ESTUDOS CULTURAIS LI - RESUMO DE QUESTOES

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1. According to the following statement, choose the option which can best complete it. Because the self emerges in 
social interaction within the context of a complex, organized, differentiated society, it has been argued that the self 
must be complex, organized and differentiated as well (Stryker, 1980): So the self reflects society 
2. According to Dahl’s (2001) culture is a collectively held set of attributes, which is: Dynamic and changing over time 
3. Man needs to transmit culture. What for? Because if the knowledge constructed by his people was not transmitted 
generation by generation, everything would be missed, which would block evolution process. 
4. How do Marxists see culture? As a mechanism by which some groups maintain power over other groups 
5. Identity means: Being able to fix or figure out who we are as people 
6. What is Culture? (Choose the RIGHT alternative): Culture means the way of life of a person. In other words, how 
he/she lives. The patterns of social organization and the normal ways in which we are expected to behave in society touch 
all aspects of our daily lives. 
7. What alternative refers to the three thinkers analyzed the way in which society is constructed in great part from its 
relationship to economic conditions; specifically the division of labor: Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber 
8. The hotels Brazil needs for the World Cup never got built. (THE WASHINGTON POST). The Gavea Tourist, in Rio de 
Janeiro, is an empty shell of a hotel, a 14-story modernist monument of disintegrating concrete and decaying beauty that 
has been abandoned for four decades. It is one of three huge, architecturally ghost hotels in Rio de Janeiro, all of which 
are vacant in a city facing a shortage of rooms for June´s World Cup soccer tournament. Rio could use the Gavea Tourist´s 
400-odd rooms. Instead, it is an emblem of the obstacles that interfere in Brazil´s World Cup preparations: bureaucracy, 
a slow-moving judiciary and a lack of imaginative planning. ´´The bureaucracy is phenomenal. The technical capacity of 
the Brazilian state to produce infrastructure . . . is very low´´, said Christopher Gaffney, visiting professor in architecture 
and urbanism at Rio's Federal Fluminense University. Segundo o texto, que problema o Brasil enfrentará durante a Copa 
do Mundo? Por que isto deve ocorrer? O que dificulta a solução para este tipo de problema no Rio de Janeiro? O Rio de 
Janeiro não terá quartos de hotel em número suficiente para abrigar todos os visitantes. Porque muitas construções de 
hotéis não estarão prontas até lá. Há obras inacabadas como o Hotel na Gávea, por exemplo. A burocracia é fenomenal, 
a capacidade técnica do governo Brasileiro para produzir infraestrutura é precária/ ineficiente. 
9. Which one of the following is seen as the bedrock of any corporate culture? Norms 
10. What is a 'civilization'? The broadest construction of cultural identity 
11. Sociology is one of the Human Sciences that has as subjects: society, its social organization and the processes that 
connect persons in groups, institutions and associations. 
12. Sociologists study and research: Society structures, as ethnical groups; social classes, as business men, politicians; 
genre, as kids, men, women; violence, institutions like family, school, religion, etc. 
13. Which theoretical perspective on cultural development rests on the logic of evolution? Sociobiology 
14. What is meant by multiculturalism? Culture drawing on many influences but still within the patriarchal framework 
15. Jean Baudrillard's philosophy centers on the twin concepts of 'hyperreality' and 'simulation'. What do these terms 
refer to? To the virtual or unreal nature of contemporary culture in an age of mass communication and mass consumption. 
16. Choose the WRONG alternative: Identity is essential if meaningful interaction is to take place amongst a society of 
thinking, creative, conscious and active individuals 
17. Weber´s was the type of mind which was continually developing throughout his intellectually productive life. His 
system of ´sociological theory´ was not meant to stand alone. We dare say that his work may be conceived rather as an 
introduction to the institutional foundations of the modern economic and social order. For Weber, what is the difference 
between behavior and action? Behavior is an automatic response that occurs with little thought, whereas action is the 
result of a conscious process in which people give meaning to their actions and the world around them. 
18. Choose the WRONG alternative: Micro level correspond to the bigger picture: what people actually do, and what 
they think about what they do. 
19. The values, beliefs, behaviour, and material objects that constitute a people's way of life is defined as: Culture. 
20. Why are Giddens concepts criticized? Because: he exaggerates the degree of choice that individuals have over their 
own lives, and plays down the fact that often our lives are not of our own choosing. 
21. Which of the alternatives below does not characterizes Modernity? Small and calm cities, where individual 
production took place 
22. Post modernity is a sociocultural and esthetics condition that prevails upon common concepts of a modern era. It 
has as its main principles: A consequential depreciation of ideological concepts from the modern era, the ideology crisis 
from the XX century and the occasional downfall of the Berlin Wall. 
23. Since the 80's a process of construction of a global scale culture had been developed, considering not only the 
already consolidated mass culture, but also a true cultural world system that followed the economical political system 
resulted from globalization. The Post-Modernity phenomenon arises from this context as: A set of values that control the 
subsequent cultural production, where communication and the Cultural Industry have important roles while diffusing 
values and ideas of the new system. 
24. What’s the “mass society thesis”? It is a pessimistic critique of mass/popular culture, based on sociological theories 
such as Marxism. It suggests that popular culture prevents critical and revolutionary thought. It leads to a society where 
individuals lose their sense of community, their individuality and come to rely on strong authority from above. 
25. According to theoretical assumptions, the expression 'Subculture' may represent: a set of specific cultural elements 
adopted by a social group, as a micro-group, which may either peacefully coexist in society or constitute a marginal 
subculture if compared to the culture imposed by the 'cream of the society' (elite). 
26. What does agency refer to? It refers to the freedom individuals have to act on their own choices. Commonly, it is 
referred to as free will. 
27. According to the Post-Modernity phenomenon, globalization: May alter time and space notions, drive out the social 
system and the imposed structures as well as make possible the emergence of a pluralization of social power centers. 
28. What is the official language of 20 percent of the world's people? Chinese 
29. Which alternative represents the right definition of subculture: This usually refers to a group that has broken away 
from the wider, dominant culture: a culture within a culture that has its own specialist norms and values its own of life, 
shared by a smaller proportion of a population. 
30. “Culture is among the most complicated words in the English language. It refers to the processes by which the 
symbolic systems (e.g., common sense, usual way of doing things"; traditions and rituals, frameworks for understanding 
experience etc.) characteristically shared by a group of people are maintained and transformed across time” 
(www.encyclopedia.com). Which of the following statementsabout culture is correct: Youth culture refers to those 
processes and symbolic systems that young people share that are, to some degree, distinctive from those of their parents 
and the other adults in their community. 
31. Which alternative represents the right definition of deviant subculture: Deviant subculture: While some subcultures 
conform for most of part to the broader norms and values of the dominant culture, other groups seek to reject these 
norms and values and are therefore considered as a deviant subcult ̲ure. 
32. Following theoretical assumptions by researchers in general, a coherent reflection about culture concept would be: 
A collection of devoted behavior, transmitted generation by generation. 
33. Many contemporary sociologists, especially postmodernists, are interested in the role played by popular culture in 
the creation of identity.They define it as: Popular culture or sometimes mass culture is usually defined as media and 
other cultural products that are readily available, often cheap to consume and have popular or mass appeal. Popular 
culture especially fashion and music is also seen to be major feature of youth subcultures. 
34. Roland Barthes' concepts embrace multiple themes of knowledge. In his book "Elementos de semiologia", he retakes 
the concepts of 'signo' used in the past by the first writers and explains his main concepts as for example: He outcome of 
'signo' as a social communication way where we find a relation between significante (o manifesto) e o significado (o 
conotado). 
35. Who saw all languages as made up of a collection of ´signs´, that is, collection of symbols that stand for, represent, 
´symbolize´ something outside the language? Saussure 
36. Para Habermas, a estrutura social é formada por convenções que delimitam o campo de ações, estabelecendo as 
condições pelas quais escolhemos uma determinada ação, pensando ter feito a melhor escolha possível. A linguagem é o 
instrumento que utilizamos para isso, sendo essa estrutura a maior responsável por determinar a forma como ela é usada. 
A partir dessa concepção, podemos dizer que: A estrutura discursiva utilizada pelos falantes de uma língua dispõe da 
possibilidade de retorno e reinterpretação do discurso, podendo alcançar o fim pretendido por eles ou não. 
37. One of the founders of Semiology as a subject applied to Social Sciences is: Roland Barthes 
38. All of the following typically generate cultural change, except: Ethnocentrism. 
39. How can functionalism be defined? It is the perspective in sociology according to which society consists of different 
but related parts, each of which serves a general purpose. 
40. Advertising plays an important role in the economic life of almost every market economy. Why is it so? Because: 
consumption is based on the instant gratification of needs. 
41. Functionalism main goal is: Analyze key elements of a social system, trying to understand how these elements are 
related to other elements of the same social system and to social system as a whole. 
42. Durkheim thoughts revealed the independent existence of social facts in relation to persons. He created the 
expression collective conscious, which means: The standardized manner of conduct and thought that may be observed in 
an inner social group. 
43. What are the strengths of functionalism in relation to culture? It allows us to think about the nature of the social 
system as a whole, explains the process of socialization and how culture can create order in society. 
44. One of the best results of Feminism in our contemporary society is: A process of intense and global consciousness 
about women's dignity and emancipation. 
45. Studies about Feminism content are important, especially in Latin America because: The political reality in this 
continent is marked by authoritarian crises, the increase of social differences and prejudice against women. 
46. According to Sociology, what is ethinicity (etnia)? It refers to a social group that differentiates from other groups if 
we analyze its cultural and social specificities, which form its own identity. 
47. Feminism ideology can take many different forms. In the 1970's, women started developing a theory which helped 
to explain their oppression. By the 1980's, feminists started disagreeing on particular issues linked to feminism. What was 
once one theory, began to branch out into many theories that focused on different feminist issues. What is the main focus 
of radical feminism? Radical feminism focuses on men as oppressors. Radical feminists view prostitution as a 
reinforcement, perpetuation, subordination, and exploitation of women. 
48. Mark the correct option as far as the Post-Structuralism movement is concerned: One important factor is that the 
Post-Structuralism inaugurates and registers Nietzsche's French reception, which provided inspiration to many of his 
theoretical innovations. 
49. About the Feminism phenomenon, we can say that: In spite of its expressivity, the lack of studies to rescue the 
feminist contribution and to insert it in the different state levels, especially in the context of Latin America, is still a 
preoccupation. 
50. What is the difference between a common scientist and an applied scientist? A common scientist is interested in 
the way something functions, whereas an applied scientist is interested in constructing this knowledge and applying it to 
obtain useful results. 
51. The concept of reflexive modernization or reflexive modernity was launched by a joint effort of three of the leading 
European sociologists - Anthony Giddens, Ulrich Beck and Scott Lash, three prominent social thinkers. Reflexive 
modernization is a process of modernization that is characteristic of risk society whereby progress is achieved through 
reorganization and "reform". What is Science and technology, for the purpose of reflexive modernization, concerned with? 
It is less concerned with expanding the resource base, but rather with re-evaluating that which is already being used by 
society. 
52. The theoretical discussion about nation and nationalism embraces three basic elements: Nation, identity and race 
53. In the past, the word 'race' was used to explain differences of skin color. Today, Sociology has brought a different 
meaning. According to this Science, what is race? A population in which all the members share certain inherited 
characteristics. 
54. With the advent of globalization, the idea of the need of consumerism to reach happiness became more and more 
broadcasted. One example of this fact may be found in: Shopping centers became 'temples of consumerism', fast food had 
total acceptance, young people just want expensive, costly clothes. 
55. According to the Reflexive Modernization theory, politicians are not to be blamed for all of their decisions because: 
The political decisions that influence everyday life the most are not from formal political resolution, but from informal 
spheres of society. 
56. The political and moral problems in valuing some cultures above others has led many sociologists to adopt a more 
relativistic position when thinking about and comparing cultures. In this view: No one culture is "correct"- rather, different 
cultures are simply different and should be tolerated as such. 
57. What are the main features of a culture? Language and ethnicity; History and religion; Customs and norms; All of 
the above 
58. Considering a general definition, Man owns culture. He has the control of language and fire, makes use of different 
tools, constructs a family and invents myths, religions and sciences. According to this perspective, compare man to the 
other animals. Gabarito: Discutir a superioridade do homem em relação a outros seres, como único portador de cultura.Resposta: The man can build and create things. The man thinks, has social life, can interect one another, imagine. And 
the animals don't think, their actions are run by instinct. 
59. The process by which one generation passes culture to the next is called: Cultural transmission. 
60. In a globalized contemporary world, high technology has emerged and developed different means of communication 
more and more. This generates advantages and disadvantages, respectively: A large flow of ideas among different cultures 
by the radio, newspapers, TV and the internet; the denying access to technology by lower classes, which creates a gap 
between different communities. 
61. From historical antecedents of the XVIII century, associated to recent theories (taking into consideration man and 
culture development), discuss the concept of culture, highlighting new challenges. Resposta: Culture is how people can 
describe their way of life, likes and didlikes, as well as their point of views. Nowadays, we face an exchange in cultures 
that is increasing, and that is our challenge: To maisntain our own culture and assimilate these new ones, and interact 
with everyone in the planet, as a tool to do better business nd social partnerships. 
62. An outstanding event that contributed to Post-Structuralim continuity was: The interpretation of Nietzsche's works 
by Martin Heidegger (1991/1961), Deleuze, Derrida, Foucault, Klossowski and Koffman, since the beginning of the 60s 
until the 80s. 
63. The expression Reflexive Modernity, proposed by Giddens, Beck and Lash in the book Reflexive Modernization aims 
at analyzing the present transformations in the world, the crisis process and its consequences. Mark the correct option, 
according to the authors: The social and natural world in this post-modern society is totally influenced by reflexive human 
knowledge, giving rise to an idea of ecological crisis and unexpected risks. 
64. According to the Reflexive Modernity theory, politicians are not to be blamed for all of their decisions. Explain the 
reason for this conception. Resposta: Politicians do not make decisions by theirselves. They must follow what is dictated 
by society, mainly those interests that runs the economical health of their Government. So every and all decision taken 
must be acceptable for companies and people as a ways of keep up with the stock markets. 
65. Read the following paragraph and choose the alternative the best reflects the relation between anthropologists and 
culture. All anthropologists share a reliance upon the culture concept, which they take as a starting point for 
understanding human experience regardless of subdiscipline, specialization, or theoretical orientation. Being so: A. 
anthropologists define culture differently from common usage and have extended its meaning and applicability beyond a 
simple term to a comprehensive theoretical paradigm. 
66. Choose the correct alternative: Anthropology began as a specialized discipline in the 19th century within a 
theoretical school called evolutionism. This approach was related to the dominant Darwinist and, more importantly, social 
Darwinist paradigms of the period. 
67. What are Goffmans strengths? Choose the alternative that does not belong to his approach: Goffman denies society 
and individuals as valuable elements in cultural studies 
68. Considering a general definition, Man owns culture. He has the control of language and fire, makes use of different 
tools, constructs a family, invents myths, religions and sciences. According to this perspective, mark the correct option: 
In opposition to the other animals, man elaborates, shares and spreads culture generation by generation. 
69. Which one is seen as a product of human action, has an aim and has a physical presence? Artefacts 
70. _____ personify the cultures values and serve as role models: Heroes 
71. The study of culture and identity therefore involves debates on a wide range of important issues: The relation 
between animals and their environment