivas<span class="_6 blank"> </span>com<span class="_5 blank"> </span>vista<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a impor<span class="_a blank"> </span>limites</div><div class="t md x91 hc y148 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m12 xb9 hc y148 fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">ex-</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc yd fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd9">ploração<span class="_7 blank"> </span>do<span class="_9 blank"> </span>trabalho.<span class="_f blank"> </span>o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>que<span class="_5 blank"> </span>foi desde<span class="_7 blank"> </span>logo<span class="_8 blank"> </span>reprimido<span class="_b blank"> </span>pelos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>patrões.</div><div class="t m17 xba hc y149 ffe fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m12 x63 hc y14a fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsfc">Essa organização<span class="_10 blank"> </span>inicial<span class="_5 blank"> </span>teve<span class="_6 blank"> </span>dois<span class="_5 blank"> </span>caminhos:<span class="_a blank"> </span>ações<span class="_9 blank"> </span>diretas<span class="_a blank"> </span>contra<span class="_10 blank"> </span>os pa-</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y14b fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsfd">trões<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a nova<span class="_7 blank"> </span>teçnologia,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>que<span class="_7 blank"> </span>limitava<span class="_10 blank"> </span>o espaço<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>trabalho<span class="_18 blank"> </span>e possibilitava</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y14c fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsfe">maior<span class="_7 blank"> </span>exploração;<span class="_a blank"> </span>e as lutas<span class="_4 blank"> </span>contra<span class="_10 blank"> </span>o<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Estado<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e as leis que<span class="_5 blank"> </span>favoreciam<span class="_a blank"> </span>os pro-</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y12d fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsff">prietádos.<span class="_17 blank"> </span>O<span class="_11 blank"> </span>primeiro caminho passou<span class="_5 blank"> </span>da<span class="_6 blank"> </span>destruição das<span class="_6 blank"> </span>máquinas</div><div class="t m5 xb3 ha y12d fff fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m12 xbb hc y12d fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">organi-</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y14d fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc5">zação<span class="_4 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>sindicatos<span class="_2d blank"> </span>e<span class="_9 blank"> </span>greves,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>sempre<span class="_f blank"> </span>revelando<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a contraposição<span class="_2 blank"> </span>entre</div><div class="t m28 x91 hd y14d ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">B</div><div class="t m12 xbc hc y14d fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">re-</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y14e fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc5">pressão<span class="_5 blank"> </span>e a luta<span class="_7 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>trabalhadores.<span class="_16 blank"> </span>O<span class="_4 blank"> </span>segundo<span class="_a blank"> </span>se<span class="_9 blank"> </span>deu<span class="_5 blank"> </span>nas<span class="_5 blank"> </span>lutas<span class="_4 blank"> </span>por<span class="_a blank"> </span>reformas</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y7e fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 wsfd">políticas.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>levantando<span class="_17 blank"> </span>a questão<span class="_a blank"> </span>dos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_a blank"> </span>sociais,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>relacionados</div><div class="t md xbd hc y7e fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m12 xb3 hc y7e fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws100">luta geral</div><div class="t m12 x32 hc y14f fff fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws101">?e:;os direitos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>humanos.</div><div class="t m2 x6 h7 y150 ffe fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">i</div><div class="t m6 x6 h6 y151 ffe fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m7 x6 h1 y152 ffe fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0">f</div><div class="t mf x50 h10 y153 ffe fse fc0 sc0 ls0">1</div><div class="t m3f x50 hf y154 ffe fsd fc0 sc0 ls0 ws102">"</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w3 h22" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w3 h22"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w3 h22" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/b31f9048-15d0-4d04-8587-0324d2a351c4/bg6.png"><div class="t m5 x7d ha yc7 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws103">Cabe lembrar<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>esse<span class="_15 blank"> </span>nível satisfatório.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>na estrutura<span class="_10 blank"> </span>capitalista,</div><div class="t m13 x7c ha yc7 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 xbe ha yc7 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">aque-</div><div class="t ma x7f hc y155 ff12 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">le</div><div class="t m5 xbf ha y155 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws104">que mantém<span class="_10 blank"> </span>sempre<span class="_a blank"> </span>uma<span class="_4 blank"> </span>parcela<span class="_7 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>trabalhador~s<span class="_17 blank"> </span>sem emprego,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>garan.</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y156 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8f">tindo<span class="_f blank"> </span>aquilo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que<span class="_5 blank"> </span>convém<span class="_a blank"> </span>às<span class="_11 blank"> </span>relações<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de mercado<span class="_f blank"> </span>para<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>venda<span class="_7 blank"> </span>da força de</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y157 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws105">trabalho:<span class="_a blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>concorrência.<span class="_f blank"> </span>Ideologicamente.<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a jUstificativa<span class="_e blank"> </span>continuava<span class="_7 blank"> </span>sendo'<span class="_15 blank"> </span>a</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha ycb ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws106">da<span class="_11 blank"> </span>valorização<span class="_a blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>trabalho,<span class="_a blank"> </span>contra<span class="_a blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>"vadiagem", atribuindo<span class="_f blank"> </span>a culpa<span class="_4 blank"> </span>pelo<span class="_6 blank"> </span>de-</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y29 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws107">semprego<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_11 blank"> </span>indivíduo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>não<span class="_4 blank"> </span>aceita<span class="_6 blank"> </span>aS condições<span class="_a blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>mercado.</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y135 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws108">O que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>se nota</div><div class="t m1a x3e h16 y135 ff12 fsf fc0 sc0 ls0">ê</div><div class="t m5 x3f ha y135 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws109">que<span class="_5 blank"> </span>as conquistas<span class="_2d blank"> </span>no<span class="_7 blank"> </span>campo<span class="_a blank"> </span>dos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_4 blank"> </span>eram</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y158 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws10a">ainda<span class="_7 blank"> </span>muito<span class="_7 blank"> </span>tíffi.idas. Na<span class="_6 blank"> </span>verdade,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>expressavam<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a<span class="_6 blank"> </span>incipiência<span class="_7 blank"> </span>da<span class="_6 blank"> </span>organização</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y159 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws10b">dos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>trabalhadores,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>por<span class="_a blank"> </span>um<span class="_5 blank"> </span>lado<span class="_9 blank"> </span>e, por<span class="_7 blank"> </span>outro,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a<span class="_11 blank"> </span>força<span class="_6 blank"> </span>das<span class="_4 blank"> </span>concepções<span class="_4 blank"> </span>econô-</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha ycf ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws10c">micas<span class="_e blank"> </span>liberais,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>em<span class="_15 blank"> </span>pleno<span class="_9 blank"> </span>florescimento.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>No<span class="_8 blank"> </span>campo<span class="_6 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>civis e<span class="_1a blank"> </span>políticos,</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y15a ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws10d">as<span class="_9 blank"> </span>conquistas<span class="_a blank"> </span>também<span class="_17 blank"> </span>são restritivas.<span class="_10 blank"> </span>Os cidadãos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>são divididos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>em<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ativos,</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y30 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws10e">com<span class="_4 blank"> </span>todos<span class="_a blank"> </span>os direitos:<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e<span class="_11 blank"> </span>passivos,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>que tinham<span class="_17 blank"> </span>garantidos<span class="_f blank"> </span>apenas os direitos'</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha yd1 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws10f">legais<span class="_11 blank"> </span>e<span class="_8 blank"> </span>humanos,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>não<span class="_7 blank"> </span>os<span class="_e blank"> </span>políticos;<span class="_7 blank"> </span>i~so restringia,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>'por<span class="_5 blank"> </span>exemplo,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>o<span class="_15 blank"> </span>direito<span class="_a blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y15b ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws106">voto<span class="_9 blank"> </span>apenas<span class="_7 blank"> </span>aos homens<span class="_10 blank"> </span>e maiores<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>253nos;<span class="_10 blank"> </span>além<span class="_11 blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>outras<span class="_6 blank"> </span>restrições.</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha ya3 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws110">A.co'ntinuidade<span class="_5 blank"> </span>do<span class="_9 blank"> </span>processo<span class="_4 blank"> </span>revQlucionário<span class="_9 blank"> </span>na<span class="_9 blank"> </span>França traz<span class="_6 blank"> </span>outras<span class="_5 blank"> </span>corre"</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha yd2 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws111">lações "deforças,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>com. o<span class="_4 blank"> </span>predomínio<span class="_18 blank"> </span>temporário<span class="_b blank"> </span>dos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>setores<span class="_4 blank"> </span>republicanos<span class="_17 blank"> </span>e</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y151 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">mais</div><div class="t m0 x97 ha y151 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 xc0 ha y151 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws112">esquerda.Elabora-se<span class="_23 blank"> </span>a<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Constituição<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de<span class="_a blank"> </span>1793,que<span class="_17 blank"> </span>amplia os direitos</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha yd3 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws113">polfticos,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>estabelecendo<span class="_17 blank"> </span>o<span class="_6 blank"> </span>sufrágio<span class="_7 blank"> </span>lmiversal.'Também<span class="_2 blank"> </span>os direitos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>sociais 'se</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha yd4 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws114">ampliam:. A<span class="_9 blank"> </span>subsistênCia<span class="_4 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>indivíduos<span class="_f blank"> </span>é<span class="_4 blank"> </span>considerada<span class="_f blank"> </span>responsabilidade<span class="_f blank"> </span>do</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y122 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws106">Estado,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>sém,condiciollais:<span class="_a blank"> </span>e desaparece<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a ideia<span class="_11 blank"> </span>deqoe<span class="_10 blank"> </span>o'cidadão<span class="_4 blank"> </span>sem<span class="_11 blank"> </span>trabalho</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y15c ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws115">é culpado<span class="_7 blank"> </span>por<span class="_4 blank"> </span>sua<span class="_11 blank"> </span>situação.</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y15d ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws116">Esse período<span class="_10 blank"> </span>logo<span class="_4 blank"> </span>se<span class="_11 blank"> </span>encerra,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>com<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a<span class="_11 blank"> </span>subida<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_6 blank"> </span>poder<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>ootros<span class="_a blank"> </span>grupos</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha yd7 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws117">(os<span class="_9 blank"> </span>"termidorianos"),<span class="_16 blank"> </span>Embora<span class="_10 blank"> </span>tenha<span class="_6 blank"> </span>tido<span class="_17 blank"> </span>pouca<span class="_a blank"> </span>duração,<span class="_a blank"> </span>a Constitulç'ão<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha y15e ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws118">1793 foi<span class="_6 blank"> </span>um<span class="_4 blank"> </span>marco<span class="_7 blank"> </span>importante<span class="_18 blank"> </span>na<span class="_6 blank"> </span>forma<span class="_7 blank"> </span>como<span class="_4 blank"> </span>os<span class="_8 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>poUticos<span class="_15 blank"> </span>e<span class="_15 blank"> </span>sociais</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y15f ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws106">evolulram<span class="_a blank"> </span>nos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>séculos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>XIX e XX.</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y160 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws119">As conquistas<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>direitos,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>mesmo<span class="_a blank"> </span>que provisórias,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>influenciaram<span class="_a blank"> </span>outros</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y10f ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws11a">países.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>A Inglaterra,<span class="_a blank"> </span>que já tiveraUlTi<span class="_1b blank"> </span>processo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>inicial<span class="_8 blank"> </span>nessa<span class="_9 blank"> </span>direção,<span class="_8 blank"> </span>coloca.se</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y161 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws11b">como <span class="ff13 fsb ls7">O</span><span class="ws11c">pais<span class="_11 blank"> </span>mais<span class="_9 blank"> </span>desenvolvido<span class="_a blank"> </span>economicamente<span class="_17 blank"> </span>nessa<span class="_4 blank"> </span>fase. contra<span class="_5 blank"> </span>o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>avanço</span></div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y162 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws106">político<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e social.<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Mesmo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>porque"parte<span class="_10 blank"> </span>dele<span class="_6 blank"> </span>ocorria<span class="_7 blank"> </span>em<span class="_9 blank"> </span>sua<span class="_11 blank"> </span>principal<span class="_7 blank"> </span>colônia</div><div class="t m5 x78 ha y163 ff13 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws11d">(EUA), <span class="ff12 fs9 ws11e">ou<span class="_6 blank"> </span>em<span class="_11 blank"> </span>seu principal<span class="_10 blank"> </span>adversário<span class="_a blank"> </span>econôrnico"(França).</span></div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y164 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa2">Nem<span class="_8 blank"> </span>por<span class="_4 blank"> </span>isso<span class="_15 blank"> </span>as influências"do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>avanço<span class="_9 blank"> </span>democrático*libera!<span class="_6 blank"> </span>e as<span class="_e blank"> </span>respostas</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha ydf ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws103">às manifestações<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de trabalhadores<span class="_16 blank"> </span>deixaram<span class="_a blank"> </span>de levar<span class="_6 blank"> </span>influências<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>esse pais.</div><div class="t m5 x7f ha y165 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws11f">Temos,<span class="_15 blank"> </span>então,<span class="_e blank"> </span>as<span class="_15 blank"> </span>ldeias<span class="_e blank"> </span>deTom<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Paine,<span class="_15 blank"> </span>que<span class="_e blank"> </span>defende<span class="_9 blank"> </span>a substituição<span class="_11 blank"> </span>da<span class="_15 blank"> </span>monarquia</div><div class="t m10 x7f hd y108 ff12 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws120">PSICOLOGrA,<span class="_c blank"> </span>SUB)lJTIVIDADE<span class="_2d blank"> </span>I! POLlTICAS<span class="_10 blank"> </span>PÚBLICAS</div><div class="t m3e x93 hd y166 ff13 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">i,i</div><div class="t m5 x37 hf y167 ff12 fsd fc0 sc0 ls0">,o,.</div><div class="t m6 x36 ha yc3 ff13 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">~</div><div class="t m7 xc1 h21 y168 ff13 fs1b fc0 sc0 ls0">"';':"\,</div><div class="t m12 x87 hd yb8 ff12 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws121">MARIA<span class="_6 blank"> </span>DA GRAÇA<span class="_11 blank"> </span>M.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>GONÇALVES</div><div class="t m8 x83 h27 y46 ff13 fs1e fc0 sc0 ls0 ws122">I</div><div class="t m6 x83 h19 y169 ff12 fs14 fc0 sc0 ls0">~.~---,-------------</div><div class="t m5 xc2 hf y16a ff12 fsd fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa5">4tl</div><div class="t m23 x25 h5 y16a ff13 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws123">I</div><div class="t m40 x4f h9 y16b ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">.:}:L",:':::</div><div class="t m7 x4e hf y16c ff13 fsd fc0 sc0 ls0 ws124">\u2022 I'</div><div class="t m1 x8 hd y16d ff13 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2b">,.,'!;<span class="_35 blank"></span>.....<span class="_37 blank"></span>,</div><div class="t m5 xc3 ha ybb ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 wsb5">. ':,'i.<span class="_38 blank"> </span><span class="ff12 fs9 ws106">sécilloXIX,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>vai<span class="_8 blank"> </span>trazendo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>avanços<span class="_11 blank"> </span>e recuos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>na<span class="_9 blank"> </span>conquista<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>direitospoliticos<span class="_16 blank"> </span>e</span></div><div class="t m7 xc4 h28 y16e ff14 fse fc0 sc0 ls0">i,~j'::,"</div><div class="t m23 xc2 hc y16e ff12 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">so'Ctais.</div><div class="t m13 xba ha y16e ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws125">Na prlmeira:etapa<span class="_1 blank"> </span>desse'processo,</div><div class="t m23 xb1 hc y16e ff12 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">a</div><div class="t m13 x31 ha y16e ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws126">Declaração<span class="_2 blank"> </span>dos Dire~tos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>do Homem</div><div class="t m0 xc5 ha y16f ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">I':::</div><div class="t m41 xc4 h9 y16f ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">~::l{'</div><div class="t m5 xc2 ha y16f ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws127">ed<span class="_2f blank"> </span>Cidadão,:inspirada na</div><div class="t m0 xc6 ha y16f ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws128">Dec1ara~ão de</div><div class="t m5 xb1 ha y16f ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws129">IndependênciaAm'ericana,áfirma os</div><div class="t m42 xc7 h9 y139 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">,~i:'</div><div class="t m13 xc8 ha y139 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws12a">pre<span class="_b blank"> </span>eitos<span class="_a blank"> </span>básicos<span class="_17 blank"> </span>da<span class="_4 blank"> </span>igualdade<span class="_13 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_f blank"> </span>os homenS</div><div class="t m5 xc9 ha y139 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">deritro,porém,</div><div class="t m13 x5b ha y139 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws12b">dos marcos<span class="_b blank"> </span>do</div><div class="t m7 xc4 h4 y170 ff13 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws20">','I.</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y170 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws12c">libe<span class="_5 blank"> </span>aUsmo. Assim.<span class="_15 blank"> </span>mais<span class="_8 blank"> </span>do<span class="_e blank"> </span>que<span class="_8 blank"> </span>a<span class="_15 blank"> </span>igualdade</div><div class="t m13 xca ha y170 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 xcb ha y170 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws105">a individualidade<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m13 x67 ha y170 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 xcc ha y170 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">afinnada.</div><div class="t m5 xc4 ha y81 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws12d">;. De</div><div class="t m0 x27 ha y81 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">ualql1er</div><div class="t m5 x88 ha y81 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws12e">modo,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>representa<span class="_5 blank"> </span>um<span class="_6 blank"> </span>avanço<span class="_6 blank"> </span>histórico<span class="_6 blank"> </span>porque<span class="_a blank"> </span>traça<span class="_4 blank"> </span>os liniites<span class="_11 blank"> </span>da</div><div class="t m13 xc8 ha y171 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws12f">lnci<span class="_2 blank"> </span>idualidade<span class="_13 blank"> </span>no<span class="_5 blank"> </span>caráter<span class="_2d blank"> </span>público<span class="_b blank"> </span>que'se<span class="_a blank"> </span>impõe:<span class="_f blank"> </span>os<span class="_8 blank"> </span>goverrios<span class="_18 blank"> </span>devem<span class="_17 blank"> </span>se subme.</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y68 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws105">ter<span class="_d blank"> </span>vontade<span class="_6 blank"> </span>do<span class="_e blank"> </span>conjunto<span class="_7 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>indivíduos;<span class="_8 blank"> </span>a liberdade<span class="_9 blank"> </span>indiVidual<span class="_15 blank"> </span>é limitada<span class="_11 blank"> </span>pela</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y172 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws11f">libe<span class="_11 blank"> </span>dade<span class="_8 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>demais<span class="_1a blank"> </span>indivíduos;<span class="_8 blank"> </span>o<span class="_1a blank"> </span>limite<span class="_15 blank"> </span>para<span class="_15 blank"> </span>alibel'dade<span class="_11 blank"> </span>de<span class="_15 blank"> </span>expressão é<span class="_15 blank"> </span>a ordem</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y173 ff13 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws130">púb <span class="ff12 fs9 ws131">ica.<span class="_15 blank"> </span>defmida<span class="_9 blank"> </span>p'ela lei.<span class="_15 blank"> </span>Contraditoriamente,</span></div><div class="t m12 xa5 h19 y173 ff13 fs14 fc0 sc0 ls0">°</div><div class="t m5 x2b ha y173 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws115">caráter<span class="_4 blank"> </span>público<span class="_9 blank"> </span>permite<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a ex-</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y174 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws132">pan<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ão<span class="_11 blank"> </span>do liberalismo, porque<span class="_9 blank"> </span>parte<span class="_9 blank"> </span>das prerrogativas<span class="_4 blank"> </span>do indivíduo<span class="_5 blank"> </span>cidadão<span class="_4 blank"> </span>e,</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y175 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws105">ao<span class="_26 blank"> </span>esmo<span class="_6 blank"> </span>tempo,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>impõe<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a necessidade<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>se<span class="_8 blank"> </span>considerar<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>coletividade.</div><div class="t m5 x24 ha y6d ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws133">Tal<span class="_e blank"> </span>contradição,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de<span class="_e blank"> </span>.certa forma,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>permanece<span class="_10 blank"> </span>~téhoje;<span class="_a blank"> </span>sua<span class="_9 blank"> </span>superação<span class="_a blank"> </span>não</div><div class="t m13 xcd ha y176 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 x2e ha y176 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws132">Pissível<span class="_a blank"> </span>no âmbito<span class="_5 blank"> </span>do capitalismo.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Entretanto,<span class="_a blank"> </span>pode<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ser<span class="_11 blank"> </span>umbom<span class="_2 blank"> </span>balizador</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y177 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws134">das<span class="_1a blank"> </span>.Possibilidades<span class="_11 blank"> </span>postas<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a9 avanço<span class="_6 blank"> </span>da luta<span class="_6 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>h"abalhadores<span class="_9 blank"> </span>contra<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a ordem.</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y178 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws135">capitalista.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Nesse contexto<span class="_10 blank"> </span>do<span class="_9 blank"> </span>processo<span class="_5 blank"> </span>revolucionário<span class="_18 blank"> </span>francês,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>tais<span class="_9 blank"> </span>questões</div><div class="t m5 xcd h29 y179 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws136">esur<span class="ls8 v1">l</span>associadas</div><div class="t m0 xce ha y179 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 xcf ha y179 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws137">conquista<span class="_a blank"> </span>de direitos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>sociais.</div><div class="t m7 x25 h6 y17a ff13 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws63">I</div><div class="t m5 x24 ha y17a ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws137">Assim,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>apesar<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de os resultados<span class="_10 blank"> </span>mais notáveis<span class="_7 blank"> </span>da<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Revolução,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>ratificados</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y17b ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws11f">ide910gicatnente<span class="_9 blank"> </span>na<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Declaração,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>serem<span class="_4 blank"> </span>destinados<span class="_a blank"> </span>para<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a burguesia,<span class="_f blank"> </span>algumas</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y17c ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws138">medidas<span class="_2d blank"> </span>começam<span class="_a blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>ser<span class="_7 blank"> </span>instituídas,<span class="_f blank"> </span>na<span class="_4 blank"> </span>linha<span class="_a blank"> </span>dos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>'soCiais almejados</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y17d ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws134">pelo~ trabalhadores.<span class="_2f blank"> </span>A<span class="_9 blank"> </span>ConStitúição<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_7 blank"> </span>1791 prevê<span class="_7 blank"> </span>assistência<span class="_7 blank"> </span>publica<span class="_5 blank"> </span>para</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y17e ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws115">Cria~lças<span class="_35 blank"></span>abandonadns<span class="_10 blank"> </span>e doentes;<span class="_5 blank"> </span>instrução<span class="_10 blank"> </span>pública<span class="_5 blank"> </span>comum<span class="_a blank"> </span>para<span class="_5 blank"> </span>todos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>os<span class="_11 blank"> </span>ci-</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y17f ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws108">dad~os<span class="_7 blank"> </span>(o mínimo<span class="_c blank"> </span>indispensável<span class="_17 blank"> </span>a todos<span class="_a blank"> </span>os<span class="_4 blank"> </span>homens);<span class="_17 blank"> </span>além<span class="_5 blank"> </span>da<span class="_5 blank"> </span>garantia<span class="_2d blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha ya ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa2">trab~lho<span class="_5 blank"> </span>para<span class="_5 blank"> </span>os<span class="_e blank"> </span>pobres<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que<span class="_8 blank"> </span>não<span class="_5 blank"> </span>conseguem<span class="_10 blank"> </span>obtê~lo sozinhos.</div><div class="t m7 x8d h8 y16 ff13 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7f">I</div><div class="t m5 x24 ha y16 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws115">Articulada<span class="_f blank"> </span>a esses preceitos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>está<span class="_6 blank"> </span>a compreensão<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a subsistência<span class="_a blank"> </span>é</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha y180 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws12e">direlto<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de<span class="_e blank"> </span>todos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>os homens,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>aplicável tanto<span class="_5 blank"> </span>aos<span class="_e blank"> </span>que<span class="_8 blank"> </span>não<span class="_6 blank"> </span>podem,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>como<span class="_e blank"> </span>aos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha y181 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws139">pOdflU trabalhar.<span class="_a blank"> </span>Aos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>primeiros,<span class="_f blank"> </span>o<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Estado<span class="_7 blank"> </span>deveria<span class="_10 blank"> </span>oferecer<span class="_7 blank"> </span>assistência:<span class="_7 blank"> </span>àos</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha y182 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws13a">outros.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>emprego.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Entretanto, o<span class="_e blank"> </span>que<span class="_e blank"> </span>comandava<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a<span class="_2c blank"> </span>economia eram<span class="_8 blank"> </span>as<span class="_15 blank"> </span>concepções</div><div class="t m5 xad ha y183 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws13b">libiiS.<span class="_23 blank"> </span>Os monopólios<span class="_10 blank"> </span>nascentes<span class="_5 blank"> </span>eram<span class="_6 blank"> </span>cónsidei<idos<span class="_15 blank"> </span>a'causa<span class="_8 blank"> </span>do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>desemprego:</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha y10d ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws13c">cab<span class="_d blank"> </span>in, então,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_15 blank"> </span>Estado,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>coibir<span class="_6 blank"> </span>as<span class="_e blank"> </span>restrições</div><div class="t m0 xd1 ha y10d ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 xd2 ha y10d ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws13d">livre cu:culação"<span class="_33 blank"></span>de mercadorias</div><div class="t m5 xad ha y163 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">e</div><div class="t m3 x23 h9 y163 ff12 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">11',</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y163 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws13e">alhadores.<span class="_a blank"> </span>Ou seja,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>o<span class="_15 blank"> </span>papel<span class="_a blank"> </span>do<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Estado<span class="_4 blank"> </span>em relação<span class="_5 blank"> </span>aos que<span class="_11 blank"> </span>podiam<span class="_2d blank"> </span>tra-</div><div class="t m5 xad ha yfe ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws13f">balhhr<span class="_11 blank"> </span>seria<span class="_6 blank"> </span>tão<span class="_11 blank"> </span>somente<span class="_a blank"> </span>o de<span class="_e blank"> </span>garantir<span class="_10 blank"> </span>as condições<span class="_4 blank"> </span>para<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a livre<span class="_e blank"> </span>concorrência,</div><div class="t m5 xad ha yff ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">o</div><div class="t m4 x23 h8 yff ff12 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0">qub</div><div class="t m5 xd3 ha yff ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws140">levarin<span class="_6 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_9 blank"> </span>equilíbrio<span class="_a blank"> </span>necessário<span class="_a blank"> </span>para<span class="_a blank"> </span>que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>o emprego<span class="_a blank"> </span>estivesse<span class="_4 blank"> </span>em<span class="_4 blank"> </span>um</div><div class="t m5 xad ha y184 ff12 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws134">nivel satisfatório.</div><div class="t m7 x8d h8 y185 ff13 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7f">I</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w2 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w2 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w2 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/b31f9048-15d0-4d04-8587-0324d2a351c4/bg7.png"><div class="t m23 x50 h6 y186 ff15 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws141">':,)</div><div class="t m43 x8 h5 y37 ff15 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m7 x6 h1f y14c ff15 fs1a fc0 sc0 ls0">Ii</div><div class="t m21 x4f h6 y187 ff15 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws142">' i</div><div class="t m15 x4f h6 y188 ff15 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">"</div><div class="t m5 x9 h1f y189 ff15 fs1a fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m12 x9 h1f y18a ff15 fs1a fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m28 x50 hf y18b ff15 fsd fc0 sc0 ls0 ws143">'<; ~'</div><div class="t m17 x4f hd y18c ff15 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m7 x9 h2 y18c ff15 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m28 xd4 hd y18d ff16 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws144">MARIA<span class="_6 blank"> </span>DA GRAÇAM.<span class="_f blank"> </span>GONÇALVES</div><div class="t m31 xba h6 y18e ff15 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m19 xba h6 y18f ff15 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws145">r '</div><div class="t m36 xba h5 y190 ff15 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">.</div><div class="t m1f x30 h2a y190 ff15 fs1f fc0 sc0 ls0">.</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha y16f ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws146">:;:t,:'l:.;i:p'êL~_'tepub1ica\:.a.'ihdependênda<span class="_39 blank"></span>dos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Estados<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Unidos;<span class="_5 blank"> </span>aigualdade<span class="_16 blank"> </span>de direitos</div><div class="t m44 xd0 h2b yc9 ff17 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws147">,<span class="_2c blank"> </span>"'i.'<span class="_2d blank"> </span>",-<span class="_3a blank"> </span>_<span class="_28 blank"> </span>'<span class="_36 blank"></span>. ."'</div><div class="t m32 xb6 hf yc9 ff15 fsd fc0 sc0 ls0 ws148">I<span class="_2 blank"> </span>,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>__-<span class="_f blank"> </span>_.'<span class="_3b blank"> </span>_ _<span class="_11 blank"> </span>_<span class="_32 blank"> </span>_<span class="_2f blank"> </span>-<span class="_15 blank"> </span>_<span class="_1a blank"> </span>'</div><div class="t m5 xad ha y139 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">'-.;-,<span class="_19 blank"></span>-<span class="_1a blank"> </span>'~'\eÍ1trel1on1ei1s<span class="_3c blank"></span>e mUlheres,<span class="_15 blank"> </span>osufrágio<span class="_10 blank"> </span>universal;<span class="_8 blank"> </span>tambémpropõedircitos<span class="_1f blank"> </span>sociais</div><div class="t m5 x26 ha y13a ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e">,<span class="_a blank"> </span>d1ebtrodc'"i.una<span class="_33 blank"></span>lógicatributáriaredisttibutiva<span class="_3d blank"> </span>(idcia<span class="_9 blank"> </span>nova<span class="_11 blank"> </span>nesse<span class="_6 blank"> </span>período);<span class="_10 blank"> </span>c a</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y66 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws149">garaxitia de<span class="_e blank"> </span>emprc'go<span class="_11 blank"> </span>como<span class="_7 blank"> </span>obrigação<span class="_7 blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Estado.</div><div class="t m3 xba h5 y13c ff15 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m5 xae ha y13c ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws14a">Além<span class="_7 blank"> </span>dele, Robert<span class="_10 blank"> </span>Owen<span class="_10 blank"> </span>representa.<span class="_b blank"> </span>no período<span class="_f blank"> </span>de<span class="_7 blank"> </span>desenvolvimento</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y191 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws14b">propiciado pela<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Revolução Industrial,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>,o<span class="_1a blank"> </span>pensamento<span class="_10 blank"> </span>lib~<span class="_25 blank"> </span>que<span class="_11 blank"> </span>procura<span class="_a blank"> </span>via.</div><div class="t m5 x24 ha y192 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws14c">bilizar<span class="_5 blank"> </span>o<span class="_e blank"> </span>avanço<span class="_9 blank"> </span>capitalista<span class="_7 blank"> </span>associado<span class="_a blank"> </span>à<span class="_e blank"> </span>ampliação<span class="_7 blank"> </span>da<span class="_6 blank"> </span>democracia<span class="_10 blank"> </span>~ do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>acesso</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y193 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">dos<span class="_e blank"> </span>trabalhadorcs<span class="_2d blank"> </span>ao<span class="_8 blank"> </span>trabalho<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e<span class="_15 blank"> </span>aos<span class="_1a blank"> </span>bens<span class="_5 blank"> </span>produzidos.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Defendia<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a justiça<span class="_9 blank"> </span>social</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y174 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e">e a educação<span class="_a blank"> </span>como<span class="_7 blank"> </span>meio<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>tornar<span class="_a blank"> </span>todos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>aptos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_11 blank"> </span>trabalho<span class="_10 blank"> </span>e</div><div class="t m21 xd5 ha y174 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 xaa ha y174 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">participação</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y175 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws40">em sociedade.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Cotno<span class="_9 blank"> </span>industrial,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>criou<span class="_6 blank"> </span>experiências<span class="_7 blank"> </span>concretas<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de melhoria<span class="_7 blank"> </span>das</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y194 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws14d">condições<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>vida' e<span class="_11 blank"> </span>trabalho.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>defendidas<span class="_f blank"> </span>dentro<span class="_7 blank"> </span>dessa<span class="_6 blank"> </span>concepção<span class="_a blank"> </span>liberal.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Al-</div><div class="t m2a xb6 hd y13f ff15 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y195 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">cançou,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>com<span class="_11 blank"> </span>isso,<span class="_15 blank"> </span>maior<span class="_4 blank"> </span>produtividade<span class="_18 blank"> </span>e colaborou<span class="_4 blank"> </span>na<span class="_11 blank"> </span>elaboração<span class="_5 blank"> </span>das<span class="_8 blank"> </span>primei-</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y196 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws14e">ras<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Leis<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Fabris<span class="_4 blank"> </span>(li~itaç,ão<span class="_a blank"> </span>da<span class="_11 blank"> </span>jornada<span class="_2d blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>trabalho<span class="_10 blank"> </span>e<span class="_e blank"> </span>,da idade<span class="_7 blank"> </span>para<span class="_7 blank"> </span>o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>trabalho</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y197 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws14f">infantil),<span class="_4 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>forain<span class="_7 blank"> </span>os primeiros<span class="_2d blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_6 blank"> </span>conquistados<span class="_2d blank"> </span>legalmente<span class="_7 blank"> </span>na</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha yd2 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws150">era<span class="_11 blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>capitalismo<span class="_a blank"> </span>industrial<span class="_2d blank"> </span>(Singer, 2003).</div><div class="t m5 xae ha y198 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws151">Na scquência,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>observam-se<span class="_17 blank"> </span>avanços<span class="_5 blank"> </span>das conquistas<span class="_10 blank"> </span>sindicais<span class="_a blank"> </span>em vários</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y199 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws152">países. Apro,vam:se leis<span class="_6 blank"> </span>que garantem<span class="_f blank"> </span>a<span class="_6 blank"> </span>liberdade<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de associação<span class="_a blank"> </span>e<span class="_e blank"> </span>de greve,</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y19a ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws40">estabelecendo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>trabalhadores<span class="_18 blank"> </span>de se organizarem<span class="_10 blank"> </span>contra<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>eXplora-</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y19b ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws153">çãclde<span class="_11 blank"> </span>seu<span class="_11 blank"> </span>trabalho.<span class="_10 blank"> </span>Isso<span class="_e blank"> </span>ócorre<span class="_7 blank"> </span>en~'<span class="_33 blank"></span>uma<span class="_5 blank"> </span>dinâmica<span class="_a blank"> </span>que<span class="_8 blank"> </span>traz<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a-~árlços<span class="_36 blank"></span>e<span class="_15 blank"> </span>recuos.</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y19c ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">A medida<span class="_7 blank"> </span>quc<span class="_8 blank"> </span>cresce<span class="_8 blank"> </span>a organização<span class="_7 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>trabalhadores,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>ocorrem<span class="_a blank"> </span>restrições<span class="_7 blank"> </span>aos</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y19d ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws154">direitos,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>revelandb" a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>dinâmica<span class="_10 blank"> </span>contraditória<span class="_b blank"> </span>da<span class="_6 blank"> </span>luta<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>classes.<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Em<span class="_4 blank"> </span>relação</div><div class="t m21 x69 ha y19d ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha yac ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws155">al~pliação dos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>di*itos<span class="_17 blank"> </span>políticos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>,observa-se,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>também,</div><div class="t mb xd6 h1b yac ff15 fs16 fc0 sc0 ls0">°</div><div class="t m5 x5a ha yac ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws156">mesn:o ren6ineno.</div><div class="t m5 xae ha yd8 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws157">O século</div><div class="t m23 x55 h21 yd8 ff16 fs1b fc0 sc0 ls0">xd.</div><div class="t m5 x5f ha yd8 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws15">trará<span class="_7 blank"> </span>as primciras<span class="_10 blank"> </span>grandes<span class="_7 blank"> </span>crises<span class="_9 blank"> </span>do<span class="_9 blank"> </span>capitalismo<span class="_f blank"> </span>e a<span class="_6 blank"> </span>cres-</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y19e ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws158">cente<span class="_9 blank"> </span>organização<span class="_10 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>trabalhadores.<span class="_2d blank"> </span>Vários movimentos<span class="_f blank"> </span>terão<span class="_7 blank"> </span>comoconsc-</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha yfa ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e">quência<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a<span class="_6 blank"> </span>ampliação<span class="_a blank"> </span>e a afirmação<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>políticos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e sodais<span class="_17 blank"> </span>(Revolução</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y19f ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c">de1832,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>Cartismo),<span class="_17 blank"> </span>no<span class="_6 blank"> </span>bojo<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>uma<span class="_4 blank"> </span>luta<span class="_9 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>vai, inclusive,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>apresentar.expli-</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y1a0 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">citamente<span class="_7 blank"> </span>uma<span class="_6 blank"> </span>alfernativa<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_8 blank"> </span>capitalismo.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>São as<span class="_15 blank"> </span>ideias<span class="_8 blank"> </span>socialistas<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que<span class="_15 blank"> </span>surgem</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y1a1 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws159">e, além<span class="_11 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>formul~das,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>são<span class="_11 blank"> </span>assumidas<span class="_5 blank"> </span>como<span class="_6 blank"> </span>bandeira<span class="_7 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>tral?alhadores<span class="_5 blank"> </span>orga-</div><div class="t m5 x24 ha y1a2 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws17">nizados<span class="_a blank"> </span>(Revolução<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de 1848,<span class="_15 blank"> </span>Primeira<span class="_a blank"> </span>Internacional,<span class="_c blank"> </span>Comuna<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de Paris).</div><div class="t m5 xae ha y1a3 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws15a">A<span class="_6 blank"> </span>medida<span class="_10 blank"> </span>que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>essas lutas<span class="_5 blank"> </span>avançam,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>fortalecem-se<span class="_2d blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>um<span class="_7 blank"> </span>lado<span class="_5 blank"> </span>as ideias</div><div class="t m5 x24 ha y14d ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws15b">liberais<span class="_9 blank"> </span>c,<span class="_15 blank"> </span>de<span class="_15 blank"> </span>outro,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>as<span class="_1a blank"> </span>ideias<span class="_9 blank"> </span>socialistas,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>em um<span class="_11 blank"> </span>processo<span class="_5 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>vai dando<span class="_7 blank"> </span>novos</div><div class="t m5 x24 ha y1a4 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">contornos<span class="_17 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_8 blank"> </span>papel<span class="_4 blank"> </span>do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Estado<span class="_a blank"> </span>e aos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>sociais.</div><div class="t m5 xae ha y1a5 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws15c">Ao mesmo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>tempo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que<span class="_8 blank"> </span>continua<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>luta<span class="_6 blank"> </span>pelo<span class="_8 blank"> </span>sufrágio<span class="_5 blank"> </span>universal,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>cujo<span class="_11 blank"> </span>obje-</div><div class="t m15 xb7 h4 y1a6 ff15 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m7 xd7 h15 y1a6 ff16 fs11 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws15d">- -</div><div class="t m5 x68 h6 y1a6 ff15 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">.</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y1a7 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">tivo<span class="_8 blank"> </span>era<span class="_8 blank"> </span>possibilitar<span class="_a blank"> </span>a participação<span class="_10 blank"> </span>política<span class="_9 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>trabalhadores,<span class="_c blank"> </span>amplia-se<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a<span class="_15 blank"> </span>luta</div><div class="t m7 xb7 h9 y1a8 ff15 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m7 xb7 hd y1a9 ff16 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">!</div><div class="t m45 x21 h16 ycd ff15 fsf fc0 sc0 ls0">"</div><div class="t m28 x7d hd y18d ff16 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws37">PSICOLOGIA.<span class="_10 blank"> </span>SUBJETIVIDADE<span class="_10 blank"> </span>E POLtrlCAS<span class="_d blank"> </span>PÚBLICAS</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y16f ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws15e">pelo direito<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_e blank"> </span>trabalho,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>que<span class="_11 blank"> </span>se<span class="_8 blank"> </span>acirra<span class="_5 blank"> </span>com as<span class="_15 blank"> </span>crises econômicas.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Também<span class="_a blank"> </span>no</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1aa ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws15f">contexto<span class="_6 blank"> </span>das<span class="_8 blank"> </span>crises<span class="_15 blank"> </span>econômicas,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>continuam<span class="_a blank"> </span>as questões<span class="_9 blank"> </span>referentes<span class="_8 blank"> </span>às condições</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y13a ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws160">de<span class="_5 blank"> </span>trabalho (duração<span class="_f blank"> </span>da<span class="_5 blank"> </span>jornada, trabalho de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>mulh"eres<span class="_11 blank"> </span>c<span class="_9 blank"> </span>crianças).<span class="_2d blank"> </span>Nesse</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1ab ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws161">processo,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>direito<span class="_a blank"> </span>aO trabalho<span class="_2d blank"> </span>vai<span class="_11 blank"> </span>se<span class="_6 blank"> </span>impondo,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>chegando<span class="_a blank"> </span>a<span class="_6 blank"> </span>ser<span class="_9 blank"> </span>proclamado</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y67 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws15">como<span class="_5 blank"> </span>o direito<span class="_5 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>está<span class="_6 blank"> </span>acima<span class="_4 blank"> </span>do<span class="_4 blank"> </span>direito<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>propriedade<span class="_18 blank"> </span>(o que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>se expressou</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1ac ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws162">claramente<span class="_17 blank"> </span>na<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Comuna).<span class="_c blank"> </span>Na verdade,</div><div class="t mc x4b ha y1ac ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 x1b ha y1ac ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws163">uma<span class="_7 blank"> </span>questão<span class="_2d blank"> </span>que está presente<span class="_17 blank"> </span>até</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1ad ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">hoje,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>porque<span class="_7 blank"> </span>sintetiza,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>nessa<span class="_5 blank"> </span>dimensão;<span class="_a blank"> </span>a oposição<span class="_4 blank"> </span>capital~trabalho</div><div class="t m5 xd8 ha y1ae ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws15c">O<span class="_8 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>vai se<span class="_8 blank"> </span>configurando<span class="_f blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>maneira<span class="_a blank"> </span>cada<span class="_8 blank"> </span>vez<span class="_e blank"> </span>mais<span class="_4 blank"> </span>dar.a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>nesse<span class="_8 blank"> </span>proces-</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1af ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws28">so é a necessidade<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>garantir<span class="_2d blank"> </span>os<span class="_9 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>socials por<span class="_5 blank"> </span>lei, tornando<span class="_c blank"> </span>o Estado</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1b0 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws164">responsável por</div><div class="t m28 xa1 h11 y1b0 ff17 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">sua</div><div class="t m5 xd9 ha y1b0 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws165">implementação.<span class="_a blank"> </span>num<span class="_9 blank"> </span>embate<span class="_11 blank"> </span>que<span class="_e blank"> </span>revela, além<span class="_6 blank"> </span>da<span class="_e blank"> </span>oposição</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1b1 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws32">burguesia-proletariado,<span class="_17 blank"> </span>diferentes<span class="_6 blank"> </span>concepções<span class="_6 blank"> </span>dentro<span class="_5 blank"> </span>do movimento<span class="_7 blank"> </span>operário></div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1b2 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws166">com<span class="_5 blank"> </span>consequências<span class="_2d blank"> </span>que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>avançafl? pelo<span class="_6 blank"> </span>século<span class="_5 blank"> </span>XX.<span class="_15 blank"> </span>De<span class="_4 blank"> </span>qualquer<span class="_a blank"> </span>modo,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a<span class="_11 blank"> </span>luta</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1b3 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">pelos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_11 blank"> </span>é incorporada<span class="_2d blank"> </span>pelo<span class="_6 blank"> </span>movimento<span class="_10 blank"> </span>operário<span class="_7 blank"> </span>como<span class="_11 blank"> </span>forma<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1b4 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws167">se<span class="_8 blank"> </span>opor<span class="_5 blank"> </span>aos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>interessescapitalifjtas<span class="_f blank"> </span>e ampliar<span class="_7 blank"> </span>o campo<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>ação<span class="_8 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>trabalhado-</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1b5 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws168">res, o q1,1e</div><div class="t m12 xda ha y1b5 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 xdb ha y1b5 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws169">favorecido,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>contraditoriamente,<span class="_d blank"> </span>pela<span class="_9 blank"> </span>expaI1sã9,do modo<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>pm~</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1b6 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16a">dução capitalista.</div><div class="t m5 xd8 ha y1b7 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16b">A revisão<span class="_9 blank"> </span>do processo<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>desenvolvimento<span class="_10 blank"> </span>capitalista<span class="_5 blank"> </span>da<span class="_11 blank"> </span>perspecti\'l1 da</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha yf5 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws167">conquista<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>permite<span class="_a blank"> </span>compreender<span class="_f blank"> </span>como<span class="_9 blank"> </span>o bem:-cstar,<span class="_e blank"> </span>para<span class="_6 blank"> </span>além<span class="_9 blank"> </span>das</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1b8 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16c">concepções<span class="_10 blank"> </span>econô~cas,<span class="_23 blank"> </span>transforma~se<span class="_10 blank"> </span>em<span class="_4 blank"> </span>direito.<span class="_a blank"> </span>Com<span class="_5 blank"> </span>isso" pode-se<span class="_10 blank"> </span>mais</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1b9 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">claramcntc<span class="_a blank"> </span>falar em<span class="_11 blank"> </span>políticas<span class="_4 blank"> </span>sociais,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>uma<span class="_6 blank"> </span>vez que<span class="_11 blank"> </span>a partir<span class="_7 blank"> </span>desse<span class="_8 blank"> </span>momento<span class="_10 blank"> </span>do</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha yab ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16d">desenvolvimento<span class="_17 blank"> </span>capitalista<span class="_a blank"> </span>e<span class="_11 blank"> </span>pelo<span class="_5 blank"> </span>m'enos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>a~é os<span class="_9 blank"> </span>tempos<span class="_a blank"> </span>atuais,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>llcoliberais></div><div class="t m5 x7d ha yf8 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16e">não há como não assumir<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que é<span class="_15 blank"> </span>papel do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Estado garaIltir<span class="_5 blank"> </span>o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>bem-estar<span class="_a blank"> </span>sociaL</div><div class="t m5 xd8 ha y3d ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16f">Dessa<span class="_5 blank"> </span>pcrspectiva,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>é<span class="_9 blank"> </span>na<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Alemanha<span class="_f blank"> </span>do<span class="_4 blank"> </span>século<span class="_7 blank"> </span>XIX, com<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Bismarck,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1ba ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws170">surge<span class="_9 blank"> </span>o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>primeiro<span class="_2d blank"> </span>modelo<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>política<span class="_7 blank"> </span>sociaL<span class="_e blank"> </span>O<span class="_6 blank"> </span>chanceler<span class="_a blank"> </span>do. Império<span class="_a blank"> </span>alemão,</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y160 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws171">ao<span class="_e blank"> </span>mesmo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>tempo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>reprime<span class="_10 blank"> </span>os<span class="_8 blank"> </span>partidos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>operários,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>faz concessões<span class="_7 blank"> </span>aos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>tra-</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha ydb ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws152">balhadores,<span class="_c blank"> </span>com<span class="_7 blank"> </span>uma<span class="_2d blank"> </span>pioneira<span class="_2d blank"> </span>política<span class="_2d blank"> </span>de seguros<span class="_10 blank"> </span>sociais, patrocinada<span class="_d blank"> </span>ou</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha ydc ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws41">subvencionada<span class="_f blank"> </span>pelo<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Estado.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Essa política<span class="_7 blank"> </span>previa<span class="_9 blank"> </span>garantias<span class="_a blank"> </span>aos traballiadores</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1b ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">em<span class="_11 blank"> </span>caso<span class="_11 blank"> </span>de<span class="_e blank"> </span>acidentes<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de.trabalho,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>enfermidades.<span class="_a blank"> </span>velhice,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>invalidez,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>a partir<span class="_a blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y163 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">seguros<span class="_4 blank"> </span>pagos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>obrigatoriamente<span class="_c blank"> </span>por<span class="_9 blank"> </span>patrões<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e empregados.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Na<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Inglaterra,<span class="_a blank"> </span>no</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1bb ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws172">início do<span class="_5 blank"> </span>século</div><div class="t m13 x3f h10 y1bb ff15 fse fc0 sc0 ls0">xx,</div><div class="t m5 xdc ha y1bb ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws24">as leis<span class="_8 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>b~-e~tar<span class="_26 blank"> </span>social<span class="_9 blank"> </span>aumentam<span class="_c blank"> </span>o alcance<span class="_4 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>se.</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha yff ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws173">guras,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>estabelecendo<span class="_a blank"> </span>arrecadaçõe$<span class="_a blank"> </span>fiscais para<span class="_4 blank"> </span>sustentar<span class="_2d blank"> </span>operários<span class="_10 blank"> </span>incapaci-</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y100 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">tados.<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Nessesentido.<span class="_10 blank"> </span>pode-se<span class="_7 blank"> </span>dizer<span class="_e blank"> </span>que<span class="_8 blank"> </span>a Alem.anpa<span class="_15 blank"> </span>e a Grã.Bretanha<span class="_a blank"> </span>vão<span class="_e blank"> </span>para</div><div class="t m5 xdd ha y1a5 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>além<span class="_11 blank"> </span>do<span class="_15 blank"> </span>liberalismo.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>A<span class="_1a blank"> </span>primeira,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>estabelecendo<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a obrigatoriedade<span class="_10 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_1a blank"> </span>,seguros;</div><div class="t m5 x7d ha y1a7 ff16 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">e<span class="_8 blank"> </span>a segunda,<span class="_a blank"> </span>instituindo,<span class="_a blank"> </span>além<span class="_5 blank"> </span>disso.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>receita<span class="_9 blank"> </span>fiscal para<span class="_4 blank"> </span>sua<span class="_6 blank"> </span>garantia.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w3 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w3 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w3 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/b31f9048-15d0-4d04-8587-0324d2a351c4/bg8.png"><div class="t m5 xde ha y1bc ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws174">A<span class="_e blank"> </span>depressão<span class="_6 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>1930 t~bém<span class="_14 blank"> </span>impõe<span class="_4 blank"> </span>novos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>contornos<span class="_a blank"> </span>às<span class="_1a blank"> </span>políticas<span class="_11 blank"> </span>sociais,</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha y1bd ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">le\'a~do</div><div class="t m14 xba ha y1bd ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 x34 ha y1bd ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws40">instituição<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de leis<span class="_e blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>proteção<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ao trabalho<span class="_10 blank"> </span>nos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Estados<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Unidos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>e em</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha y1be ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16e">outrbs países,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>tanto<span class="_a blank"> </span>pela<span class="_4 blank"> </span>garantia<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de<span class="_7 blank"> </span>emprego,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>como<span class="_10 blank"> </span>pela<span class="_5 blank"> </span>normalização<span class="_18 blank"> </span>do</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha y1bf ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws175">trabilho<span class="_7 blank"> </span>por<span class="_8 blank"> </span>meio<span class="_8 blank"> </span>de legislação<span class="_e blank"> </span>trabalhista<span class="_5 blank"> </span>(jornada,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>seguros,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>salário-mínimo).</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha y1c0 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws176">lncl<span class="_2d blank"> </span>i.se<span class="_a blank"> </span>aí<span class="_9 blank"> </span>n criação<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>subvenções<span class="_f blank"> </span>do<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Estado<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a<span class="_9 blank"> </span>determinados<span class="_13 blank"> </span>setores<span class="_a blank"> </span>da</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha y162 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws177">eco<span class="_22 blank"> </span>mia<span class="_7 blank"> </span>com<span class="_5 blank"> </span>o<span class="_5 blank"> </span>fim de garantir<span class="_17 blank"> </span>sua<span class="_7 blank"> </span>expansão,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>seja<span class="_5 blank"> </span>porque<span class="_f blank"> </span>são setores<span class="_a blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m5 xad ha y163 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws33">pro<span class="_f blank"> </span>ução<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>bens<span class="_9 blank"> </span>fundamentais.<span class="_18 blank"> </span>seja porque<span class="_a blank"> </span>são<span class="_11 blank"> </span>setores<span class="_4 blank"> </span>centrais<span class="_5 blank"> </span>para<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>eco-</div><div class="t m5 xad ha y1bb ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws146">no<span class="_1f blank"> </span>a, em termos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de oferta<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de empregos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e<span class="_e blank"> </span>participação<span class="_2d blank"> </span>no<span class="_6 blank"> </span>mercado.</div><div class="t m5 x25 ha y60 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws178">As funções<span class="_6 blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Estado,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>nesse<span class="_6 blank"> </span>processo,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>vão se<span class="_8 blank"> </span>tornando<span class="_17 blank"> </span>mais<span class="_9 blank"> </span>complexas.</div><div class="t m5 x83 h7 y1c1 ff18 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws179">'-_o __<span class="_9 blank"> </span><span class="fs9 ws17a">DeVI gamntir<span class="_10 blank"> </span>o<span class="_5 blank"> </span>equiUbrio<span class="_7 blank"> </span>social<span class="_5 blank"> </span>que<span class="_5 blank"> </span>visa,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>em<span class="_7 blank"> </span>última<span class="_2d blank"> </span>instância,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>garantir<span class="_c blank"> </span>a</span></div><div class="t m46 x8d h9 y18a ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m1d xdf h5 y138 ff19 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws123">.,"</div><div class="t m13 xc3 h5 y156 ff19 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">'i</div><div class="t m7 xe0 h9 yc9 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m47 xc4 h6 y1c2 ff19 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">I'</div><div class="t m2a xe0 h15 y1c2 ff19 fs11 fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m0 x8b hd y1c3 ff18 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws17b">MARIA<span class="_10 blank"> </span>DA<span class="_11 blank"> </span>GRAÇA<span class="_10 blank"> </span>Mo GONÇALVES</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y1c4 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3d">Também<span class="_6 blank"> </span>avançam<span class="_6 blank"> </span>na<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Gr:ã-Bretanha<span class="_6 blank"> </span>as conquistas<span class="_7 blank"> </span>sociais: diminuição<span class="_10 blank"> </span>da</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y48 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws40">jo~ada<span class="_c blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>traba1h~;'instituição<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de ~m<span class="_11 blank"> </span>salário-mínimo<span class="_18 blank"> </span>para<span class="_4 blank"> </span>al~mas<span class="_2f blank"> </span>funções;</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y1c5 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e">proteção<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a crianças<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e<span class="_15 blank"> </span>velhos.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>O<span class="_9 blank"> </span>sistema<span class="_5 blank"> </span>inglês,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>estabelecendo<span class="_17 blank"> </span>a participação</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y1c6 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws17c">do<span class="_15 blank"> </span>Jirio<span class="_2 blank"> </span>público<span class="_6 blank"> </span>na<span class="_e blank"> </span>viabilização<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_15 blank"> </span>um<span class="_6 blank"> </span>seguro<span class="_11 blank"> </span>aos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>que não podem<span class="_7 blank"> </span>contribuir,</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y1c7 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws17d">institui<span class="_7 blank"> </span>"algo<span class="_8 blank"> </span>que pode<span class="_10 blank"> </span>ser o germe<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de urna<span class="_7 blank"> </span>seguridade<span class="_18 blank"> </span>social<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que tende<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y1c8 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws17e">equali7.ar todas<span class="_7 blank"> </span>as<span class="_9 blank"> </span>categorias,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>atribuindo-lhes<span class="_2 blank"> </span>um<span class="_10 blank"> </span>denominador<span class="_d blank"> </span>comum:<span class="_17 blank"> </span>a<span class="_5 blank"> </span>"</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y134 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws17f">cidadnnia"<span class="_11 blank"> </span>(Singer. 2003,<span class="_e blank"> </span>p.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>237).<span class="_3e blank"> </span>"<span class="_3f blank"> </span>.</div><div class="t m3d x25 hc y1c9 ff19 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">j</div><div class="t m5 x24 ha y1c9 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16b">A partir<span class="_10 blank"> </span>dessas<span class="_9 blank"> </span>experiências,</div><div class="t md xe1 hd y1c9 ff18 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">fi</div><div class="t m5 xe2 ha y1c9 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws180">definição<span class="_7 blank"> </span>mais<span class="_5 blank"> </span>clara"de poUtlc.nssociais</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y1ca ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws146">vai<span class="_2d blank"> </span>xpressar, como<span class="_9 blank"> </span>não<span class="_6 blank"> </span>poderIa<span class="_a blank"> </span>deIxar de ser,</div><div class="t md xa5 hd y1ca ff18 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">fi</div><div class="t m5 xc9 ha y1ca ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c">dinâmica<span class="_10 blank"> </span>da<span class="_8 blank"> </span>luta<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de classes<span class="_6 blank"> </span>e</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y5 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws181">o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>p<span class="_22 blank"> </span>eI<span class="_15 blank"> </span>do' Estado<span class="_7 blank"> </span>dai<span class="_6 blank"> </span>decorrente.<span class="_17 blank"> </span>Em<span class="_4 blank"> </span>alguns<span class="_5 blank"> </span>contextos,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>as<span class="_8 blank"> </span>posições<span class="_4 blank"> </span>liberais</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y13e ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws182">ofer cem maior<span class="_7 blank"> </span>resist~ncia<span class="_9 blank"> </span>às<span class="_9 blank"> </span>conquistas<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>sociais protegidos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>pelo</div><div class="t m5 xcd h11 y6c ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws183">Esta<span class="_a blank"> </span>o. Em<span class="_5 blank"> </span>outras<span class="_10 blank"> </span>conjunturas.<span class="_16 blank"> </span>o avanço<span class="_10 blank"> </span>do<span class="_5 blank"> </span>movimento<span class="_16 blank"> </span>operário<span class="_2d blank"> </span><span class="ff1a fsa ws184">elou </span>as</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha yee ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws185">cris<span class="_7 blank"> </span>s capitalistas<span class="_4 blank"> </span>favorecem<span class="_4 blank"> </span>ou<span class="_6 blank"> </span>impõem<span class="_a blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>ampliação<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>direItos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>sociais.</div><div class="t m5 x24 ha y1cb ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws146">Assim,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>o ritmo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de implantação<span class="_c blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_a blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_5 blank"> </span>nos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>países<span class="_9 blank"> </span>europeus</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y6f ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">no</div><div class="t m6 xe3 h6 y6f ff19 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">i</div><div class="t m5 x24 ha y6f ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">leio do século<span class="_6 blank"> </span>XX<span class="_1a blank"> </span>é acelerado<span class="_5 blank"> </span>pela<span class="_e blank"> </span>Primeira<span class="_a blank"> </span>Guerra<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Mundial.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>em<span class="_8 blank"> </span>função</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha y1cc ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2">da<span class="_21 blank"> </span>ecessidade<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_5 blank"> </span>que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>o Estado<span class="_10 blank"> </span>organizasse<span class="_a blank"> </span>a sociedade<span class="_f blank"> </span>depauperada<span class="_b blank"> </span>pela</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha y1cd ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws40">gue<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ra. Também<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Revolução<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Russa<span class="_11 blank"> </span>de<span class="_7 blank"> </span>1917 traz<span class="_11 blank"> </span>para<span class="_7 blank"> </span>o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>cenário<span class="_a blank"> </span>~<span class="_a blank"> </span>possibili-</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha y1ce ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">dad<span class="_7 blank"> </span>s de<span class="_e blank"> </span>uma<span class="_9 blank"> </span>sociedade<span class="_5 blank"> </span>socialista.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>anima<span class="_4 blank"> </span>os<span class="_11 blank"> </span>trabalhadores<span class="_2d blank"> </span>e previne<span class="_7 blank"> </span>as</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha y1cf ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws186">elas<span class="_9 blank"> </span>cs dominantes.</div><div class="t m5 xde ha y19b ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws187">Dessemodo, o<span class="_1a blank"> </span>movimento<span class="_2c blank"> </span>operário<span class="_2c blank"> </span>se<span class="_2c blank"> </span>radica1izou<span class="_33 blank"></span>em<span class="_2c blank"> </span>parte,<span class="_1a blank"> </span>enquanto<span class="_2c blank"> </span>as<span class="_1a blank"> </span>forças</div><div class="t m5 xde ha y123 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws188">dominantes<span class="_40 blank"> </span>e<span class="_2c blank"> </span>normalmente<span class="_1a blank"> </span>conservadoras se<span class="_40 blank"> </span>mostravam<span class="_40 blank"> </span>senslvels</div><div class="t m13 xe4 ha y123 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 x67 ha y123 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">necessida-</div><div class="t m5 xde ha y144 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws189">de<span class="_1a blank"> </span>de<span class="_15 blank"> </span>o<span class="_2c blank"> </span>Estado<span class="_1a blank"> </span>amparar<span class="_2c blank"> </span>os<span class="_15 blank"> </span>trabalhadores<span class="_2c blank"> </span>carentes e<span class="_e blank"> </span>suas<span class="_40 blank"> </span>rnmfllas<span class="_41 blank"></span>(Slnger,<span class="_41 blank"></span>2003,</div><div class="t m48 x25 h2 y1d0 ff19 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m5 xde h6 y1d0 ff19 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">p</div><div class="t m21 x32 h6 y1d0 ff18 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws18a">.239). .</div><div class="t m7 x92 h2c y1d1 ff19 fs20 fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t md x79 hd y1d2 ff18 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws18b">PSICOLOGIA,<span class="_a blank"> </span>SUBJRTJVIDADIl.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>E POt.mCAS<span class="_16 blank"> </span>PúBUCAS</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1d3 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws40">acumulação<span class="_2d blank"> </span>do<span class="_5 blank"> </span>capital<span class="_a blank"> </span>e<span class="_9 blank"> </span>a<span class="_11 blank"> </span>reprodução<span class="_b blank"> </span>da<span class="_5 blank"> </span>força<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de "trabalho.<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Isso<span class="_9 blank"> </span>passa<span class="_5 blank"> </span>por</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y1d4 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">Justificar<span class="_40 blank"> </span>ideologicamente<span class="_2d blank"> </span>a organização<span class="_5 blank"> </span>social<span class="_e blank"> </span>e criar<span class="_11 blank"> </span>e<span class="_2c blank"> </span>manter<span class="_4 blank"> </span>os<span class="_15 blank"> </span>mecanismos</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y25 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>regulação,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_4 blank"> </span>eles<span class="_8 blank"> </span>os<span class="_6 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>garantem,<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>alguma<span class="_9 blank"> </span>forma.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a distribuição<span class="_10 blank"> </span>da</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1d5 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws167">produção<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e<span class="_11 blank"> </span>o bem-estar<span class="_17 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>indivIduas.</div><div class="t m5 xdd ha y1d6 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws18c">O Estado<span class="_6 blank"> </span>liberal,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>intervém<span class="_a blank"> </span>no<span class="_11 blank"> </span>mercado<span class="_5 blank"> </span>para<span class="_4 blank"> </span>corrigir<span class="_9 blank"> </span>distorções,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>não</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1d7 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws24">pode,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>entretanto,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>sair<span class="_4 blank"> </span>do<span class="_4 blank"> </span>ílmbito<span class="_6 blank"> </span>do.mercado,<span class="_f blank"> </span>o balizador<span class="_7 blank"> </span>da economia<span class="_7 blank"> </span>capi-</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1d8 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws18d">talista<span class="_e blank"> </span>mesmo<span class="_4 blank"> </span>na<span class="_e blank"> </span>fase monopolista.<span class="_a blank"> </span>Intervém,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>então,<span class="_15 blank"> </span>com<span class="_11 blank"> </span>medidas<span class="_8 blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_15 blank"> </span>"fora</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1d9 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>mercado~<span class="_6 blank"> </span>que,<span class="_8 blank"> </span>embora<span class="_10 blank"> </span>sejam.<span class="_6 blank"> </span>a principio,<span class="_a blank"> </span>uma<span class="_6 blank"> </span>intervenção<span class="_a blank"> </span>"não<span class="_11 blank"> </span>mercan-</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1da ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws28">tll~ favorecem,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>contraditoriamente,<span class="_1 blank"> </span>a economia<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>mercado.<span class="_a blank"> </span>Assim a inter-</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha ycf ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws17">venção<span class="_9 blank"> </span>se<span class="_8 blank"> </span>dá por<span class="_4 blank"> </span>meio<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de apoio<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>empresas<span class="_a blank"> </span>ou individuos,<span class="_a blank"> </span>para<span class="_11 blank"> </span>produzir<span class="_10 blank"> </span>ou</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1db ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws15c">ter<span class="_9 blank"> </span>acesso<span class="_8 blank"> </span>aos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>bens<span class="_5 blank"> </span>e serviços<span class="_7 blank"> </span>existentes<span class="_9 blank"> </span>no<span class="_4 blank"> </span>mercado.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>São, por<span class="_9 blank"> </span>exemplo,<span class="_8 blank"> </span>poU-</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1dc ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws18e">ticas<span class="_5 blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_5 blank"> </span>que<span class="_7 blank"> </span>se caracterizam<span class="_b blank"> </span>pelo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>estímulo</div><div class="t m14 xe5 ha y1dc ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 xe6 ha y1dc ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f">demanda<span class="_2d blank"> </span>e subvenção<span class="_a blank"> </span>às</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1dd ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws18f">empresas<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e<span class="_15 blank"> </span>por<span class="_4 blank"> </span>isso<span class="_11 blank"> </span>não<span class="_4 blank"> </span>alternm<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ns relações<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>produção.</div><div class="t m5 xdd ha y1de ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws174">No<span class="_11 blank"> </span>período<span class="_7 blank"> </span>entreguerras<span class="_17 blank"> </span>e<span class="_15 blank"> </span>até<span class="_8 blank"> </span>meados<span class="_a blank"> </span>da<span class="_8 blank"> </span>década<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>1960 do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>século<span class="_11 blank"> </span>XX,</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1df ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws190">o capitalismo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>monopolista<span class="_16 blank"> </span>procura<span class="_b blank"> </span>resolver<span class="_a blank"> </span>suas<span class="_5 blank"> </span>crises<span class="_7 blank"> </span>primeiramente<span class="_2 blank"> </span>no</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1e0 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">Ambito<span class="_42 blank"> </span>da<span class="_e blank"> </span>produção,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>contraditoriamente<span class="_2 blank"> </span>com<span class="_8 blank"> </span>a expansão<span class="_9 blank"> </span>tecnológica. por<span class="_9 blank"> </span>úm</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1e1 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws191">lado,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>e<span class="_15 blank"> </span>com<span class="_4 blank"> </span>n<span class="_e blank"> </span>destruição<span class="_10 blank"> </span>das<span class="_11 blank"> </span>forças<span class="_11 blank"> </span>produtivas,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>por<span class="_4 blank"> </span>outro,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Ao<span class="_1a blank"> </span>mesmo" tempo,</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y85 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">tenta<span class="_7 blank"> </span>resolver<span class="_11 blank"> </span>o problema<span class="_a blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>controle<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e reprodução<span class="_2d blank"> </span>da<span class="_6 blank"> </span>força de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>trabalho<span class="_a blank"> </span>e da</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1e2 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">distribuição<span class="_a blank"> </span>de bens<span class="_9 blank"> </span>e consumo<span class="_a blank"> </span>com<span class="_6 blank"> </span>a lógica<span class="_9 blank"> </span>do bem-estar<span class="_a blank"> </span>social. Nesse<span class="_8 blank"> </span>con-</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1e3 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws32">texto.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>apresenta-se<span class="_a blank"> </span>o Estado<span class="_4 blank"> </span>do bem-estar<span class="_10 blank"> </span>social<span class="_11 blank"> </span>como<span class="_9 blank"> </span>guardião<span class="_6 blank"> </span>do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>equilíbrio</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha yc2 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws146">da sociedade.</div><div class="t m5 xdd ha y1e4 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c">Conforme<span class="_a blank"> </span>Singer (2003),<span class="_8 blank"> </span>iniciativas<span class="_11 blank"> </span>dessa<span class="_6 blank"> </span>ordem,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>inicialmente<span class="_4 blank"> </span>na Suécia</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1e5 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">e no<span class="_e blank"> </span>Brasil e.<span class="_40 blank"> </span>posteriormente,<span class="_17 blank"> </span>nos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Estados<span class="_e blank"> </span>Unidos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>e na<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Alemanha,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>representam</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1e6 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e">uma<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ruptura<span class="_10 blank"> </span>com<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a ortodoxia<span class="_10 blank"> </span>econômica<span class="_a blank"> </span>liberal.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>apostava no<span class="_4 blank"> </span>equilíbrio</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1e7 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">natural<span class="_5 blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>mercado,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e<span class="_e blank"> </span>a instalação<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>urna<span class="_6 blank"> </span>nova<span class="_11 blank"> </span>concepção,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>segundo<span class="_9 blank"> </span>a qual<span class="_6 blank"> </span>o</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1e8 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">direito<span class="_7 blank"> </span>social<span class="_8 blank"> </span>primordial<span class="_c blank"> </span>é o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>direito<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_11 blank"> </span>trabalho,<span class="_a blank"> </span>cabendo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>aos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>governos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>insti-</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha yc ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws146">tuírem<span class="_7 blank"> </span>políticas<span class="_9 blank"> </span>nessa<span class="_4 blank"> </span>direção,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de garantia<span class="_7 blank"> </span>do<span class="_9 blank"> </span>pleno<span class="_9 blank"> </span>emprego.</div><div class="t m5 xdd ha y1e9 ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws192">A partir<span class="_17 blank"> </span>dai.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>uma<span class="_10 blank"> </span>nova<span class="_7 blank"> </span>concepção<span class="_10 blank"> </span>econômica<span class="_2d blank"> </span>vai<span class="_9 blank"> </span>se<span class="_9 blank"> </span>impondo.<span class="_a blank"> </span>São<span class="_9 blank"> </span>as</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1ea ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws193">formulações<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de John<span class="_7 blank"> </span>M.<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Keynes, que<span class="_9 blank"> </span>se<span class="_6 blank"> </span>tornam<span class="_f blank"> </span>hegemônicas</div><div class="t m14 xe7 ha y1ea ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 x9b ha y1ea ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws194">medida que</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y7a ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e">possibilitam<span class="_10 blank"> </span>organizar<span class="_a blank"> </span>e reorganizar<span class="_a blank"> </span>a economia<span class="_a blank"> </span>capitalista,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>que ocorre<span class="_5 blank"> </span>até</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1eb ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3a">a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>década<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>1970. Essas<span class="_11 blank"> </span>formulações<span class="_10 blank"> </span>conferem<span class="_7 blank"> </span>novos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>contornos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_11 blank"> </span>papel<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1ec ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws152">Estado,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>pois<span class="_5 blank"> </span>se<span class="_6 blank"> </span>fundamentam<span class="_22 blank"> </span>na ideia<span class="_a blank"> </span>de que o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>desemprego<span class="_17 blank"> </span>leva</div><div class="t m13 xe8 ha y1ec ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 x17 ha y1ec ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">queda</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1ed ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws176">de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>demanda,<span class="_17 blank"> </span>o que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>leva</div><div class="t m14 x46 ha y1ed ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 x47 ha y1ed ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws15b">crise<span class="_4 blank"> </span>na<span class="_9 blank"> </span>produção<span class="_17 blank"> </span>e, consequentemente,</div><div class="t m13 xe9 ha y1ed ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 xea ha y1ed ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">manu-</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y1ee ff18 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws14f">tenção<span class="_7 blank"> </span>do<span class="_9 blank"> </span>des~mprego.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Romper<span class="_7 blank"> </span>com<span class="_e blank"> </span>'esse proces~o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>requer<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que<span class="_8 blank"> </span>os individuas</div><div class="t m25 xeb hc y1ef ff19 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">"</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w2 h2d" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w2 h2d"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w2 h2d" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/b31f9048-15d0-4d04-8587-0324d2a351c4/bg9.png"><div class="t m5 xec hc y96 ff1b fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws195">\u2022</div><div class="t m11 xec h19 yca ff1c fs14 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws196">'.</div><div class="t m0 xed hc y1f0 ff1b fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws195">\u2022</div><div class="t m22 x50 h19 y68 ff1c fs14 fc0 sc0 ls0">.</div><div class="t m7 x4f h1 y1f1 ff1c fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0">..</div><div class="t m3 x4f h2e y1f2 ff1c fs21 fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m28 xee h4 y110 ff1b fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws197">~:.'<span class="_f blank"> </span>-''':'<span class="_2 blank"> </span>; tJ-<span class="_30 blank"> </span>~_<span class="_f blank"> </span>'</div><div class="t m5 x8c h3 y110 ff1c fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0">MARlADAGRAÇAM,GONÇALVt!S</div><div class="t m49 xef hd y1f3 ff1c fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws198">'';.,'~</div><div class="t m7 xb6 h1 y1f3 ff1c fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0">..</div><div class="t m6 xf0 h4 y1f3 ff1c fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0">,~</div><div class="t m1d xf1 hd y1f4 ff1b fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws199">1>:<0-t04:-<span class="_43 blank"> </span>~<span class="_21 blank"> </span>\u2022.\u2022\u2022. ,</div><div class="t m20 xf2 hd y1f5 ff1c fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws198">::"t'~';,</div><div class="t m5 xb7 hd y1f5 ff1c fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">1\,</div><div class="t m22 x30 hf y1f5 ff1c fsd fc0 sc0 ls0">f</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y95 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws19a">" :tmp~g9\meSmO'pOrque</div><div class="t m7 xb0 h16 y95 ff1c fsf fc0 sc0 ls0">Ce</div><div class="t m5 x8a ha y95 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws19b">esta<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Jdeia<span class="_e blank"> </span>fica novamente<span class="_a blank"> </span>fortalecida)<span class="_7 blank"> </span>não</div><div class="t m1c x23 h16 y1f6 ff1b fsf fc0 sc0 ls0">"~d~~~~bi.~1:r'~q~~~I'-'PQ~',;ontade</div><div class="t m5 xb0 ha y1f6 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws19c">própria.<span class="_10 blank"> </span>Cabe.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>então.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ao ~tado,</div><div class="t m49 x5c h3 y1f6 ff1c fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0">li</div><div class="t m5 xf3 ha y1f6 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">garantia</div><div class="t m5 xf4 hc y1f7 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws19d">_~~',<span class="_44 blank"></span>~~ 'Zl'd'pleno<span class="_45 blank"></span><span class="fsa ws19e">c~_tegb;)iínda <span class="fs9 ws19f">que<span class="_8 blank"> </span>não<span class="_4 blank"> </span>fosse, na<span class="_6 blank"> </span>proposta<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_e blank"> </span>Keynes.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>uma<span class="_11 blank"> </span>garantia</span></span></div><div class="t m3a xf5 h2f y1f8 ff1d fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a0">,'l. -~'""',</div><div class="t m12 xd3 ha y1f8 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a1">p':&a"'cadi. trabàlhador</div><div class="t m5 x29 ha y1f8 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">individualmente.</div><div class="t m12 xc9 ha y1f8 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a2">mas uma</div><div class="t m5 x8c ha y1f8 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">lógica</div><div class="t m12 xb5 ha y1f8 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">de</div><div class="t m5 xd5 ha y1f8 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">organização</div><div class="t m12 x69 ha y1f8 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">da</div><div class="t m5 xd3 ha y1f9 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a3">sociedade.<span class="_17 blank"> </span>Essa<span class="_5 blank"> </span>lógica estabelecia,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a<span class="_5 blank"> </span>partir<span class="_17 blank"> </span>da<span class="_7 blank"> </span>intervenção<span class="_2f blank"> </span>do Estado, um</div><div class="t m5 xd3 ha y116 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws19c">equilíbrio<span class="_7 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_5 blank"> </span>dferta"c demanda<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de emprego,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>o<span class="_6 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>era<span class="_9 blank"> </span>favorável nos<span class="_15 blank"> </span>traba-</div><div class="t m5 xd3 ha y117 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a4">lhadores<span class="_7 blank"> </span>apenas<span class="_5 blank"> </span>tJa medida<span class="_7 blank"> </span>em<span class="_9 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>leriam<span class="_a blank"> </span>facilidade<span class="_4 blank"> </span>em<span class="_11 blank"> </span>encontrar<span class="_c blank"> </span>trabalho.</div><div class="t m6 xb6 hd yce ff1c fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a5">I '</div><div class="t m5 x86 h6 y1fa ff1b fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a6">Embora<span class="_4 blank"> </span>não<span class="_5 blank"> </span>formulado<span class="_10 blank"> </span>como<span class="_9 blank"> </span>direito<span class="_5 blank"> </span>do trabalhador,<span class="_f blank"> </span>essa<span class="_e blank"> </span>obrigação<span class="_7 blank"> </span>do Estado</div><div class="t m5 x63 h6 y15a ff1b fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws12">correspondeu<span class="_d blank"> </span>a um<span class="_5 blank"> </span>direito<span class="_7 blank"> </span>fundamental<span class="_2f blank"> </span>do<span class="_7 blank"> </span>trabalhador:<span class="_18 blank"> </span>o de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>obter<span class="_7 blank"> </span>trnbalho</div><div class="t m5 x63 h6 y1 ff1b fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a7">condigno<span class="_10 blank"> </span>com<span class="_7 blank"> </span>remuneraçlio<span class="_10 blank"> </span>direta<span class="_5 blank"> </span>e Indirrta<span class="_10 blank"> </span>suficiente<span class="_7 blank"> </span>para<span class="_5 blank"> </span>sustentar<span class="_2d blank"> </span>padrilo</div><div class="t m5 x63 h6 y1fb ff1b fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a8">devida<span class="_f blank"> </span>decente<span class="_a blank"> </span>(Singer.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>2003.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>p. 243).</div><div class="t m5 x63 ha y1fc ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a4">As previsões<span class="_6 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>que<span class="_11 blank"> </span>esse modelo<span class="_9 blank"> </span>seria<span class="_9 blank"> </span>combatido<span class="_a blank"> </span>pela<span class="_8 blank"> </span>burguesia<span class="_5 blank"> </span>porque,</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y70 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a9">afinal.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>abria<span class="_10 blank"> </span>espaço<span class="_10 blank"> </span>para<span class="_a blank"> </span>o fortalecimento<span class="_2 blank"> </span>do proletariado<span class="_d blank"> </span>no seu<span class="_7 blank"> </span>embate</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y35 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1aa">contra<span class="_10 blank"> </span>os<span class="_5 blank"> </span>patrões.<span class="_17 blank"> </span>não<span class="_7 blank"> </span>se<span class="_5 blank"> </span>confirmaram<span class="_2 blank"> </span>antes<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_7 blank"> </span>meados<span class="_f blank"> </span>de<span class="_10 blank"> </span>1970. quando</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y36 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ab">su~cm<span class="_b blank"> </span>as "novas;'<span class="_11 blank"> </span>concepções<span class="_a blank"> </span>liberais.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>o neoUberalismo.</div><div class="t m32 xba hd y1e2 ff1c fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">I</div><div class="t m5 x63 ha y1e2 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ac">Antes<span class="_11 blank"> </span>disso.<span class="_e blank"> </span>porém.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>o Estado<span class="_6 blank"> </span>do<span class="_8 blank"> </span>bem-estar<span class="_a blank"> </span>social<span class="_e blank"> </span>toma<span class="_4 blank"> </span>forma.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>ao mesmo</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y1e3 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ad">tempo<span class="_5 blank"> </span>que<span class="_9 blank"> </span>ocorre<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a organização<span class="_a blank"> </span>internacional<span class="_17 blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>trabalho.</div><div class="t m5 x63 ha y9 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ae">Em<span class="_8 blank"> </span>relação<span class="_4 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Estado.<span class="_6 blank"> </span>tem-se<span class="_4 blank"> </span>como<span class="_7 blank"> </span>resultado<span class="_7 blank"> </span>desse process~<span class="_c blank"> </span>em que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>as</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y1fd ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsb9">pollticas<span class="_4 blank"> </span>s!,ciais sã"o<span class="_41 blank"></span>consideradas<span class="_f blank"> </span>como<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>responsabilidade<span class="_c blank"> </span>dos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>governos,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y145 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1af">ampliação<span class="_7 blank"> </span>das<span class="_9 blank"> </span>áreas<span class="_4 blank"> </span>em<span class="_9 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Estado<span class="_4 blank"> </span>se<span class="_4 blank"> </span>faz presente.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Evidentemente,<span class="_17 blank"> </span>isso<span class="_8 blank"> </span>se</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y146 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b0">dá,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>apesar<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>tudo,<span class="_a blank"> </span>dentro<span class="_a blank"> </span>dos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>li~hes<span class="_18 blank"> </span>capitalistas<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e<span class="_11 blank"> </span>da<span class="_11 blank"> </span>ideol~gla<span class="_a blank"> </span>Uberal. En-</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y1fe ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b1">tretant~<span class="_a blank"> </span>é necessário<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ter<span class="_15 blank"> </span>clara<span class="_8 blank"> </span>essa<span class="_15 blank"> </span>caractcrizaçã~<span class="_10 blank"> </span>inclusive<span class="_e blank"> </span>para<span class="_4 blank"> </span>poder<span class="_5 blank"> </span>melhor</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y148 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b2">avnliar o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>significado<span class="_a blank"> </span>e o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>alcance<span class="_9 blank"> </span>das<span class="_11 blank"> </span>poUtiças<span class="_8 blank"> </span>atuais.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>neoliberais.</div><div class="t m13 xba hf y19f ff1c fsd fc0 sc0 ls0">f</div><div class="t m5 x53 ha y19f ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b3">Assim.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>pode'-se<span class="_9 blank"> </span>dizer, de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>acordo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>com<span class="_5 blank"> </span>FaIeiros (20ooa).<span class="_4 blank"> </span>que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>o Estado<span class="_5 blank"> </span>do</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y14a ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b2">bem-estar<span class="_a blank"> </span>caracterizou-se<span class="_17 blank"> </span>pela<span class="_6 blank"> </span>tmplement~ção<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>sodais,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>a partir<span class="_a blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y14b ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsb6">fundos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>públicos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>e:<span class="_35 blank"></span>com<span class="_9 blank"> </span>garantia<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de acesso universal.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Ou seja,<span class="_e blank"> </span>~ acesso a<span class="_15 blank"> </span>direi.</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y14c ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b4">tos universais<span class="_7 blank"> </span>estava<span class="_4 blank"> </span>garantido<span class="_2d blank"> </span>por<span class="_5 blank"> </span>fundos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>públIcos, independentemente<span class="_1 blank"> </span>do</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha yb3 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b5">rntrcndo<span class="_a blank"> </span>ou<span class="_11 blank"> </span>do mérito<span class="_7 blank"> </span>individual.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>A<span class="_15 blank"> </span>garantia<span class="_7 blank"> </span>estava<span class="_8 blank"> </span>no pressuposto<span class="_2d blank"> </span>da lei que</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y12e ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ab">reconhecia<span class="_10 blank"> </span>o critério<span class="_7 blank"> </span>das contribuições,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>assim<span class="_9 blank"> </span>como<span class="_4 blank"> </span>o critério<span class="_7 blank"> </span>das<span class="_6 blank"> </span>necessida-</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y12f ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b6">de:: básicas<span class="_9 blank"> </span>(saúd~,<span class="_15 blank"> </span>educação.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>habitação<span class="_a blank"> </span><span class="ff1e fs5 ws1b7">etc.). </span><span class="ws1b8">Isso ocorreu<span class="_5 blank"> </span>em<span class="_11 blank"> </span>um<span class="_9 blank"> </span>processo<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de</span></div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y1e ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ab">luta<span class="_11 blank"> </span>para<span class="_a blank"> </span>o reconhecimento<span class="_2f blank"> </span>do<span class="_7 blank"> </span>trabalhador<span class="_17 blank"> </span>corno<span class="_9 blank"> </span>ddadão,<span class="_c blank"> </span>ainda<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>pobre,</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y1ff ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b9">que<span class="_8 blank"> </span>contou<span class="_a blank"> </span>com<span class="_9 blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>colaboração da<span class="_11 blank"> </span>organização internacional<span class="_c blank"> </span>do<span class="_4 blank"> </span>trabalho.</div><div class="t m7 x73 h8 y200 ff1c fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0">.,</div><div class="t m10 x44 hd y18d ff1b fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ba">PSICOLOGI<span class="_5 blank"> </span>.\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022<span class="_46 blank"></span>SUIlJE'IlVJOADE<span class="_2f blank"> </span>E rolJnCAS<span class="_28 blank"> </span>('ODUCAS</div><div class="t m5 x45 ha y16f ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1bb">Nesse<span class="_4 blank"> </span>processo.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a concepção<span class="_f blank"> </span>de "'Estado-:irbitro"<span class="_7 blank"> </span>se<span class="_9 blank"> </span>fortalece<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e. na ex-</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha ye7 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1bc">pressão<span class="_10 blank"> </span>da<span class="_7 blank"> </span>contradição<span class="_c blank"> </span>entre<span class="_a blank"> </span>a<span class="_4 blank"> </span>representação<span class="_b blank"> </span>dos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>int.ertSses capitalistas<span class="_a blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y201 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b2">acumulação<span class="_a blank"> </span>de capital<span class="_11 blank"> </span>e a representação<span class="_10 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>interesses<span class="_9 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>trabalhadores.<span class="_a blank"> </span>por</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y202 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1bd">melo<span class="_11 blank"> </span>de garantias<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de direitos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>sociais.<span class="_6 blank"> </span>o<span class="_15 blank"> </span>Estado<span class="_9 blank"> </span>liberai<span class="_6 blank"> </span>vai<span class="_1a blank"> </span>se consolidando<span class="_7 blank"> </span>com</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y203 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1be">alguns pad.rnetros:</div><div class="t md x46 h11 y203 ff1e fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1bf">garantia de</div><div class="t m5 x7a ha y203 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">um</div><div class="t md x80 h11 y203 ff1e fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">m{nimo</div><div class="t m5 xe5 ha y203 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c0">(salário-mínimo etc.);</div><div class="t md x13 h11 y203 ff1e fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">individua-</div><div class="t m28 x44 h12 y204 ff1e fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">lismo</div><div class="t m5 xd8 ha y204 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ad">(indivíduos<span class="_a blank"> </span>e não<span class="_9 blank"> </span>coletividades<span class="_a blank"> </span>como<span class="_6 blank"> </span>sujeitos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>direitos);</div><div class="t m28 x17 h12 y204 ff1e fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">aCf5sibilida-</div><div class="t md x44 h11 y69 ff1e fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c1">de</div><div class="t m5 xc0 ha y69 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws19c">(estabelece<span class="_4 blank"> </span>normas<span class="_a blank"> </span>para<span class="_4 blank"> </span>eliminar<span class="_7 blank"> </span>barreiras<span class="_a blank"> </span>de acesso</div><div class="t md xe hc y69 ff1b fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 xd ha y69 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">educação,</div><div class="t m24 xf6 ha y69 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 xf7 ha y69 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">justiç::.</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y205 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">etc.);</div><div class="t m28 x45 h12 y205 ff1e fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws107">universalidade</div><div class="t m5 xf8 ha y205 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c2">(medidas<span class="_4 blank"> </span>que<span class="_11 blank"> </span>garantem<span class="_7 blank"> </span>mínimo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>para<span class="_6 blank"> </span>todos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>os individuas</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y206 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c3">que são<span class="_4 blank"> </span>iguais perante<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a<span class="_11 blank"> </span>lei.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>mas que devem<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ser desiguais.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>fato.<span class="_11 blank"> </span>para<span class="_7 blank"> </span>tcr</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y207 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ad">direito<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a essa<span class="_11 blank"> </span>proteção):</div><div class="t m28 xf9 h12 y207 ff1e fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c4">livre escolha</div><div class="t m5 x81 ha y207 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa5">(polltica<span class="_4 blank"> </span>liberai<span class="_6 blank"> </span>CJltende que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>deve<span class="_8 blank"> </span>prote-</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y208 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b1">ger<span class="_e blank"> </span>a autonomia<span class="_2d blank"> </span>dos<span class="_e blank"> </span>individuas.<span class="_a blank"> </span>oferecendo<span class="_a blank"> </span>possibilldadcs<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>escolha);<span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ff1e fs5 ws1c5">cabel-</span></div><div class="t m14 x44 h11 y1cb ff1e fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c6">tura dos rucos<span class="_17 blank"> </span>sociais</div><div class="t m5 x40 ha y1cb ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c3">(previdência<span class="_2d blank"> </span>social.<span class="_a blank"> </span>que cobre os<span class="_7 blank"> </span>riscos inerentes<span class="_10 blank"> </span>ao</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y51 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c7">mercado<span class="_7 blank"> </span>- desemprego.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>aposentadoria.<span class="_c blank"> </span>pensões<span class="_4 blank"> </span>- criada<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>partir<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_e blank"> </span>lingua-</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y52 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c8">gem,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>utilizada<span class="_4 blank"> </span>pelos liberais,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>da solidariedade<span class="_f blank"> </span>coletiva: "direito</div><div class="t m14 xe8 ha y52 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 x17 ha y52 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c9">vida"); imti-</div><div class="t m14 x44 h11 y102 ff1e fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ca">tucionafizaçdo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>dos conflitos</div><div class="t m5 xfa ha y102 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1cb">(burgue,sia estabelece<span class="_11 blank"> </span>"contratos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>sociais"<span class="_e blank"> </span>para<span class="_6 blank"> </span>lidar</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha ye ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1cc">com<span class="_8 blank"> </span>conflitos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>resultantes<span class="_9 blank"> </span>do<span class="_8 blank"> </span>avanço<span class="_6 blank"> </span>das<span class="_15 blank"> </span>lutaI: sociais:<span class="_15 blank"> </span>Estado<span class="_6 blank"> </span>age<span class="_15 blank"> </span>também<span class="_9 blank"> </span>aqui,</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y37 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ad">como<span class="_9 blank"> </span>mediador,<span class="_a blank"> </span>com<span class="_4 blank"> </span>medidas<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>institucionalização<span class="_17 blank"> </span>c organização<span class="_7 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>con-</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y209 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws112">flitos -<span class="_16 blank"> </span>direito<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de<span class="_15 blank"> </span>greve,<span class="_e blank"> </span>direito<span class="_11 blank"> </span>do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>consumidor<span class="_a blank"> </span>etc.; Estado<span class="_11 blank"> </span>como<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Estado-pro-</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y12 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1cd">vidência, protetor<span class="_a blank"> </span>do cidadão).</div><div class="t m5 x45 ha yaa ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ce">Na definição<span class="_10 blank"> </span>desses parâmetros,<span class="_b blank"> </span>que<span class="_5 blank"> </span>se colocaram<span class="_2d blank"> </span>dentro<span class="_10 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>marcos</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y20a ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws125">capitalistas, transparece<span class="_6 blank"> </span>a<span class="_15 blank"> </span>concepção<span class="_9 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_15 blank"> </span>liberais de<span class="_15 blank"> </span>que as<span class="_1a blank"> </span>desvantagens sociais</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y20b ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1bd">se colocam<span class="_7 blank"> </span>no<span class="_9 blank"> </span>nlvel da<span class="_9 blank"> </span>distribuição<span class="_2d blank"> </span>e<span class="_8 blank"> </span>nãoda<span class="_c blank"> </span>produção.<span class="_10 blank"> </span>Daí por<span class="_7 blank"> </span>que<span class="_11 blank"> </span>garantir</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y20c ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1cf">o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>.mfnimo~<span class="_a blank"> </span>mantendo<span class="_17 blank"> </span>a<span class="_11 blank"> </span>iclela liberal<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>que<span class="_9 blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>iguald"'-deentre<span class="_7 blank"> </span>os<span class="_e blank"> </span>indivíduos</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y20d ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d0">é ponto<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de<span class="_15 blank"> </span>partida,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>condição<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Inicial que<span class="_e blank"> </span>deve se submeterao<span class="_10 blank"> </span>mercado.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Também</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha yd ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b2">as<span class="_8 blank"> </span>normas<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>acesso<span class="_8 blank"> </span>que,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>em<span class="_9 blank"> </span>última<span class="_7 blank"> </span>lnstAncia, favorecem<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a igualdade<span class="_7 blank"> </span>inicial,</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y20e ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d1">expressam<span class="_a blank"> </span>essa<span class="_4 blank"> </span>concepção.<span class="_a blank"> </span>Ou<span class="_a blank"> </span>ainda<span class="_7 blank"> </span>o individualismo,<span class="_c blank"> </span>que<span class="_5 blank"> </span>afirma<span class="_4 blank"> </span>como<span class="_a blank"> </span>o</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y20f ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d2">sujeito<span class="_6 blank"> </span>de, direitos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>homem<span class="_a blank"> </span>indJvidual<span class="_5 blank"> </span>e<span class="_15 blank"> </span>livre<span class="_e blank"> </span>como<span class="_4 blank"> </span>concebido<span class="_5 blank"> </span>pelo<span class="_11 blank"> </span>liberalis-</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y210 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b1">mo.<span class="_e blank"> </span>Dessa<span class="_11 blank"> </span>forma,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>mesmo<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>universalidade<span class="_a blank"> </span>tem<span class="_6 blank"> </span>como<span class="_6 blank"> </span>resultado<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a mnnutcnçúo</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y211 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1bb">da desigualdade.</div><div class="t m5 x45 ha y212 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1aa">Fica claro<span class="_6 blank"> </span>como,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>mesmo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>com<span class="_9 blank"> </span>o<span class="_6 blank"> </span>desenvolvimento<span class="_10 blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Estado<span class="_4 blank"> </span>do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>bem-es-</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y213 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b2">tar<span class="_6 blank"> </span>e das<span class="_6 blank"> </span>politicas<span class="_9 blank"> </span>sociais.<span class="_6 blank"> </span>permanece,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>no<span class="_8 blank"> </span>viés<span class="_8 blank"> </span>subjetivo,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>a contradição<span class="_10 blank"> </span>entre<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y130 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b2">afirmação<span class="_5 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>critérios<span class="_7 blank"> </span>individuais<span class="_a blank"> </span>de avaliação<span class="_9 blank"> </span>do bem.estar<span class="_17 blank"> </span>e a experiencia</div><div class="t m5 x44 ha y1a7 ff1b fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b2">de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>ampl1açào do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>reconhecimento<span class="_2f blank"> </span>dos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>dJreitos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>60cla1s.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w3 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w3 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w3 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/b31f9048-15d0-4d04-8587-0324d2a351c4/bga.png"><div class="t m3 x83 h5 y125 ff1f fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws123">I</div><div class="t m12 xfb hd y214 ff20 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2b">:!</div><div class="t m2a xfb h1f y15 ff1f fs1a fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m9 xfb hc y215 ff1f fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">.,</div><div class="t m1e xfb h14 y216 ff1f fs10 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m20 xfb h16 y217 ff1f fsf fc0 sc0 ls0 ws68">I</div><div class="t m38 xfb h3 y76 ff1f fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0">j.</div><div class="t m16 xfc hc y218 ff1f fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m39 xfc h2 y160 ff1f fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m6 x83 h6 y219 ff1f fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0">i</div><div class="t m16 x83 h3 y14a ff20 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0">i"</div><div class="t m5 xfb h9 yb1 ff1f fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">:;</div><div class="t m25 xdf hd yb1 ff1f fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">:</div><div class="t m19 x83 hd y7a ff1f fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2b">,I</div><div class="t m7 x83 hf y187 ff1f fsd fc0 sc0 ls0">i,1</div><div class="t m7 x83 h2 y21a ff1f fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0">ii</div><div class="t m7 x83 h1 y21b ff20 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0">11</div><div class="t m4a x83 hd y21c ff1f fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d3">( 'I</div><div class="t m4b x83 h19 y21d ff20 fs14 fc0 sc0 ls0">ti</div><div class="t m7 x83 h30 y107 ff1f fs22 fc0 sc0 ls0">U</div><div class="t mb xfd hd y1c3 ff20 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d4">MARIA<span class="_4 blank"> </span>DA<span class="_6 blank"> </span>GRAÇA<span class="_4 blank"> </span>M. GONÇALVES</div><div class="t m5 x24 ha y21e ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws94">,CbntandoJácomasconvenções<span class="_47 blank"> </span>da Organização<span class="_2d blank"> </span>Internacional<span class="_18 blank"> </span>do<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Tra-</div><div class="t m5 xd0 ha yc8 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws81">:'bal</div><div class="t m4c x24 h31 yc8 ff20 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2b">0<span class="v2">1</span></div><div class="t m5 x33 ha yc8 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b3">(OlT}<span class="_9 blank"> </span>e<span class="_8 blank"> </span>com<span class="_5 blank"> </span>as concepções<span class="_10 blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Estado-providência,<span class="_2 blank"> </span>surge<span class="_9 blank"> </span>no<span class="_4 blank"> </span>final<span class="_4 blank"> </span>da</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y156 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws94">Se<span class="_7 blank"> </span>unda<span class="_a blank"> </span>Guerra<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Mundial<span class="_f blank"> </span>um<span class="_7 blank"> </span>novo modelo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>política<span class="_7 blank"> </span>social.<span class="_4 blank"> </span>criado<span class="_a blank"> </span>na In-</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y157 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d5">gla<span class="_9 blank"> </span>erra,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>por<span class="_7 blank"> </span>um<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Comitê<span class="_a blank"> </span>presidido<span class="_a blank"> </span>por<span class="_4 blank"> </span>William<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Beveridgc'-Ê<span class="_5 blank"> </span>o modelo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>que,</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha ycb ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d6">na<span class="_d blank"> </span>erdade,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>institui<span class="_7 blank"> </span>elementos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>básicos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>que<span class="_11 blank"> </span>foi se<span class="_8 blank"> </span>configurando<span class="_10 blank"> </span>como<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Esta-</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha ycc ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf3">do<span class="_1d blank"> </span>partir<span class="_7 blank"> </span>desse<span class="_8 blank"> </span>período.<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Três princípios<span class="_7 blank"> </span>básicos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>norteavam<span class="_10 blank"> </span>o<span class="_e blank"> </span>modelo,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>deno-</div><div class="t m12 xc8 ha y2a ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">mil</div><div class="t m5 x24 ha y2a ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">ados</div><div class="t m12 xae ha y2a ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d7">os três</div><div class="t m5 xce ha y2a ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">"Us";</div><div class="t m12 xb7 ha y2a ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">a</div><div class="t m5 xb8 ha y2a ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">universalidade,</div><div class="t m12 x30 ha y2a ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">a</div><div class="t m5 x8a ha y2a ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">unicidade</div><div class="t m12 xfe ha y2a ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d8">e a</div><div class="t m5 xd4 ha y2a ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">uniformidade.</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y158 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d9">Nesse<span class="_6 blank"> </span>modelo<span class="_a blank"> </span>quase<span class="_6 blank"> </span>nada<span class="_5 blank"> </span>mais,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>em<span class="_11 blank"> </span>termos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>garantias<span class="_7 blank"> </span>aos indivíduos,</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y21f ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1da">Po(<span class="_4 blank"> </span>e ficar por<span class="_5 blank"> </span>conta<span class="_5 blank"> </span>do<span class="_9 blank"> </span>livre<span class="_11 blank"> </span>mer'cado.<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Cabe<span class="_9 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Estado<span class="_7 blank"> </span>estender<span class="_a blank"> </span>as garantias</div><div class="t m11 xc8 hd y220 ff20 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">fi</div><div class="t m21 x84 h9 y220 ff1f fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">t</div><div class="t m5 x25 ha y220 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1db">dos<span class="_4 blank"> </span>os<span class="_11 blank"> </span>cidadãos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e não<span class="_5 blank"> </span>apenas<span class="_5 blank"> </span>aos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>tmbalhadores<span class="_18 blank"> </span>ou<span class="_9 blank"> </span>grupos<span class="_a blank"> </span>específicos,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>o</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y1db ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9e">qu<span class="_13 blank"> </span>amplia<span class="_a blank"> </span>a<span class="_11 blank"> </span>noção<span class="_a blank"> </span>de direitos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>(universalidade).<span class="_b blank"> </span>Cabe<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ao Estado,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>também,</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y1dc ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1dc">cel'<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ralizar as<span class="_15 blank"> </span>políticas sociais em<span class="_e blank"> </span>sistemas únicos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_e blank"> </span>administração<span class="_c blank"> </span>(unicida-</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y1dd ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">de)i</div><div class="t m4d x24 hc y1dd ff20 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">TI</div><div class="t m5 x6a ha y1dd ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws88">cabe<span class="_9 blank"> </span>ao Estado,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ainda,<span class="_a blank"> </span>gnrantir<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a<span class="_6 blank"> </span>distribuição<span class="_17 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>benefícios<span class="_a blank"> </span>a<span class="_4 blank"> </span>todos,</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y221 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa1">ind~pendcntemente<span class="_16 blank"> </span>do nível<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de renda<span class="_7 blank"> </span>(uniformidade).</div><div class="t m4e x8d hd y222 ff1f fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">i</div><div class="t m5 x32 ha y222 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1dd">A base<span class="_e blank"> </span>desse<span class="_8 blank"> </span>modelo<span class="_5 blank"> </span><span class="fs5 ls9">é</span><span class="ws83">a existêncin de um<span class="_11 blank"> </span>fundo<span class="_5 blank"> </span>público,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>obtido<span class="_6 blank"> </span>por<span class="_6 blank"> </span>meio</span></div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y223 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d5">de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>~npostos,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>o que<span class="_11 blank"> </span>institui<span class="_7 blank"> </span>um<span class="_9 blank"> </span>modelo<span class="_5 blank"> </span>redistributivo:<span class="_2d blank"> </span>o custo<span class="_4 blank"> </span>do hem-estar<span class="_2d blank"> </span>é</div><div class="t m5 xcd hc y224 ff20 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1de">pa!b <span class="fs9 ws1df">pelos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>contribuintes<span class="_f blank"> </span>e<span class="_e blank"> </span>não<span class="_6 blank"> </span>pelos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>diretamente<span class="_f blank"> </span>interessados<span class="_a blank"> </span>(Singel', 2003).</span></div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y225 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e0">As<span class="_b blank"> </span>ases<span class="_11 blank"> </span>desse<span class="_8 blank"> </span>modelo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>influenciam<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a discussão<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e políticas<span class="_5 blank"> </span>daí<span class="_6 blank"> </span>por</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y226 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e1">dia<span class="_11 blank"> </span>1te, f011alecendo<span class="_2c blank"> </span>o<span class="_e blank"> </span>papel<span class="_9 blank"> </span>do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Estado<span class="_4 blank"> </span>como<span class="_6 blank"> </span>responsável<span class="_5 blank"> </span>direto<span class="_4 blank"> </span>pelo<span class="_e blank"> </span>bem-es-</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y227 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1db">tar<span class="_b blank"> </span>ocial<span class="_6 blank"> </span>e articulando<span class="_f blank"> </span>os<span class="_11 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_11 blank"> </span>aos direitos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>humanos.</div><div class="t m5 x27 ha y228 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1db">A<span class="_6 blank"> </span>to'nferência<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de<span class="_5 blank"> </span>1944<span class="_11 blank"> </span>da<span class="_4 blank"> </span>OIT<span class="_4 blank"> </span>elabora<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a Declaração<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Filadélfia,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>cuja</div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y229 ff1f fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e2">imF <span class="ff20 fs9 ws88">ortância<span class="_10 blank"> </span>está<span class="_8 blank"> </span>no<span class="_5 blank"> </span>fato<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de que,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>além<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de reafirmar<span class="_10 blank"> </span>o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>princípio<span class="_10 blank"> </span>da<span class="_6 blank"> </span>igualdade</span></div><div class="t m5 xc8 ha y14 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1db">e o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>direito<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>todos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>os<span class="_11 blank"> </span>homens<span class="_2d blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>terem<span class="_a blank"> </span>acesso<span class="_6 blank"> </span>a condições<span class="_10 blank"> </span>dignas<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>vida,</div><div class="t m5 xf4 ha y22a ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e3">.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>apr<span class="_7 blank"> </span>senta<span class="_4 blank"> </span>o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>conceito<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>segurança<span class="_a blank"> </span>econômica,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>incompatível<span class="_2d blank"> </span>com<span class="_6 blank"> </span>a liberdade</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha yad ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1db">de<span class="_6 blank"> </span>fuercado.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Da<span class="_4 blank"> </span>afirmação<span class="_a blank"> </span>desse<span class="_11 blank"> </span>conceito<span class="_7 blank"> </span>decorre<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a ratificação<span class="_5 blank"> </span>da<span class="_11 blank"> </span>responsa-</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha yae ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e4">bilitlade<span class="_a blank"> </span>do<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Estado quanto ao<span class="_9 blank"> </span>bem.estar,<span class="_f blank"> </span>o<span class="_4 blank"> </span>que,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>na<span class="_5 blank"> </span>prática, significa"prover</div><div class="t m1e x8d h5 yfa ff1f fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha yaf ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1db">políticas<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>pleno<span class="_10 blank"> </span>emprego<span class="_a blank"> </span>e um<span class="_a blank"> </span>sistema<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>seguridade<span class="_2d blank"> </span>social<span class="_9 blank"> </span>baseado<span class="_f blank"> </span>nos</div><div class="t m7 x8d h2 y219 ff1f fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha y20e ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws115">três'<span class="_15 blank"> </span>"Us':<span class="_1a blank"> </span>Aliada<span class="_5 blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>esses<span class="_e blank"> </span>elementos,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>aparece.a<span class="_4 blank"> </span>noção<span class="_7 blank"> </span>de, que<span class="_9 blank"> </span>o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>trabalho<span class="_10 blank"> </span>"não</div><div class="t m12 xff ha y20e ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 xcd ha yb1 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws88">llmh<span class="_8 blank"> </span>mercadoria",<span class="_9 blank"> </span>o<span class="_15 blank"> </span>que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>se<span class="_e blank"> </span>revela, na verdade,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>comó<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a<span class="_15 blank"> </span>ideia<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de que o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>trabalho</div><div class="t m5 x25 h9 y1a3 ff20 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e5">2,<span class="_15 blank"> </span>A Organização<span class="_a blank"> </span>Internacional<span class="_17 blank"> </span>do<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Trabalho<span class="_7 blank"> </span>(OIT),foi<span class="_e blank"> </span>criada<span class="_7 blank"> </span>em<span class="_6 blank"> </span>1919,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>instltuclonallzan-</div><div class="t m5 xcd h9 y22b ff20 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e6">do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>a luta<span class="_6 blank"> </span>por<span class="_11 blank"> </span>dlrelti?s<span class="_8 blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_11 blank"> </span>em<span class="_4 blank"> </span>nlvellnternaclonal;<span class="_13 blank"> </span>desde<span class="_7 blank"> </span>entao<span class="_7 blank"> </span>aprovou<span class="_10 blank"> </span>Inumeras<span class="_7 blank"> </span>ooiwen-</div><div class="t m5 xcd h9 y1ed ff20 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e7">çõe<span class="_b blank"> </span>reguladoras<span class="_c blank"> </span>do trabalho,<span class="_c blank"> </span>Incluindo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>duração<span class="_10 blank"> </span>da Jornada,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>proteção<span class="_2d blank"> </span>ao<span class="_4 blank"> </span>emprego,<span class="_18 blank"> </span>Idade</div><div class="t m5 xcd h9 y61 ff20 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e8">mln<span class="_1 blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>para<span class="_4 blank"> </span>o trabalho<span class="_2d blank"> </span>etc.</div><div class="t m8 x92 h27 y12 ff1f fs1e fc0 sc0 ls0 ws122">I</div><div class="t m7 x92 h32 y22c ff1f fs23 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e9">I</div><div class="t m15 x92 h33 y8a ff1f fs24 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ea">I</div><div class="t m12 x79 hd y22d ff20 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1eb">PSICOLOGIA,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>SUBJETIVIDADE<span class="_4 blank"> </span>E POL!TlCAS<span class="_4 blank"> </span>PúBLICAS</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y22e ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">não</div><div class="t m12 x3c ha y22e ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 x100 ha y22e ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ec">uma mercadoria</div><div class="t m10 x101 h11 y22e ff21 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ed">como<span class="_7 blank"> </span>as outras</div><div class="t m5 x7b ha y22e ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1da">(já<span class="_9 blank"> </span>que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>as restrições<span class="_a blank"> </span>ao<span class="_11 blank"> </span>mercado,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>em</div><div class="t m5 x79 ha y166 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ee">nenhum<span class="_b blank"> </span>momento,<span class="_b blank"> </span>dentro<span class="_17 blank"> </span>das políticas<span class="_a blank"> </span>liberais,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>significam<span class="_a blank"> </span>sua abolição).</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y22f ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ef">Assim,<span class="_a blank"> </span>impõe-se,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>além<span class="_a blank"> </span>das<span class="_7 blank"> </span>políticas- de<span class="_4 blank"> </span>pleno<span class="_a blank"> </span>-empregó,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>a<span class="_9 blank"> </span>regulamentação</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y230 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f0">crescente<span class="_4 blank"> </span>do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>trabalho,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>com<span class="_11 blank"> </span>o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>aperfeiçoamento<span class="_17 blank"> </span>das<span class="_8 blank"> </span>leis trabalhistas<span class="_a blank"> </span>em<span class="_8 blank"> </span>defesà</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y80 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a6">do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>trabalhador.<span class="_f blank"> </span>Serão<span class="_9 blank"> </span>esses os parâmetros<span class="_f blank"> </span>para<span class="_4 blank"> </span>os trinta<span class="_a blank"> </span>anos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>seguintes.</div><div class="t m5 x3c ha y231 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a8">O<span class="_8 blank"> </span>que<span class="_11 blank"> </span>se<span class="_15 blank"> </span>pode<span class="_7 blank"> </span>chamar<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>último<span class="_5 blank"> </span>período<span class="_10 blank"> </span>do<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Estado<span class="_4 blank"> </span>do ,bem-estar<span class="_11 blank"> </span>social</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y232 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsbc">representa<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a culminação<span class="_c blank"> </span>dos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>sociais,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>nos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>chamados<span class="_a blank"> </span>"anos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>de ouro",</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y233 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws87">Além<span class="_11 blank"> </span>da ampliação<span class="_7 blank"> </span>da<span class="_8 blank"> </span>garantia<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de emprego<span class="_5 blank"> </span>e da<span class="_15 blank"> </span>seguridade<span class="_a blank"> </span>social,<span class="_1a blank"> </span>esténde-se</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y234 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e0">a noção<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_15 blank"> </span>direitos<span class="_9 blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_e blank"> </span>para<span class="_9 blank"> </span>a assistência<span class="_6 blank"> </span>integral</div><div class="t m13 xe6 ha y234 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">à</div><div class="t m5 x102 ha y234 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f1">saúde<span class="_11 blank"> </span>e para<span class="_11 blank"> </span>a<span class="_1a blank"> </span>educação.</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y1fa ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f2">O<span class="_9 blank"> </span>primeiro<span class="_2d blank"> </span>grande<span class="_2d blank"> </span>exemplo,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>considerado<span class="_10 blank"> </span>modelo,<span class="_17 blank"> </span>é<span class="_11 blank"> </span>o<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Sistema Nacional<span class="_a blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y235 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ab">Saúde inglês,<span class="_8 blank"> </span>que<span class="_e blank"> </span>torna<span class="_7 blank"> </span>toda<span class="_11 blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>assistência<span class="_8 blank"> </span>médico-hospitalar<span class="_18 blank"> </span>pública.<span class="_15 blank"> </span>Também</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y236 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf4">passam<span class="_a blank"> </span>a<span class="_e blank"> </span>ser<span class="_4 blank"> </span>criado~<span class="_9 blank"> </span>sistemas educacionais<span class="_2d blank"> </span>públicos que<span class="_9 blank"> </span>prevecm<span class="_5 blank"> </span>obrigato-</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha yd1 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws94">riedade<span class="_a blank"> </span>de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>um<span class="_5 blank"> </span>mínimo<span class="_f blank"> </span>de anos<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de escolaridade.<span class="_10 blank"> </span>Ao lado<span class="_9 blank"> </span>disso,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>avançam<span class="_5 blank"> </span>os</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y237 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e3">direitos<span class="_a blank"> </span>ligados<span class="_11 blank"> </span>aos<span class="_11 blank"> </span>seguros<span class="_5 blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_9 blank"> </span>e a legislação<span class="_9 blank"> </span>trabalhista,<span class="_a blank"> </span>inclusive<span class="_8 blank"> </span>com<span class="_4 blank"> </span>o</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y238 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f3">reconhecimento<span class="_18 blank"> </span>do dire~to<span class="_15 blank"> </span>de<span class="_11 blank"> </span>organização<span class="_10 blank"> </span>dos<span class="_6 blank"> </span>trabalhadores<span class="_f blank"> </span>e<span class="_e blank"> </span>do direito de</div><div class="t m5 x39 ha y34 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">greve.</div><div class="t m5 x103 ha ya5 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1da">Na verdade,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>o<span class="_9 blank"> </span>que<span class="_9 blank"> </span>se observa<span class="_7 blank"> </span>na<span class="_9 blank"> </span>dinâmica<span class="_10 blank"> </span>social<span class="_9 blank"> </span>é o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>movimente<span class="_10 blank"> </span>estru-</div><div class="t m5 x42 ha y239 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsbc">hlral<span class="_7 blank"> </span>contraditório<span class="_18 blank"> </span>do<span class="_4 blank"> </span>capitalismo,<span class="_a blank"> </span>que<span class="_4 blank"> </span>expressa<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a luta<span class="_5 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>classes<span class="_15 blank"> </span>e a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>contra-</div><div class="t m5 x42 ha y23a ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1db">posição<span class="_4 blank"> </span>capital-trabalhe.<span class="_2f blank"> </span>Nesse<span class="_9 blank"> </span>processo,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>o<span class="_11 blank"> </span>Estado,<span class="_6 blank"> </span>gerenciando<span class="_a blank"> </span>a sociedade</div><div class="t m5 x42 ha y227 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f4">e<span class="_15 blank"> </span>as políticas<span class="_9 blank"> </span>socillis;revelará<span class="_a blank"> </span>as<span class="_e blank"> </span>características<span class="_a blank"> </span>dessa<span class="_8 blank"> </span>dinâmiCa<span class="_e blank"> </span>em<span class="_8 blank"> </span>cada<span class="_8 blank"> </span>situa-</div><div class="t m5 x42 ha y23b ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1b3">ção<span class="_8 blank"> </span>conjuntural.<span class="_10 blank"> </span>A<span class="_11 blank"> </span>análise<span class="_4 blank"> </span>das<span class="_11 blank"> </span>políticas<span class="_4 blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_6 blank"> </span>requer,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>então,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>que<span class="_11 blank"> </span>se conside.</div><div class="t m5 x42 ha y23c ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a6">re<span class="_11 blank"> </span>o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>movimento<span class="_c blank"> </span>do<span class="_4 blank"> </span>capital<span class="_4 blank"> </span>e,<span class="_8 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_9 blank"> </span>mesmo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>tempo,<span class="_a blank"> </span>os movimentos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_8 blank"> </span>con-</div><div class="t m5 x42 ha y74 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws87">cretos.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Nesse<span class="_11 blank"> </span>sentido,<span class="_a blank"> </span>as<span class="_15 blank"> </span>potiticas<span class="_4 blank"> </span>sociais<span class="_11 blank"> </span>são<span class="_9 blank"> </span>resultado<span class="_a blank"> </span>da luta de classes e,<span class="_15 blank"> </span>ao</div><div class="t m5 x42 ha y23d ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws11b">mesmo<span class="_9 blank"> </span>tempo,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>contribuem<span class="_17 blank"> </span>para<span class="_6 blank"> </span>a<span class="_1a blank"> </span>reprodução<span class="_2d blank"> </span>das<span class="_8 blank"> </span>classes<span class="_e blank"> </span>sociais, contradição</div><div class="t m5 x42 ha y23e ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e3">que<span class="_6 blank"> </span>é dissim~ada<span class="_2f blank"> </span>i'deologicamente.</div><div class="t m5 xbf ha y148 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f5">Embora<span class="_a blank"> </span>o Estado,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>na<span class="_9 blank"> </span>concepção<span class="_a blank"> </span>liberal,<span class="_4 blank"> </span>seja apresentado<span class="_10 blank"> </span>como<span class="_9 blank"> </span>neutro,</div><div class="t m5 x42 ha y10e ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">ele</div><div class="t m3 x1f hc y10e ff20 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 x103 ha y10e ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f6">uma<span class="_a blank"> </span>relação<span class="_7 blank"> </span>social, não</div><div class="t m12 x104 ha y10e ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">é</div><div class="t m5 x105 ha y10e ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws98">um<span class="_7 blank"> </span>árbitro,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>nem<span class="_a blank"> </span>um<span class="_4 blank"> </span>juiz<span class="_7 blank"> </span>do bem-estar<span class="_2d blank"> </span>dos</div><div class="t m5 x42 ha y23f ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1ad">Cidadãos, nem<span class="_6 blank"> </span>um<span class="_4 blank"> </span>instrumento.<span class="_c blank"> </span><span class="fs5 ws1f7">É, </span><span class="ws9c">ao<span class="_8 blank"> </span>mesmo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>tempo,<span class="_11 blank"> </span>lugar<span class="_9 blank"> </span>do poder<span class="_4 blank"> </span>político,</span></div><div class="t m5 x42 ha y79 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsbc">um<span class="_7 blank"> </span>aparelho<span class="_10 blank"> </span>coercitivo<span class="_7 blank"> </span>e de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>integração,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>uma<span class="_a blank"> </span>organização<span class="_a blank"> </span>burocrática,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>uma</div><div class="t m5 x42 ha y240 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f5">instância<span class="_a blank"> </span>de mediação<span class="_a blank"> </span>para<span class="_7 blank"> </span>a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>práxis<span class="_5 blank"> </span>sociaL<span class="_42 blank"> </span>capaz de<span class="_9 blank"> </span>organizar<span class="_7 blank"> </span>o que aparece</div><div class="t m5 x42 ha y241 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d5">num<span class="_5 blank"> </span>déterminaclo'<span class="_11 blank"> </span>território<span class="_17 blank"> </span>como<span class="_5 blank"> </span>o interesse<span class="_5 blank"> </span>geral<span class="_9 blank"> </span>(Faleiros, 2000b).</div><div class="t m5 xbf ha y21a ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f8">Entretanto,<span class="_18 blank"> </span>isso<span class="_a blank"> </span>ocorre<span class="_2d blank"> </span>de forma<span class="_10 blank"> </span>dialética,<span class="_2d blank"> </span>tendo<span class="_2d blank"> </span>na base as<span class="_9 blank"> </span>relações</div><div class="t m5 x42 ha y90 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f9">materiais<span class="_4 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>produção.<span class="_a blank"> </span>Como<span class="_4 blank"> </span>instância<span class="_5 blank"> </span>do<span class="_6 blank"> </span>poder<span class="_7 blank"> </span>po!£tico"o Estado<span class="_11 blank"> </span>represen-</div><div class="t m5 x3d ha y44 ff20 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1fa">ta<span class="_6 blank"> </span>os<span class="_8 blank"> </span>interesses<span class="_9 blank"> </span>concretos<span class="_7 blank"> </span>hegemônicos,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>das-classes dominantes,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>mas.<span class="_6 blank"> </span>contra-</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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