Buscar

8 - Integração Definida

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Você viu 3, do total de 83 páginas

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Você viu 6, do total de 83 páginas

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Você viu 9, do total de 83 páginas

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Prévia do material em texto

����� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
( ) * +
,fi- . /10 2 ,
354 687:9 ;=< >@?BA< C D 7�EF354 35DG<
HJILK
35MONffiPRQTSU?
V
A
W
P
X
Y[Z�\�Y^][_a`%b
c
\edgfihkjilm\�n�hpogdgq[jrneY[sthuZ!_vlghxw]zy_zhkogY^j{l|\eY[}zne_zfxogY�~lgj{o_€][dƒ‚�_„hznej{}uY[s8…†huj�_v…†hznes‡_zfij{qˆ_‰w]ay_zh
s‡_a\eY�sŁb_a\ej{][_Ro_‹j{oŒbY[j{_�ogh]�b_zfi][dgf{hogYUb_aneYˆ_zZŽogY‡neY[}ujyhuY[ZŽ`f_zl_zZvogY[f{jistji\e_zo_zZ‘`‰Y[fihuZv}zn’b_a~][huZŽogY
…†dgl5w]zyhuY[Z�“•”"–Z�Y�n�—|Y[sthuZ ˜pdgY‹Z�husOY[lm\�Y'™uZe_a–‰Y�sthuZ�™š]ˆ_zfi][dgf_anˆ€!Y[…†Y�\�ji—a_zstY[l|\eYz€!_›b_aneYˆ_œogY‹neY[}ujyhuY[Z
f{jistji\e_zo_zZ�`�hzn5Z�Y[}usOY[lm\�huZ$ogYŒneY\�_zZž][husth!neY�\aŸ_zlg}udgfihuZ[€a\�n�j�Ÿ_zlg}udgf{huZ hudŽ][husO`�huZ�j�w]zyhuY�Z$ogY[Z�\�Y[Z[“¢¡£husth
sthz\ejr—z_‰w]ay_zhg€][hustYw][_aneY[sthuZ�][hus¤dgs¤`gnehz–f{Y[st_“
¥
Y�‚�_zs§¦©¨ª «’¬®­’¨�¯±°x²©³=´µ…†dgl5w]zyhuY[Z"]�hulm\ˆb
c
l¶d_zZ�“
·œ¸’¹�º^»½¼$¾À¿ÂÁ
¡�_zf{][dgfiYÃ_Äb_aneYˆ_Ło_Ån�Y[}ujÆy_zhŁ`f_zl_ŁÇ ogY[fij{stjr\�_zo_È`‰Y[fihF}zn’b_a~]�hFo_zZ�…†dgl5w]zyhuY[Z
][hul|\Éb
c
lmd_zZ�ʄ˵¦5Ì@͉Ν€Ê„ËFªxÌ@͉ΌY�`‰Y�f_zZ�neY�\�_zZ!ÍÏËЭ‡Y�ÍÏËѯƒ“
a b
f
g
Ò
¹£»�Ó Ô
Õ¢Ö
¿¢¹¤×fi¹8·T¸©¹�º^»�¼ž¾À¿!Á
”8Z�d–‰][hulƒ‚½dgl|\eh�ØÄËÚوÍ�Ûa¨�Í Ü[¨ˆÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý{ÝiÝ{¨�Í©Þgß'àĬ®­’¨�¯±°vbYt]�á_zs‡_zogh'ogY â
¿¢¸ãgäaÔ
Õ¢Ö
¿å¹=×fi¼Ä¹�¸©×fi¼$¾ æ
×
¹¤ä�ç�ãg¼ ¸’èffi¿å»½¹
¬®­©¨�¯�°xZ�Yz«
­„ËFÍ�Û^éÈÍ Ü�éÈ͉êfiéÑÝiÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý{ÝiÝ{ÝiÝpéÈÍ©Þpë$ÜÂéÈÍ�ÞOËЯƒÝ
¥
d–‰ogjr—jio_zsthuZ‘h‹jilm\eYn�—z_zfih쬮­’¨�¯±°ffiY[s
æ
Z�d–j{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{huZ�€5Y[Z�][hufiágY[lgoghíhuZ�`‰hul|\ehuZîo_R`’_an�\ej½w]zy_zh‹ØO“
ï’hznestY[sthuZ£huZÂZ�Y[}udgjilm\eY�Z�Z�d–jilm\eYn�—z_zfihuZ[«

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� ���	�
¬ Í�Ûa¨�Í Ü�° ¨ ¬ Í Ü[¨�͉거 ¨ˆÝiÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý{ÝiÝ{Ýi¨L¬ Í©Þpë$Üe¨�Í©Þp°ÆÝ
fiY[lghz\eY[sOhuZ˜¶d_zf{˜pdgYn�ogY[Z½\eY[Z�Z�d–j{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{huZ!`‰hznv¬ Í��@ë$Ü�¨�Í��@° €�
å—a_anej{_zlgoghOogY��‘_a\pbY
æ
“
¥
Y�‚�_��ŽÍ��îË Í��å²ŁÍ��ë ÜOhœ][husk`gnej{stY�lm\eh�oghTZ�d–j{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{hŬ Í��@ë$Ü[¨�Í��°Æ€�
^—z_anej{_zlgoghœogY��R_a\pbY
æ
“
X
hz\eYdgYîY[Z�\�Y[ZfiZ�d–j{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{huZ
lxy_zht\�Y[s lgY[][Y�Z�Ze_anej{_zstY[l|\eYŽh‡stY[Z�sOht][husO`gnejistY[l|\ehg“��ffi_an�_t]ˆ_zo_

�€—a_anej_zlgogh„ogY��‘_a\pbY
æ
€p][hulgZ�j{ogYneY[sthuZ!h„n�Y�\aŸ_zlg}udgf{hvÇ��5f{jistji\e_zoghî`‰Y[f{_zZ�n�Y�\�_zZ£ÍÏËUÍ��@ë$܈€¶ÍJËFÍ��½€
ʄËѦ5Ì��	� ΣY�ʄËŪxÌ��ff� Ν€ghulgogYfi�	�ffifl ¬ Í��ë Üˆ¨�Í�� ° “
”"–g\eY[sthuZ�_zZ�Z�j{s
æ
neY�\aŸ_zlg}udgfihuZ�Ç��½“
b
 Èj{l|\edgji\�ji—|hv˜pdgYfi_vZ�hus‡_îo_zZJb_aneYˆ_zZ£oghuZ
æ
neY�\aŸ_zlg}udgfihuZtbYfidgs‡_
™|_a`gneh"!j{s‡_‰w]zy_zhu™�o_íb_an�Yˆ_
o_
n�Y[}ujÆy_zh
DŽ“
¥
Y
æ
bY£s„dgjr\eh"}zn�_zlgogY�hudx€uY[˜¶dgji—a_zf{Y[l|\eY[sOY[lm\�Yz€|Z�Y
æ
]�neY[Z�]�Yz€
Y[l|\ˆy_zh#�vÍ��$hud‡Z�Y�‚�_Ž_‘–’_zZ�Y
ogh‘neY\aŸ_zlg}udgf{hŽ][hzn�neY[Z�`�hulgogY[lm\�Y‹bY�s„dgjr\eh‘`�Y[˜pdgY[l_îY"_îZ�hus‡_‘o_zZ b_an�Yˆ_zZ
oghuZ
æ
neY�\aŸ_zlg}udgfihuZ�_a`gn�h$!j{s‡_&% Z�Yfi]ˆ_zo_k—|Y[q^s‡_zj{Z�o_ b_an�Yˆ_ko_vneY[}ujÆy_zhkÇk“
'
b_aneY[_JogYt]ˆ_zo_JÇ��‡bY)( ¦5Ì��ff�ÆΌ² ªxÌ��ff�ÆÎ*(,+-�vÍ��‘Ì@–’_zZ�YO`�hznŽ_zfi\�dn�_|Îff.ž_JZ�hus‡_0/‰Þío_zZ b_aneYˆ_zZ�oghuZ
æ
neY�\ƒŸ_zlg}udgf{huZÏbYa«
/‰ÞOË
Þ
1
�32žÜ
( ¦5Ì��ff�ÆΞ²Tª�Ì4�ff�ÆÎ*(5�vÍ��½Ý
����� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
/‰Þ bY�]�á_zs‡_zo_�Z�hus‡_‘ogY��Âj{Y[st_zlglto_dgl5w]zy_zh0( ¦^² ª ( “ 
fiY[lghz\�Y[sthuZå`�hznfi( �ŽÍ�� (ƒhŽs‡_zj{hzn¢oghuZ �ŽÍ��½“
'
b_aneYˆ_‹ogYJdgst_‹n�Y[}ujÆy_zh‹`f_zl_Ç§ogY�f{j{sOji\�_zo_R`�Y[f{h�}zn’b_a~][h�o_zZv…†dgl5w]zyhuY[ZO]�hulm\ˆb
c
l¶d_zZvÊìË ¦5Ì ÍxΝ€
ʄËŪxÌ@ÍxÎ�ogY�~lgjio_zZ"lghOjilm\�Y�n�—a_zf{h‹¬ ­©¨�¯�°xY�`�Y[f_zZ�neY�\�_zZ�ÍJËЭ‡Y^ÍJËЯRbYz«
�
̏ǑÎ5Ë f{j{s
� ���
	�� �
Û
Þ
1
� 25Ü
( ¦5Ì��	� Ξ²TªxÌ��ff�ÆÎ*(5�vÍ���Ý
b
 Ł`‰huZ�Z[b
c
—|Y[f�`gnehL—a_anˆ€©][hus n�j{}uhzn"st_a\eY[sŁb_a\eji][hv˜pdgYîY�Z�\eYîfij{stjr\eYfiZ�Y[sO`gneY�Yff!gjiZ�\eY�YTbYîj{}ud_zf%_ b_an�Yˆ_OogY
Ç#.�s‡_zj{Zv_zjilgo_€åY�Z�\eYÏf{j{sOji\eYtlxy_zh�ogY�`�Y[lgogY'o_Y[Z�][hufiá_ío_‹`’_an�\ej�w]ay_zhíogh�j{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{hì®­’¨�¯±°ŒhudÃo_
Y[Z�]�huf{á_OoghuZ�`‰hul|\ehuZ �	��“ �ffi_an�_kst_zj{Z�ogY�\�_zfiágY[Z—|Y�‚�_O_„–ji–fij{hu}zn�_a~’_vj{l|\eY�n�stY[ogjˆb_an�j_vYî_ˆ—z_zl5w]ˆ_zo_“

��
¼$¾
â
»½¹�� Á
¬ �[°$¡�_zf{][dgfiYî_ b_an�Yˆ_ko_kn�Y[}ujÆy_zhtfij{stjr\�_zo_î`‰Y[fiht}zn’b_a~][hOo_O…†dgl5w]zy_zh‡Êk˵¦5Ì@Íx΢ËUÍ
ê
€’hOY�j !ghOoghuZÂÍ�Y
`‰Y�f_zZ�neY�\�_zZ!ÍÏË��kYfiÍJË �u“
1
1
1
1
”#j{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{hkogY�jilm\�Y[}zn�_‰w]zy_zh bYO¬��¨ �[°Æ€¦5Ì@͉ÎffiËFÍ
ê
YfiªxÌ@͉Î5Ë��,.’Y�lm\ˆy_zh���Ì@͉ÎffiË ( ¦5Ì@͉Î$²TªxÌ@ÍxÎ$(LËFÍ
ê
“
_|Î!¡�hulgZ�jiogY�neY[sOhuZ�_„Z�Y[}udgj{l|\eY^`’_an�\ej�w]ay_zhOogY‘hzn�ogY[s��kogYt¬��¨ �[° «
Í�Û�Ë��„éÈÍ$܌Ë
�
�
éÈÍxê!Ë
�
ff
éÈÍflfiÂË�ffi
�
éÈÍ �"Ë � .
�vÍ�� Ë
�
�
€g`’_an�_k][_zo_ 
�“�”fiZÂZ�d–j{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{huZÂZ[y_zhg«�!"�¨
�
�$#
€%!
�
�
¨
�
ff
#
€&!
�
ff
¨
ffi
�'#
Y(!
ffi
�
¨ �
#
“
j†Î
¥
Y‹Y[Z�][hufiágY[sthuZ �ƒÜ'Ë)�€ ��êTË
�
�
€��*fiœË
�
ff
Y �*�œË
ffi
�
“ ålm\ˆy_zhg€��xÌ��ƒÜ±ÎÏË+�€���Ì���êˆÎJË
�
�-,
€
�xÌ��.fiÉÎffiË
�
�
€'�xÌ��*�LÎ¢Ë /
�-,
.f{hu}uhg«
/'�"Ë
�
�
+0�21
�
�
+
�
�-,
1
�
�
+
�
�
1
�
�
+ /
�-,
Ë 3
ffi
ff
Ý

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �����
j{jÎ
¥
Y‘Y[Z�]�huf{ágY[sthuZ �ƒÜ�Ë
�
�
€ �[ê!Ë
�
ff
€ �.fiÂË ffi
�
Y �*��Ë �u«
0.25 0.5 0.75 1
1
�xÌ��ƒÜ±ÎffiË
�
�-,
€'�xÌ��[êˆÎffiË
�
�
€'�xÌ��.fiÉÎffiË /
�-,
€'�xÌ��*�LÎffiË � .gf{hu}uhg«
/'�"Ë
�
�
+
�
�-,
1
�
�
+
�
�
1
�
�
+
/
�-,
1
�
�
+��
Ë
���
ffi
ff
Ý
b
 Łj{l|\edgji\�ji—|h„˜pdgY
3
ffi
ff��
�
̏ǑÎ
�
���
ffi
ff
“
–©Î!¡�hulgZ�jiogY�neY[sOhuZ"_kZ�Y[}udgj{l|\eY�`’_an�\ej�w]zy_zhkogY�hzn�ogY[s
æ
«
Í�Û"Ë��véŁÍ ÜŒË
�
æ
é ͉êÂË
ff
æ
é Íflfi�Ë
ffi
æ
éµÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý{ÝiÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý{ÝiÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý{ÝiÝ{ÝiÝzé Í�ÞkË
æ
æ
Ë �uÝ
�vÍ�� Ë
�
æ
“
j†Î
¥
Y^Y[Z�][hufiágY[sthuZ �LÜ�Ë
�
æ
€���êÂË
ff
æ
€��*fi"Ë
ffi
æ
€i“{“i“{“{“i“{“i“{“{“i“{“i€��±ÞtË
æ
æ
«
/‰ÞtË
�
æ
+
�
æ
ê
1
�
æ
+
ff
ê
æ
ê
1
�
æ
+ ffi
ê
æ
ê
1FÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý{ÝiÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý{Ý.1
�
æ
+
æ
ê
æ
ê
Ë
�
æ
fi
Ì5�
ê
1
ff
ê
1
ffi
ê
1UÝ{Ý{ÝiÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý{ÝiÝ{Ý.1
æ
ê
Î
Ë
Ì
æ
1 �LÎ%Ì
ff
æ
1 �LÎ
,
æ
ê
Ý
j{jÎ
¥
Y‘Y[Z�]�huf{ágY[sthuZ �ƒÜ�Ë��€ �[ê!Ë
�
æ
€ �.fiÂË
ff
æ
€{“i“{“{“i“{“i“{“{“i“{“i“{€��ÞOË
æ
² �
æ
«
/xÞOË
�
æ
fi
Ì5�
ê
1
ff
ê
1
ffi
ê
1ÅÝ{Ý{ÝiÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý{ÝiÝ{Ý.1ÑÌ
æ
² �LÎ
ê
΢Ë
Ì
æ
² �LÎ�Ì
ff
æ
² �LÎ
,
æ
ê
Ý
����� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
1
1
 Œl|\ˆy_zhg€
Ì
æ
² �LÎ%Ì
ff
æ
² �LÎ
,
æ
ê
�
�
̏ÇîÎ
�
Ì
æ
1 �LÎ�Ì
ff
æ
1 �LÎ
,
æ
ê
Ý �5hznÂhud\�nehkf_zoghg«
f{jis
Þ
�����
Ì
æ
² �LÎ�Ì
ff
æ
² �LÎ
,
æ
ê
Ë fij{s
Þ
�����
Ì
æ
1 �LÎ�Ì
ff
æ
1 �LÎ
,
æ
ê
Ë
�
ffi
.Y[l|\ˆy_zhg€
�
̏ÇîÎffiË
�
ffi
Ý
¬
ff
°�¡�_zf{][dgfiY‡_µb_aneYˆ_Ro_Rn�Y[}ujÆy_zh‹fij{stjr\�_zo_ `�Y[f{huZ‘}zn’b_a~][huZîo_zZŽ…†dgl5w]zyhuY�Z„¦5Ì@ÍxÎ^Ë Í
fi
€%ª�Ì@͉ÎfiË
/
ÍìY
`‰Y�f_zZ�neY�\�_zZ!ÍÏË��kYfiÍJË
ffi
“
33
”#j{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{hkogY�jilm\�Y[}zn�_‰w]zy_zh bYO¬��¨
ffi
°�.Y[l|\ˆy_zhg€'��Ì ÍxÎ¢Ë ( ¦5Ì@͉Î$²íªxÌ@͉Î*(LË
/
͇²TÍ
fi
€Z�Y�Í0fl�� �¨
ffi	�
“
_|Î!¡�hulgZ�jiogY�neY[sOhuZ�_„Z�Y[}udgj{l|\eY^`’_an�\ej�w]ay_zhOogY‘hzn�ogY[s ,„ogYt¬��¨
ffi
° «
͉ÛÂË��kéÈÍ Ü�Ë
�
ff
éÈ͉êÂË ��éÈÍ'fiÂË ffi
ff
éÈÍ ��Ë
ff
éÈÍ�
�Ë
�
ff
éÈÍ���Ë
ffi
.
�vÍ�� Ë
�
ff
€g`’_an�_k][_zo_ 
�“

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �����
¥
Y Y[Z�][hufiágY[sthuZ��LÜOË �€ �[ê‡Ë
�
ff
€ �*fiÏË �u€ �*�JË ffi
ff
€ffi� 
 Ë
ff
Y � �ÏË
�
ff
€5hz–g\eY[sthuZ[« ��Ì4�ƒÜ±ÎîË �€
�xÌ��[êˆÎffiË ffi
�
�
€'�xÌ��.fiÉÎffiË
�
€'��Ì4�*�L΢Ë
�
�
�
€'��Ì4� 
ˆÎffiË �-�„Y ��Ì����ÉÎffiË
� �
�
Yz€
/ �"Ë
�
ff
Ì ffi
�
�
1
�
1
�
�
�
1 �-� 1
� �
�
ÎåË ffi
���
�-,
Ý
–©Î!¡�hulgZ�jiogY�neY[sOhuZ"_kZ�Y[}udgj{l|\eY�`’_an�\ej�w]zy_zhkogY�hzn�ogY[s
æ
«
͉Û�Ë��„éÈÍ Ü£Ë ffi
æ
éÈ͉ê�Ë
,
æ
éÈÍ'fi�Ë /
æ
éÑÝ{Ý{ÝiÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý{ÝiÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý{ÝiÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý{ÝuéÈÍ©ÞOË ffi
æ
æ
Ë
ffi
Ý
�vÍ�� Ë ffi
æ
“
¥
Y�‚�_ �ff� Ë ffi
æ
€g`’_an�_„\ehpogh#
žË �u¨
ff
¨�Ý{ÝiÝ{ÝiÝ
æ
“��%hu}uhg«
�xÌ��ƒÜ±ÎffiË
ffifi��
�
æ
²
�
æ
fi��
€ �xÌ��[êˆÎ¢Ë
ffi
fi��
ff
æ
²
�
æ
fi	�
€fl�xÌ��.fi[ÎåË
ffi
fi
�
ffi
æ
²
ff
3
æ
fi��
€ �xÌ����L΢Ë
ffi
fi
�
�
æ
²
, �
æ
fi
�
“ffi ås
}uY�n�_zf«
��Ì��	� ÎffiË
ffi
fi��
æ
²
fi
æ
fi
¨
Yz«
/‰ÞOË
Þ
1
� 25Ü
�xÌ��ff� Î + �vÍ��$Ë
Þ
1
�32žÜ
ffi
fi
�
æ
²
fi
æ
fi�
+
ffi
æ
Ë
Þ
1
� 2žÜ
ffi
�
æ
ê
�

�²
fi
æ
ê�
Ý
�%Y[sŽ–gn�_zlgoghŁ˜pdgY
Þ
1
� 2žÜ

TË
æ
Ì
æ
1 �LÎ
ff
Y
Þ
1
�32žÜ
fi
Ë
æ
ê
Ì
æ
1 �LÎ
ê
�
€fi\eY[sthuZ /xÞOË
�
�
�
�
�!²
�
æ
ê�
“
 Œl|\ˆy_zhg€’_Èb_an�Yˆ_„`gneh¶][dn�_zo_ìbYa«
�
̏ǑÎ5Ë f{j{s
Þ
�����
/‰ÞOË f{jis
Þ
�����
�
�
�
Ì �²
�
æ
ê
΢Ë
�
�
�
Ý
���� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
HJI��
D ���œM��’?
V
A
W
P � > �
W	��V
S
�
P Q
W
3žMtN
����
W	�
D����œM���Q
W
�Ѽ���çfiäaÔ
Õ¢Ö
¿¢¹�� Á
¥
Y�‚�_zsB¦Ïdgs‡_fi…†dgl5w]zy_zhîogY~lgj{o_‘lgh�j{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{ht¬®­©¨�¯�° €uصdgs‡_
`’_an�\ej½w]zy_zh�˜¶d_zf{˜¶dgY�n
oghOjilm\�Y�n�—a_zf{h‹¬ ­©¨�¯�°xYfi�	�¢dgs¤`‰hul|\ehk˜pd_zf{˜¶dgY�nÂY[sÄ][_zo_kZ�d–jilm\eYn�—z_zfihtogY�~lgjioghO`‰Y[f{_„`’_an�\�j�w]zy_zhg“
'
ä½ç£ã¼���¸’¿å»t×
¼���çfiä�×
¿¤×
¼
¦
×
¼
­
¿5ã��¼
¯RbY‘ogY�lghz\�_zo_„`�hzn��ff�
fi
¦5Ì@͉ÎffifluÍ'Y�ogY�~lgj{o_„`‰hznˆ«
� �
fi
¦5Ì@ÍxÎ�fluÍ Ë fij{s
� ���
	 � �
Û
Þ
1
�32žÜ
¦5Ì��	� Î �ŽÍ���¨
Z�Y�hOf{jistji\�Y
Yff!gjiZ�\eYz“
 
º �¼ ¸’èffi¿�Ô
ÕåÖ
¹�¼�� Á
j†Î
¥
Y‹hšf{jistji\eYÏo_œogY�~lgj½w]zy_zh Yff!gjiZ�\eYz€tbY'jilgogY�`‰Y[lgogY�lm\eYo_zZ‡Y[Z�][huf{á_zZ‡…†Y[jr\�_zZ[€�][husthílgh ]ˆ_zZ�hšo_
ogY�~lgj½w]zy_zhtogYšb_an�Yˆ_“ �5hzn�\�_zlm\�hg€gogY�—|Y�\eYn�Z�Y�sO`gneY‘dgs bdglgji][hO—a_zf{hznˆ“
j{jÎ
¥
Yí¦ bY
Õ
¹£ç�ã!�
"
ç!Ó
¿ ¼ ç
Ö
¿å¹ çfi¼���¿5ãä�èffi¿ ¼ž¾
¬®­©¨�¯�°
_ ogY�~lgj�w]ay_zh ogY�j{l|\eY[}zn�_zf�ogY�~lgj{o_
][hujilg][j{ogY']�hus _œogY�~lgj½w]zy_zhšogY b_aneYˆ_To_Tn�Y[}ujÆy_zhœÇ ogY[fij{stjr\�_zo_�`�Y[f{hš}znb_a~][hšogY¦$€�`‰Y�f_zZOneY\�_zZ
ÍJËЭ©€ÍJËЯ
Y^`‰Y[fihOY[j !gh„oghuZÂÍ Ì ªkË��|α«
ǵ˕ٶÌ@Í ¨eÊgÎffi#z­
�
Í
�
¯ƒ¨2�
�
Ê
�
¦5Ì@͉αß|Ý
X
Y[Z�\�Y‘]ˆ_zZ�h„\eY�neY�sthuZ[«
�
Ì@ÇîÎ5Ë
�
�
fi
¦5Ì@͉Î�fl|Í Ý
”
Z�l
bdgstY�n�huZ�­‡Yî¯
Z[y_zhk]�á_zs‡_zoghuZÂfij{stjr\eY[Z�j{lg…†Ynej{hznÂY�Z�d`‰Y�nejihzn"ogY�j{l|\eY[}zn�_‰w]zy_zhg“

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �����
�Ѽ���çfiäaÔ
Õ¢Ö
¿¢¹�� Á��
s‡_J…†dgl5w]zy_zhí¦ÃogY�~lgjio_‹Y[s ¬ ­©¨�¯±°ŽbYtogjr\�_
ä�ç�ãg¼���¸ �¿¢è£¼$»í¼$¾
¬®­©¨�¯�°¢Z�Y‡Z�d_
j{l|\eY[}zne_zf%ogY~lgj{o_OYff!j{Z�\�Yz“
'
f{}udgst_zZ‘o_zZŽ`gnehɗz_zZŽogY[Z½\eY‡]ˆ_a`%b
c
\�dgf{hZ�Y�nˆy_zhhustjr\ej{o_zZ�€ `‰hujiZŽ…†hu}uY[s=oghhz–‚½Y�\ejr—|h‹ogY[Z�\�_zZŽlghz\�_zZ�“
�
s¤f{Y[jr\ehzn!j{l|\eY�neY�Z�Ze_zoght`‰h¶ogY^n�Y[][hzn�neYn��_„–jr–f{jihu}zn�_a~’_kjilgogj{]ˆ_zo_“
�
¼$¹Œ¸©¼$¾À¿ � Á
¥
Y‘_k…†dgl5w]zy_zh ¦ÑbY�]�hulm\ˆb
c
l¶d_kY[s=¬ ­©¨�¯�° €Y[l|\ˆy_zhìbY‘j{l|\eY[}znb_a—|Y[f�Y[s ¬®­©¨�¯�° “
”"–Z�Y�n�—|Y[sOhuZ�˜pdgY�_„n�Y[]ub
c
`gn�hp]ˆ_OogY�Z�\eY�\�Y[hzneY[s‡_œbY‘… _zfiZe_“ �5hzn�Yff!Y[sO`fihg€g][hulgZ�j{ogYneYî_„…†dgl5w]zy_zhg«
¦5Ì@͉Î5Ë
	
� Z�Y Í fl ¬��¨ �[°
� Z�Y Í fl Ì5�u¨
ff
°ÆÝ
1 2
1
1 2
1
…^bYfiogY[Z�][hulm\ˆb
c
lmd_€©s‡_zZ�_ŽneY[}ujy_zhkfij{stjr\�_zo_�`�Y[f{h„}zn’b_a~][hkogY‘¦$€`�huZ�Z�dgj�b_aneYˆ_vj{}ud_zf‰_ �^lghkjilm\�Y�n�—a_zf{h
¬��¨ �[°‰Y‘q[Y�n�htlghOjilm\eYn�—z_zfih‹Ì5�u¨
ff
°�.f{hu}uhg€’¦ÑbY�jilm\�Y[}zn’b_a—|Y[f“
·œ¸’¹
â
¹��gäƒÔ
Õ¢Ö
¿å¹ Á
¥
YŽ¦‹Y^ª‡Z[y_zhO…†dgl5w]zyhuY�Z"j{l|\eY[}zn’b_a—|Y�j{Z�Y�s1¬ ­©¨�¯�° €Y[l|\ˆy_zhg«
��
��tä½ç
¼$¿¢¸�ä½×fi¿å×
¼:×
¿
�¶ç£ã¼���¸’¿Œ»��
“
�
¦ 1���ª bY^…†dgl5w]zy_zhtj{l|\eY[}znb_a—|Y[f�Y[s=¬ ­©¨�¯�° €p`’_an�_v\ehpogh
�
¨�� flR´µYz«
�ff�
fi
�
�
¦5Ì@ÍxÎ 1��^ª�Ì ÍxÎ
�
fluÍJË
�
�ff�
fi
¦5Ì@͉Î�fl|Í 1�� �ff�
fi
ª�Ì@͉Î�fl|Í Ý
ä�ä���
�� ¹£ç
¹åべ£çfiä
Õ
ä�×
¿å×fi¼:×
¿��pç�ãg¼���¸©¿å»��
“
¥
Yî¦5Ì@ÍxÎfiffȪxÌ@͉ΌY[s=¬ ­©¨�¯�° .Y[l|\ˆy_zhg€
�
�
fi
¦5Ì@͉Î�fl|Íflff
�
�
fi
ªxÌ@͉Î�fl|Í�Ý
ä�ä½ä��
( ¦ (5bY^j{l|\eY[}zn’b_a—|Y[f�Yz« ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
�ff�
fi
¦5Ì@͉ÎffifluÍ
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
�
�ff�
fi
ffi
ffi
¦5Ì@͉Î
ffi
ffi
fluÍ$Ý
����� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
ä�è �
¥
Y�‚�_zs§­‡é �
éŁ¯
Ydgs‡_„…†dgl5w]zy_zhtj{l|\eY[}znb_a—|Y[f�Y[s ¬®­©¨ ��°xY‡¬ �ƒ¨�¯�°‰neY[Z�`�Y[]�\ejr—z_zsOY[lm\�Yz“� ålm\ˆy_zhO¦
bY^j{l|\eY[}zn’b_a—|Y[f�Y[s1¬®­’¨�¯±°xYa«
�ff�
fi
¦5Ì@͉ÎffifluÍ Ë �
�
fi
¦5Ì@͉Î�fl|Í 1 � �
�
¦5Ì ÍxÎ�fluÍ$Ý
�ffi_an�_k_„`gnehɗz_€g—|Y�‚�_kht_a`�ŸY[lgogji][Yz“
'
\bY"_z}uhzn�_�][hulgágY[][Y[sOhuZ£_‘ogY�~lgj½w]zy_zhŽY"_zZŒ`gn�hz`gnej{Y[o_zogY�Z£s‡_zj{Z¢j{sO`�hzn�\�_zl|\eY[Z¢o_‘j{l|\eY[}zne_zf©ogY�~lgjio_“
�huZ�\�n�_an�Y[sthuZ[€_„Z�Y[}udgjin[€©][husOhk]ˆ_zfi][dgfˆb_ % f{_“
�
¼$¹Œ¸©¼$¾À¿ �£Á 
��^Ófiç^×
¿å¾À¼žç�ãg¿å»fi×fi¹�� �¿å»
Õ
Ófi»½¹ �
¥
Y¦ÈbY!dgst_fi…†dgl5w]ay_zh‘j{l|\eY[}znb_a—|Y[fgY[s ¬®­’¨�¯±°
Y�_zogstji\eY^dgs‡_Ž`gnej{sOji\ejr—z_	�‡Ì ÍxΣY[s ¬®­’¨�¯±° €pY[lm\[y_zhg«
�ff�
fi
¦5Ì@͉Î�fl|͇Ë
�‡ÌƯ�Ξ²��‡ÌÆ­pΝÝ
” \eY�hzneY[s‡_‹lghuZvogj{q ˜pdgY‡`’_an�_]ˆ_zfi][dgf_ank_‹j{l|\eY[}zn�_zf£ogY~lgj{o_íogY dgs‡_‹…†dgl5w]zy_zhg€¢–’_zZ�\�_‹`gnehp]�dn�_an
dgs‡_J`gn�j{stjr\eji—a_Jo_‹…†dgl5w]zy_zhY‡_ˆ—z_zfijˆb_&% f_RlghuZîfij{stjr\eY[Z�ogYtj{l|\eY[}zn�_‰w]ay_zhg“
'
jilm\eY�}zn�_zfŒogY�~lgjio_ÑbYOdgs
l
bdgstY�n�hkneYˆ_zf“ �ffi_ane_O_„`gn�hL—a_koghO\�Y[hzneY[s‡_€¶—|Y�‚�_Oht_a`�ŸY�lgogj{][Yz“
X
hz\�_‰w]zy_zhg«��tÌ@ÍxÎ
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
�
fi
Ë
�‡ÌƯ�Î$²��‡Ì­Î“
�š¹�¸’¹£» �¿å¸©ä½¹ Á
Xfi_„ágji`Âbhz\eY[Z�Y‘oghO\eY�hzneY[s‡_
ff
\eY�sthuZ[«

 Î
�
�
fi
¦5Ì@͉Î�fl|͇˕²
�
fi
�
¦5Ì@͉Î�fl|Í�“

 
 Î �
fi
fi
¦5Ì@͉ÎffifluÍ Ë��p“

��
¼$¾
â
»½¹�� Á
¡�_zf{][dgfiY‘_zZÂZ�Y[}udgj{l|\eY[ZÂj{l|\eY[}zn�_zjiZÂogY~lgj{o_zZ[«
¬ �[°��
Ü
Û
�
�-���
�
1
�
�
�
Í
fl|Í “
�
Ze_zlgoghth��$Y[hzneY�s‡_„ogY^f{jilgYˆ_anejio_zogYz€’`�hpogY[sOhuZ!Y�Z�]�neY�—|Ynfi_kjilm\eY�}zn�_zf�][husthg«
�
ê
Ü
�
�-���
�
1
�
�
�
Í
fl|Í Ë �-�
�
ê
Ü
�
�
fluÍ 1
�
ê
Ü
fl|Í
�
�
Í
Ý
¡£husthg«

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �����
��ÜÉÌ@͉ÎåË � �
�
fl|ÍJË
�
�
¨
�ffiêzÌ@͉ÎåË �
fluÍ
�
�
Í
Ë �ÀÍ
ë Ü�� �
fluÍJË
�
�
�
�
Í
fi
�
ffi
�%hu}uhg€
�
ê
Ü
�
�-���
�
1
�
�
�
Í
fluÍJË �-� �
ê
Ü
�
�
fluÍ 1ff�
ê
Ü
fluÍ
�
�
Í
Ë �-���ŒÜÉÌ@͉Î
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
Ü
ê
1 �ffiêuÌ@͉Î
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
Ü
ê
Ë �-�
�
�ŒÜLÌ
ff
Î$² ��ÜÉÌ5�LÎ
�
1
�
ffi
�
�ffiêuÌ
ff
Î$² �5êuÌ5�LÎ
�
Ë �-��Ì �
ê
² �LÎ$1
�
ffi
Ì
�
�
�
² �LΝÝ
¬
ff
°
���
�
�
�
æ
Ì ÍxÎ�fluÍ “
�
\ejif{j{q[_zsthuZ£j{l|\eY[}zn�_‰w]ay_zhk`‰hzn!`’_an�\eY�Z[«
�
Ë
�
æ
Ì@͉Πfl
	vË fl|Í
fl
�
Ë
fluÍ
Í
	ŽËÐÍ .
Y[l|\ˆy_zhg«��‡Ì@͉ÎffiË �
�
æ
Ì@͉ÎffifluÍ ËFÍ
�
æ
Ì@͉Π²œÍ .f{hu}uhg«
�
�
�
�
�
æ
Ì@͉Î�fl|͇Ë
�‡Ì@͉Î
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
�
�
�
Ë �
ê
Ý
¬
ffi
°
�
Ü
ë Ü
(�� �
æ
Ì Í�
 Î*( fl|͉“
”"–Z�Y�n�—a_zsthuZ�˜¶dgY�� �
æ
Ì@Í�
 Îfiff �kZ�Y �
�
Í
�
�‘Y�� �
æ
Ì@Í�
 Î
�
�kZ�YO²��
�
Í
�
�“
��� �
æ
Ì Í�
 ÎffifluÍtË ²
�����mÌ@Í�
 Î
1��ƒÝ
�%hu}uhg€ �tÌ@͉΢˕²
�����mÌ@Í�
 Î
€Y[l|\ˆy_zhg«
����� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
�
Ü
ë$Ü
(�� �
æ
Ì@Í�
 Î*( fluÍ‡Ë �
Ü
Û
� �
æ
Ì@Í�
 Î�fl|Ík² �
Û
ë$Ü
� �
æ
Ì@Í�
 Î�fl|Í
Ë
�tÌ@͉Î
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
Ü
Û
² �‡Ì ÍxÎ
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
Û
ë Ü
Ë Ì �‡Ì5�LÎ$² �tÌ �|Î�Î$²ŁÌ �tÌ �|Î$² �‡Ì�² �LÎ�Î
Ë
�
Ý
¬��z°��
Ü
Û
��
ff
Í
ê
1
ffi
fl|Í “
¥
Y
�
Ë
ff
Í
ê
1
ffi
€Y[l|\ˆy_zh
fl
�
�
ËFÍ�fluÍ$“
� ��
ff
Í
ê
1
ffi
fluÍÏË
�
�
�
�
�
fl
�
Ë
���
�
,
Ë
�
Ì
ff
Í
ê
1
ffi
Î
fi
,
1 �LÝ
�%hu}uhg€ �tÌ@͉΢Ë
�
Ì
ff
Í
ê
1
ffi
Î
fi
,
.Y[l|\ˆy_zhg€
�
Ü
Û
��
ff
Í
ê
1
ffi
fl|ÍJË
�tÌ5�LÎ$² �‡Ì �|ÎffiË
�
�
�
,
²
�
ffi
ff
Ý
¬ �ƒ°
¥
Y ‚�_
��
�
�
�
��
¦5Ì ÍxÎ5Ë
�
�
fi
	
�
fl
	
Z�Y�Í��˕²��
�
æ
�
¯
­
�
Z�YxÍJË �uÝ
“

åY�neji~˜¶dgY�Z�YŽ¦ÑbY^][hul|\Éb
c
lmd_OY[sG²��u“
¡�_zf{][dgf{_zlgoghOogjin�Y�\�_zstY[l|\eYz«
�
	
�
fl
	
Ë
	
� �
Ü
Í 1 �
1 �L“ �%hu}uhg€ �‡Ì@͉ÎffiË
	
� �
Ü
Í 1 �
.Y[l|\ˆy_zhg«
�ff�
fi
	
�
fl
	
Ë
�tÌƯ[Î$² �tÌÆ­ÎffiË
¯
� �
Ü
²œ­
� �
Ü
Í 1 �
Ý
�5hznÂhud\�nehOf{_zoghg€’_a`f{j{][_zlgogh �����OŸhz`ji\e_zfÆ«
fij{s
�
�
ë Ü
¦5Ì ÍxÎffiË fij{s�
�
ë Ü
ÌƯ
� �
Ü
�
æ
̏¯[Î$²š­
� �
Ü
�
æ
ÌÆ­Î�Î
ËѦ5̽²��LÎff.

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� ���	�
f{hu}uhg€’¦ÑbY�]�hulm\ˆb
c
l¶d_kY[s ²��u“
���
�
�
� � �¼�ãg¹"×
¹��
â
¿¢¸©¿ �š¿å»
Õ
Ófi»½¿¢¸ �¶ç£ã¼���¸’¿Œä � �Ѽ���çfiä�×
¿ �
ä�� � �¼�ãg¹�×fi¹¤×
¼ Ò Ó
º �¶ãä ãÓfiäaÔ
Õ¢Ö
¿¢¹"Á
¥
Y
�
ËŪxÌ@͉Ν€gY[l|\ˆy_zh fl
�
ËŪ�� Ì@͉Î�fl|Í .fihu}uhg€
� �
fi
¦5Ì ªxÌ@͉Î�ζª
�
Ì@ÍxÎ�fluÍÏË ����� �
	
���
fi
	
¦5Ì
�
�fl
�
Ý
ä�ä����pç�ãg¼���¸’¿‘Ô
Õ¢Ö
¿¢¹
â
¹�¸F·‹¿¢¸gãg¼���Á
�ff�
fi
¦5Ì@͉Îpª
�
Ì@͉Î�fl|ÍÏËѦ5Ì ÍxζªxÌ@ÍxÎ
ffi
ffi
�
fi
² �ff�
fi
ªxÌ@͉Φ
�
Ì ÍxÎ�fluÍ Ý

��
¼$¾
â
»½¹�� Á
¬ �[°$X
h Yff!gY[sk`f{h�¬��z°$o_t`Âb_z}uj{l_ _zlm\�Y�nej{hzn[€‰~q[Y[sthuZ
�
Ë
ff
Í
ê
1
ffi
.xf{hu}uhg€
fl
�
�
Ë�Í�fl|Í “
¥
Yz«ÂÍíË �€
Y[l|\ˆy_zh
�
Ë
ffi
.Z�Y^ÍÏË �u€gY[l|\ˆy_zh
�
Ë �p“
'
Z�Z�jis'«
�
Ü
Û
��
ff
Í
ê
1
ffi
fluÍÏË
�
�
�
fi
�
�
fl
�
Ë
�
� �
,
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
fi
Ë
�
�
�
,
²
�
ffi
ff
Ý
¬
ff
° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Y
�
Ü
Û
�
�
fluÍ
�
ê
�
1 ���
�
1 �
“
ï©_zqˆ_zsthuZ
�
Ë �
�
€’Y�lm\ˆy_zh��
ê
�
1 ���
�
1 �îË
�
ê
1 �
�
1 �îË Ì
�
1
ff
Î
ê
“
¥
Y�Í Ë��€’Y�lm\ˆy_zh
�
Ë � .gZ�Y
ÍJË �u€gY[l|\ˆy_zh
�
Ë
�u“
�
\ej{fij{qˆ_zlgogh„…n�_‰w]zyhuY[ZÂ`’_ane][j_zjiZ[«
�
Ü
Û
�
�
fl|Í
�
ê
�
1 ���
�
1 �
Ë
� �
Ü
fl
�
Ì
�
1
ff
Î
ê
˕²
�
�
1
ff
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
�
Ü
Ë
�² �
ffi
Ì ��1
ff
Î
Ý
¬
ffi
° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Y
�
�
Û
fl|Í
� 1
�
Í
“
¥
Y
�
Ë
�
Í 1 �u€’Y[l|\ˆy_zh
�
Í'Ë
�
² ��Y fl
�
Ë
fl|Í
ff
�
Í
.’f{hu}uhg€
ff
Ì
�
² �LÎ�fl
�
Ë fluÍ “
¥
Yz«ŒÍJË �€Y[lm\[y_zhg€
�
Ë � .Z�YfiÍJË �g€’Y�lm\ˆy_zhg€
�
Ë
ffi
“
'
Z�Z�jis'«
�
�
Û
fluÍ
� 1
�
Í
Ë
ff
�
fi
Ü
Ì
�
² �LÎ
�
fl
�
Ë
ff
�
�
²
�
æ
Ì	(
�
( Î
�
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
fi
Ü
Ë��fi²
ff
�
æ
Ì
ffi
ΝÝ
����� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
¬��z° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Y �
�
Ü
Í �
æ
Ì@͉Î�fl|Íx“
�
Ze_zlgoghîh�s bY�\eh¶ogh‘ogYÂj{l|\eY[}zn�_‰w]zy_zh�`‰hzn¢`’_an�\eY[Z¢\eY[sthuZ[«
�
Ë �
æ
Ì@͉Î5Y fl
	„ËFÍ�fluÍ .mY[l|\ˆy_zhg€ fl
�
Ë
�
Í
fl|Í
Y 	„Ë
Í
ê
ff
“
'
Z�Z�jis � Í
�
æ
Ì@͉Î�fl|͇Ë
Í
ê
�
æ
Ì ÍxÎ
ff
²
Í
ê
�
“ �%hu}uhg«
�
�
Ü
Í �
æ
Ì@͉ÎffifluÍtË
Í
ê
�
æ
Ì@͉Î
ff
²
Í
ê
�
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
�
Ü
Ë �-, �
æ
Ì
ff
Î$²
���
�
Ý
¬ �ƒ° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Y ���
�
Û
� �
æ
Ì
ff
	
���
�
Þ
�
�
	
fl
	
“
¡£husth � �
æ
Ì
ff
	
ÎåË
ff
� �
æ
Ì
	
Î���� �¶Ì
	
Ν€… _zq[Y�sthuZ�Í'Ë � �
æ
Ì
	
Î	.©fihu}uhg€ fluÍ‹Ë ��� �¶Ì
	
�fl
	
“
¥
Y
	
Ë �€�Y[l|\ˆy_zh
ÍJË��,.gZ�Y
	
Ë
ff
€Y[l|\ˆy_zhOÍÏË �u“
'
Z�Z�jis'«
�
�
�
Û
� �
æ
Ì
ff
	
Î �
�
�
Þ
�
�
	
fl
	
Ë
ff
�
Ü
Û
Í �
�
fluÍ$Ý
��lm\�Y[}zn�_zlgoghO`�hznÂ`’_an�\�Y[Z[«
�
ËFÍíY fl
	vË �
�
fluÍ$€gY[l|\ˆy_zh fl
�
Ë flu͍Y 	„Ë
�
�
.f{hu}uhg«
���
�
Û
� �
æ
Ì
ff
	
���
�
Þ
�
�
	
fl
	
Ë
ff
�
Ü
Û
Í �
�
fl|ÍÏË
ff
Í �
�
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
Ü
Û
²
ff
�
Ü
Û
�
�
fl|ÍJË
ff
�
Í �
�
² �
�
�
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
Ü
Û
Ë
ff
Ý
¬�,a° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Y
�
fi
�
fi
fluÍ
Í
�
Í
ê
1
/
“
�
Ze_aneY�sthuZthšs bY�\�hpoghšogY‹Z�d–Z�\�ji\edgj½w]zy_zhš\�nej{}uhulghus bY�\�neji]ˆ_“
¥
Y�‚�_œÍ�Ë
ffi
	
ªxÌ��|Îff.!hz–Z�Y�n�—z_zsthuZ‡˜¶dgY
ffi
	
ªxÌ��|ÎÏË
�
ffi
Y
ffi
	
ª�Ì��|ÎÏË
ffi
€�j{sk`f{j{][_zs Y[s �ŁË
,
Y	�ŁË
�
. fl|Í#Ë
ffi
� �$�
ê
��|�fl
�,.�Y[lm\[y_zhg€
fl|Í
Í
�
Í
ê
1
/
Ë
� ��� �$�zÌ��|Î
ffi
fl
�“
�
fi
�
fi
fluÍ
Í
�
Í
ê
1
/
Ë
�
ffi
�
�
�
� �
����� �$�zÌ��|Î�fl��^Ë
�
ffi
�
æ
�
ff
1
�
ffi
� 1
�
ff
Ý
¬
3
° 
åY�nejr~˜pdgY�˜pdgY �
fi
Û
¦5Ì ÍxÎ
¦5Ì ÍxÎ$1 ¦5ÌÆ­�²œÍxÎ
fl|Í Ë
­
ff
€Z�Y[lgogh‡¦\�_zfx˜¶dgY‘hOjilm\�Y[}zn�_zlgoghtZ�Y ‚�_OogY�~lgj{oghg“
¥
Y�‚�_�
ŽË
�
fi
Û
¦5Ì@͉Î
¦5Ì@͉Î$1 ¦5ÌÆ­‘²íÍxÎ
fl|Í%“¢ï�_zq[Y�lgogh
�
ËЭî²TÍ €’Y�lm\ˆy_zh fl
�
˕² fluÍ$«

„Ë•² �
Û
fi
¦5ÌÆ­�²
�
Î
¦5ÌÆ­‘²
�
Î 1 ¦5Ì
�
Î
fl
�
Ë �
fi
Û
¦5ÌÆ­î²íÍxÎ
¦5ÌÆ­‘²T͉Π1 ¦5Ì@ÍxÎ
fluÍ .

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �����
f{hu}uhg€
ff

ŽË �
fi
Û
¦5Ì@͉Î
¦5Ì@͉Î$1Ȧ5ÌÆ­�²œÍxÎ
fl|Í 1 �
fi
Û
¦5ÌÆ­‘²œÍ‰Î
¦5̏­‘²œÍxÎ 1Ȧ5Ì ÍxÎ
fl|Í Ë �
fi
Û
fl|ÍÏËЭ’Ý
¬
�
°
�
Z�Y[sthuZ‘¬ �ƒ°x`’_an�_O][_zf{][dgf{_an �
ê
Û
Í
ê
Í
ê
²
ff
Í 1
ff
fluÍ “
�
ê
Û
Í
ê
Í
ê
²
ff
Í 1
ff
fl|ÍÏË
ff
�
ê
Û
Í
ê
ff
Í
ê
² �ffiÍ 1 �
fl|Í Ë
ff
�
ê
Û
Í
ê
Í
ê
1ÑÌ@͇²
ff
Î
ê
fluÍJË
ff
Ý
¡£hulgZ�j{ogY�ne_zsthuZ"¦5Ì ÍxÎ5ËUÍ
ê
Y[s1¬ �ƒ°Æ“
¬
/
° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Y �
Ü
Û
Ífi­�� �
	
ªxÌ@͉Î�fl|Í�“
��lm\�Y[}zn�_zlgoghO`�hznÂ`’_an�\�Y[Z
�
ËЭ�� �
	
ªxÌ@͉Ν€�fl
	vËFÍ�fluÍ .gY[l|\ˆy_zhg€ fl
�
Ë
fl|Í
Í
ê
1 �
Y 	„Ë
Í
ê
ff
.
�
Ü
Û
Ífi­�� �
	
ªxÌ@͉ÎffifluÍOË
Í
ê
­�� �
	
ª�Ì@͉Î
ff
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
Ü
Û
²
�
ff
�
Ü
Û
Í
ê
Í
ê
1 �
fluÍ$Ý
'
}uhzn�_v]ˆ_zf{]�dgf_zsthuZ
�
Ü
Û
Í
ê
Í
ê
1 �
fluÍ$“ ��lm\eY�}zn�_zsthuZÂ_k…†dgl5w]zy_zhOne_z][j{hul_zf“ �%hu}uhg€
�
Ü
Û
Í
ê
Í
ê
1 �
fluÍJË �
Ü
Û
�
�²
�
Í
ê
1 �
fluÍÏËFÍ ²š­��"�
	
ªxÌ@ÍxÎ
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
Ü
Û
Ë �²
�
Ý
 Œl|\ˆy_zhg«
�
Ü
Û
Ífi­��"�
	
ª�Ì ÍxÎ�flu͇Ë
Í
ê
­�� �
	
ªxÌ@͉Î
ff
²
�
ff
�
�²
�
�
Ë
�
�
Ì 
J²
ff
αÝ
�
â
»�ä
Õ
¿‘Ô
Õ¢Ö
¿¢¹ÚÁ
¥
Y�‚�_‡¦‹dgs‡_„…†dgl5w]zy_zhtj{l|\eY[}znb_a—|Y[f�Z�hz–gneY‡¬ ²�­’¨�­m°Æ“
_|Î
¥
YŽ¦ÑbY^dgs‡_v…†dgl5w]zy_zhO`’_anˆ«
�
fi
ë
fi
¦5Ì ÍxÎ�fluÍ Ë
ff
�
fi
Û
¦5Ì ÍxÎ�fluÍ�Ý
–©Î
¥
YŽ¦ÑbY^dgs‡_„…†dgl5w]zy_zh‹b
c
sk`’_anˆ«
�
fi
ë
fi
¦5Ì@͉ÎffifluÍ Ë��pÝ
����� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
�ån�hL—a_«
�
fi
ë
fi
¦5Ì ÍxÎ�fluÍ Ë �
Û
ë
fi
¦5Ì ÍxÎ�fluÍ 1 �
fi
Û
¦5Ì@͉Î�fl|͇˕² �
ë
fi
Û
¦5Ì@͉ÎffifluÍ 1 �
fi
Û
¦5Ì@ÍxÎ�fluÍ�Ý
ï©_‰w]ˆ_zsthuZ!_kZ�Y�}udgj{l|\eY‘Z�d–Z½\eji\edgj½w]zy_zh
�
˕²�Í$€Y[l|\ˆy_zhg«
² �
ë
fi
Û
¦5Ì@͉Î�fl|Í‡Ë �
fi
Û
¦5̽²
�
�fl
�
Ý
¥
YŽ¦ÑbY�dgst_„…†dgl5w]zy_zht`’_an[€’Z�Y[}udgYî_|ΣY�Z�YŽ¦ÑbY^dgs‡_„…†dgl5w]zy_zh‹b
c
sk`’_anˆ€gZ�Y[}udgY^–©Î“

��
¼$¾
â
»½¹�� Á
¬ �[° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Y
���
�
ë
�
�
	
ªxÌ@͉Î
Í
�
1 �ffiÍ
�
1 �
fl|Í “
'
…†dgl5w]ay_zh ¦5Ì@͉΢Ë
	
ª�Ì@͉Î
Í
�
1 �ffiÍ
�
1 �
bYOb
c
sO`’_an[€f{hu}uhg« �
�
�
ë
�
�
	
ªxÌ@ÍxÎ
Í
�
1 �¢Í
�
1 �
fluÍJË��Ý
�
nb_a~][hto_k…†dgl5w]ay_zh ¦5Ì@͉΢Ë
	
ª�Ì@͉Î
Í
�
1 �ffiÍ
ê
1 �
«
-0.75 0.75
-0.3
0.3
-0.75 0.75
-0.3
0.3
¬
ff
° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Y �
Ü
ë Ü
Ì@Í
ê
1 �����mÌ 
fiÍxÎ 1 �LÎ�fluÍ%“
'
…†dgl5w]ay_zh ¦5Ì@͉΢ËFÍ
ê
1���� �¶Ì 
fi͉Π1 ��bY^`’_an[€’fihu}uhg«
�
Ü
ë Ü
Ì@Í
ê
1 � ���mÌ 
^͉Î$1 �LÎ�fl|Í Ë
ff
�
Ü
Û
Ì@Í
ê
1���� �¶Ì 
fi͉Π1 �LÎ�fluÍ Ë
�
ffi
Ý
�
nb_a~][hto_k…†dgl5w]ay_zh ¦5Ì@͉΢ËFÍ
ê
1���� �¶Ì 
fi͉Π1 �u«

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �����
-1 1
2
-1 1
2
HJI��
>8P‡M��$N

�SÐ?
V
A
W
P Q�� � 
 ��� �±N ���
W
�
¥
Y�‚�_‡¦‹«©¬®­’¨�¯±°‰²©³ ´µdgs‡_„…†dgl5w]ay_zht][hul|\Éb
c
lmd_“�
fiY�~l_zsthuZÂ_k…†dgl5w]ay_zhg«
ªxÌ@ÍxÎ5Ë
�
�
fi
¦5Ì
	
�fl
	
Ý
�5hznÂYff!gY[sk`f{hg€gZ�Yî¦5Ì@ÍxÎ5Ë � ���mÌ@͉Ν€Y[lm\[y_zh„ªxÌ@ÍxÎffiË
�
�
Û
��� �¶Ì
	
�fl
	
Ë � �
æ
Ì@ÍxÎ .g`‰hznÂhud\�nehOf{_zoghg€
ª
�
Ì@Í‰ÎŽË � ���mÌ@Í‰ÎŽË ¦5Ì@͉Ν“ ŒZ�\�Y‡… _a\eh�`�hpogY‡Z�Ynk}uY�lgY�n�_zf{jiqˆ_zoghg“
b
 #h˜pdgY‡Y[Z�\e_a–‰Y[fiY[][YÏh�Z�Y[}udgj{l|\eY
\eY[hzn�Y[s‡_“
�
¼$¹Œ¸©¼$¾À¿ Á
¥
Y�‚�_œ¦ «Â¬®­’¨�¯±°fi²©³ ´8dgs‡_…†dgl5w]zy_zhœ]�hulm\ˆb
c
l¶d_“
'
…†dgl5w]ay_zhíª�Ì ÍxÎ5Ë �
�
fi
¦5Ì
	
�fl
	
bY
ogY�nejr—�b_a—|Y[f�Yz«
ª
�
Ì@͉ÎffiË ¦5Ì ÍxΝ¨phudx¨!ª
�
Ì@͉ÎffiË
fl
fluÍ
�
�
fi
¦5Ì
	
Îffifl
	
ËѦ5Ì@ÍxÎ�Ý
 ŒZ½\eYkneY�Z�dgfi\�_zogh‹jisO`f{ji]ˆ_ ˜pdgYO\eh¶o_J…†dgl5w]zy_zh‹]�hulm\ˆb
c
l¶d_R`�huZ�Z�dgjådgs‡_Ï`gnejistji\�ji—a_“ 
åY�‚�_Rh‹_a`�ŸY[lgogji][Y
`’_an�_�_`gn�hL—a_“- !j{Z�\�Y[s=…†dgl5w]zyhuY[Zkj{l|\eY[}zn’b_a—|Y�j{Zv˜pdgY lxy_zhí`�huZ�Z�dgY[s `gnejistji\�ji—a_zZ ̏lxy_zh`‰hpogY�s Z�Y�n
][hul|\Éb
c
lmd_zZ�Ν“
�5hznŽYff!Y[sO`fihg€ž_R…†dgl5w]zy_zhogY�~lgjio_'`‰hzn„¦5Ì@͉Î^Ë �'Z�YOÍ �Ë �'Y‡¦5Ì �|ÎfiË � .å¦ lxy_zhUbYOogY�neji—a_zo_'ogY
lgY[lgámdgs‡_O…†dgl5w]zy_zh‹Ì �‡Ì@͉ÎffiË
�
�
fi
¦5Ì
	
Îffifl
	
Ë��v`’_an�_„\�hpoghk͉Ν“
�š¹�¸’¹£» �¿å¸©ä½¹ Á
¥
Y�‚�_íªxÌ@ÍxÎkË
�
	
�
�fi
¦5Ì
	
�fl
	
€ŒhulgogY¦•« 
Ų©³ ´ bYJ][hul|\Éb
c
lmd_œY
�
«��›²�³ ´
ogY�nejr—�b_a—|Y[f4. 
‡Y
�œZ[y_zhOjilm\eYn�—z_zfihuZ!\e_zj{Z!˜pdgY
�
Ì��$Î�à 
©“ Œl|\ˆy_zhvª bY‘ogY�n�ji—�b_a—|Y�fxYz«
ª
�
Ì ÍxÎffiËѦ5Ì
�
Ì ÍxÎ�Î
�
�
Ì@͉ΝÝ
���� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
fiY"… _a\ehg“
¥
Y�‚�_�ªkË ���
�
\�_zf’˜pdgY �xÌ@͉ÎffiË �
�
fi
¦5Ì
	
�fl
	
“ffi�5Y[fih‘\eY[hzn�Y[s‡_^ª bY"dgs‡_�…†dgl5w]zy_zhvogY�neji—£b_a—|Y[fƓ
�
\ejif{j{q[_zlgoghO_vneY[}zn�_„o_O]ˆ_zogY[j{_kY‘h„\eY[hzneY�s‡_„lghɗa_zstY[l|\eYz«
ª
�
Ì@͉ÎffiË
fl �
fluÍ
Ì
�
Ì@͉Î�Î
�
�
Ì@͉ÎffiË ¦5Ì
�
Ì@͉Î�Î
�
�
Ì@ÍxαÝ

��
¼$¾
â
»½¹�� Á
¬ �[° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Y
fl
fluÍ
�
�
Û
Ì
ff
	
ê
²
	
1 �LÎ fl
	
“
'
…†dgl5w]ay_zh ¦5Ì
	
ÎffiË
ff
	
ê
²
	
1 ��bY^][hulm\ˆb
c
lmd_tY[s8´Â“ �5Y[f{h„\eY[hzneY�s‡_k_zl|\eY�n�j{hznˆ«
fl
fluÍ
�
�
Û
Ì
ff
	
ê
²
	
1 �LÎ fl
	
Ë
ff
Í
ê
²œÍ 1 �uÝ
¬
ff
° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Y
flmÊ
fluÍ
Z�Y^Ê„Ë �
�
�
fi
Ì �
	
1
3
Î
ê 
fl
	
“
¦5Ì
	
ÎffiË:Ì �
	
1
3
Î
ê 
bY‘][hul|\Éb
c
lmd_OY[s¤´�.
�
Ì@Íx΢ËUÍ
ê
bY‘ogY�n�ji—�b_a—|Y�f%Y�s ´ Y 
��TÌ
�
Σà�� ���TÌ ¦xΝ“��5Y�f{h
][hznehuf[b_anej{hk_zl|\eY�nejihznˆ«
fl|Ê
fluÍ
ËѦ5Ì
�
Ì@͉Î�Î
�
�
Ì@͉΢Ë
ff
Í^¦5Ì@Í
ê
ÎffiË
ff
Í„Ì �žÍ
ê
1
3
Î
ê 
Ý
¬
ffi
° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Y‘Ê
�
Z�Y‘Ê„Ë �
Û
ë
�
�
	
ê
1 � fl
	
1 �
fi
� �
ê
Û
�
	
ê
1 � fl
	
“
¦5Ì
	
ΌË
�
	
ê
1 �œbYî][hul|\Éb
c
lmd_tY[sÄ´�.5Z�Y ‚�_zs
�
ÜÉÌ@͉Î�Ë:²!ÍíY
�
êuÌ@͉Î�Ë
ffi
Í 1
ff
۩ɠdgl5w]zyhuY[Z
ogY�nejr—�b_a—|Y[jiZ
\�_zjiZ˜¶dgY 
��œÌ
�
Ü�Ν¨ 
��œÌ
�
ê[Î�à�� �	�œÌƦxΝ“ �5Y�f{hO]�hznehufˆb_anejihO_zl|\eY�n�j{hznˆ«
Ê
�
˕²�¦5Ì
�
܈Ì@ÍxÎ�Î
�
�
Ü
Ì@͉Π1Ȧ5Ì
�
êzÌ ÍxÎ�Î
�
�
ê
Ì@͉΢Ë
�
Í
ê
1 ��1
ffi
�
Ì
ffi
Í 1
ff
Î
ê
1 �uÝ
¬��z°
¥
Y ‚�_
�tÌ@Í‰Î¢Ë �
�
Û
fl
	
��1
	
ê
1 �
�
Û
fl
	
� 1
	
ê
¨�Í��Ë��Ý
�huZ�\�neY�˜pdgY �‡Ì@͉ÎtbY�][hulgZ½\�_zlm\�Y‘Y[s1̽²
�U¨ �|ΣY^Y[s1Ì �¨�1�� Ν“¢¡!_zfi][dgf{Y^\�_zj{Z�][hulgZ½\�_zlm\�Y[Z[“
j†Î
¥
Y�‚�_��OÌ@ÍxÎfiË �
�
Û
fl
	
��1
	
ê
.žY[l|\ˆy_zhg€ �tÌ@͉Î^Ë��tÌ@͉Π1��
�
�
Í
�
“ �5Y[fih �$Y[hzn�Y[s‡_ ï©dglgo_zstY�lm\�_zf¢ogh
¡Ïb_zf{][dgfihg€��
�
Ì@͉ΠË
�
� 1 Í
ê
Y �
�
Ì@͉ÎffiË��
�
Ì ÍxÎ$²
�
Í
ê
�
�
�
�
Í
�
Ë��¨ŽÌ@Í �Ë��|α“ �%hu}uh �
�
Ì ÍxÎ Ë+�œY
�‡Ì ÍxÎffiË �ƒÜÂZ�Y�Í�� �„Y �tÌ@Í‰Î¢Ë ��ê^Z�Y^͍é �“

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �����
j{jÎ �ƒÜ£Ë
�tÌ5�LÎffiË
ff
�
Ü
Û
fl
	
� 1
	
ê
Ë
ff
._zl_zf{hu}|_zstY[l|\eYz€ ��ê�˕²
ff
Ý
¬ �ƒ°
'
Z�Y[}udgj{l|\eYdgl5w]ay_zhÈbY‘]�á_zs‡_zo_kogY��������	�
���žYî_a`’_aneY�][Y‘lghtY�Z�\edgogh‡o_Oogji…n�_‰w]zy_zhtogY�hulgo_zZ�ogY
f{dgqa«
/!Ì@͉ÎffiË �
�
Û
� �
æ
�
	
ê
ff
fl
	
Ý
¡�_zf{][dgfiY‹f{j{s
�
�
Û
/ÂÌ@͉Î
Í
fi
“
”#f{jistji\eYfi_a`gn�Y[Z�Y[l|\�_Odgs‡_„j{lgogY�\�Y�nestjil_‰w]zy_zhkoghk\eji`�h'Ì
Û
Û
Ν€_a`f{ji]ˆ_zsthuZ � � �OŸhz`ji\�_zf€
/ � Ì@͉ÎffiË � �
æ
�

fiÍ
ê
ff
�
.f{hu}uhgیf{jis
�
�
Û
/ÂÌ ÍxÎ
Í
ê
Ë f{jis
�
�
Û
/ � Ì@͉Î
ffi
Í
ê
Ë
,
“
�
nb_a~][htogY�/ÂÌ@͉Ν«
1 2 3-1-2-3
-0.5
0.5
¬�,a°
'
…†dgl5w]zy_zhg«
� �u¦5Ì ÍxÎffiË
ff
�
�
�
Û
�
ë
�
�
fl
	
bY^]±á_zst_zo_�
������
������
�����
�
“Œ¡!_zfi][dgf{Y�_kogYneji—a_zo_OogYz«
j†Î�Í � �u¦5Ì ÍxΝ“
j{jÎ � �z¦5Ì
�
͉Ν“
j†Î �5Y[f{_„neY[}zne_koghk`gn�hpogd\ehg«
fl
fluÍ
�
Í � �u¦5Ì@͉Î
�
Ë
� �u¦5Ì@͉Î$1 Í
fl
fl|Í
� �z¦5Ì@͉΢Ë
� �z¦5Ì@ÍxÎ$1
ff
Í
�
�
ë
�
�
Ý
j{jÎ�¦5Ì
	
΢Ë
�
ë
�
�
Y
�
Ì@͉ÎåË
�
Í .Y[l|\ˆy_zhg€©¦5Ì
�
Ì ÍxÎ�Î5Ë
�
ë
�
Y
�
� Ì@͉ÎffiË
�
ff
�
Í
“ �%hu}uhg«
� ��� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
fl
fluÍ
� �z¦5Ì
�
΢Ë
ff
�
¦5Ì
�
Ì@͉Î�Î
�
�
Ì@͉΢Ë
�
ë
�
�
�
Ý
�
nb_a~][htogY � �z¦5Ì@͉Ν«
1 2 3-1-2-3
-1
1
¬
3
° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Y^ª��xZ�Yfiª�Ì@͉Î5Ë
�
�
�
Û
�
ë
�
�
fl
	
“
¦5Ì
	
ÎffiË
�
ë
�
�
Y
�
Ì ÍxÎffiËFÍ
ê
.’Y�lm\ˆy_zhg€©¦5Ì
�
Ì@ÍxÎ�Î5ËѦ5Ì@Í
ê
ÎåË
�
ë
�
�
.gf{hu}uhg«5ª �ÆÌ@͉΢Ë
ff
Í �
ë
�
�
“
¬
�
°
¥
Y
Í � �
æ
Ì 
fiÍxÎffiË �
�
�
Û
¦5Ì
	
�fl
	
¨
hulgogYŽ¦ÑbY�dgst_k…†dgl5w]zy_zht]�hulm\ˆb
c
l¶d_€’]ˆ_zfi][dgf{Y‘¦5Ì �mΝ“
fiY�nejr—z_zlgogh‡_k_zsŽ–‰huZ�huZÂf{_zoghuZ�o_„j{}ud_zf{o_zogYa«
fl
fluÍ
�
Í � �
æ
Ì 
fi͉Î
�
Ë
fl
fl|Í
!
�
�
�
Û
¦5Ì
	
�fl
	
#
� �
æ
Ì 
͉Î5² 
fiÍ�� ���mÌ 
ÍxÎffiË
ff
¦5Ì Í
ê
΁͠Ý
�ffi_an�_vÍJË
ff
€\eY[sthuZ[« � �
æ
Ì
ff

 Î$²
ff

 �����mÌ
ff

 Î5Ë ��¦5Ì �mခf{hu}uhϲ
ff

‹Ë��Œ¦5Ì �mΝ“ ålm\ˆy_zhg€
¦5Ì �mÎffi˕²
ff
Ý
HJI��
<��
�
�
VÂW
?
V
A
P � �ÚQ
W
35MON
��� 
W	�
D ���œM���Q
W
HJI��'IƒK
<
V
�
�
��
W
?
V
A
W
P�� ���
�
P
V
��Q
W
Q�� � �ìP � �’?
V
A
W
P
'
neY[f_‰w]ay_zhRY[l|\�neYk_z][Y[fiY�n�_‰w]zy_zhg€x—|Y[fihp][jio_zogYkYk_ `�huZ�j�w]ay_zhRogY„dgs‡_t`’_an�\Éb
c
]�dgf_Ï`�hpogY„Z�Y�n�hz–g\ej{o_ d\ej %
f{jiqˆ_zlgoghOogjrneY�\�_zsOY[lm\�Y�h��$Y[hzneY[st_„ï’dglgo_zstY[l|\�_zf�ogh ¡Ïb_zf{][dgfihg“

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� � ���
¥
d`‰hulgá_zsOhuZ혶dgYÃdgs‡_ `’_an�\Éb
c
][dgf_ÅsthL—|Y	% Z�Y _zhUfihulg}uhFoghÐ}znb_a~][hUo_Ņ†dgl5w]zy_zhÐ][hus Z�Y[}udglgo_
ogY�nejr—z_zo_Ï][hul|\Éb
c
lmd_Ï͜Ë:͞Ì
	
Î"][husڗ|Y[f{h¶][j{o_zogY 	'Ë 	�Ì
	
̀�ogYk][f{_zZ�Z�Y��
Ü
YO_z][Y�f{Y�n�_‰w]ay_zhg€$­JËB­�Ì
	
Î
Y[s ]ˆ_zo_kjilgZ�\�_zl|\eY
	
“
'
_z]�Y[f{Y�ne_‰w]zy_zhOo_k`’_an�\Éb
c
][dgf{_ bYz«å­‰Ì
	
ÎffiË
fl 	
fl
	
“ �5Y�f{h � Y[hzneY[s‡_«
�
�
���
­‰Ì �LÎ�fl �ÂË �
�
���
fl 	
fl �
fl �
Ë 	‰Ì
	
Î$² 	�Ì
	
ۈÎff.
Y[l|\ˆy_zhg«
Ì �LÎ 	�Ì
	
Î¢Ë �
�
���
­‰Ì �LÎ�fl � 1 	�Ì
	
ÛÉΝÝ
�%hu}uhg€][hulgágY[][Y�lgoght_v_z][Y[fiY�n�_‰w]zy_zhvYfi_î—|Y[f{h¶][j{o_zogY
jilgj{][j{_zf‰o_î`’_an�\Éb
c
][dgf_€p`�hpogY[sOhuZ�hz–g\eY�nÂ_‘—|Y[fihp][j %
o_zogY‘Y�sÄ]ˆ_zo_„j{lgZ�\e_zlm\eY
	
“
'
—|Y�f{hp]�j{o_zogY^o_k`’_an�\Éb
c
][dgf_ bYz« 	�Ì
	
ÎffiË
fluÍ
fl
	
“ �5Y[f{h��$Y[hzneY�s‡_«
�
�
���
	�Ì �ƒÎ�fl ��Ë
�
�
���
fluÍ
fl �
fl �
ËF͞Ì
	
Î$²œÍžÌ
	
ۈÎff.
Y[l|\ˆy_zhg«
Ì
ff
Π͞Ì
	
΢Ë
�
�
���
	‰Ì �ƒÎ�fl � 1 ͞Ì
	
ۈΝÝ
��Ì
	
ÎffiËUÍ5Ì
	
Î$²œÍžÌ
	
ۈÎtbY‘]�á_zs‡_zogh„hOogY[Z�fihp]ˆ_zsOY[lm\�hOo_k`’_an�\ˆb
c
][dgf{_“
�%hu}uhg€p][hulgágY[]�Y[lgoght_‘—|Y[fihp][jio_zogY"Yfi_‘`‰huZ�j�w]zy_zhŽjilgj{][j{_zf©o_î`’_an�\ˆb
c
][dgf_€m`‰h¶ogY[sthuZ�hz–g\eYn£Z�d_î`‰huZ�j½w]zy_zh
Y[s ]ˆ_zo_kjilgZ�\�_zl|\eY
	
“
�
s¤oghuZ�sthɗjistY[l|\ehuZ£s‡_zjiZ!Z�j{sO`fiY[Z bY^˜pd_zlgoght_„`’_an�\ˆb
c
][dgf_v\eY[s _z][Y[fiY�n�_‰w]zy_zhk][hulgZ�\�_zl|\eYz«
­‰Ì
	
ÎffiËЭ¶Ûa€g`’_an�_„\eh¶ogh
	
“
b
 �][husvdgs�l_zZ5_a`fij{]ˆ_‰w]ayhuY[Z$][hulgZ�j{ogY�n�_anž˜pdgY�h�\�Y[sO`‰hÂj{lgji][j_zfmZ�Y�‚�_
	
ÛÂË��“ 
fiY[lghz\�_zlgoghfi_—|Y[fihp][jio_zogY
Yfi`‰huZ�j½w]zy_zhtj{lgji][j_zf‰n�Y[Z�`‰Y�]�\eji—a_zstY[l|\eY^`‰hzn 	‰Ì �|ÎffiË 	aÛ�YfiÍ5Ì �|ÎffiËFÍ�Ûz€hz–g\eY[sthuZ[«
j†Î£ogYOÌ5�LΝ« 	‰Ì
	
ÎffiË
�
�
Û
­¶Û fl �"ËЭ¶Û
	
1 	zÛ .
j{jÎ�ogY‡Ì
ff
Ν«5͞Ì
	
ÎffiË �
�
Û
	‰Ì �ƒÎ�fl � 1 Í�Û�Ë �
�
Û
ÌÆ­¶Û
	
1 	zÛÉÎ�fl � 1ìÍ�Ûz“ � hu}uhg€
͞Ì
	
΢Ë
­pÛ
ff
	
ê
1 	aÛ
	
1 ͉ۃÝ
� ��� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
X
Y[Z�\�Y£]ˆ_zZ�hg€u][hulgágY[]�Y[lgoghî_"—|Y[fihp][jio_zogY£Y�_
`�huZ�j�w]ay_zh
j{lgj{]�j_zfpo_"`’_an�\ˆb
c
][dgf{_fihz–g\�Y[sthuZžZ�d_"\�ne_a‚½Y\’bhznej_“
 º �¼ ¸’èffi¿�Ô
Õ¢Ö
¿å¹ Á
X
h‡ogY[Z�fihp]ˆ_zsOY[lm\�h —|Yn�\ej{][_zf$ogYvdgs‡_O`’_an�\ˆb
c
][dgf_€�Y[Z�][hufiágY[sthuZ
h Y[j !h‡oghuZ
Ê'ogh
Z�jiZ�\eY[s‡_„ogYî][h¶hzneogY[l_zo_zZ�`’_an�_O_k`‰huZ�j½w]zy_zhg“�¡£hulgZ�j{ogYn�_zsthuZ�`’_an�_O][jis‡_O_k`’_an�\eY�`�huZ�ji\ejr—z_„ogh‡Y[j !h
oghuZ!Ê�“å”#Y[…†Y[ji\�hOo_k}zne_ɗpj{o_zogYfil_„`’_an�\ˆb
c
][dgf{_ bY^ogj{stjil¶dgjrn�_„_zfi\�dn�_„–�Y[s¤][husth„_kZ�d_v—|Y[f{h¶][j{o_zogYa“
fiY[Z�`gneY�qˆ_zlgogh‘_"neY�Z�j{Z�\ˆŸY[lg][j_
ogh^_anˆ€|_
_z][Y�f{Y�n�_‰w]ay_zh‹bYŒ][hulgZ�\�_zl|\eY!­‰Ì
	
Îffi˕²£ª‰€zhulgogY�ªv˕²
/
Ý
�
� # � ��ª
ê
bY�_t_z][Y[fiY�n�_‰w]zy_zhk}zn�_ɗpji\�_z]�j{hul_zf‰l_OZ�d`‰Y�ne… b
c
][j{Y�o_k\eY�n�n�_“ffi Œl|\ˆy_zhg«
	‰Ì
	
Îffi˕²
/
Ý
�1 	aÛ Y ͞Ì
	
΢˕² �gÝ
/
	
ê
1 	zÛ
	
1ìÍ�Ûz¨
͞Ì
	
Î�stY�ogj{ogh„Y[sÄsOY�\�nehuZ[“

��
¼$¾
â
»½¹�� Á
�LÎ
'
—|Y[fihp][jio_zogY�ogY�dgs:…†hu}udgY�\eY bYÂogY��-� � ����� # �„_a`ÂbhuZ¢huZffi`gnej{stY�jinehuZ
ffi
� � ��ªŽogY!Z�Y[dOf_zl5w]ˆ_zstY�lm\ehg“
fiY�\eY�n�stj{lgY�_kogjiZ�\aŸ_zlg][j{_„`‰Yne][hzn�nejio_k`‰Y�f{hO…†hu}udgY\eYz“
�ån�j{stY[jrn�_zstY[l|\eYz€u… _zq�Y[sthuZå_^][hul|—|Y�neZ�y_zhîogY���� # �v`’_an�_ � # � �[ªŽs„dgfr\eji`fij{]ˆ_zlgoghfi`‰Y�f_�…ne_‰w]zy_zh
�-� � �
ffi
, � �
€
oghulgogY‘hz–g\�Y[sthuZ[«
­pÛÂË
�-� � �#+��-� � �
ffi
�#+
ffi
, � �
� # � ��ª
ê
Ë
/
Ý
ff
�
/
� # � ��ª
ê
Ý
	zÛtË �,.¢f{hu}uh 	�Ì
	
ΑË
/
Ý
ff
�
/
	
Ythz–g\eY�sthuZ[« ��Ì
ffi
�|ÎffiË
/
Ý
ff
�
/
+ /
� �
ff
Ë ���-, ,Ý � �“‹” …†hu}udgY\eY‡lghuZ
`gnejistY[jin�huZ
ffi
� � �[ªt`‰Y�ne]�hzn�neY‘dgst_„ogjiZ�\aŸ_zlg][j{_OogY ���-, ,Ý � ��“
ff
Î
�
s‡_ϖ�huf_ŁbY
‚½hu}|_zo_Rogjin�Y�\�_zstY[l|\eY„`’_an�_R][jis‡_R_ `’_an�\ejin‘ogh']�áxy_zh'][hus —|Y[f{h¶][j{o_zogYkj{lgji][j_zfffiogY
/
, � # � ��ª‰“ffi
fiY�\eY�n�stj{lgY^Z�Y[d'ogY�Z�f{h¶]ˆ_zstY[l|\ehg“
Í�Û�Ë��îY 	zÛ"Ë
/
,,.¶f{hu}uhg€ 	‰Ì
	
Îffi˕²
/
Ý
�
	
1
/
,“
'
–‰huf_‘_a\ej{lg}uYÂZ�d_î_zfi\�dn�_‘sŁb_&!j{s‡_
˜pd_zlgogh�	ŽË �,.
Y[l|\ˆy_zhg€’_O_zfr\edn�_ks b_&!gj{st_TbY‘_a\ejilg}uj{o_„lghk\eY[sk`‰hg«
	
Ë /
,
/
Ý
���
Ë
/
Ý
3 /
� ��ª’“ �%hu}uhg€
͞Ì
/
Ý
3 /
Î5˕² �gÝ
/
+ Ì
/
Ý
3 /
Î
ê
1
/
, +
/
Ý
3 /
Ë �
3
�Ý
ff
�íÝ

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� � �	�
HJI��
> �
W	��V
S
�
P Q��
�
< 
 �
W
���
” ]�b_zfi][dgf{hìo_›b_aneYˆ_ ogYdgs‡_œneY[}ujÆy_zhš`f{_zl_ `�hpogYZ�Y�nυ†Y[jr\ehš—j_šjilm\eY�}zn�_zf"ogY�~lgjio_“
'
Z�Y[}udgjin[€
Y[Z�\�dgo_aneY[sthuZÂ_zZ�Z�jr\ed_‰w]zyhuY[ZÂs‡_zj{Z�][husvdglgZ[“
¥
Y�‚�_zs§¦©¨ª «’¬®­’¨�¯±°x²©³=´µ…†dgl5w]zyhuY[Z"]�hulm\ˆb
c
l¶d_zZ�“
�
¼$¹Œ¸©¼$¾À¿ � Á
'
b_an�Yˆ_ÅogY dgs‡_ÈneY�}ujÆy_zh `f_zl_ Ç ogY�f{j{sOji\�_zo_Ã`�Y[f{hÅ}zn’b_a~][hŁo_zZ…†dgl5w]zyhuY[Z
][hul|\Éb
c
lmd_zZ�ʄ˵¦5Ì@͉Ν€Ê„ËFªxÌ@͉ΌY�`‰Y�f_zZ�neY�\�_zZ!ÍÏËЭ‡Y�ÍÏËѯ'bYz«
�
ÌÇ‘Î¢Ë � �
fi
( ¦5Ì@ÍxÎ$²�ª�Ì@͉Î*( fluÍ$Ý
 
º �¼ ¸’èffi¿�Ô
ÕåÖ
¹�¼�� Á
�LÎ
¥
YŽ¦5Ì@͉Îfiff �kYfiª�Ì@͉Î5Ë��€g`’_an�_„\�hpoghkÍ0fl쬮­©¨�¯�° €¶Y[lm\[y_zhg«
�
Ì@ÇîÎ5Ë
�
�
fi
¦5Ì@͉Î�fl|Í%¨
hulgogYz«
ǵ˕ٶÌ@Í ¨eÊgÎffi#ffi­
�
Í
�
¯L¨ �
�
Ê
�
¦5Ì@͉αß|Ý
b
R
a
y=f(x)
ff
Î
¥
YŽ¦5Ì@͉Î
�
�kYfiª�Ì@͉Î5Ë��€g`’_an�_„\�hpoghkÍ0fl쬮­©¨�¯�° €¶Y[lm\[y_zhg«
�
̏ǑÎ5˕²
�
�
fi
¦5Ì@ÍxÎ�fluÍ%¨
� ��� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
hulgogY
ǵ˕ٶÌ@Í ¨eÊgÎffi#ffi­
�
Í
�
¯L¨’¦5Ì@͉Î
�
Ê
�
�pß|Ý
a
R
b
ffi
Î
¥
YŽ¦5Ì@͉Îfiffê�Ì ÍxΝ€`’_ane_„\eh¶oghkÍ fl ¬ ­©¨�¯�° €Y[l|\ˆy_zhg«
�
̏ǑÎ5Ë �ff�
fi
Ì ¦5Ì@͉Π²TªxÌ@͉Î�Î�fl|Í�¨
hulgogY
Ç Ë�Ù¶Ì@Í ¨eÊgÎffi#¢­
�
Í
�
¯ƒ¨ªxÌ@͉Î
�
Ê
�
¦5Ì@ÍxÎ�ß|Ý
a b
f
g
R
�mÎ
¥
YŽ¦5Ì@͉Îfiffê�Ì ÍxΝ€­
�
Í
�
�
Yfiª�Ì@͉ÎfiffŦ5Ì@͉Ν€ �
�
Í
�
¯&.gY[l|\ˆy_zhg€Ç ËUÇvÜ��UÇ�ꃀhulgogYz«
ÇvÜ�Ë�Ù¶Ì@Í ¨eÊgÎffi#ffi­
�
Í
�
�L¨gªxÌ@͉Î
�
Ê
�
¦5Ì@Í‰Î±ß Y
Ç�êÂË�Ù¶Ì@Í ¨eÊgÎffi#ffi�
�
Í
�
¯L¨�¦5Ì ÍxÎ
�
Ê
�
ªxÌ@ÍxÎ�ß Ý

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� � ���
�
̏ǑÎ5Ë �
�
fi
Ì ¦5Ì@͉Î$²Tª�Ì@͉Î�Î�fluÍ 1 � �
�
̆ª�Ì@͉Π²ì¦5Ì@͉Î�Î�fluÍ$Ý
a b
f
c
g

��
¼$¾
â
»½¹�� Á
¬ �[°
¥
Y„Y�s �
/ 3
�€x…†hzn�_zs d\ejif{jiqˆ_zoghuZ
ff
�“
ffi
–j{fiáxyhuY[ZfiogYŽ–’_an�nej{Z
ogYŽ`�Y�\�n’bhufiY[h lghJsvdglgogh \ehpogh‡YvZ�Y„_
ogY[s‡_zlgo_Ïsvdglgogj_zfffiogYk`�Y�\�n’bhufiY[hR]�n�Y[Z�][YkYff!`�hulgY[lg][j_zfistY[l|\eYk_Jdgs‡_ \�_&!_ ogY
/��
_zh'_zlghg€%Y[l|\ˆy_zh
_‡ogY[s‡_zlgo_
�
Ì
	
Î�_zlmd_zf5ogYv`�Y�\�n’bhufiY[h lgh‡\eY[sO`�h
	
bY
�
Ì
	
Î�Ë
ff
�Ý
ffi
�
�� ��
�
Ì
	
Ë �‡Y[s �
/ 3
�|Ν“
¥
Y„_
ogY[s‡_zlgo_�][hulm\�j{lmd_î]�neY[Z�]�Y[lgogh„_‘dgs‡_^\e_&!_�ogY
/��
_zhî_zlghg€¶˜¶d_zf©Z�Yn’b_î_‘˜¶d_zlm\ejio_zogY"ogYÂ`�Y�\�n’bhufiY[h
][hulgZ�dgsOj{o_kY�lm\�n�Y‘huZ"_zlghuZ!ogY��
/ 3
�vY
ff
� � ���
'
˜¶d_zlm\ejio_zogY�ogY�`‰Y\�n’bhuf{Y�h"d\ej{fij{qˆ_zo_ÂlgY[Z�Z�Y�`�Y�nÉb
c
h¶ogh
ogYŒ\eY[sk`‰hJbYŒ_b_aneYˆ_�Z�hz–„_"]�dn�—z_"ogYŒogY[s‡_zlgo_
Y[l|\�neY
	
��kY
	
Ë
ffi
�p“
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
100
200
300
400
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
100
200
300
400
ff
�Ý
ffi
�
fi 
Û
�
�� ��
�
fl
	
Ë
ff ff
�pÝ � ,��
�� ��
�
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
fi 
Û
Ë � �
ffi
�
Ý �
ff
Ý
�%hu}uhg€’…†hzne_zs ]�hulgZ�dgstj{oghuZ � �
ffi
�
“ �
ff
–’_an�nejiZ�ogYfi`‰Y�\�n’bhuf{Y[hg“
� ��� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
¬
ff
° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Yî_Ãb_aneYˆ_„o_„neY[}ujy_zhOfij{stjr\�_zo_î`‰Y[fihOY[j !gh„oghuZÂ͍Y�`�Y[f{hk}zn’b_a~][hkogY‘Ê„Ë �^²œÍ
ê
“
X
Y[Z�\�YÏ`gnehz–fiY[s‡_'ª Ë �íY lxy_zhTZ�y_zhío_zoghuZk][f_an�_zsOY[lm\�YÏhuZ„j{l|\eY�n�—z_zfihuZ„ogYÏj{l|\eY[}zne_‰w]zy_zh�.£s‡_zZ[€å_zZ
j{l|\eY�n�Z�Yw]zyhuY[Z�][hus¤huZÂY[j !ghuZ!Z[y_zhOhuZ!`‰hul|\ehuZ[«�Ì �¨ �mΝ€�Ì
ff
¨ �|ΣYO̽²
ff
¨ �|Ν“
-2 -1 1 2
1
2
3
4
-2 -1 1 2
1
2
3
4
�%hu}uhg€©Ç�Ë#Ù¶Ì@Í$¨eʁΠfl´
ê
#T²
ff
�
Í
�
ff
¨ �
�
Ê
�
�^² Í
ê
ß|“
�
Ze_zlgoghthO… _a\ehtogYdgYŽ_O…†dgl5w]zy_zh
bYfi`’_anˆ«
�
Ë
�
ê
ë‰ê
Ì ��²íÍ
ê
Î�fluÍÏË
ff
�
ê
Û
Ì"��²œÍ
ê
Î�fl|Í Ë
ff
Ì �ffiÍt²
Í
fi
ffi
Î
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
ê
Û
Ë
ffi
ff
ffi
�
Ý ­’Ý
¬
ffi
° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Yî_Ãb_aneYˆ_„o_„neY[}ujy_zhOfij{stjr\�_zo_î`‰Y[fihOY[j !gh„oghuZÂ͍Y�`�Y[f{hk}zn’b_a~][hkogY‘Ê„Ë �ffiÍ
�
² �žÍ
ê
1 �u“
fiY�\eY�n�stj{lgY[sOhuZÂ_„j{l|\eY�neZ�Yw]zy_zhto_„][dn�—a_O][hus huZÂY[j !ghuZ!][hphzn�ogY[l_zoghuZ[«
j†Î£ï©_zq[Y[lgoghkÍJË��,.Y[l|\ˆy_zhg€Ê„Ë � .hk`�hulm\ehkogY‘jilm\eYneZ�Yw]zy_zh bY‡Ì �¨ �LΝ“
j{jÎÂï©_zq[Y[lgogh ÊÏË �,.xY[l|\ˆy_zhg€'�ffiÍ
�
² �žÍ
ê
1 �îË �€�][f_an�_zsOY�\eY[l|\eY‘Í�˛² �„YîÍ�Ë �vZ[y_zh‡n�_zjiq[Y[Z
ogh
`‰hufij{l$Ÿhustjih�.$fihu}uhg€ �ffiÍ
�
² �5Í
ê
1 �OËÚÌ@Í'² �LÎ%Ì Í 1 �LÎ�Ì �ffiÍ
ê
² �LÎff.5huZ^`‰hul|\ehuZ‘ogYOj{l|\eY�neZ�Ypw]zy_zh‹Z[y_zh
Ì5�u¨ �|Ν€x̽² �u¨ �|α€%Ì
�
ff
¨ �|Î�YtÌ�²
�
ff
¨ �|α“
b
 …Lb_z][j{fffi—|Y�nejr~]ˆ_anŽ˜pdgYkÍ Ë �FbYO`‰hul|\eh'ogYOsŁb_&!gjisthJfihp]ˆ_zfffiYOÍ Ë��
�
�
�
Z�y_zh'`‰hul|\ehuZ‘ogYts'b
c
lgj{sOh
f{h¶]ˆ_zfxogYŽ¦$“¢X
hz\eYfi˜pdgY�ǵËUÇvÜ��UÇ�ê �UÇ%fiz€hulgogYz«
ÇvÜ�Ë�Ù¶Ì Í$¨eʁÎ�flR´
ê
#��
�
Í
�
²
�
ff
¨ �ffiÍ
�
² �žÍ
ê
1 �
�
Ê
�
�pß .
Ç�êÂË�Ù¶Ì Í$¨eʁÎ�flR´
ê
#í²
�
ff
�
Í
�
�
ff
¨ �
�
Ê
�
�ffiÍ
�
² �žÍ
ê
1 �zߑY
Ç%fi�Ë�Ù¶Ì Í$¨eʁÎ�flR´
ê
#
�
ff
�
Í
�
�u¨ �¢Í
�
² �žÍ
ê
1 �
�
Ê
�
�pß|“

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� � ���
-0.5-1 10.5
1
-0.5
-0.5-1 10.5
1
-0.5
�%hu}uhg€
�
˕²
�
ë
�
ë Ü
Ì �ffiÍ
�
² �5Í
ê
1 �LÎffifluÍ 1
�
�
ë
�
Ì"�¢Í
�
² �5Í
ê
1 �LÎffifluÍt²
�
Ü
�
Ì �¢Í
�
² �žÍ
ê
1 �LÎ�fl|Í%“
'
…†dgl5w]ay_zhtÊÈbY^`’_an[“
�
Ze_zlgoghO_kZ�jistY�\�n�j_Žo_„neY�}ujÆy_zhg€g]ˆ_zfi][dgf_zsthuZ!_Ãb_aneYˆ_ko_vneY[}ujy_zhklgh„`gnej{stY�jineh„Y
˜pd_an�\ehO˜¶d_zon�_zlm\�Y[Z�Y^svdgfi\ejr`f{j{][_zsthuZ£hkneY�Z�dgfi\�_zogh„`‰hzn
ff
«
�
Ë
ff
�
�
�
Û
Ì �ffiÍ
�
² �žÍ
ê
1 �LÎffifluÍt² �
Ü
�
Ì �¢Í
�
² �5Í
ê
1 �LÎ�fl|Í
Ë �
�
Ý ­’Ý
¬��z° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Yî_Ãb_aneYˆ_„o_„neY[}ujy_zhOfij{stjr\�_zo_î`‰Y[fihuZÂ}zn’b_a~]�huZ�ogY‘Ê„ËFÍ
ê
Y^ʄËFÍ 1
ff
“
-2 -1 1 2
1
2
-2 -1 1 2
1
2
X
hɗz_zstY�lm\eY^lgY[Z�\�Y�`gnehz–fiY[s‡_vlxy_zhtZ[y_zhOo_zoghuZ�€’]�f_an�_zstY�lm\eYa€’huZ!j{l|\eY�n�—z_zfihuZÂogY�j{l|\eY[}zn�_‰w]zy_zhg“
j†Î$¡!_zfi][dgf{Y[sOhuZž_zZ5j{l|\eY�n�Z�Yw]zyhuY[Z5oghuZ5}znb_a~][huZ .|Y[s#hud\�ne_zZ$`’_zf_ˆ—pn�_zZ�€aneY[Z�hufr—z_zsOhuZ$hfiZ�Y[}udgjilm\eY£Z�j{Z�\eY�s‡_
ogY‘Y�˜pd_‰w]zyhuY[Z�«
� �� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
	
Ê„Ë Í 1
ff
Ê„Ë Í
ê
¨
hudZ�Y�‚�_€�n�Y[Z�hufi—a_zsthuZ�Í
ê
²šÍϲ
ff
Ë �,.�\eY[sthuZ�«�͋ËB²��„Yî͋Ë
ff
“
”
Z
`‰hul|\ehuZ
ogYŽj{l|\eY�neZ�Yw]zy_zh Z[y_zh
̽²��u¨ �LÎ�Y‡Ì
ff
¨ �mΝ“
j{jÎ�X
hz\eY[sthuZ�˜pdgY^Í 1
ff
ffÈÍ
ê
Z�Y�Í flš¬r²��u¨
ff
° .gf{hu}uhg«
�
Ë �
ê
ë$Ü
Ì Í 1
ff
²íÍ
ê
Î�fluÍÏË
�
Í
ê
ff
1
ff
͇²
Í
fi
ffi
�
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
ê
Ü
Ë /
ff
�
Ý ­©Ý
¬ �ƒ° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Yî_Ãb_aneYˆ_„o_„neY[}ujy_zhOfij{stjr\�_zo_î`‰Y[fihuZÂ}zn’b_a~]�huZ�ogY‘Ê„ËFÍê
²TÍ
�
Y‘Ê„ËFÍ
ê
²��u“
-1 1
-1
-1 1
-1
j†Î$¡!_zfi][dgf{Y[sOhuZž_zZ5j{l|\eY�n�Z�Yw]zyhuY[Z5oghuZ5}znb_a~][huZ .|Y[s#hud\�ne_zZ$`’_zf_ˆ—pn�_zZ�€aneY[Z�hufr—z_zsOhuZ$hfiZ�Y[}udgjilm\eY£Z�j{Z�\eY�s‡_
ogY‘Y�˜pd_‰w]zyhuY[Z�«
	
Ê ËFÍ
ê
²TÍ
�
Ê ËFÍ
ê
² �u¨
hudOZ�Y�‚�_€mn�Y[Z�hufi—a_zsthuZžÍ
�
² �
Ë��,.|\eY[sOhuZ[« ÍJ˕²���Y£ÍJË �u“¢”
Z¢`�hulm\ehuZ¢ogY!j{l|\eY�neZ�Ypw]zy_zhîZ[y_zhO̽²��u¨ �|Î
YOÌ5�u¨ �|Ν“
j{jÎ�X
hz\eY[sthuZ�˜pdgY^Í
ê
²œÍ
�
ffÈÍ
ê
² �‘Z�Y^Í fl ¬r²��u¨ �[° .gd\�j{f{jiqˆ_zlgoght_„Z�j{sOY�\�nej{_„o_vneY[}ujÆy_zhg«
�
Ë �
Ü
ë Ü
̽²!Í
�
1 �LÎffifluÍ Ë
ff
�
Ü
Û
̽²�Í
�
1 �LÎ�fl|͇Ë
�
�
�
Ý ­’Ý
¬�,a°¡!_zfi][dgf{Y!_�b_aneYˆ_fio_fin�Y[}ujÆy_zhfif{jistji\e_zo_Â`‰Y[fihuZffi}zn’b_a~][huZ¢o_zZ¢Z�Y[}udgj{l|\eY[Z¢][dn�—a_zZ[«žÊ
ê
ËЭŒÍ €|­�ʄËFÍ
ê
€
Ê
ê
˕²Â­ŒÍY‘­�ʄ˕²�Í
ê
Z�Yî­ � �“
'
Z!][dn�—a_zZ�Z[y_zh„`’_an’b_a–‰huf{_zZ[“

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� � ���
�5Y[f{_kZ�jistY�\�nej{_Žo_„neY[}ujy_zhg€`‰h¶ogY[sthuZ�]ˆ_zf{]�dgf_an�_Èb_aneYˆ_„o_„neY�}ujÆy_zh„Z�ji\ed_zo_„lghk`gnejistY[jrnehv˜pd_zon�_zl|\eY
Y^s„dgfr\eji`fij{]ˆ_an!h„neY[Z�dgfr\�_zoghO`‰hzn2�g“
j†Î!”"–Z�Y�n�—|Y[sOhuZ!`gnejistY[jrnehO˜¶dgY�Ê
ê
ËЭŒÍ‹lxy_zh bY�…†dgl5w]zy_zhOogY�Í “
j{jÎ�¡!_zfi][dgf{Y[sOhuZ�_„j{l|\eY�neZ�Ypw]zy_zhto_zZ!][dn�—a_zZ[€’n�Y[Z�hufi—|Y�lgoghthOZ�jiZ�\eY[st_«
	
Ê
ê
ËЭŒÍ
Í
ê
ËЭ�Ê
“
 Œl|\ˆy_zhg€ŒÍ
�
Ë1­
ê
Ê
ê
.Âfihu}uhíÍ
�
²F­
fi
ÍµË �€Œ][dƒ‚�_zZtn�_gb
c
q�Y[Z[«RÍÑË �TYRÍÑË ­ Z[y_zhœhuZtfij{stjr\eY[ZvogY
j{l|\eY[}zne_‰w]zy_zhg“
j{jij†Î
'
neY[}ujy_zhvlghv`gn�j{stY[jrnehv˜pd_zon�_zl|\eYz€g]�dƒ‚�_Ãb_aneY[_„˜¶dgY�neY[sthuZ£][_zf{][dgf{_an bY
fij{stjr\�_zo_îZ�d`�Y�nej{hzn�stY[l|\eY
`‰Y�f_k…†dgl5w]ay_zhtʄË
�
­ŒÍ‹Y�j{lg…†Y�nejihznestY[l|\eYfi`‰hznÂʄËЭŒÍ
ê
€’fihu}uhg«
�
Ë � �
fi
Û
�
�
­ŒÍt²
Í
ê
­
fluÍJË �
�
ff
Í
�
­åÍ
� �
²
Í
fi
­
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
fi
Û
Ë
�Œ­
ê
ffi
�
Ý ­©Ý
¬
3
° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Yî_Ãb_aneYˆ_„o_„neY[}ujy_zhOfij{stjr\�_zo_î`‰Y[f{_zZÂ][dn�—z_zZ[«åÊ„Ë ��� �¶Ì@͉ΣY�Ê„Ë �!²
ff
Í
“
-1-1
��� � �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
j†Îffi¡�_zf{][dgfiY[sthuZffi_zZ¢j{l|\eY�neZ�Yw]zyhuY[Zåo_zZå][dn�—z_zZ[«��
Ê Ë � ���mÌ@͉Î
Ê Ë �!²
ff
Í
Ý
¥
Y!Í Ë��€mY�lm\ˆy_zh�Ê„Ë �u€|Z�Y!ÍJË
ff
€
Y[l|\ˆy_zhOÊkË��„Y�Z�Y^ÍJË 
ffi€gY[lm\[y_zhOÊk˕² � .fihu}uhg€\eY[sthuZ�huZÂ`�hulm\�huZîÌ �¨ �LÎ�Y
�
ff
¨ �
YtÌ 
ffi¨ˆ² �LΝ“
j{jÎ �5Y�f_ÂZ�j{stY�\�nej_�o_ÂneY[}ujy_zhg€ƒ`�hpogY[sthuZ%]ˆ_zfi][dgf_anž_'b_aneYˆ_Âo_!neY[}ujy_zh�Z�jr\ed_zo_�lgh�`gn�j{stY[jrneh!˜pd_zon�_zl|\eY
Y^s„dgfr\eji`fij{]ˆ_an!h„neY[Z�dgfr\�_zoghO`‰h
ff
“
�
Ì@ÇîÎ5Ë
ff
� �
�
Û
�
� ���mÌ@ÍxÎ$² � 1
ff
Í
fl|ÍÏË
ff
�
� �
æ
Ì@͉Π1
Í„Ì Í‡² 
 Î
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi��
��ê
Û
Ë
ff
�
�!²
�

 �
Ý ­©Ý
C�� � ��
 �
W
?
V
A
W
P 3 � �ìP 
ffiN
W
MtN � �
�dgji\�_zZ—|Y[q[Y[Z
huZ�`gn�hz–f{Y[s‡_zZÂ~]ˆ_zs§s‡_zjiZ�Z�jisO`f{Y�Z"ogYîneY[Z�hufr—|Y�n
Z�Y‘j{l|\eY[}zn�_zsthuZÂY[s§neY�f_‰w]zy_zh‡_tÊJY
lxy_zhîY[s›neY[f{_‰w]zy_zhŽ_�Í “ �5hpogY[sOhuZåneY�`�Y�\ejrn�h‘`gneh¶][Y[Z�Z�hŽogY�`’_an�\ej½w]zy_zhîlmdgs j{l|\eY�n�—z_zfihî˜pdgY�~][_‘lghŽY[j !h
oghuZ�ʇY‘_khz–g\eY�l5w]zy_zhOo_zZÂZ�hus‡_zZ!ogY �Âj{Y[s‡_zlglx“
¥
Y�‚�_ Ç=_œneY[}ujy_zhœ`f_zl_šf{jistji\e_zo_í`‰Y[f{_šogjineY[jr\�_œ`‰Y[f{_š…†dgl5w]zy_zhìÍ#Ë��8̏ʁΝ€£`‰Y[f{_šY[Z�˜pdgYneo_ `�hzn
ÍJË	� ̏ÊgÎ�Yfi`‰Y[f{_zZÂneY\�_zZÂÊ„Ë �fiY^Ê„Ë fl’“
c
M(y)N(y) d
XŽy_zhìbY^ogj{… b
c
][j{fx`gnehɗa_an"˜pdgY^Z�Y‘_zZ…†dgl5w]zyhuY�Z��8̏ʁÎ�Y
� ̏ʁΣZ�y_zhO][hul|\Éb
c
lmd_zZ"Y[s ¬ �ƒ¨ flu° €gY[l|\ˆy_zhg«
�
Ë
���
�
�
�8̏ʁΠ²
� ̏ÊgÎ
�
fl|Ê�Ý
�5hznfij{Z�Z�hg€�`’_an�_tneY[Z�hufi—|Y�nfihuZ"`gnehz–fiY[s‡_zZ"ogY b_aneY[_ÈbYŽZ�Y[sO`gneYŽjilgogj{]ˆ_zogh … _zq[Y�nfih ogY[Z�Y[lgághRo_tneY[}ujy_zh
][hzn�n�Y[Z�`‰hulgogY�lm\eYa“

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� ��� �

��
¼$¾
â
»½¹�� Á
¬ �[° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Yî_Ãb_aneYˆ_„f{j{sOji\�_zo_î`‰Y�f_zZ!][dn�—a_zZ�Ê
ê
Ë
ff
͍Y�ʄËF͇² �g“
j†Î
'
Z!j{l|\eY�neZ�Ypw]zyhuY[Z"o_zZ!][dn�—a_zZ�Z[y_zh'Ì
ff
¨ˆ²
ff
Î�YOÌ
�
¨ �mΝ“
j{jÎ
¥
Y�‚�_zs ÍJË	�À̏ÊgÎ5ËUÊ%1 �kY^ÍJË	� ̏ʁÎ5Ë
Ê
ê
ff
“
-2 2 4 6 8 10
-4
-2
2
4
-2 2 4 6 8 10
-4
-2
2
4
 Œl|\ˆy_zhg«
�
Ë �
�
ë‰ê
ÌÊ 1 �^²
Ê
ê
ff
Î�flmʄË
�
Ê
ê
ff
1 �åÊî²
Ê
fi
,
�
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
�
ë‰ê
Ë �
�
�
Ý ­gÝ
¥
dg}uY�nejisthuZfi_zhJ_zf{dglgh … _zq[Y�n�Y[Z�\eYŽ`gnehz–fiY[s‡_‡j{l|\eY[}zne_zlgoghRY[s neY�f_‰w]zy_zhÏ_‡Í$€‰`’_an�_ ™uZ�Y[l|\ejrne™R_zZ
ogjr~,%
][dgfio_zogY[Z[“
¬
ff
° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Yî_Ãb_aneYˆ_„f{j{sOji\�_zo_î`‰Y�f_zZ!][dn�—a_zZ
ff
Ê
ê
ËFÍ 1 �OY�Ê
ê
ËUÍ$“
j†Î
'
Z!j{l|\eY�neZ�Ypw]zyhuY[Z"o_zZ!][dn�—a_zZ�Z[y_zh'Ì �g¨
ff
Î�Y‡Ì �g¨ˆ²
ff
Ν“
j{jÎ
¥
Y�‚�_zs ÍJË	�À̏ÊgÎ5ËUÊ
ê
YfiÍJË	� ̏ÊgÎffiË
ff
Ê
ê
² �g“
-4 -2 2 4
-2
-1
1
2
-4 -2 2 4
-2
-1
1
2
����� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
 Œl|\ˆy_zhg€g`‰Y�f_kZ�j{stY�\�nej_«
�
Ë �
ê
ëxê
Ì �fi²šÊ
ê
Î�flmʄË
ff
�
ê
Û
Ì �^²œÊ
ê
Î�fl|Ê„Ë ffi
ff
ffi
�
Ý ­’Ý
7�� � � �
�
P �GD ��� ��
 �5P �
¬ �[°¶¡�_zf{]�dgf{Yå_'b_aneYˆ_!o_ÂneY[}ujy_zhÂfij{stjr\�_zo_�`‰Y[fihuZ }znb_a~][huZ$ogYåÊ„Ë � �
æ
Ì@͉ΉYŒÊ„Ë � �
æ
Ì
ff
͉Ξ€ �
�
Í
�

¢“
3
-1
1
3
-1
1
��Y�Z�hufi—|Y[lgogh � �
æ
Ì@͉ÎffiË � �
æ
Ì
ff
͉΢Ë
ff
� �
æ
Ì ÍxÎ���� �¶Ì Íx΢`’_ane_vÍ fl ¬��¨ 
x° €¶\�Y[sthuZ£˜pdgYfiÍÏË��€pÍJË
ffi
Y
ÍJË 
ffi“
'
j{l|\eY�n�Z�Yw]zy_zhto_zZÂ][dn�—a_zZ�h¶][hzn�neY^Y[s1Ì �¨ �|Ν€�Ì
ffi
¨
�
ffi
ff
ΣYOÌ 
ffi¨ �|Ν“ 
fiji—jio_zsthuZ!_„neY�}ujÆy_zhOY�s
ogd_zZ[«
ÇvÜ Ë�Ù¶Ì Í$¨eʁΠ# �
�
Í
�
ffi
¨ � �
æ
Ì ÍxÎ
�
Ê
�
� �
æ
Ì
ff
͉αß|¨
Ç�ê Ë�Ù¶Ì Í$¨eʁΠ#
ffi
�
Í
�

ffi¨ � �
æ
Ì
ff
͉Î
�
Ê
�
� �
æ
Ì@͉αß|Ý
 Œl|\ˆy_zhg€
�
Ë �
�
�
Û
�
� �
æ
Ì
ff
͉Î$² � �
æ
Ì@͉Î
�
fl|Í 1 �
�
�
�
�
� �
æ
Ì@͉Î$² � �
æ
Ì
ff
ÍxÎ
�
fluÍÏË
�
ff
�
Ý ­“
¬
ff
° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Yî_Ãb_aneYˆ_„o_„neY[}ujy_zhOfij{stjr\�_zo_î`‰Y[fihO}zn’b_a~][hko_zZ�][dn�—z_zZ[«åʄËFÍ
ê
²TÍ
�
Y�ʄËF͇²TÍ
�
“
1
0.5
1
0.5

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� ���5�
fiY�\eY�n�stj{lgY[sOhuZ!hkj{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{hkogY‘jilm\eY�}zn�_‰w]zy_zhg€gneY[Z�hufr—|Y[lgoghOhkZ�j{Z½\eY[s‡_«
	
ʄËFÍ
ê
²TÍ
�
ʄËF͇²TÍ
�
Ý
�%hu}uhg€Í Ë��kY�Í Ë � .gY�lm\ˆy_zhg€hkj{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{hkogY‘j{l|\eY[}zne_‰w]zy_zhìbYt¬��¨ �[° “
�
Ë �
Ü
Û
�
͇²œÍ
�
²
�
Í
ê
²œÍ
�
� �
fl|ÍJË �
Ü
Û
�
͇²œÍ
ê
�
fl|ÍÏË
�
Í
ê
ff
²
Í
fi
ffi
�
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
Ü
Û
Ë
�
,
�
Ý ­’Ý
¬
ffi
° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Yî_Ãb_aneYˆ_„][husvdgsÄ_vÍ
ê
1ÃÊ
ê
�
�ffi͍Y^Í
ê
1 Ê
ê
�
�g“
fiY�\eY�n�stj{l_zsthuZ�hkj{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{h„ogY‘jilm\eY�}zn�_‰w]zy_zhg€gneY[Z�hufr—|Y[lgoghthkZ�j{Z�\�Y[s‡_«
	
Í
ê
1 Ê
ê
Ë �
Í
ê
1 Ê
ê
Ë �zÍ Ý
 Œl|\ˆy_zh‹ÍÈË �‡Y‡ÊšË �
�
ffi
“
'
Y[˜pd_‰w]ay_zhÍ
ê
1UÊ
ê
Ë �zÍÈ][hzn�n�Y[Z�`‰hulgogYÏ_‹dgs=]zb
c
ne][dgfih�ogYtne_zj{h
ff
][Y[l|\�n�_zoghOY[s=Ì
ff
¨ �|Îff.ogY‘… _a\�hg€g][husO`f{Y\�_zlgoghOhuZ!˜pd_zon�_zoghuZÂhz–g\eY[sthuZ�«�Ì Í‡²
ff
Î
ê
1ÃÊ
ê
Ë �g“
-2 1 2 4
-2
2
�5Y[f{_kZ�jistY�\�nej{_„o_vneY[}ujy_zhg€g]ˆ_zf{][dgf{_zsthuZ!Z�hustY[l|\eY�_Èb_aneYˆ_„o_„neY�}ujÆy_zhg«
Ù¶Ì@Í ¨eÊgÎffi# �
�
Ê
�
�
ffi
¨ �
�
Í
�
� ��²œÍ
ê
ß
lghv`gnej{stY�jinehv˜pd_zone_zlm\eYȌY[sÀ—|YneogYÉÎ�Yfis„dgfr\eji`fij{]ˆ_zsOhuZ�h„n�Y[Z�dgfi\e_zogh„`�hzn˜¶d_a\�nehg“ ��lm\�Y[}zn�_zlgoghOY�s
neY[f{_‰w]zy_zht_„Ê�«
�
Ë � �
�
fi
Û
Ì
�
��²œÊ
ê
² �LÎffifl|ÊvË �
�
Ê
ff
�
�^²šÊ
ê
²œÊ
�
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
�
fi
Û
Ë
�
�
ffi
²
ff
�
ffi

 �
Ý ­©Ý
¬��z°�¡�_zf{][dgfiY"_šb_an�Yˆ_‘o_�neY�}ujÆy_zh‘fij{stjr\�_zo_
`‰Y[fihuZŒ}zn’b_a~][huZåo_zZŒ][dn�—z_zZ[«5ÍJË
ff
Ê£² Ê
ê
YÂÊ�² Í^²
ff
Ë �“
��� � �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
fiY�\eY�n�stj{lgY[sOhuZ!hkj{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{hkogY‘jilm\eY�}zn�_‰w]zy_zhg€gneY[Z�hufr—|Y[lgoghOhkZ�j{Z½\eY[s‡_«
	
͇²
ff
Ê 1ÃÊ
ê
Ë �
ʎ²œÍ‡²
ff
Ë �Ý
 Œl|\ˆy_zhg€ʄ˕²��‘Y‘Ê„Ë
ff
“
'
jilm\�Y�neZ�Yw]ay_zhto_zZÂ]�dn�—z_zZÂhp][hzn�neY‘Y[s ̽²
ffi
¨ˆ²��LÎ�YOÌ �¨
ff
Ν“
�
Ë �
ê
ë Ü
̏ÊÊ
ê
1ff
Î�fl|ÊvË
�
Ê
ê
ff
²
Ê
fi
ffi
1
ff
Ê
�
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
ê
ë Ü
Ë /
ff
�
Ý ­’Ý
-3 -2 -1 1
-1
1
2
-3 -2 -1 1
-1
1
2
¬ �ƒ°©¡�_zf{]�dgf{YÂ_œb_aneYˆ_^o_^neY�}ujÆy_zh‘fij{stjr\�_zo_"`‰Y[fihuZå}znb_a~][huZåo_zZåZ�Y[}udgjilm\eY�ZŒ][dn�—a_zZ[«5ʄË
3
Í
ê
² ,5Í
²OÍ
fi
Y^ÊOË �ffiÍ “
ÊÏË
3
Í
ê
² ,5ÍJ²šÍ
fi
Ë�Í„Ì �"²ì͉Î�Ì@Í ² ,|Îff.�_‡][dn�—a_Ïjilm\eYneZ�Y[]�\e_Ïh Y[j !gh oghuZ
͜lghuZ
`‰hul|\ehuZkÌ �¨ �|Ν€
Ì5�u¨ �|ΌYkÌ ,¨ �|Ν“ �5hzn!hud\�n�hOf_zoghv][hulgZ�j{ogY�n�_zsOhuZÂʄË
3
Í
ê
² ,5ÍO²�Í
fi
€gfihu}uhkÊ �’Ë � �¢Ík² ,fi²
ffi
Í
ê
Y
Ê�� �©Ë � �£²�,5Í .Y[l|\ˆy_zhg€phuZŒ`�hulm\�huZ�]�nÉb
c
\ej{][huZ
3
1
�
ffi
ffi
bY�`�hulm\ehŽogY�sŁb_&!gjisth�fihp]ˆ_zf’Y
3
²
�
ffi
ffi
bY�`‰hul|\eh
ogY‘s'b
c
lgj{sOh„fihp]ˆ_zf“ffi�ffi_an�_„hz–g\�Y�n
_zZ!j{l|\eY�neZ�Yw]zyhuY[Z"o_zZÂ][dn�—a_zZ[€gneY[Z�hufr—|Y[sthuZ!hOZ�jiZ�\eY[st_«
	
ʄË
3
Í
ê
² ,5Ít²œÍ
fi
Ê„Ë �ffiÍ .
f{hu}uhg€
3
Í
ê
² �-�5Í'²ÃÍ
fi
ËÚ²!ÍvÌ@Í'²
ff
Î�Ì@ÍJ² �uÎ^Ë �,.¢_zZî]�dn�—z_zZŽZ�Ytj{l|\eY�neZ�Y[]�\�_zs=lghuZ�`‰hul|\ehuZîogY
_a–Z�][jiZ�Ze_zZ!ÍJË��€Í Ë
ff
Y^ÍJË �p“

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� ��� �
2 52 5
'
n�Y[}ujÆy_zhìbY�Z�d–�ogji—pj{ogj{o_„Y[s ogd_zZÂneY[}ujyhuY[Z!DŽÜÂY�Ç�êa€hulgogYz«
ÇvÜ�Ë�Ù¶Ì Í$¨eʁΠ# �
�
Í
�
ff
¨
3
Í
ê
² ,5Ít²œÍ
fi
�
�ffiÍ ß|¨
Ç�êÂË�Ù¶Ì Í$¨eʁΠ#
ff
�
Í
�
�p¨ �ffiÍ
�
3
Í
ê
² ,ffiÍO²œÍ
fi
ß|Ý
�%hu}uhg«
�
Ë
�
ê
Û
Ì5�-�5Ít²
3
Í
ê
1 Í
fi
Î�fluÍ 1
�
ê
Ì
3
Í
ê
² �-�5Ít²íÍ
fi
Î�fluÍ
Ë �žÍ
ê
²
3
Í
fi
ffi
1
Í
�
�
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
ê
Û
1U² �žÍ
ê
1
3
Í
fi
ffi
²
Í
�
�
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
ê
Ë
�-,
ffi
1
,
ffi
�
Ë
ff
�
ffi
�
ff
�
Ý ­©Ý
¬�,a°$¡�_zf{][dgfiYî_ b_an�Yˆ_Oo_OneY[}ujy_zhOfij{stjr\�_zo_v`�Y[f{huZ�}zn’b_a~][huZ�o_zZ�Z�Y[}udgj{l|\eY[Z�][dn�—a_zZ[«£ÊkËÑÍ
ê
² �ffiÍ 1 �
Y^ÊOË �-�fi²TÍ
ê
“
-1 2 31
1
10
-1 2 31
1
10
��� � �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
'
Z!][dn�—a_zZ�Z�Y�j{l|\eY�neZ�Y�]�\�_zs lghuZÂ`‰hul|\ehuZ!ogYî_a–Z�]�j{Z�Ze_zZ!ÍJ˕² �‘Y^ÍJË
ffi
.Y[l|\ˆy_zhg«
�
Ë �
fi
ë Ü
Ì5�-�
²œÍ
ê
²TÍ
ê
1 �z͇² �mÎ�fl|Í Ë �
fi
ë$Ü
Ì ,21 �ffiÍt²
ff
Í
ê
Î�fluÍÏË
, �
ffi
�
Ý ­©Ý
¬
3
°�¡�_zf{][dgfiY�_œb_aneYˆ_‘fij{stjr\�_zo_"`‰Y[f{_�][dn�—a_ ̏Ê�²
ff
Î
ê
ËFÍfi² �u€¶`�Y[f_fi\�_zlg}uY[l|\eY
_^Y[Z�\�_‘]�dn�—z_�lgh‘`‰hul|\eh
ogY‘hzn�ogY[l_zo_OʄË
ffi
Y^`‰Y[fihOY[j !gh„oghuZÂÍ “
-4 -2 2 4
1
2
3
-4 -2 2 4
1
2
3
'
Y[˜pd_‰w]ay_zhko_îneY�\e_v\�_zlg}uY�lm\eYfilghv`‰hul|\ehvogYfihzneogY[l_zo_kÊzÛ�Ë
ffi
.gY[l|\ˆy_zhŽÍ�Û"Ë
ff
€hudÏZ�Y�‚�_€glghv`‰hul|\eh
Ì
ff
¨
ffi
ΜbY‹_TY[˜¶d_‰w]zy_zhšo_TneY�\e_í\�_zlg}uY[l|\eYUbYRÊ Ë1Ê��ÆÌ@͉Û[Î%Ì Íí²
ff
�1
ffi
.Â`’_an�_íhz–g\eY�n‡Ê �ƀ£ogY�nejr—z_zsOhuZ
j{sk`f{j{]�ji\�_zstY�lm\eYvY[sGneY[f{_‰w]zy_zh‹_JÍ _'Y[˜¶d_‰w]zy_zh ̏Êk²
ff
Î
ê
ËÀÍR² � .ž\eY�sthuZ[«
ff
̏ÊO²
ff
΁Ê��¢Ë �u“‡X
h
`‰hul|\ehÌ
ff
¨
ffi
Ν€p\eY[sOhuZ[«åÊ � Ì
ff
ÎåË
�
ff
.fihu}uhg€
ff
Ê͇² �îË��“ ��l|\eY[}zn�_zlgoghtY�s neY�f_‰w]zy_zhO_kÊ�€g\eYneY[sthuZ[«
ÍJË	�8Ì@ÊgÎ5Ë ÌÊî²
ff
Î
ê
1 �u€gÍÏË	� ̏ʁÎffiË
ff
Êî² �kY
�
Ë �
fi
Û
Ì�̏Êî²
ff
Î
ê
1 �!²ÅÌ
ff
Êî² �mÎ�Î flmÊŽË �
fi
Û
Ì@Ê
ê
² ,¢Ê 1
/
Î�flmÊvË
/
�
Ý ­©Ý
¬
�
° 
fiY�\�Y�nestjilgY‘_Ãb_aneYˆ_ko_„neY[}ujÆy_zh„f{jistji\e_zo_Ž`�Y[f_k][dn�—a_«
�
Í
­
ê
1
�
�
Ê
¯
ê
Ë � .’­©¨’¯ � �“

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� ��� �
'
Z
j{l|\eY�n�Z�Yw]zyhuY[Z^][husÚhuZfiY[j !ghuZ
Z[y_zhíÌÆ­’¨ �|Ν€5̽²Â­©¨ �|α€ffiÌ �¨�¯[Î!YRÌ �¨ˆ²�¯�Ν“^¡�husOh _ ]�dn�—z_ŁbYŽZ�j{s bY�\�neji]ˆ_
Y[s neY[f_‰w]ay_zh‡_zhuZ�Y[j !ghuZÂ][hphzneogY�l_zoghuZ[€©`�hpogY[sthuZÂ]ˆ_zf{]�dgf_an
_Łb_an�Yˆ_Oo_kneY�}ujÆy_zhtZ�jr\ed_zo_tlghO`gnejistY[jrneh
˜pd_zone_zlm\eY^Y^s„dgfr\eji`fij{]ˆ_an!hvneY[Z�dgfr\�_zoghk`�hzn �g“¢Ê„Ë
¯
­
fi
�
ÌÆ­
ê
²œÍ
ê
Î
fi
€glgh„`gnej{stY�jineh„˜pd_zon�_zl|\eYz“
'
b_aneYˆ_„ogY[Z�\�_„neY[}ujÆy_zhìbYz«
/œË
¯
­
fi
�
fi
Û
�
ÌÆ­
ê
²íÍ
ê
Î
fi
fluÍ .
… _zq[Y[lgogh _„svdgo_zl5w]ˆ_kogY^—z_anej[b_a—|Y[j{Z�«ffiÍJËЭ � �
æ
Ì
	
Ν€p\eY�sthuZ �
�
	
�
ff
Y fluÍJËЭ ��� �¶Ì
	
�fl
	
«
/TË
¯
­
fi
�
fi
Û
�
̏­
ê
²TÍ
ê
Î
fi
fl|ÍJËЭ£¯ � �
�
Û
� ���
�
Ì
	
Îffifl
	
.
dgZe_zlgogh‡_„j{ogY[l|\ejio_zogYfi��� �
�
Ì
	
ÎffiË
ffi
�
1
�����mÌ
ff
	
Î
ff
1
� ���mÌ �
	
Î
�
€
/œËЭ£¯ �
�
�
Û
��� �
�
Ì
	
Îffifl
	
ËЭ£¯ �
�
�
Û
Ì ffi
�
1
��� �¶Ì
ff
	
Î
ff
1
�����mÌ �
	
Î
�
�fl
	
Ë ffi

�­£¯
�-,
�
Ý ­©Ý
'
b_an�Yˆ_„`�Y[ogj{o_ìbYa«
�
Ë�� /œË
ffi

%­p¯
�
�
Ý ­©Ý
¬
/
°5¡!_zfi][dgf{Yî_tZ�hus‡_to_zZ�b_aneYˆ_zZ�f{j{sOji\�_zo_zZ!`‰Y[f{_t][dn�—a_ ʄËFÍ � �
æ
�
Í
­
Y‘hÏY�j !ghOoghuZ"Í$€‰Z�_a–‰Y[lgogh
˜pdgYfiÍ fl ¬��¨
æ

fi­|° €gZ�Y[lgogh
æ
¨­ fl���“
�
Ë �
fi
�
Û
Í � �
æ
�
Í
­
�
fl|Ít² �
ê
fi
�
fi
�
Í � �
æ
�
Í
­
�
fluÍ 1UÝiÝ{Ý{ÝiÝ{Ý 1Ð̽²��LÎ
Þ
�
Ü
�
Þ
fi
�
�
Þ¶ë$Ü
	
fi
�
Í � �
æ
�
Í
­
�
fluÍ Ý

åY[sthuZ£˜pdgY
�
Ë
�
Û 1 Ý{Ý{ÝiÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý{Ý�1
�
Þpë Üˆ€ghulgogY
���
bY^_ b_aneYˆ_Žf{jistji\�_zo_‘`�Y[f_v][dn�—a_€gh„Y[j !h„oghuZ�Í €Z�Y
��­ 
�
Í
�
Ì � 1 �LÎg­ 
�Y �„Ë��¨ �uÝiÝ{Ý
æ
² �u€hudRZ�Y�‚�_€
����� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
���
Ë � �
�
�
Ü
	
fi
�
�
fi
�
Í � �
æ
�
Í
­
�
fluÍ$¨
][hulgZ�jiogY�n�_zlgoghg«
���
Ë
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
� �
�
�
Ü
	
fi
�
�
fi
�
Í � �
æ
�
Í
­
�
fl|Í
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
€Z�Y �ÈbYkb
c
sO`’_anˆ“ ��l|\eY[}zn�_zlgoghO`�hznÂ`’_an�\eY[Z�\eY[sthuZ[«
���
Ë � �
�
�
Ü
	
fi
�
�
fi
�
Í � �
æ
�
Í
­
�
fluÍÏË Ì
ff
� 1 �Lέ
ê

�� ���mÌ � 
 ÎÝ
�%hu}uhg€
�
ËЭ
ê

OÌ5� 1
ffi
1 � 1ŁÝiÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý*1FÌ
ff
æ
² �LÎ�ÎffiËЭ
ê
æ
ê
�
Ý ­©Ýi€p`‰hujiZ[€ � 1
ffi
1 ��1 Ý{ÝiÝ{ÝiÝ.1ÅÌ
ff
æ
² �LÎ
bY^Z�hus‡_kogYfi\eY�n�sthuZÂogY�dgs‡_��5“
'
“
¬ �-�a° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Y�_Èb_aneYˆ_ko_„neY[}ujy_zhOfij{stjr\�_zo_î`‰Y[f{_O_zZ�\�nbhuj{ogY
�
�
Í
ê
1
�
�
Ê
ê
Ë
�
�
­
ê
€©­ � �“
'
Z�j{l|\eY�neZ�Yw]zyhuY[ZÂo_„][dn�—z_„][hus8huZ�Y[j !huZ!]�hphzneogY[l_zoghuZ!Z[y_zhRÌÆ­©¨ �|α€x̽²Â­©¨ �|Ν€xÌ �¨�­ÎåYOÌ �¨ˆ²Â­Î“ �5Y�f_
Z�jistY�\�nej{_Ïo_J][dn�—a_€$]ˆ_zfi][dgf_zsthuZ�_Ðb_an�Yˆ_Ro_JneY�}ujÆy_zhRlghÏ`gnej{sOY[jinehJ˜pd_zon�_zl|\eYkYOsvdgfi\ejr`f{ji]ˆ_zsthuZ
h
neY[Z�dgfi\�_zoghO`�hzn �g“
¥
Y�‚�_OʄË
�
�
�
­
ê
²
�
�
Í
ê
�
� �
.’fihu}uhg€
�
Ë �
�
fi
Û
�
�
�
­
ê
²
�
�
Í
ê
�
� �
fluÍ$Ý
ï©_zq[Y[lgogh„_Žs„dgo_zl5w][_ŽÍ ËЭ � �
æ
fi
Ì
	
Ν€¶hz–g\eY[sthuZŒÊ„˵­ � ���
fi
Ì
	
Ν€ fl|ÍÏË
ffi
­ � �
æ
ê
Ì
	
Î � ���mÌ
	
�fl
	
.mY[lm\[y_zhg€
�
�
�
­
ê
²
�
�
Í
ê
�
� �
fluÍÏË
ffi
­
ê
�����
�
Ì
	
Î � �
æ
ê
Ì
	
Îffifl
	
Ë
ffi
­
ê
�����
�
Ì
	
Î�Ì5�£² ��� �
ê
Ì
	
Î�Îffifl
	
.f{hu}uhg«
�
Ë
ffi
­
ê
�
�
�
�
Û
�
²
ff
��� �¶Ì"�
	
Î$1�� ���mÌ
ff
	
Î$1
ff
² ��� �¶Ì ,
	
Î
�
fl
	
Ë
ffi
­
ê
�
�
Ý ­’Ý

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� ��� �
HJI±H �
P
�
S � � Q�� � �P
�
��Q�P �§Q�� ; � �kP
�
SU?
V
A
W
P �
¥
Yî}ujrn�_zsthuZ!dgs‡_„neY�}ujÆy_zhO`f{_zl_OY[sÄ\�hznelghtogYîdgs‡_vneY�\�_€’hz–g\eY[sOhuZ�ht˜¶dgY�bYî]�á_zs‡_zoghtdgs Zbhufij{ogh
ogY‘neY—|huf{d5w]zy_zhg“
'
neY\�_OY[s \ehznelghto_O˜¶d_zf$_On�Y[}ujÆy_zh bY�}ujin�_zo_k]±á_zst_&% Z�YîY�j !ghOogY‘neY�—|hufid5w]zy_zhg“ �5hzn
Yff!Y[sO`f{hg€g]�hulgZ�j{ogY�n�Yî_kZ�Y[}udgj{l|\eY‘n�_z}ujy_zhklgh„`f_zlghg«
�
jrn�_zlgoght_vneY[}ujy_zhOY[s¤\ehznelghkoghOY[j !gh„oghuZÂÍ €’hz–g\�Y[sthuZ[«

��
¼$¾
â
»½¹�� Á
¬ �[°
¥
Y�‚�_ŽÇµ_�n�Y[}ujÆy_zhîfij{stjr\�_zo_
`‰Y[f{_zZ�][dn�—a_zZ�ʄËFÍ €¶ÍÏË � �"Y"hîY[j !gh�oghuZŒÍ$“
¥
Y"}ujrn�_zsthuZ¢_‘neY[}ujy_zh
Ç Y[s8\ehznelghkoghOY[j !ghkoghuZÂÍ €ghz–g\eY[sthuZ[«
-1 1
-1
1
-1 1
-1
1
�� � �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
¬
ff
°
¥
Y�‚�_tÇ:_„neY[}ujÆy_zhOf{j{sOji\�_zo_î`‰Y�f_zZ"][dn�—z_zZÂÊtËUÍ
ê
Y‘ÊOË �u“
¥
Yî}ujine_zsthuZ!_kneY[}ujy_zhtÇ Y[s¤\ehznelgh
oghOY�j !ghkoghuZ�Ê©€ghz–g\eY[sthuZ
-1 1
1
-1 1
1
¬
ffi
°
¥
Y ‚�_OÇ:_„neY�}ujÆy_zhOfij{stjr\�_zo_î`‰Y[fihO}zn’b_a~]�hOogY‘Ê„Ë � �
æ
Ì@͉Σ`’_an�_vÍ fl ¬��¨
ff

x°‰Y�hOY[j !gh„oghuZÂ͓
¥
Yv}ujin�_zsOhuZ"_‡neY[}ujÆy_zh‡ÇBY[s§\ehzn�lghÏoghÏY[j !gh‡oghuZ
͜hz–g\eY�sthuZ"h Zbhuf{jiogh oghJogY[Z�Y[lgágh��_‡Y[Z�˜¶dgY�neo_ Y
Z�Y�}ujin�_zsthuZ�_vneY[}ujy_zhOÇ Y[s8\ehznelghkoghtY[j !gh„oghuZ�Ê�€ghz–g\�Y[sthuZ!hOZbhufij{ogh„oghtogY[Z�Y[lgágh �_„ogjineY�ji\�_«
1 3 6
-1
1
1 3 6
-1
1
¬��z°
¥
Y�‚�_ÏÇ _tneY[}ujÆy_zh fij{stjr\�_zo_O`‰Y[fihuZ
}zn’b_a~][huZfiogYvÊJË#Í
ê
€‰ÍTË �u€‰ÍíË
ff
Yv`�Y[f{hÏY[j !gh oghuZ"Í$“
¥
Y
}ujine_zsthuZ!_„neY[}ujy_zhkÇ Y�s¤\�hznelghOoghtY�j !gh„oghuZÂÍ €hz–g\eY[sthuZ�«
1 2
1
4
1 2
1
4

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �� �
HJI±HÏIƒK
> �
W	��V
S
�
P Q�P
�
P
�
S � � QíP � �P
�
��QíP �
¥
Y�‚�_‡¦‹«©¬®­’¨�¯±°‰²©³ ´µdgs‡_„…†dgl5w]ay_zht][hul|\Éb
c
lmd_k\�_zf�˜pdgY‘¦5Ì@͉Πff �kY[s1¬®­’¨�¯±°xY�_„neY�}ujÆy_zhg«
ǵ˕ٶÌ@Í ¨eÊgÎffi#ffi­
�
Í
�
¯L¨ �
�
Ê
�
¦5Ì@͉αß|Ý
ï©_zq[Y[lgoght}ujrn�_anÂ_„neY[}ujy_zhOÇ:_zhvneY[oghzn�oghuZ�Y[j !gh„oghuZÂÍ €hz–g\eY[sthuZ!dgs¤Zbhuf{jioghOogY^neY�—|huf{d5w]ay_zh /£“
¡£hulgZ�j{ogY�n�Yî_vZ�Y[}udgj{l|\eYfi`’_an�\ej½w]zy_zhkoghkj{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{hR¬®­’¨�¯±°Æ«ffi­vËF͉Û^éÈÍ$Ü!éÈÍxêfiéÑÝ{ÝiÝ{Ý{ÝpéÈÍ�ÞOËЯƒ“å¡£husth
_zl|\eY[Z[€,�vÍ��%ËÐÍ��u²OÍ��ë ÜtbYÂh�][husO`gnejistY[l|\eh^ogY�]ˆ_zo_‘Z�d–j{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{ht¬ Í��ë Üˆ¨�Í��@° € 
 —a_anej_zlgogh�ogY���_a\bY
æ
“ ŒsÄ]ˆ_zo_tZ�d–j{l|\eY�n�—z_zfih�¬ Í��ë Üˆ¨�Í��@° €’Y[Z�][hufiá_ �ff��€�
Œ—z_an�j_zlgoghtogY �Ž_a\pbY
æ
“
¥
Y�‚�_‡Ç��åhOneY�\ƒŸ_zlg}udgf{h
ogYî_zfr\edn�_k¦5Ì��ff� Î�Yfi–’_zZ�Yfi�vÍ���€ 
å—a_anej_zlgoghkogY��‘_a\bY
æ
“
a b
f(x)
x xc ii-1 i
R i
ï©_zq[Y[lgoght}ujrn�_an!Ç��ffiY[s¤\ehznelghkoghOY[j !ghkoghuZ!Í�hz–g\eY[sOhuZ!dgs ][jif{j{lgon�hO][jrne][dgf_an!neY�\�h � �åogY^—|huf{dgstY

-+'¦5Ì��ff� Î
ê
+ �vÍ���“
��� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
R i
∆ i
Ci
x
Rj
Cj
∆xj
'
Z�hus‡_„oghuZ!—|huf{dgstY�Z!oghuZ
æ
][jif{jilgonehuZ bYa«
�ÞtË 
Þ
1
�32žÜ
¦5Ì��ff�ÆÎ
ê
�vÍ���Ý
�’ÞTbYŒdgs‡_"_a`gneh !gjis‡_‰w]zy_zh�ogh"—|hufidgstYŒogh
Zgbhuf{j{ogh�ogY�neY�—|huf{d5w]ay_zhg€z˜pd_zlgogh��ŽÍ���_a`gneh$!j{s‡_&% Z�YŒogY �€ahudx€
Y[˜¶dgji—a_zf{Y[l|\eY[stY�lm\eYa€uZ�Y
æ
]�neY�Z�][Yz“ ��lm\�dgji\ejr—z_zstY�lm\eYŒY[Z�\�_zsthuZ��½`gneY[Y[lg]�ágY[lgoghu™�h
Zbhuf{jiogh"ogY�neY�—|hufid5w]zy_zh
`‰hznÂ][jif{j{lgon�huZÂogY‘_zfi\edn�_v`‰Y[˜¶dgY[l_€’oghuZ˜¶d_zj{Z!Ze_a–‰Y[sOhuZÂY[…†Y\eji—a_zstY[l|\eY^]ˆ_zf{][dgf{_an"h„—|huf{dgstYz“
¥
Y[}udgjilgogh„h‘stY[Z�sth^n�_z][jihp]ub
c
lgj{hîd\ejif{jiqˆ_zogh‘˜¶d_zlgoghŽogY�~lgj{sthuZ‡b_aneYˆ_‘ogY
dgs‡_fineY[}ujy_zh‘`f_zl_€m\eY[sthuZ[«
�‡Ì /¢Î¢Ë fij{s
� ���
	 � �
Û
Þ
1
� 2žÜ
¦5Ì��ff� Î
ê
�vÍ��$Ë 
�
�
fi
¦5Ì ÍxÎ
ê
fluÍ ¨
Z�Y�hOf{jistji\�Y
Yff!gjiZ�\eYz“
 
º �¼ ¸’èffi¿�Ô
ÕåÖ
¹�¼�� Á
j†Î
b
 š`‰huZ�Z[b
c
—|Y[f’ogY[sthulgZ�\�n�_anŒ˜¶dgY�Y[Z½\eY�fij{stjr\eY�Z�Y[sO`gneY!Yff!j{Z�\eYÂYÏbYÂj{lgogY�`�Y[lgogY[l|\eY
o_zZŒY[Z�][huf{á_zZ兆Y[ji\�_zZ�“
j{jÎ
¥
Yfi_Ž…†dgl5w]zy_zhO¦UbY
lgY�}|_a\eji—a_îY[s8_zfi}udgsÀZ�d–‰]�hulƒ‚½dglm\ehkogY„¬®­’¨�¯±° €mhvZbhuf{jioghŽogY
neY�—|huf{d5w]ay_zh„hz–g\�j{oghv_
`’_an�\ejrn"o_OneY�}ujÆy_zhtfij{stjr\�_zo_v`�Y[f{h‡}znb_a~][htogY„¦$€’htY[j !htoghuZ�ÍíYŽ_zZÂn�Y�\�_zZ�Í'Ë ­ÏY‘ÍRË�¯fi][huj{lg]�j{ogY
][husÀh„Zbhufij{oghvogY
neY�—|huf{d5w]ay_zh„hz–g\�j{ogh„_î`’_an�\ejin�o_ŽneY[}ujy_zhvf{j{sOji\�_zo_�`�Y[f{hv}zn’b_a~]�h„ogY ( ¦ ( €hvY[j !ghvoghuZ
ÍÈY _zZŽneY\�_zZîÍŁË ­TYtÍŁË ¯ƒ“�”Ä… _a\ehogY‡˜¶dgYÏhjilm\eY�}zn�_zlgoghí¦5Ì@ÍxÎ
ê
ff �€5j{sk`f{j{][_'˜pdgYt—a_zf{Y _
stY[Z�s‡_„…Lbhzn�s„dgf{_v`’_ane_O_zsŽ–‰huZ!huZÂ][_zZ�huZ[“

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �� �
11
11
�
¼$¹Œ¸©¼$¾À¿ Á
¥
Y�‚�_zs ¦ «å¬®­©¨�¯�°£²©³ ´Bdgs‡_υ†dgl5w]zy_zh][hulm\ˆb
c
lmd_R\�_zfffi˜pdgY ¦5Ì@͉Πff �RY[s ¬®­©¨�¯�°¢Yt_
neY[}ujy_zhg«
ǵ˕ٶÌ@Í ¨eÊgÎffi#ffi­
�
Í
�
¯L¨ �
�
Ê
�
¦5Ì@͉αß|Ý
¡£hulgZ�j{ogY�n�Y„h‡Zgbhuf{j{ogh ogYîneY—|huf{d5w]zy_zh /Åhz–g\�j{ogh‡}ujine_zlgoghJ_On�Y[}ujÆy_zhÏ_zhtneY[oghznfiogh Y[j !gh‡oghuZ
Í “ Œl|\ˆy_zh
hk—|hufidgstY �‡Ì /¢Î�oghkZbhuf{jiogh /›bYz«
�‡Ì /¢Î¢Ë 
 �ff�
fi
¦5Ì ÍxÎ
ê
fluÍ Ý
 Œs }uY�n�_zf€£Y[Z�\eY'`gneh¶][Y[Z�Z�hg€�`�hpogY‹Z�Yn …†Y[ji\ehœ`’_ane_œ˜pd_zf{˜¶dgY�nOn�Y[}ujÆy_zhšfij{stjr\�_zo_�`�Y[f{huZt}znb_a~][huZtogY
…†dgl5w]zyhuY[Z�][hulm\ˆb
c
lmd_zZ[“
¥
Y�‚�_zs ¦©¨ªR«�¬®­’¨�¯±°%²©³ ´�…†dgl5w]zyhuY[Z
][hul|\Éb
c
lmd_zZ"\�_zjiZ�˜pdgYî¦5Ì@͉Πff ª�Ì@͉Πff �k`’_an�_„\ehpoghOÍ)fl ¬®­’¨�¯±°%Y
_„n�Y[}ujÆy_zhg«
Ç Ë�Ù¶Ì@Í ¨eÊgÎffi#¢­
�
Í
�
¯ƒ¨ªxÌ@͉Î
�
Ê
�
¦5Ì@ÍxÎ�ß|Ý
a b
f
g
R
�� � �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
”•—|huf{dgstYfioghkZbhuf{jioghOogY�n�Y�—|huf{d5w]zy_zh /Ãhz–g\ej{oghk}ujin�_zlgoghkÇ Y[s8\ehznelghkoghOY[j !ghOoghuZ!ÍÑbYz«
�‡Ì /¢ÎffiË 
 �ff�
fi
Ì ¦5Ì@͉Î
ê
²TªxÌ@͉Î
ê
Î�fluÍ$Ý
fiY…†hzn�s‡_�_zl!b_zfihu}|_€|Z�Y�‚�_zs ��¨ �1«©¬ �ƒ¨ flu°x²©³ ´Ł…†dgl5w]zyhuY�Z�][hul|\Éb
c
lmd_zZå\�_zjiZffi˜pdgY �8̏ʁÎfiff �ÃÌ@ÊgÎ$`’_an�_
\eh¶oghOÊ fl ¬ �ƒ¨ flu°�Y‘_vneY[}ujÆy_zhg«
ǵ˕ٶÌ@Í$¨eʁÎffi# �
�
Ê
�
fl’¨ � ̏ʁÎ
�
Í
�
�À̏ÊgÎ�ß|Ý
c
d
M(y)
N(y)
R
”•—|huf{dgstYfioghkZbhuf{jioghOogY�n�Y�—|huf{d5w]zy_zhkhz–g\ej{oghk}ujin�_zlgoghkÇ:_zh„n�Y[oghzn"oghuZÂY[j !hkoghuZÂÊ bYa«
�‡Ì /¢ÎffiË 
 �
�
�
Ì �8Ì@ÊgÎ
ê
² � ̏ʁÎ
ê
Î�fl|Ê�Ý
 Œs8`’_an�\�j{][dgf{_anˆ€g`’_an�_O_vneY�\�_vÍJË	�ÃÌ@ÊgÎ5Ë��€hudRZ�Y ‚�_€©hkY[j !hOoghuZ!Ê�“
�‡Ì�/åÎffiË 
�
�
�
�8̏ʁÎ
ê
fl|Ê�Ý

��
¼$¾
â
»½¹�� Á
¬ �[°�¡�_zf{][dgfiY�h‘—|hufidgstY!oghŽZbhuf{jiogh‘ogY�neY—|huf{d5w]zy_zhîhz–g\�j{oghî}ujrn�_zlgoghîY[s:\ehznelghîoghŽY�j !gh�oghuZŒÍJ_�neY[}ujy_zh
f{jistji\e_zo_Ž`�Y[f_„][dn�—a_OÊ„Ë � �
æ
Ì ÍxΝ€Í flš¬r² 
¢¨ 
x°xY^hOY�j !ghkoghuZÂÍ “

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �� �
1 3 6
-1
1
1 3 6
-1
1
�5Y[f{_vZ�j{stY�\�nej_‘ogh„Zbhufij{oghg€]ˆ_zfi][dgf_zsOhuZ�hî—|huf{dgstY
o_ŽstY\�_zogY"ogh„Zbhuf{jioghŽY^svdgfr\eji`fij{]ˆ_zsthuZ¢hŽneY[Z�dgf %
\�_zogh„`‰hzn
ff
«
�‡Ì�/åÎffiË
ff

 �
�
Û
� �
æ
ê
Ì ÍxÎ�fluÍÏË 
ê
�
Ý 	’Ý
¬
ff
°�¡�_zf{][dgfiY�h‘—|hufidgstY!oghŽZbhuf{jiogh‘ogY�neY—|huf{d5w]zy_zhîhz–g\�j{oghî}ujrn�_zlgoghîY[s:\ehznelghîoghŽY�j !gh�oghuZŒÍJ_�neY[}ujy_zh
f{jistji\e_zo_Ž`�Y[f_„][dn�—a_OʄËЭ ��� � �
�
Í
­
€Í flš¬r²Â¯ƒ¨�¯±°�Y^hOY�j !ghkoghuZ!Í € ÌÆ­©¨’¯ � �|Ν“
�5Y[f{_vZ�j{stY�\�nej_‘ogh„Zbhufij{oghg€]ˆ_zfi][dgf_zsOhuZ�hî—|huf{dgstY
o_ŽstY\�_zogY"ogh„Zbhuf{jioghŽY^svdgfr\eji`fij{]ˆ_zsthuZ¢hŽneY[Z�dgf %
\�_zogh„`‰hzn
ff
«
�‡Ì /¢ÎffiË
ff
­
ê

 �ff�
Û
��� � �
ê �
Í
­
fl|Í Ë
­
ê
ff
� �
Û
�
�
ê
�
�
fi
1 �
ë‰ê
�
�
fi
1
ff
fl|Í
Ë
­
ê
ff
�
ff
¯ 1È­ � �
æ
�
�
ff
¯
­

 
 �
Ý 	’Ý
¬
ffi
°�¡�_zf{][dgfiY�h‘—|hufidgstY!oghŽZbhuf{jiogh‘ogY�neY—|huf{d5w]zy_zhîhz–g\�j{oghî}ujrn�_zlgoghîY[s:\ehznelghîoghŽY�j !gh�oghuZŒÍJ_�neY[}ujy_zh
f{jistji\e_zo_Ž`�Y[f_„][dn�—a_OʄË
�
­
ê
²íÍ
ê
€�²Â­
�
Í
�
­ Y�hOY[j !gh„oghuZÂÍ “
�� � �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
�‡Ì /åÎffiË 
 �
fi
ë
fi
Ì � ­
ê
²TÍ
ê
Î
ê
fl|ÍJË
� 
�­
fi
ffi
�
Ý 	’Ý
”"–Z�Y�n�—|YdgY�h„—|huf{dgstYfiogY^neY�—|huf{d5w]ay_zhìbY‘hkogY‘dgs‡_vY[Z�…†Yn�_OogY�ne_zj{ht­’“
-1 1
1
-1 1
1
¬��z°�¡�_zf{][dgfiY�h‘—|hufidgstY!oghŽZbhuf{jiogh‘ogY�neY—|huf{d5w]zy_zhîhz–g\�j{oghî}ujrn�_zlgoghîY[s:\ehznelghîoghŽY�j !gh�oghuZŒÍJ_�neY[}ujy_zh
f{jistji\e_zo_Ž`�Y[f{huZ!}zn’b_a~][huZÂogY&�¢ÊvË �
ffi
²œÍ
ê
Y
ff
ʄËFÍ 1 �p“
1-1 2-3
1
4
1-1 2-3
1
4
”
Z�f{jistji\�Y[Z�ogY�jilm\eY�}zn�_‰w]zy_zhOZ�y_zhOÍÏ˕²
ffi
Y^ÍJË �u“
�‡Ì /¢ÎffiË 
�
Ü
ëflfi
Ì�Ì
�
ffi
²œÍ
ê
�
Î
ê
²ÅÌ
Í 1 �
ff
Î
ê
Î�fl|Í Ë
�-,
�
Ü
ëflfi
Ì ,
/
²
ffi
�ffiÍ
ê
1 Í
�
² � �5ÍxÎ�fluÍ Ë
, � 
�
�
Ý 	©Ý
¬ �ƒ°‰¡�_zf{][dgfiY�h‘—|hufidgstYÂoghŽZgbhuf{j{ogh‘ogY�neY�—|hufid5w]zy_zhîhz–g\ejioghî}ujin�_zlgoghŽY�s›\ehzn�lghîoghŽY[j !hîoghuZ�ʄ_‘neY[}ujy_zh
f{jistji\e_zo_Ž`�Y[f{hk}zn’b_a~][hkogY‡Ì@͇² ¯�Î
ê
1ÃÊ
ê
ËÑ­
ê
€ �v飭‡éŁ¯ƒ“

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �� �
b
a
y
a
-a
¥
Y�‚�_zs �À̏ÊgÎ5ËЯ 1
�
­
ê
²šÊ
ê
Y � ̏ʁÎ5ËЯ5²
�
­
ê
²œÊ
ê
“Œ”
Z£f{j{sOji\eY[ZŒogY^jilm\�Y[}zn�_‰w]zy_zhvZ[y_zhvʄ˕²Â­
Y^ÊOËЭ .gY[l|\ˆy_zhg«
�‡Ì /¢Î¢Ë 
 �
�
�À̏ÊgÎê
²
� ̏ʁÎ
ê
�
flmÊ„Ë �å¯ 
 �
fi
ë
fi
�
­
ê
²œÊ
ê
flmÊ©Ý
”"–Z�Y�n�—a_zsthuZfi˜pdgY
ff
�
fi
ë
fi
�
­
ê
²šÊ
ê
flmÊFbY„_Åb_aneYˆ_ o_‡neY[}ujÆy_zhÏf{jistji\e_zo_k`‰hzn^dgsÚ]ub
c
ne][dgf{hÏogYŽn�_zj{hJ­�.
f{hu}uhg€ �‡Ì�/åÎffiË
ff
ê
­
ê
¯ƒ“
'
Z�d`�Y�ne… b
c
]�j{YîogY^neY�—|huf{d5w]ay_zhOhz–g\ejio_ bY^]±á_zst_zo_„\ehznehg“
¬ �ƒ°�¡�_zf{][dgfiY�h‘—|hufidgstY!oghŽZbhuf{jiogh‘ogY�neY—|huf{d5w]zy_zhîhz–g\�j{oghî}ujrn�_zlgoghîY[s:\ehznelghîoghŽY�j !gh�oghuZŒÍJ_�neY[}ujy_zh
f{jistji\e_zo_Ž`�Y[f{hk}zn’b_a~][hkogY‘Ê„Ë
�
�
€%²��
�
Í
�
��Y�hkY[j !hOoghuZ!Í$“
1-1
1
4
1-1
1
4
 Œl|\ˆy_zhg€ �‡Ì /¢ÎffiË 
�
Ü
ë Ü
�
ê
�
fl|Í Ë

OÌ �
ê
² �
ë‰ê
Î
ff
�
Ý 	“
HJI±HÏI �
CGSRN

åP � 7 � �'P �GQ�� ; � �kP
�
SU?
V
A
W
P
¥
Y�‚�_zs:¦‹«©¬®­’¨�¯±°‰²©³ ´Ãdgs‡_…†dgl5w]zy_zh�]�hulm\ˆb
c
l¶d_"\�_zfm˜pdgY!¦5Ì ÍxÎ ff �€aÍ fl ¬ ­©¨�¯�°¶Y£ÇÅ_"neY[}ujy_zh"f{jistji\e_zo_
��±� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
`‰Y�f{h}zn’b_a~][hogYϦ$€ž`‰Y�f_zZîneY�\e_zZîÍŁËÄ­’€žÍ Ë ¯OY‡ÊšË � “�¡£hulgZ�jiogY�neY h‹Zbhuf{jioghogYtneY�—|huf{d5w]ay_zh�/
hz–g\ejioghO}ujine_zlgoght_„n�Y[}ujÆy_zhO_zh„neY�oghzn"o_kneY\�_kÊ„Ë � “ffi Œl|\ˆy_zhg€hk—|huf{dgsOY � Ì /¢Î�oghOZbhufij{ogh / bYa«
� Ì /¢ÎffiË 
 � �
fi
Ì ¦5Ì ÍxÎ$² � Î
ê
fluÍ$Ý
'
l_zf{hu}|_zsOY[lm\�Yz€|Z�Y"_�n�Y[}ujÆy_zh�Ç bY�ogY�\eYnestj{l_zo_^`‰Y[fih‘}zn’b_a~][h‘o_‘…†dgl5w]zy_zhŽ][hul|\Éb
c
lmd_�ÍJË	� ̏ʁÎfiff �€
Ê flì¬ �L¨ fl|°%Y�`�Y[f_zZ!neY�\�_zZÂÊtË �L€©ÊkË fl‡Y�ÍRË �p€’Y[lm\[y_zhthO—|huf{dgsOY^oghOZbhuf{jioghtogY‘neY�—|hufid5w]zy_zhOhz–g\�j{ogh
}ujine_zlgoghOÇ:_zhvneY[oghzn"o_„neY�\�_vÍÏË � bYa«
�‡Ì /¢Î¢Ë 
���
�
Ì �ÃÌ@ÊgÎ$² �zÎ
ê
flmÊ©Ý

��
¼$¾
â
»½¹�� Á
¬ �[°�¡�_zf{][dgfiY�h‘—|hufidgstY!oghîZbhuf{jioghîogYÂn�Y�—|huf{d5w]zy_zh‘hz–g\ej{oghî}ujrn�_zlgoghîY[s:\ehznelgh‘o_�neY�\�_�Ê„Ë �Ž_�neY[}ujy_zh
f{jistji\e_zo_Ž`�Y[f_„][dn�—a_OʄËFÍ
ê
€ �
�
Í
�
ff
Yfi`‰Y�f_kneY\�_kʄ˕²��u“
1 2
-1
1
1 2
-1
1
� Ì /¢Î5Ë 
 �
ê
Ü
Ì@Í
ê
1 �LÎ
ê
fluÍÏË
�
3
�
���
�
Ý 	©Ý
¬
ff
°£¡!_zfi][dgf{Y‡h‹—|hufidgstYtoghZbhuf{jioghogY n�Y�—|huf{d5w]zy_zhhz–g\ejiogh}ujin�_zlgogh‹Y[s=\�hznelgho_‹n�Y�\�_'ÍŁË ² �Ï_
neY[}ujy_zhOfij{stjr\�_zo_î`‰Y[fihO}zn’b_a~][hkogY�ÍÏË
Ê
ê
ff
1 �‘Y^`‰Y[f{_zZ!neY\�_zZ�Ê„Ë �
ff
“

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� ����
1 2
-1
1
1 2
-1
1
”
Z�f{jistji\�Y[Z�ogY�jilm\eY�}zn�_‰w]zy_zhOZ�y_zhtÊ„Ë �
ff
“
�‡Ì /¢ÎffiË 
�
ê
ë‰ê
Ì
Ê
ê
ff
1 �²‡Ì½²��LÎ�Î
ê
fl|ʄË
�
�
ê
ë‰ê
̏Ê
ê
1 �mÎ
ê
flmÊ„Ë 
�
�åÊ 1
ff
Ê
fi
ffi
1
Ê
ff
�
�
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
ê
ë‰ê
Ë
� �
�
���
�
Ý 	©Ý
¬
ffi
°�¡�_zf{][dgfiY�h^—|huf{dgstY!oghîZbhufij{ogh‘ogY!neY�—|hufid5w]zy_zhîhz–g\ejiogh‘}ujine_zlgoghîY[s:\ehznelgh‘o_^neY�\�_�Í Ë ,�_�neY[}ujy_zh
f{jistji\e_zo_Ž`�Y[f{hk}zn’b_a~][hkogY&�ffiÍÏËUÊ
ê
Y^`�Y[f_vneY�\�_vÍJË �g“
1 4 6
-4
4
1 4 6
-4
4
”
Z�f{jistji\�Y[Z�ogY�jilm\eY�}zn�_‰w]zy_zhOZ�y_zhtÊ„Ë � �g“
�ÏÌ�/åÎffiË 
�
�
ë �
�
Ì
�
�
Ê
ê
² ,|Î
ê
²ÅÌ ��² ,|Î
ê
flmʄË
�-,
�
�
ë �
̏Ê
�
² �
�
Ê
ê
1 � �
ff
Î�fl|ÊvË�3
,
�
�
�
Ý 	’Ý
¬��z° 
^Y\eY�nestjilgYvhϗa_zf{hzn^ogY„­ � �‡\�_zfž˜pdgY„Z�Y„_‡neY[}ujÆy_zhÏf{jistji\e_zo_O`‰Y[f{_zZ^]�dn�—z_zZ^ÊRË � 1
�
Í �
�
�
€
Ê„Ë �‘Y^ÍÏËÑ­©€g}ujrn�_an�Y�s¤\�hznelghOo_vneY�\�_OÊ„Ë �u€ghkZbhuf{jioghO}uY�ne_zoghO\eY[lgá_v—|huf{dgstY^j{}ud_zf�_
ff

ffi“
�	��� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
�ffi_an�_„hz–g\eY�n�­©€ogY�—|Y[sthuZ�neY[Z�hufi—|Y�n�_kY[˜¶d_‰w]zy_zhg«
ff

'Ë 
 �
fi
Û
Í �
ê
�
�
fluÍ Ì
�
Ν“
ï©_zq[Y[lgogh
�
Ë
ff
Í
ê
€ fl
�
Ë �¢Í�fl|Í Y[s Ì��aΝ«
ff
Ë
�
�
�
ê
fi
�
Û
��� fl
�
Ë
�
ê
fi
�
² �
�
¨%oghulgogY
/
Ë �
ê
fi
�
Y
­vË
�
�
æ
Ì
ffi
α“
1
4
1
4
HJI±HÏI�� �
��
N5PRQ�P Q
W
�G< 
 
£S �
��W
�
¥
Y�‚�_zs§¦«©¬ ­©¨�¯±°�²©³ ´µ…†dgl5w]zy_zht]�hulm\ˆb
c
l¶d_„\�_zfx˜pdgYî¦5Ì@ÍxÎfiff �„Y[s ¬®­©¨�¯�°xYî_vneY[}ujy_zhg«
ÇÑË�Ù¶Ì@Í$¨eʁÎffi# �
�
­
�
Í
�
¯L¨ �
�
Ê
�
¦5Ì@͉αß|Ý
ï©_zq[Y[lgogh‡}ujine_an"_OneY�}ujÆy_zhOǛ_zhOn�Y[oghzn"oghuZ"Y�j !ghOoghuZ"ʍ€©hz–g\eY�sthuZ�dgsÄZbhuf{jioghOogY‘neY—|huf{d5w]zy_zh /£“
¥
Y
­ � �€hOZbhufij{ogh„`‰huZ�Z�dgj%dgs¤Y[Z�`’_‰w][hk—z_zq[jihOjilm\eYnel_zstY[l|\eYz“
b
y=f(x)
R
x
a
y
¡£husth _zlm\�Y[Z[€�][hulgZ�jiogY�neYt_‡Z�Y�}udgj{l|\eY„`’_an�\ej�w]zy_zh oghÏj{l|\eY�n�—a_zf{hT¬®­’¨�¯±°Æ«�­Ï˕͉ÛkéµÍ Ü‘éÑ͉ê„é:Ý{ÝiÝ{ÝiÝ%é
Í©ÞUËG¯ƒ“ �vÍ��vËGÍ��Œ²ŁÍ��ë ÜÈbYRhš][husO`gn�j{stY[l|\ehíogY']ˆ_zo_œZ�d–jilm\eYn�—z_zfihŬ Í��ë Ü[¨�Í��° €�
‘—z_an�j_zlgogh

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �	���
ogY �R_a\pbY
æ
“ Œs ][_zo_�Z�d–jilm\�Y�n�—a_zf{hì Í��ë Üˆ¨�Í��@° €ffiY[Z�][hufiá_)�	�^Ë
Í�� 1 Í��ë Ü
ff
€ffih`‰hul|\ehís bY[ogj{hogh
Z�d–jilm\eYn�—z_zfih ¬ Í��ë Ü[¨�Í��°Æ€ 
!—z_an�j_zlgoghRogY �O_a\pbY
æ
“
¥
Y�‚�_RÇ���hÏn�Y�\aŸ_zlg}udgf{hJogYt_zfr\edn�_'¦5Ì4�ff�ÆÎfiYv–’_zZ�Y
�vÍ���€ 
ž—z_anej{_zlgoghŽogY �fi_a\pbY
æ
“5ï©_zq[Y[lgoghv}ujin�_an�Ç�� Y[s \ehzn�lghŽogh„Y�j !ghŽoghuZ£Êkhz–g\eY[sthuZådgs‡_Ž_an�nedgY�f_
][jif b
c
lgon�j{]ˆ_
�
�¢ogY^n�_zj{h„s bY[ogjih �	�¢Y‘_zfi\edne_O¦5Ì��	� Ν“
R
y
i
”•—|huf{dgstYfiogY
�
�ŽbY
ff

��	�m¦5Ì��ff�ÆÎ �vÍ���“
'
Z�hus‡_‹oghuZŽ—|huf{dgstY�ZŽoghuZ
æ
][jif{j{lgon�huZšbY �ÞtË
ff
Þ
1
�32žÜ
�	�m¦5Ì��ff� Î �vÍ��½“ �’Þ bY dgs‡__a`gneh$!j{s‡_‰w]ay_zh
oghO—|hufidgstY�oghOZbhuf{jioghOogY�n�Y�—|huf{d5w]zy_zhg€’˜pd_zlgogh �vÍ��Œ_a`gneh !gjis‡_&% Z�Y�ogY&�€©hud'Y�˜pdgji—a_zf{Y�lm\eY�stY[l|\eYz€Z�Y
æ
]�neY[Z�]�Yz“ ��lm\edgjr\eji—a_zstY[l|\eYŽY[Z½\�_zsthuZ ��… _a\ej{_zlgoghu™JhÏZbhuf{jiogh ogY„neY—|huf{d5w]zy_zh `‰hzn^j{l"bdgsOY�n�_zZ^_an�nedgY[f{_zZ
ogYî_zfr\edn�_Ž`‰Y[˜¶dgY[l_€o_zZ�˜¶d_zj{Z!Ze_a–‰Y[sOhuZ!Y�…†Y�\eji—a_zstY[l|\eY^]ˆ_zf{]�dgf_anÂhk—|huf{dgsOYz“
¥
Y[}udgj{lgoghthkstY[Z�sOh
n�_z][jihp]zb
c
lgj{hk_zlm\�Y�nej{hzn[€\�Y[sthuZ[«
�ÏÌ�/åÎffiË f{jis
� ���
	 � �
Û
ff
Þ
1
�32žÜ
�	�m¦5Ì��ff�ÆÎ �vÍ��%Ë
ff
�
�
fi
Í^¦5Ì@͉ÎffifluÍ ¨
Z�YkhRf{jistji\�Y„Y	!gj{Z½\eYz“
b
 Ñ`�huZ�Zˆb
c
—|Y�fåogY[sOhulgZ�\�n�_an�˜pdgYkY[Z�\eYkf{j{sOji\eYvZ�Y[sk`gneYkY	!gj{Z½\eYOYìbYkjilgogY�`‰Y[lgogY�lm\eY
o_zZ�Y�Z�][huf{á_zZ…†Y[ji\e_zZ[“
 Œs }uYn�_zfƀÂY[Z�\eY`gnehp]�Y[Z�Z�hÃ`�hpogYZ�Y�nJ…†Y[jr\eh `’_an�_ ˜pd_zfi˜pdgY�n neY�}ujÆy_zhìf{j{sOji\�_zo_T`�Y[f{huZÏ}zn’b_a~][huZ ogY
…†dgl5w]zyhuY[ZŽ]�hulm\ˆb
c
l¶d_zZ�“
¥
Y ‚�_zs ¦©¨ª «¢¬ ­©¨�¯±°�²�³ ´›…†dgl5w]zyhuY[ZŽ][hul|\Éb
c
l¶d_zZî\�_zjiZ‘˜¶dgY‡¦5Ì@͉Πff•ª�Ì@͉Πff �
`’_an�_v\ehpogh„Í fl ¬®­’¨�¯±° €­ ff �kYî_vneY[}ujy_zhkǵË�Ù¶Ì Í$¨eʁΠ#ffi­
�
Í
�
¯L¨pª�Ì ÍxÎ
�
Ê
�
¦5Ì@͉αß
a b
f
g
R
�	��� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
”•—|huf{dgstYfioghkZbhuf{jioghOogY�n�Y�—|huf{d5w]zy_zh /Ãhz–g\ej{oghk}ujin�_zlgoghkÇ Y[s8\ehznelghkoghOY[j !ghOoghuZÂÊ bYz«
�‡Ì /¢Î¢Ë
ff

 �ff�
fi
̈́ÌƦ5Ì@ÍxÎ$²�ª�Ì@͉Î�Î�fluÍ$Ý

��
¼$¾
â
»½¹�� Á
¬ �[°‰¡�_zf{][dgfiY�h‘—|hufidgstYÂoghŽZgbhuf{j{ogh‘ogY�neY�—|hufid5w]zy_zhîhz–g\ejioghî}ujin�_zlgoghŽY�s›\ehzn�lghîoghŽY[j !hîoghuZ�ʄ_‘neY[}ujy_zh
f{jistji\e_zo_Ž`�Y[f{hk}zn’b_a~][hkogY‘Ê„Ë � �
æ
Ì ÍxΝ€ �
�
Í
�

œY^hOY[j !ghOoghuZ�Í “
3
1
3
1
”•—|huf{dgstY'bYz« �•Ë
ff

 �
�
Û
Í � �
æ
Ì@͉Î�fl|͇Ë
ff
ê
�
Ý 	’Ý
¬
ff
°‰¡�_zf{][dgfiY�h‘—|hufidgstYÂoghŽZgbhuf{j{ogh‘ogY�neY�—|hufid5w]zy_zhîhz–g\ejioghî}ujin�_zlgoghŽY�s›\ehzn�lghîoghŽY[j !hîoghuZ�ʄ_‘neY[}ujy_zh
f{jistji\e_zo_Ž`�Y[f_„][dn�—a_OÊ„Ë ��� �¶Ì ÍxÎff.
ff
�
Í
�
� 
TY‘hkY[j !hkoghuZ!Í$“
1 2 6 9 12
-1
1
1 2 6 9 12
-1
1
”•—|huf{dgstY'bY �•Ë
ff

 ��܈€hulgogYz«
��ܣ˕²
�
�
�
�
�
�
Í �����mÌ@͉Î�fl|Í 1
��� �
�
�
�
�
Í�� ���mÌ@ÍxÎ�fluÍO²
�
�
�
�
� �
�
Í���� �¶Ì@͉Î�fl|Í 1
�
�
�
�
�
�
Í���� �¶Ì@͉Î�fl|Í Ý

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �	�	�
¡£husth � Í�� ���mÌ@͉ÎffifluÍ Ë � ���mÌ@͉Π1 Í � �
æ
Ì@͉α€gY[l|\ˆy_zhg€ �•Ë
ff

kÌ5��1
ffi
� 
ff
Î
�
Ý 	’Ý
¬
ffi
°‰¡�_zf{][dgfiY�h‘—|hufidgstYÂoghŽZgbhuf{j{ogh‘ogY�neY�—|hufid5w]zy_zhîhz–g\ejioghî}ujin�_zlgoghŽY�s›\ehzn�lghîoghŽY[j !hîoghuZ�ʄ_‘neY[}ujy_zh
f{jistji\e_zo_Ž`�Y[f_zZ!][dn�—a_zZ�ʄË�!²TÍ
�
Y‘Ê„ËFÍ
�
² �u€ �
�
Í
�
�u“
1
-1
1
1
-1
1
�•Ë
ff
�
Ü
Û
̈́Ì
ff
²œÍ
�
²œÍ
�
Î�fl|͇Ë
�
3
�
ff
�
Ý 	’Ý
¬��z°‰¡�_zf{][dgfiY�h‘—|hufidgstYÂoghŽZgbhuf{j{ogh‘ogY�neY�—|hufid5w]zy_zhîhz–g\ejioghî}ujin�_zlgoghŽY�s›\ehzn�lghîoghŽY[j !hîoghuZ�ʄ_‘neY[}ujy_zh
f{jistji\e_zo_Ž`�Y[f_„][dn�—a_OÊ„Ë Ì@͇²��LÎ
ê
€ �
�
Í
�
ff
Y‘hOY�j !gh„oghuZÂÍ “
1 2
1
1 2
1
��Ë
ff

 �
ê
Û
ÍvÌ@͇² �LÎ
ê
fluÍJË
� 
ffi
�
Ý 	’Ý
�	��� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
HJI��
> �
W	��V
S
�
P Q�P >ÀP � ��
 ��� ��MtNffiP Q�� < 
V
P �
¥
Y�‚�_¦Ł«Œ¬ ­©¨�¯�°�²�³ ´Bdgs‡_R…†dgl5w]zy_zh‹ogY�n�ji—�b_a—|Y�fƓ
'
`‰hznzw]zy_zh
���
ogh'}zn’b_a~][h‹ogY‡¦$€ž][husO`gneY�lgogj{o_
Y[l|\�neYvhuZ"`‰hul|\ehuZ[«
�
ËÀÌÆ­©¨±¦5̏­Î�ΣY
�
ËÀ̏¯ƒ¨±¦5ÌƯ�Î�ÎtbYŽ]�á_zs‡_zogh
¿¢¸
Õ
¹
“�X
huZ�Z�h‡j{l|\eY�n�Y[Z�Z�Y bYŽstY[ogjrn
hO]�husO`gnej{sOY[lm\�hkogY[Z½\eYî_ane]�hg“
¥
Y
_î][dn�—z_íbY"dgst_�neY�\�_€m`’_an�_î]ˆ_zfi][dgf_an£h‘][husO`gnejistY[l|\eh‘ogYfi_ane]�h �fio_‘n�Y�\�_€p]�husO`gneY[Y[lgogjioghŽY[l|\�neY
huZ�`‰hul|\ehuZŽÌ@Í Ü[¨±¦5Ì@Í ÜeÎ�Î�YtÌ@ÍxêL¨±¦5Ì@ÍxêÎ�Ν€dgZe_zsthuZ�h��$Y[hzneY[st_„ogY �Œji\b_z}uhzn�_zZ�Y‘hz–g\eY[sOhuZ[«
�
Ì@͉ꣲœÍ Ü±Î
ê
1ÑÌ ¦5Ì@͉ê�Ξ²ì¦5Ì@Í Ü�Î�Î
ê
Ý
�
Y�lgY�n�_zf{jiqˆ_zlgogh�Y[Z�\�_j{oŒbY[j{_'`’_an�_‹h�}znb_a~][ho_�…†dgl5w]zy_zh�][hul|\Éb
c
lmd_í¦$€¢… _zq�Y[sthuZŽdgs‡_'`’_an�\ej½w]zy_zh‹ogY
hzneogY[s
æ
oghkjilm\eYn�—z_zfih‹¬ ­©¨�¯±°Æ«5­„ËF͉ÛfiéÈÍ Ü�éÑÝ{ÝiÝ{ÝiÝ{Ýpé Í©Þk˵¯*.gogY[lghz\�_zsthuZ£`�hzn����%Ë Ì Í��½¨±¦5Ì@Í��ÆÎ�Ν€
�
�
�
æ
“
x b=0 i-1 i n
n
i
i-1
1
Q
Q
0
Q
a=x x x
Q
Q
�%j{}|_zlgogh"]ˆ_zo_�� �ë Ü5_����$Ì5�
�
�
æ
Î�`�hznždgs�Z�Y[}ustY[l|\eh"ogYåneY�\�_€ƒhz–g\eY[sthuZ dgs‡_Âfij{lgá_Â`�huf{j{}uhul_zf
…†hznes‡_zo_ `‰Y[f{_ÏneY�dglgjÆy_zh'oghuZ�Z�Y[}ustY[l|\ehuZ�ogYkneY�\e_“t¡£husthÏZe_a–‰Y[sOhuZ‘]ˆ_zfi][dgf_an�hR][husk`gnej{stY�lm\ehÏogY
]ˆ_zo_ÏZ�Y[}ustY[l|\ehJogY„neY\�_€ Z�_a–‰Y[sthuZfi]ˆ_zfi][dgf_an�hÏ][husO`gnejistY[l|\ehJo_ `‰hufij{}uhul_zfƓ �½l|\edgjr\eji—a_zstY[l|\eYz€�h
][husO`gn�j{stY[l|\eh„o_„`�huf{j{}uhul_zf�bY^–’_zZ�\�_zl|\eYfi`gn’bh"!gjisthkoghk][husO`gnejistY[l|\eh„oght_ane][hOo_k][dn�—a_,.Y[l|\ˆy_zhg«
�åÞtË
Þ
1
�32žÜ
�
Ì Í��x²œÍ��ë Ü±Î
ê
1ÐÌ ¦5Ì@Í�� Ξ²ì¦5Ì@Í��ë Ü�Î�Î
ê
bY�h�]�husO`gnej{sOY[lm\�h
o_fi`�huf{j{}uhul_zf“
'
`f{ji]ˆ_zlgogh^h � Y[hzneY[s‡_
ogh 
�_zfihzn��ÑbY[ogj{h�_‘¦tY[s ][_zo_^Z�d–jilm\�Y�n %
—a_zf{h ¬ Í��@ë$Ü[¨�Í��°Æ€m—|Y�sthuZŒ˜¶dgY�Yff!j{Z�\eY �ff�ffifl Ì@Í��ë Üˆ¨�Í�� Î5\�_zf©˜¶dgY
¦5Ì@Í�� βJ¦5Ì@Í��@ë$ÜeÎåËѦ �ÆÌ��ff� Î�Ì@Í��m²‡Í��@ë$ܝΝ€
`’_an�_„]ˆ_zo_�
¢ogY��î_a\pbY
æ
.f{hu}uhg€

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �	���
�ŒÞOË
Þ
1
� 2žÜ
�
Ì@Í��x²œÍ��@ë$ܱÎ
ê
1ÑÌ ¦
�
Ì��	� Î[Ì@Í��x²œÍ��ë Ü±Î�Î
ê
Ë
Þ
1
� 2žÜ
�
��1ÑÌƦ
�
Ì��	� Î�Î
ê
Ì Í��x²TÍ��ë Ü±Î
Ë
Þ
1
� 2žÜ
�
��1ÑÌƦ
�
Ì��	� Î�Î
ê
�ŽÍ��½¨
hulgogY��vÍ�� ËFÍ��p²JÍ��ë ÜL“ffiX
hɗz_zsOY[lm\�Y�hz–Z�Y�n�—z_zsthuZŒ˜pdgY
˜pd_zlgogh
æ
]neY[Z�][Yfisvdgji\�hg€,�ŽÍ��$_a`gneh$!j{s‡_&%
Z�YîogYŽq�Y�neh‡Y �åÞ'_a`gneh !gjis‡_&% Z�Y�ogh‡][husO`gnejistY[l|\ehOogh _an�][hg“
¥
Yî`’_an�_O]ˆ_zo_O`’_an�\�j�w]zy_zh‡oghtjilm\�Y�n�—a_zf{h
¬®­’¨�¯±°Æ€huZ �	�åZ�y_zhOY[Z�]�huf{ágj{oghuZÂ][husthk_zlm\�Y[Z[€\eY[sthuZ�˜pdgY^hO]�husO`gnej{sOY[lm\�hkogh‡_an�][h
���
o_O][dn�—a_ìbYz«
�
���
Ë fij{s
� ���
	 � �
Û
Þ
1
�32žÜ
�
� 1ÑÌ ¦
�
Ì��ff� Î�Î
ê
�ŽÍ��½Ý
¥
Y ¦ �ÆÌ@͉΋bYOdgst_J…†dgl5w]zy_zh‹][hul|\Éb
c
l¶d_RY�s ¬®­’¨�¯±°Æ€
bY„`‰huZ�Z[b
c
—|Y[fffi`gnehɗz_an‘˜pdgYOhRf{j{sOji\eY„_zl|\eY�nejihznîZ�Y[sk`gneY
Yff!j{Z�\eY^Y�bY^j{}ud_zf%_ ��€`’_an�_„˜pd_zf{˜¶dgY�nÂY[Z�][hufiá_Oo_„`’_an�\�j�w]zy_zhkY‘oghuZ �ff��“ Œs8\�_zfx]ˆ_zZ�hg€\�Y[sthuZ�˜pdgYz«
�ÃË
�
�
fi
�
� 1ÐÌ ¦
�
Ì@ÍxÎ�Î
ê
fl|Í Ý
¥
Yfi_î][dn�—a_íbY"hŽ}zn’b_a~]�h„ogY�dgs‡_‘…†dgl5w]zy_zhvÍÏËŪx̏ÊgÎ5ogY�~lgj{o_vlghŽj{l|\eY�n�—z_zfihϬ �ƒ¨ flu° €m][hus _zZ�ágji`Âbhz\eY�Z�Y[Z
_zl|\eY�nejihzneY[Z[€g\eY[sOhuZ˜¶dgYz«
c
g(y)
d
�ìË
� �
�
�
��1UÌ ª
�
̏ʁÎ�Î
ê
fl|Ê�Ý
�	��� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�

��
¼$¾
â
»½¹�� Á
¬ �[° ¡�_zf{]�dgf{Y‘hk][husO`gnejistY[l|\ehvogYî_ane]�hOo_O][dn�—z_„ÊOË
�
�
Í
ê
Y[lm\�neY‘huZ�`‰hul|\ehuZŽÌ
�
¨ �mΌY‡Ì
ff
3
¨
/
Ν“
8 27
4
9
 Œl|\ˆy_zhg«
¦5Ì@͉΢Ë
�
�
Í
ê
¨
¦
�
Ì@͉ÎffiË
ff
ffi
�
�
Í
¨
�
��1ÑÌƦ
�
Ì@͉Î�Î
ê
Ë
�
/
Í
�
�
1 �
ffi
�
�
Í
.
f{hu}uhg« � Ë
�
ffi
�
�
�
�
/
Í
�
�
1 �
�
�
Í
fluÍ$“
¥
Y�‚�_
�
Ë
/
�
�
Í
ê
1 ��.f{hu}uhg€ffifl
�
Ë
,
�
�
Í
fluÍ “
�ÃË
�
�
�
�
�
��Û
�
�
fl
�
Ë
�
ff
3
Ì5�
3
�
�
�
² �-,
�
�-�|Î
�
Ý �LÝ
Ì
�
Ý �LÝgdglgj{o_zogY[Z"ogY�][husO`gnejistY[l|\ehg“ Î
¬
ff
°$¡�_zf{][dgfiY‘hk][husO`gnejistY[l|\ehkogYî_ane][hOo_k][dn�—a_OÊkË
Í
�
�
1
�
�
Í
ê
Y[l|\�neYîhuZ!`‰hul|\ehuZŽÌ@Í ¨eÊgΌ\�_zjiZ˜¶dgY
�
�
Í
�
ff
“
Ê��’ËѦ � Ì@͉΢ËFÍ
fi
²
�
�ffiÍ
fi
.fihu}uhg€ ��1ÑÌÊ �Î
ê
Ë Ì@Í
fi
1
�
�ffiÍ
fi
Î
ê
Y
�
��1Ñ̏Ê
�
Î
ê
ËFÍ
fi
1
�
�ffiÍ
fi
.Y[l|\ˆy_zhg«
�ìË
�
ê
Ü
�
Í
fi
1
�
�ffiÍ
fi
�
fl|ÍÏË
ff
Í
�
² �
�
Í
ê
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
ê
Ü
Ë
�
ff
ffi
ffi
ff
�
Ý �LÝ
¬
ffi
°$¡�_zf{][dgfiYîht][husk`gnej{stY�lm\ehkogYŽ_ane][hOo_O]ˆ_a\eY[l!b_an�j_OÊOË ­ � ��� �
�
Í
­
lghtjilm\eYn�—z_zfih¬r²Â¯ƒ¨�¯�° €hulgogY
ÌÆ­’¨¯ � �|α“

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �	���
Ê��’Ë � �
æ
�
�
Í
­
.f{hu}uhg€
�
� 1ÃÊ
�
ê
Ë � ��� �
�
Í
­
�
.’Y�lm\ˆy_zhg«
� Ë
�
�
ë
�
��� � �
�
Í
­
fl|Í Ë
ff
­ � �
æ
�
�
¯
­
�
Ý �LÝ
¬��z°$¡�_zf{][dgfiY�hO][husO`gnejistY[l|\ehkogY‘_ane][hto_„][dn�—a_OÊkË
�
æ
Ì�� ���mÌ@͉Î�Î�Y[lm\�neY‘huZ!`‰hul|\ehuZŽÌ@Í ¨eÊgΌ\�_zjiZ˜¶dgY
�
�
Í
�
�
“
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.1
Ê��’Ë•²
	
ª�Ì ÍxΝ“ �%hu}uhg€
�
��1ÑÌ@Ê
�
Î
ê
Ë � �$�zÌ@͉Ν“ Œl|\ˆy_zhg«
�ìË
�
�
�
Û
� �$�zÌ ÍxÎ�fluÍÏË
�
æ
Ì � �$�zÌ ÍxÎ$1
	
ªxÌ@͉Î�Î
ffi
ffi
ffi
ffi
�
�
Û
Ë
�
æ
Ì
�
ff
1 �LÎ
�
Ý �ƒÝ
HJI��
D ���œM��’?
V
A
W
P Q�� � P��
W

 �±N � P 4
W
NåS 
W	�
�Ѽ���çfiäaÔ
Õ¢Ö
¿¢¹ Á
'
…†dgl5w]zy_zh
�
æ
«�Ì �¨�1�� Ό²�³=´ bY�ogY~lgj{o_k`�hznˆ«
�
æ
Ì ÍxÎffiË
�
�
Ü
fl
	
	
Ý
�	�� �����
	���
����������
����
��fiffffifl �!���"	����#�$�%
���	�	'&ff$�
�
æ
Ì@ÍxÎkbY�]±á_zst_zoghkfihu}|_aneji\esOh„l_a\�dn�_zf�ogY�Í “
·œ¸’¹
â
¸�ä�¼ž×
¿å×fi¼ � Á
^_zZ�`gnehz`gnejiY[o_zogY[Z"o_„j{l|\eY[}zn�_zf�ogY�~lgjio_tZ�Y[}udgY‘˜¶dgYz«
�LÎ �
æ
Ì5�LÎ5Ë��
ff
Î �
æ
Ì@ÍxÎ�é �„Z�Y �véÈ͍é �
ffi
Î �
æ
Ì@͉Π� �kZ�YfiÍ�� � �mÎ 
fihk\eY�hzneY[s‡_v…†dglgo_zstY[l|\�_zf%oghO]�b_zfi][dgf{hÌ �
æ
Ì@͉Î�Î
�
Ë
�
Í
�uÎ
'
…†dgl5w]zy_zhtfihu}|_anÉb
c
\esOj{]ˆ_TbY^]�neY[Z�]�Y[lm\�Yz“
HJI��ÏIƒK
� P��
W

 �±N � P
V
P � P
�
< 
 �
W
�
¥
Y�‚�_��
�
_kneY[}ujy_zhtf{jistji\e_zo_v`�Y[f{ht}znb_a~][hto_t…†dgl5w]zy_zhϦ5Ì
	
΢Ë
�
	
€©htY�j !ghOoghuZ�!RYŽ_zZÂneY\�_zZ
	
Ë �îY
	
ËFÍ “
11 11
�
Y�hustY�\�neji]ˆ_zstY[l|\eYz€
�
æ
Ì@͉ÎObY�ogY�~lgjioght`‰hzn
�
æ
Ì@͉Î5Ë
	
b_aneY[_��
�
Î Z�Y �
�
Í
²'b_an�Yˆ_Ì��
�
Î Z�Y �vé ͋é �uÝ
 
º �¼ ¸’èffi¿�Ô
ÕåÖ
¹�¼���Á
j†Î
¥
YfiÍJË �u€��
�
bY�dgs Z�Y[}ustY[l|\ehOogY^neY�\�_,.fihu}uhg€_Èb_aneYˆ_Ì��
�
΢��kY
�
æ
Ì5�LÎ5Ë��“
j{jÎ
�
æ
Ì@Í"ÊgÎ5Ë
�
æ
Ì@ÍxÎ$1
�
æ
̏ʁΝ€p`’_an�_v\ehpogh„Í$¨Ê fl Ì �¨�1�� Ν“
�
æ
Ì@Í
ÊgÎ5Ë �
���
Ü
fl
	
	
Ë �
�
Ü
fl
	
	
1 �
���
�
fl
	
	
Ë
�
æ
Ì@͉Î$1
�
���
�
fl
	
	
Ý

���"��
��
���Ñ�"���$�‰������íff%� �
ffž	���� �	���
ï©_zq[Y[lgogh
	
ËÐÍ �|€\eY�s % Z�Ya€ffifl
	
ËFÍ�fl ��Ya«
�
���
�
fl
	
	
Ë �
�
Ü
fl �
�
Ë �
æ
̏ʁαÝ
j{jij†Î �
æ
Ì@Í
	
ÎffiË
�
�
æ
Ì ÍxÎff.Í�� �„Y
�
flR´!“ 
fiY�… _a\eh �
æ
Ì@Í
	
ÎffiË �
���
Ü
fl
	
	
“åï©_zq[Y[lgogh
	
Ë �
	
€g\eY[s#% Z�Yz€
fl
	
Ë
�
�
	
ë Ü
fl �‘Yz«
�
���
Ü
fl
	
	
Ë
�
�
�
Ü
fl �
�
Ë
�
�
æ
Ì ÍxÎeÝ
ji—gÎ Œs8`’_an�\eji][dgf_anˆ€
�
æ
�
Í
Ê
Ë
�
æ
Ì ÍxÎ$²
�
æ
̏ʁÎff.Í$¨gÊ � �“
�
æ
�
Í
Ê
Ë
�
æ
�
Í
Ê
ë Ü
�
Ë
�
æ
Ì@͉Î$1
�
æ
̏Ê
ë Ü
ÎffiË
�
æ
Ì ÍxÎ$²

Outros materiais

Materiais relacionados

Perguntas relacionadas

Perguntas Recentes