RESUMO E QUESTOES - LI EST SINTATICA I

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• Determiners (Demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, articles, possessive adjectives, numerals): A, an, my, 
some, the, one, thousand, this, that, my, your, both, who, when, why. 
• Adverbs: Happily, recently, soon, then, there, yes, no (as answers) 
• Pronouns (personal pronouns, indefinite pronouns, possessive, relative, demonstrative and interrogative pronouns): 
He, she, some, any, all, mine, yours, which, who, that. 
• Prepositions: A preposition is a connector that introduces a prepositional phrase. It usually connects a noun or noun 
phrase to the part of the sentence modified by the whole prepositional phrase, and it shows the relation between 
the two. 
• Conjunctions: A conjunction is a connector. A coordinate conjunction connects words or groups of words that are 
grammatically the same. A subordinate conjunction connects a subordinate, or dependent, clause to a main clause. 
EX: And, because, but, if, or 
 
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION: 
• Some word classes are OPEN (OR FORM CLASSES), that is, new words can be added to the class as the need 
arises. The class of nouns, for instance, is potentially infinite, since it is continually being expanded as new scientific 
discoveries are made, new products are developed, and new ideas are explored. They are: Nouns, Lexical Verbs 
(or Full Verbs), Adjectives, Adverbs and Interjections. The words in open classes are called CONTENT (OR 
LEXICAL) WORDS. They are words, which have meaning in themselves. 
• On the other hand, we never invent new prepositions, determiners, or conjunctions. They are called CLOSED (OR 
STRUCTURE CLASSES) WORD CLASSES because they are made up of finite sets of words which are never 
expanded (though their members may change their spelling, for example, over long periods of time). They are: 
Auxiliary Verbs (primary and modal verbs), Determiners, Pronouns, Prepositions and Conjunctions. The words in 
open classes are called FUNCTION WORDS. They are words, which have little or no meaning other than the 
grammatical idea they express. There are only about 300 in English. 
 
Important: One used as a noun-substitute (as in the red dress and the blue one). The verbs be, have, do, will, would, shall, 
should, can, could, may, might, must (auxiliaries). These verbs are stressed when they come at the end of the sentence 
and when they are used in tag questions. 
Note: The same lexical word can function as either content or function word depending on it's function in an utterance. 
“I have come to see you", "have" is a function word (auxiliary verb) 
"I have three apples", "have" is a content word (full verb) 
"One has one's principles", "one" is a function word (pronoun) 
"I have one apple", "one" is a content word (numeral) 
"I have no more money", "no" is a function word (a negative particle) "No. 
I am not coming", "no" is a content word (Yes/No answer) 
 
 
 
The Word Classes and the Clause Elements: There is a close connection 
between the eight word classes and the seven clause elements—subjects, 
verbs (verb elements), objects, predicative, complements, adnominal 
functors and adverbials. The various types of phrase function as one or 
another of the clause elements; they are the “constituents” of the clause 
elements in other words. 
Simple prepositions consist of a single word, while complex prepositions 
consist of a group of words that act as one unit. Some examples of complex 
prepositions in English are: in spite of, with respect to, except for, by dint of, 
next to. 
 
TYPES OF PREPOSITION 
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME 
 
 
 
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE: 
Prepositions “in, on or at” are usually used for different places. 
 
 “In” is usually used for place which have some boundary (boundary may physical or virtual). 
1. Place having some boundary (physical or virtual boundary), surrounded on all sides - e.g. In hall - In school - In 
garden - In cupboard – in a square – in the street (BE)– in the rain – in the paper – in the sky – in a line – in the 
picture 
2. Larger areas like cities, states, countries, continents, towns, village - e.g. In America – in London – in the city – in 
the country- in the river 
3. With words that describe the relative position of something - e.g. In the middle of the square – in a corner of a tent 
– in the south of England 
4. With words like HOSPITAL, CHURCH, PRISON - e.g. In hospital – in church 
5. Newspapers and magazines - e.g. Na article in the Daily Mail 
6. With the words BACK, FRONT, CORNER, MIDDLE - e.g. He sits in the corner of the room. He sits in the back of 
the car. 
 
 “On” is used for surface. 
1. Horizontal or vertical surface of something. On blackboard - On a page - On the wall - On the roof - On a map - e.g. 
On the west coast of Scotland. On the north bank of the River Thames. On the border between Italy and Austria 
2. With machines - e.g. On the phone – on his computer – on television 
3. To designate names of streets, avenues, etc - e.g. Her house is on Boretz Road. 
4. With RIGHT, LEFT and SIDE - e.g. On the right – on the left – on the other side of the river 
 
 “At” is used for specific place. 
1. Specific Place. At the entrance - At bus stop - At the edge of roof - e.g. The bus stops at Graz. She sits at the desk. 
I stand at the door. 
2. Specific addresses. (with the number) - e.g. Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham. 
3. Social activities - e.g. At a football match – at the cinema – at the party. 
4. With words such as: HOME, WORK, SCHOOL - e.g. At home – at work – at school 
5. Buildings when we are not thinking about what normally happens there, and not about the building itself - e.g. Alan 
works at a garage. I study economics at university. I stay at my grandmother's. 
6. With words such as: TOP, END, BEGINNING, BOTTOM, FRONT - e.g. The car stands at the end of the street. 
7. At the bottom of glass. At front of the chair. Write this information at the beginning of the letter. Look at the top of 
the page. 
 
NOTE: 
1. We were at the theater (=watching a play) / It was dark in the theater (=inside the theater) 
The boys are at the swimming pool (=swimming or watching the swimmers) / It was cold in the swimming pool (=in 
the water) 
We stopped at a village near Coventry (=point) / There were two shops in the village (=inside the village) 
The trains stops at Balham (= appoint on the railway line) / The Perrings live in Balham (=surrounded by houses) 
2. WE SAY at the corner of the street (a point), but in the corner of the room (a place surrounded on all sides) 
3. IN BED – under the sheets. X ON BED – on the sheets. 
4. AT THE LIBRARY – in the front of it.X IN THE LIBRARY – inside the building 
 
PREPOSITIONS AND MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION 
 
PUBLIC 
Get on – off are used for a bus, plane, ship or train. (Originally, from "on board" or "aboard" a wooden ship, on now refers 
to all public or mass transportation: on a bus, on a ship, on a plane, on a ferry). The expression CANNOT be separated by 
an object or object pronoun. 
 Get on the bus. Get off the bus. 
 Get on the plane. Get off the plane. 
 Get on the ship. Get off the ship. 
 Get in the van (enclosed) Get out of the van. 
 Get on the train Get off the train. 
 Get on the elevator (lift) Get off the elevator. 
 
PRIVATE 
Get in - out of are used for enclosed, private transportation. On - off are used for other modes such as bikes and motorcycles. 
The expression CANNOT be separated by an object or object pronoun. 
 Get on the motorcycle. (open-air) Get off the motorcycle. 
 Get on the bicycle. (open-air) Get off the bicycle. 
 Get in the car. (enclosed)Get out of of the car. 
Get in the taxi/ limousine (enclosed) Get out of of the taxi / limousine. Get 
in the elevator (enclosed – usage varies) Get out of the elevator. 
 
 
 
Prepositional Phrases: Prepositions are words which begin prepositional phrases. A prepositional phrase is a group of 
words containing a preposition, a noun or pronoun object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object. A preposition 
sits in front of (is “pre-positioned” before) its object. The bolded phrases are examples of prepositional phrases in English: 
She is on the computer. He could hear her across the room. Sarah walked down the ramp. They walked to their school. 
Garrett ate in the kitchen. 
The prepositional phrase in this sentence is composed of two parts: a preposition and a noun phrase. The 
preposition is in the head position, and the noun phrase is in the complement position. 
EX: After several minutes, we located the key for the door. 
After several minutes = prepositional phrase 
After = preposition 
Several minutes = object of preposition 
Do not confound object of preposition and direct object: We drove to the store. To the store is a prepositional phrase. 
Store is the object of the preposition to, not the direct object of the verb drove. We drove our car to the grocery store. Car 
is the direct object of the verb drove. To the grocery store is a prepositional phrase. 
Important: 
Some verbs need a preposition before an object or another verb. The preposition is only grammatical; it does not change 
the meaning of the verb. 
 
When Can a Sentence End with a Preposition? 
English has a type of verb called a phrasal verb. These are verbs made up of multiple words, and one is always a preposition. 
“Cheer up,” “run over,” “log on,” and “leave off” are all examples of phrasal verbs, and often sentences that use phrasal 
verbs end with a preposition: I wish he would cheer up. You should leave it off. 
It’s also OK to end a sentence with a preposition sometimes even when you aren’t using a phrasal verb. For example, 
although you could rewrite the following sentences to avoid ending them with a preposition, you don’t need to. 
She displayed the good humor she’s known for. (Could be rewritten as “She displayed the good humor for which she’s 
known.”) 
I want to know where he came from. (Could be rewritten as “I want to know from where he came.”) 
What's this about? (Could be rewritten as “About what is this?”) 
Which book are you referring to? (Could be rewritten as “To which book are you referring?”) What 
did you step on? (Could be rewritten as “On what did you step?”) 
 
When Can't You End a Sentence with a Preposition? 
But, you can't always end sentences with prepositions. When you could leave off the preposition and it wouldn't change the 
meaning, you should leave it off. Here is a cell phone commercial: 
Where are you at? The problem is that “Where are you at?” doesn't need the preposition at the end. If you say “Where are 
you?” it means the same thing. So the "at" is unnecessary. You should leave it off. 
 
Other positions: 
1. Some prepositions can appear on either side of their complement; these can be called ambipositions: He slept 
{through the whole night}/{the whole night through}. 
 
2. Another preposition surrounds its complement, called a circumposition. A circumposition has two parts, which 
surround the complement to form a circumpositional phrase. 
3. English: from now on 
4. Interposition is used for prepositions in the structures such as the following: word for word, page upon page. 
 
Classification by Complement 
Prepositional phrases generally act as complements and adjuncts of noun phrases (adjectives) and verb phrases (indirect 
object, prepositional object or adverbs). For example: 
The man from China was enjoying his noodles. (Adjunct of a noun phrase - adjective). 
She ran under him. (Adjunct of a verb phrase - adverb). 
A student of physics. (Complement of a noun phrase - adjective). 
She argued with him. (Complement of a verb phrase – prepositional object). 
She handed the money to me. (Complement of a verb phrase – indirect object). 
Give this man your name. (Complement of a verb phrase – indirect object with preposition understood). 
Let’s analyze: The boy from the shop is waiting at the corner. At the corner: The head of this prepositional phrase is the 
preposition at. The function of the phrase is adverbial - it does the work of an adverb by modifying the verb waiting. It 
answers the question: where is he waiting? 
 
1. A text consists of one or more sentences (frases) 
2. A sentence consists of one or more clauses (orações) 
3. A clause consists of one or more phrases (sintagmas) 
4. A word consists of one or more morphemes (morfemas) 
5. A phrase consists of one or more words (palavras) 
 
Active and Passive Voice; 
In grammar, the voice (also called diathesis) of a verb describes 
the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb 
expresses and the participants identified by its arguments 
(subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of 
the action, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject is the 
patient, target or undergoes of the action, the verb is said to be 
in the passive voice. For example, in the sentence: The cat ate 
the mouse, the verb "ate" is in the active voice. In the sentence: 
The mouse was eaten by the cat, the verbal phrase "was eaten" 
is passive. 
In a transformation from an active-voice clause to an equivalent 
passive-voice construction, the subject and the direct object 
switch grammatical roles. The direct object gets promoted to 
subject, and the subject demoted to an (optional) complement. 
ACTIVE: [Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action] 
John (subject doing action) washes (active verb) the dishes (object receiving action). 
PASSIVE: [Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]. The 
dishes (subject receiving action) are washed (passive verb) by John (object doing action). 
 
 
 
 
Dynamic and Static Passive: 
"Static" means that an action was done to the subject at a certain point in time resulting in a state in the time focused upon. 
Static passive auxiliary verb: be (the "be-passive"). The grass is cut (static). 
"Dynamic" means that an action takes place. The grass is being cut (dynamic). Dynamic passive can also use the auxiliary 
verb get (the "get-passive"). The grass gets cut or Note that for some speakers of English this is not accepted and is 
considered colloquial or sub-standard. The grass is being cut (dynamic). 
 
How to Identify a Sentence in the Passive Voice? Ask yourself whether there is an action going on in the sentence. If 
so, what is at the front of the sentence? Is it the person or thing that does the action? Or is it the person or thing that has 
the action done to it? In a passive sentence, the object of the action will be in the subject position in front of the sentence. 
As discussed above, the sentence will also contain a form of be and a past participle. If the subject appears at all, it will 
usually be at the end of the sentence, often in a phrase that starts with “by.”: The fish was caught by the seagull. If we ask 
ourselves whether there’s an action, the answer is yes: a fish is being caught. If we ask what’s at the front of the sentence, 
the actor or the object of the action, it’s the object: the fish, unfortunately for it, got caught, and there it is at the front of the 
sentence. The thing that did the catching—the seagull—is at the end, after “by.” There’s a form of be (was) and a past 
participle (caught). This sentenceis passive. 
 
• Connotation is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word. It refers to the associations that are 
connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. 
• Denotation is the strict dictionary meaning of a word. It refers to the literal meaning of a word, the 'dictionary 
 Homonyms have the same spelling and the same pronunciation but they have different meanings. 
• Homographs have a different sound but the same spelling. 
 
 
 
1) If the introductory sentence starts in the present 
(Susan says), present perfect (Susan has said) or future 
(Susan will say) there is no backshift of tenses in Reported 
speech. 
Direct speech: Susan: "I work in an office." 
Reported speech: Susan says (that) she works in an office. 
Direct speech: Susan: “I watch TV everyday”. 
Reported speech: She has said (that) she watches TV 
every day. 
Direct speech: Jack: “I come to school every day.” 
Reported speech: Jack will say (that) he comes to school 
every day. 
2) The reporting verb is in the past tense but the 
meaning refers to something, which never changes or is 
always true, there is no backshift of tense. 
Direct speech: “The Earth is round,” the teacher explained. 
Reported speech: The teacher explained that the Earth is 
round. 
Direct speech: “Monkeys can’t fly,” he said. 
Reported speech: He said that monkeys can’t fly. 
Direct speech: “Phrasal verbs are important”, the teacher said. 
Reported speech: The teacher said that phrasal verbs are important. 
3) When we are reporting something that was said in the past but is still true, it is not obligatory to make the 
tense 'more in the past'. The choice is up to the speaker. 
Direct speech: "The train doesn't stop here." 
Reported speech: He said the train doesn't stop here. 
Reported speech: He said the train didn't stop here. 
Direct speech: "I like Sarah." 
Reported speech: She said she likes Sarah. 
Reported speech: She said she liked Sarah. 
4) The auxiliary verbs should, could, would, ought to and might do not change in the indirect speech. 
Direct speech: “You should do your homework,” mum said. 
Reported speech: Mum said (that) I should do my homework. 
Direct speech: “Aunt Helen might visit us,” she said. 
Reported speech: She said that Aunt Helen might visit us. 
5) Simple Past and Past Progressive do not normally change in sentences with when/if. 
Direct speech: “When I was having breakfast, the telephone suddenly rang.“ 
Reported speech: She said that when she was having breakfast, the telephone suddenly rang. 
Direct speech: “If I had more time, I would learn French.“ 
Reported speech: He said that if he had more time, he would learn French. 
 
1. If we put a QUESTION into REPORTED SPEECH, 
tense changes, time phrase changes, place changes 
and person changes are the same as for reported 
speech already mentioned. Where’s my book?” he 
asked. - He asked where his book was. 
2. In Reported speech there is no question anymore, 
the sentence becomes a statement. That is why the 
word order is: subject – verb. “What is your name?” She 
asked me. - She asked me what my name was. “Where 
is the theatre?” He asked. - He wanted to know where 
the theatre was. “Is he your uncle?” She asked. - She 
asked whether (if) he was my uncle. 
4. Question with question words are introduced by the question words, e.g. what, who, where, etc.: Tony: “What did you do 
yesterday?” – Tony wanted to know what I had done the day before. 
The reporting verb said (or any other word used as the reporting verb) changes to asked, queried, questioned, demanded 
of or enquired of in the indirect speech. Note that of is used after enquired and demanded only when the reporting verb has 
an object. 
The most common reporting verbs used to report a question are asked and enquired of. The reporting verb queried is 
somewhat investigative. Demanded of is the strongest of all reporting verbs mentioned above. It is used when an 
explanation is desired. 
EXAMPLES: 
Direct: She said to me, ‘Are you coming with us?’ 
Indirect: She asked me if I was going with them. OR She asked them if I was coming with them. 
Direct: She said to me, ‘Are you unwell?’ Indirect: 
She asked me if I was unwell. 
Direct: She said to him, ‘Am I to wait for you till eternity?’ 
Indirect: She enquired of him if she was to wait for him till eternity. 
Direct: She said to him, ‘Am I to wait for you till eternity?’ 
Indirect: She enquired of him if she was to wait for him till eternity. 
Direct: I said to him, ‘Were you present at the meeting yesterday?’ 
Indirect: I asked him whether he had been present at the meeting the day before (or the previous day). 
Direct: The woman asked the stranger, ‘Should I help you?’ 
Indirect: The woman asked the stranger whether she should help him. 
 
Requests: 
1. The basic rule for requests is: introductory clause +‚ to‘ + infinite verb. 
Direct speech: “Say hello to your mum.” 
Reported speech: She asked me to say hello to my mum. 
2. Advise expressions with must, should and ought are usually reported using advise/urge. 
Direct speech: “You must read that book.” 
Reported speech: He advised/urged me to read that book. 
3. The expression let’s is usually reported using suggest. In this case, there are various possibilities for reported speech: 
gerund or statement with should. 
Direct speech: “Let’s go to the cinema.” 
Reported speech: He suggested going to the cinema. 
Reported speech: He suggested that we should go to the cinema. 
 
Changing Pronouns and Time Expressions: 
When changing from direct speech to reported speech, it is often necessary to change the pronouns to match the subject 
of the sentence. 
She said, "I want to bring my children." BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children. 
Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show." BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show. 
 
It is also important to change time expressions when referring to 
present, past or future time to match the moment of speaking. She said, 
"I want to bring my children tomorrow." BECOMES She said she 
wanted to bring her children the next day. 
Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show yesterday." BECOMES 
Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show the day before. 
Additional Information and Exceptions 
Apart from the above mentioned basic rules, there are further aspects 
that you should keep in mind, for example: main clauses connected 
with and/but; tense of the introductory clause. Main Clauses 
connected with AND/BUT 
If two complete main clauses are connected with ‘and’ or ‘but‘, put ‘that’ 
after the conjunction. He said, "I saw her but she didn’t see me." – He 
said that he had seen her but that she hadn’t seen him. 
If the subject is left out in the second main clause (the conjunction is 
followed by a verb), DO NOT use ‘that’. She said, "I am a nurse and 
work in a hospital." – He said that she was a nurse and worked in a 
hospital. 
Tense of the Introductory Clause: The introductory clause usually is in 
Past Tense. He said that … 
Present Tense is often used to report a conversation that is still going 
on, e.g. during a phone call or while reading a letter. "I am fine." – Tom says/writes that he is fine. 
The introductory clause can also be in another tense. In the following table, you can see, for which tense of the introductory 
clause you have to use backshift in reported speech. 
 
Free indirect speech is a form of indirect speech where the reported utterance is expressed independently, not in a 
grammatically subordinate form. 
Quoted or direct speech: "He laid down his bundle and thoughtof his misfortune. "And just what pleasure have I found, 
since I came into this world?" he asked." 
Reported or normal indirect speech: "He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. He asked himself what 
pleasure he had found since he came into the world." 
Free indirect speech: "He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. And just what pleasure had he found, since 
he came into this world?" 
FIGURES OF SPEECH 
 
• Alliteration: s the duplication of a specific consonant sound at the start of each word and in quick succession. Although 
alliterations are all about consonant sounds, exceptions can be made, when vowels sounds are also repeated. This 
figure of speech is commonly seen in poems. 
 
• Anaphora: It is the repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses. 
 
• Antithesis: is a figure of speech where two very opposing lines of thought or ideas are placed in a somewhat balanced 
sentenced. 
 
• Apostrophe: A figure of speech in which some absent or nonexistent person or thing is addressed as if present and 
capable of understanding. 
 
• Assonance: From the Latin, "sound", The repetition of similar vowel sounds in neighboring words. 
 
• Asyndeton: From the Greek, "unconnected”, It is a figure of speech in which one or several conjunctions are omitted 
from a series of related clauses. 
 
• Ellipsis: From the Ancient Greek, "omission" or "falling short", In grammar and rhetoric, the omission of one or more 
words, which must be supplied by the listener or reader. 
 
• Euphemism: From the Greek, "use of good words". A euphemism is a polite word or expression that people use when 
they are talking about something which they or other people may find unpleasant, upsetting or embarrassing. When we 
use euphemisms we are protecting ourselves from the reality of what is said. There are many euphemisms that refer to 
sex, bodily functions, war, death, etc. Euphemisms are often good examples of idiomatic language use: 
 
• Hyperbole: “excess”. An exaggeration that is so dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true. 
 
• Irony: "feigned ignorance”. Irony is used to stress on the opposite meaning of a word. When people are looking to be 
sarcastic, they employ irony. 
 
• Metaphor: is a figure of speech that says that one thing is another different thing. This allows us to use fewer words and 
forces the reader or listener to find the similarities. 
 
• Metonymy: "change of name", is a figure of speech where one word or phrase is used in place of another. With 
metonymies, a name of a particular thing is substituted with the name of a thing that is closely related to it. 
 
• Onomatopoeia: From the Latin, "make names". Onomatopoeia is the use of words that sound like their meaning, or 
mimic sounds. It is used to replicate sounds created by objects, actions, animals and people. 
 
• Oxymoron: "sharp-dull" An oxymoron is a figure of speech that deliberately uses two contradictory ideas. This 
contradiction creates a paradoxical image in the reader or listener's mind that generates a new concept or meaning for 
the whole. Some typical oxymorons are: Sometimes you have to be cruel to be kind. 
 
• Personification: "face, mask". Personification gives human characteristics to inanimate objects, animals, or ideas. This 
can really affect the way the reader imagines things. This is used in children’s books, poetry, and fictional literature. The 
picture in that magazine shouted for attention. 
 
• Pleonasm: “more, too much”. It is the use of superfluous or redundant words. There are two kinds of pleonasm: syntactic 
pleonasm and semantic pleonasm. "There ain't nothing wrong with that" 
 
• Polysyndeton: "bound together", refers to that figure of speech which makes good use of conjunctions and in close 
succession. He ran and jumped and laughed for joy. We lived and laughed and loved and left. 
 
• Pun (Uncertain Origin): A pun is a form of word play which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple 
meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. Puns are used to create 
humor and sometimes require a large vocabulary to understand. You can, for example, use a word that looks like or 
sounds like another word. 
 
• Simile: "likeness" or "comparison". A simile is a figure of speech that says that one thing is like another different thing. 
We can use similes to make descriptions more emphatic or vivid. We often use the words as...as and like with similes. 
AS adjective AS something = As blind as a bat = completely blind 
 
• Zeugma: refers to the employment of a word to bridge two or more words, but here the word makes sense to one word 
or all words in dissimilar ways. You are free to execute your laws, and your citizens, as you see fit." 
 
Inherent and Non-inherent Adjectives 
 
Most attributive adjectives denote some attribute of the noun which they modify. For instance, the phrase a red car 
may be said to denote a car which is red. In fact most adjective-noun sequences such as this can be loosely reformulated 
in a similar way: 
 An old man ~a man who is old 
 Difficult questions ~questions which are difficult 
 Round glasses ~glasses which are round 
This applies equally to postpositive adjectives: 
 something understood ~something which is understood 
 the people responsible ~the people who are responsible 
In each case the adjective denotes an attribute or quality of the noun, as the reformulations show. Adjectives of this 
type are known as INHERENT adjectives. The attribute they denote is, as it were, inherent in the noun which they modify. 
However, not all adjectives are related to the noun in the same way. For example, the adjective small in a small 
businessman does not describe an attribute of the businessman. It cannot be reformulated as a businessman who is 
small. Instead, it refers to a businessman whose business is small. We refer to adjectives of this type as NON-INHERENT 
adjectives. They refer less directly to an attribute of the noun than inherent adjectives do. Here are some more examples, 
showing the contrast between inherent and non-inherent: 
 
Inherent Non-inherent 
distant hills distant relatives 
a complete chapter a complete idiot 
a heavy burden a heavy smoker 
a social survey a social animal 
an old man an old friend 
 
ORDEM DOS ADJETIVOS: 
Por que dizemos: “a big black dog” (um cachorro preto e grande) e não “black big dog”? Porque existe uma ordem 
dos adjetivos em inglês. E é sobre essa ordem preestabelecida dos adjetivos que vamos falar agora. 
A ordem dos adjetivos é uma só, mas existem alguns jeitos de apresentá-la e de ajudar você a se lembrar. A primeira, e 
mais comum, é a tabela abaixo: 
 
Opinion Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material Purpose Noun 
Lovely Big Old Square Brown English Leather School Backpack 
 
A ordem dos adjetivos e a respectiva escolha deles é a seguinte: 
Opinião > Tamanho > Idade > Formato > Cor > Origem > Matéria > Propósito > Substantivo 
Adorável > Grande > Velha > Quadrada > Marrom > Inglesa > De couro > Escolar > Mochila 
 
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE 
1. Combination of PREPOSITION and a NOUN: 
EX: ON THE TABLE -> Even if I add some adjectives in there and say ON THE OAK, DINING ROOM TABLE – 
That’s still prepositional phrase because there is no VERB, it’s just preposition and noun together. 
2. We can use those to express different things in the sentence: 
TO SHOW LOCATION: He put the book ON THE OAK, dining room table (showing location of the book) 
TO SHOW DIRECTION: He ran DOWN THE STREET 
TO SHOW TIME: IN SPRINGthe cherry blossoms bloom 
TO SHOW MANNER/ FEELING/ ATTITUDE: He jumped back IN SURPRISE 
It is a useful way of adding detail to you writing, especially if you are writing a descriptive essay or descriptive paragraph: 
BEFORE: I watched the rain fall -> just adding a feel prepositional phrases you can improve upon this sentence and it 
became -> FROM MY WINDOW I watched the rain fall ON THE FIELDS OF CORN BEHIND MY HOUSE. 
IMPORTANT: Nothing in Prepositional Phrase cannot be the subject of a sentence: 
EX: In the hallway of the school, the photo of Mr. Freeborn frightened the children of all ages. 
If you know that Prepositional Phrase cannot be the subject of the sentence, it is easier for you to identify the subject 
in this case. We know that “the photo” HAS TO BE the subject to the sentence because of “IN THE HALLWAY OF THE 
SCHOOL/ OF MR. FREEBORN/ OF ALL AGES” are Prepositional Phrase adding detail, but if you take those away, you can 
see the core of the sentence: 
THE PHOTO FRIGHTENED THE CHILDREN -> There are just simply have the subject, verb and the object. 
 
APPOSITIVE ADJECTIVE: A traditional grammatical term for an adjective (or a series of adjectives) that follows a noun 
and, like a nonrestrictive appositive, is set off by commas or dashes. Appositive adjectives often appear in pairs or groups 
of three (tricolons). EX: Arthur was a big boy, tall, strong, and broad-shouldered 
 
ADJECTIVES IN THE FIRST POSITION - before the noun - are called ATTRIBUTIVE adjectives. Those in the second 
position - after thenoun - are called PREDICATIVE adjectives. Notice that predicativeadjectives do not occur immediately 
after the noun. Instead, theyfollow a verb. 
 
 
 
1. Change into reported speech: I said I will come your party tomorrow.: I said that I would come to his party the next 
day 
2. What is the correct order of the adjectives? Opinion, size, shape, age, color, origin, material, purpose 
3. Match then choose the correct alternative: 1) In 2) At 3) On - (ON) 4th July, 1776 (ON) Easter Monday (AT) the end 
of the week (AT) Christmas (IN) September - On - on - at - at - in 
4. In which sentence the complement is correctly analyzed? That shrimp dish made him sick. (sick - object predicative) 
5. Indicate the word class of the underlined words in the following paragraph. 'Without compulsion, though sometimes 
encouraged by the Roman authorities, the natives began to adopt the Latin language, to build towns of the Italian 
type, to imitate Greco-Roman architecture and sculpture, to copy the manners of the Romans. In the Basque country 
and in Wales the indigenous languages have actually survived, whereas in Gaul, Celtic ultimately disappeared with 
few traces except in place names.': preposition - conjunction - adverb - noun – conjunction 
6. What is the impersonal passive of the sentence: 'People know that cars pollute the environment.’? Cars are known 
to pollute the environment 
7. In which alternative the word is incorrectly classified? He came by his fortune honestly (preposition) 
8. Choose the best alternative: "I thought he was my friend but he was just a _ in the grass.": Snake 
9. Select the word with the appropriate neutral connotation to complete the following sentence: 'Given the recent ___ 
college standards, it seems as though anyone can get an advanced degree, nowadays.': Decline in 
10. Choose the alternative that correctly analyses the word ‘after’ in the following sentences: I. Z comes after Y in the 
alphabet. II. They are still friends after all their differences. III. He departed shortly after. IV. I saw them after I arrived: 
preposition – preposition – adverb – conjunction 
11. Which word cannot be a verb? Dinner 
12. Match: 1. Spoken language - 2. Written language - 2-1-2-1-2-1 (2) It is more restricted and generally follows a 
standardised form of grammar, structure, organization, and vocabulary. (1) It has dialect variations that represent a 
region. (2) It is planned and can be changed through editing and revision before an audience reads it. (1) It is often 
spontaneous and unplanned. (2) It is more formal and compact. It progresses more logically With fewer explanations 
and digressions. (1) It is usually informal and repetitive 
13. What alternative has the correct order to the following: German / old / yellow / car / an? An old yellow German car 
14. In each of the following sentences the highlighted word is an adjective? The Prime Minister is a close friend of mine. 
(close) 
15. Explain the use of OF',FROM' and WITH': The table is made of wood - Wine is made from grapes - The cake was 
made with flour, butter, eggs, sugar and fruit: If something keeps its form, we use 'made of'. If the form is changed 
during the process of making, then we use 'made from'. The cake was made with flour, butter, eggs, sugar and fruit. 
(a number of different ingredients) 
16. A ___variation refers to variants and even historical stages follow each other on the diachronic axis: Diachronic 
variation 
17. Choose the best alternative: I think we can safely say now that we have got our money back, we are home and dry: 
Have been successful 
18. Which sentence is completed with the preposition IN? My cousin lives ___ the country. 
19. What do adjectives modify? Pronouns 
20. Choose the one figure that is most clearly illustrated by the short passage. The ocean looks like - A thousand 
diamonds strewn - Across a blue blanket: Simile 
21. Identify the prepositional phrase(s) in each sentence. a) 'What we do in life echoes in eternity = in eternity b) Luca 
Brasi sleeps with the fishes = with the fishes c) 'Tonight most people will be welcomed home by jumping dogs and 
squealing kids.' = by jumping dogs and squealing kids 
22. In which alternative the word is incorrectly analyzed? I couldnt give her an immediate answer. (answer - verb) 
23. In which alternative the word is incorrectly analyzed? Do not write on the front of the answer sheet. (answer - noun) 
24. What is the function word in the sentence: "I don't imagine you can succeed in a business venture.": You 
25. Adverbs modify which of the following? Verbs 
26. Adverbs modify which of the following? Adverbs 
27. Adverbs modify which of the following? Adjectives 
28. Which sentence is completed with the preposition ON? He lives ON a farm 
29. Identify the prepositional phrase(s) in each sentence. a) Toto, I've got a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore = in 
Kansas b) 'Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship = of a beautiful friendship c) 'It does not do to 
dwell on dreams, Harry, and forget to live = on dreams 
30. Put these words in the correct order: round / small / reading / lamp / A: A small round reading lamp 
31. In which sentence the preposition is CORRECTLY employed? We arrive in Madrid 
32. What is the semantic meaning of the prepositions in these sentences? I. He stayed there for 20 minutes. II. He bought 
everything, besides milk. III. Despite the rain, we went to the party. IV. He killed the intruder with a knife. V. They 
fought against each other. VI. He placed the ladder against the wall: duration - exclusion - concession - instrument - 
opposition - place 
33. For each question, choose the single best answer. I. The police caught the thief __ the corner of Cascade and Plum 
Streets. II. My fingers were injured so my sister had to write the note ___ me. III. My parents have been married __ 
forty-nine years. IV. The map lies __ the desk. V. The picture is __ page 10: AT - FOR - FOR - ON - ON 
34. In which option the words are incorrectly analyzed considering the word class and the clause element of the following 
sentence: 'We must change all the programs tomorrow’? All - indefinite pronoun-adverbial35. What do adjectives modify? Nouns 
36. In which alternative the word is incorrectly analyzed? They have a holiday cottage (holiday - noun). 
37. In which option the words are incorrectly analyzed considering the word class and the clause element of the following 
sentence: 'Computers are fairly commonplace today.'? Are - verb-transitive verb 
38. In which alternative the word highlighted is correctly analyzed? Try to ignore the few people who sneer. (few - 
pronoun) 
39. There is a close connection between the eight word classes and the seven clause elements subjects, verbs (verb 
elements), objects, predicatives, complements, adnominal functors and adverbials. The various types of phrase 
function as one or another of the clause elements; they are the constituents of the clause elements in other words. 
In which alternative the correspondence is NOT right? Conjunctions - adnominal functors 
40. What is the difference between alliteration and assonance? Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds in 
neighboring words. Alliteration is the duplication of a specific consonant sound at the start of each word and in quick 
succession. 
41. Which sentence is completed with the preposition AT? Look _AT_ the top of the page 
42. In which alternative we can't end the sentence with a preposition? Where are you at? 
43. In each of the following sentences the highlighted word is a participial adjective? He told me a moving story about 
his childhood. (moving) 
44. In which alternative the concept is wrong? A word consists of one or more phones. 
45. In which alternative the passive voice is wrong? 'We' ve lived here for six years'. - He told me that they have lived 
here for six years 
46. In which alternative the time change is wrong? Tomorrow - the day after 
47. Here are examples of pairs of connotations that describe the same thing or situation. The first has a negative 
connotation and the second is positive. In which alternative it doesn’t happen? Disabled - Crippled 
48. Identify the prepositional phrase(s) in each sentence: a) from the Dragon's keep b) on your head c) about gladiators 
a) 'You know, I always thought that I rescued you from the Dragon's Keep.' (Shrek Forever After, 2010) b) 'Son, you 
got a panty on your head.'(Raising Arizona, 1987) c) 'Joey, do you like movies about gladiators?' (Airplane! 1980) 
49. Write the following sentence in the active voice: 'With five seconds left in the game, an illegal time-out was called by 
one of the players: One of the players called an illegal time-out with five seconds left in the game. 
50. In which sentence the word AFTER is incorrectly analyzed? In after years the days followed as the same. (preposition) 
51. In which sentence the prepositional phrase is adjectival? The man by the car is my father. (by the car) 
52. What alternative has the correct order to the following: slim / Canadian / handsome / a / snowboarder? A handsome 
slim Canadian snowboarder 
53. In which sentence the predicative is subject? Christmas cookies smell delicious. (delicious) 
54. In the sentence: 'I sent him a letter.’ HIM is the indirect object. In which sentence this object is correctly changed in 
the passive voice and becomes the subject? He was sent a letter 
55. In which alternative the stressed syllable is incorrect? The guard will PERmit you to pass if you show a valid perMIT. 
57. In which sentence the preposition is CORRECTLY employed? I live in Brazil. 
58. Complete with the proper prepositions: IN - IN - TO - FROM - BY - 'I'm Peter and I live IN Germany. IN Summer. I 
like to travel TO Italy, because of the weather and the people there. Last summer I took a plane __ Munich to Rome. 
From the airport we went to our hotel __ bus.': 
59. Complete the sentences with the right preposition: ON - IN - BY – IN - I. She will go to New York ON 25th of March. 
II. I see a house IN the picture. III. It is very unusual in many cultures if a person is not married BY the age of 30. IV. 
I found the picture IN the paper. 
60. For each question, choose the single best answer: IN - IN - AT - ON – IN - I. I'll be ready to leave __ about twenty 
minutes. II. I was visiting my best friend __ the hospital. III. I'll see you __ home when I get there. IV. You frequently 
see this kind of violence __ television. V. I told Mom we'd be home ___ an hour or so: 
61. Complete with the proper preposition: ABOUT - ABOUT - AT - FOR – OF - I. I'm really angry ____ our losses on the 
stock market! II. He's excited ___ his birthday party next week. III. They are excellent ____ planning fun parties. IV. 
He says he's sorry ____ shouting at you. V. I'm afraid it was stupid ____ me to come. 
62. Complete with the proper preposition: TO - TO - WITH - ON – IN - I. I need to apologize ___ you. II.I agree ___ that 
proposal. III. I agree ___ you. IV. I agree ___ this price. V. I agree ___ principle. 
63. Complete with the proper preposition: FOR - IN - TO - AT – ABOUT - I. I haven't smoked ___ ages. II. You can look 
up the word ___ a dictionary. II. She is allergic ___insect stings. IV. My friend is good ___ playing volleyball. V. She 
complains ___ bullying. 
75. Which sentence may be completed with the preposition "about"? He is excited ___his birthday party next week. 
76. In the following sentence the words is bold are respectively: Throughout the day, Carla hummed a favorite song to 
herself: Preposition – preposition 
77. Which is the correct word order? Four gorgeous long stemmed red silk roses 
78. Which is the correct word order? A big old English sheepdog 
79. Which is the correct word order? A new steel carving knife 
80. In which sentence the adjective is attributive? Sentences can contain tremendously long phrases. (long) 
81. In which sentence the predicative is object? The preschoolers are coloring the trees purple and blue. (purple and 
blue) 
82. In which alternative the adjective is subjective predicative? Christmas cookies smell delicious. 
83. Which sentence is in the personal passive? She is known to be a good swimmer. 
84. In which alternative the passive voice is wrong? We have done our homework. - Our homework was done by us. 
85. Which alternative is in the impersonal passive? It is said that they would come. 
86. Rewrite the following sentence in the Passive Voice: 'David has sold the company': The company has been sold by 
David. 
87. In which sentence the passive voice is right? Maria crashed into the blue car. - The blue car was crashed into 
88. Which adjective is considered non-inherent? A complete idiot 
89. In which sentence the passive voice is right? The girls had lost the match. - The match had been lost. 
90. The reported speech of 'I'm in a good mood today,' he said.' is: He said he was in a good mood that day. 
91. In which alternative the reported speech is wrong? "Take off your shoes," she told us: She told us to take off your 
shoes. 
92. Complete the reported speech: Peter said: 'I worked in the garden yesterday.' Peter said that: He had worked in the 
garden the previous day. 
93. Complete the dialogue: Tom: The weather here is great. Sue: What does he say? You: He says that: The weather 
there is great. 
94. In which alternative the reported speech is wrong? You should have a rest .' - the doctor advises the patient he should 
had a rest 
95. In which alternative the reported speech is wrong? Meet me at the cinema." he said. He asked me to meet me at the 
cinema. 
96. Choose the best alternative: I cannot understand why she did that, it really doesn't add up: Doesn't make sense. 
97. Choose the best alternative: He accused her of talking through her hat and refused to accept a word of what she 
said: Talking nonsense 
98. In which alternative the translationis wrong? To go on spree - Dar-se mal 
99. Choose the best alternative: There are times when you must decide and take the bull by the horns: Make a bold 
decision 
100. English for speakers of other languages. A traditional term for the use or study of the English language by non-native 
speakers in an English-speaking environment. This definition concerns: English as a Second Language 
101. Consider the sentences below and find the MOST POSITIVE CONNOTATION for the words underlined: I. Sometimes 
my thin friend annoys me. II. I recognized the familiar smell of my roommate's cooking. III. Scrapple is an inexpensive 
meal. IV. Kevin's interest in model cars has turned into a hobby. V. Uncle Henry lives in a hut deep in the woods: Slim 
- aroma - thrifty - avocation – cabin 
102. Select the alternative that is INCORRECT: Homophones have the same sound and the same spelling. 
103. In which alternative the stressed syllable is incorrect? Please EXcuse me while I think of an exCUSE. 
104. What is the figure of speech in the sentence: 'The poor people of Ireland should rid themselves of poverty by selling 
their children to the rich to eat.'? Irony 
105. Choose the best figure of speech: O Western wind, when wilt thou blow / That the small rain down can rain? / Christ, 
that my love were in my arms,/ And I in my bed again!(Anonymous, 'O Western Wind'): Apostrophe 
106. The curtain was waving to everyone every time the wind blew through the open window.' What type of figurative 
language is used in this sentence? Personification 
107. Choose the best figure of speech: The earth laughs beneath my heavy feet/ At the blasphemy in my old jangly walk 
(Billy Corgan, 'Thirty-three'): Personification 
108. Match: 5-3-4-1-2 - 1. as old as the hills - 2. as sharp as a knife - 3. as strong as a bull - 4. as white as snow - 5. as 
wise as an owl 
109. Choose the best figure of speech: 'Victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory however long and hard the 
road may be; for without victory there is no survival.' (Sir Winston Churchill): Anaphora 
110. If the coordinating conjunction is linking two clauses, these clauses must have the same verb form. If it is linking two 
words, these words must belong to the same class. Fix the following sentences in order to make that happen. a) Sarah 
is a CEO and proud of her job. b) They are leaving due to the weather and because they want to save money: Sarah 
is a CEO and a proud person of her job. They are leaving due to the weather and because of money saving. 
111. Which alternative correctly fits the following situation: He was driving __ 180 miles per hour when he crashed __ the 
central barrier: at / into 
112. In which sentence there is a phrasal verb? Could you look after my cat while I'm away? 
113. Complete the sentence: The boss didn’t know what to do, ___ the rest of us: nor did 
114. Select the type of sentence: "He said that Paul asked him for all the things they should do in the country": Declarative 
115. Pauline and Bruno have a big argument every summer over where they should spend their summer vacation: Complex 
Sentence 
116. Which alternative can be filled in with the conjunction SO? Jaewon was cold, __ he put on a coat. 
117. In which alternative is there a coordination conjunction of negative-contrast? He is neither sane nor brilliant 
118. Complete the reported speech: She said, "I am a nurse and work in a hospital." She said that... She said that she was 
a nurse and worked in a hospital. 
119. For each question, choose the single best answer: IN - IN - AT - ON - IN. I. I'll be ready to leave __ about twenty 
minutes. II. I was visiting my best friend __ the hospital. III. I'll see you __ home when I get there. IV. You frequently 
see this kind of violence ____ television. V. I told Mom we'd be home __ an hour or so 
120. In which sentence the adjective is POSTPOSITIVE? The share-holders present voted against the Chairman. (present) 
121. In which alternative the adjective is adnominal? The black cat drank the fresh cream. 
122. And certaynly our langage now vsed varyeth ferre from that whiche was vsed and spoken whan I was borne. For we 
engglysshe men ben born vnder the domyna-cyon of the mone, whiche is neuer stedfaste but euer wauerynge, 
wexynge one season and waneth and dyscreaseth another season. (William Caxton) The text above is an example 
of: Diachronic variation 
123. Choose the best figure of speech: 'You have a lot of work to do, so I'll lend you a hand: Synechdoche 
124. In which alternative the preposition is wrongly classified semantically? Between – source 
125. For each question, choose the single best answer. ON - AT - BY - ON - UNTIL I. My best friend lives __ Boretz Road. 
II. Since he met his new girlfriend, Juan never seems to be __ home. III. The child responded to his mother's demands 
__ throwing a tantrum. IV. I think she spent the entire afternoon __ the phone. V. I will wait __ 6:30, but then I'm going 
home. 
126. What is the semantic classification of this preposition in the sentence: 'He works like a dog' ? Comparison 
127. In which sentence the prepositional phrase is adverbial? The boy in a hurry is waiting over there. (over there) 
128. There is a close connection between the eight word classes and the seven clause elements¿subjects, verbs (verb 
elements), objects, predicatives, complements, adnominal functors and adverbials. The various types of phrase 
function as one or another of the clause elements; they are the ¿constituents¿ of the clause elements in other words. 
In which alternative the correspondence is NOT right: Conjunctions ¿ adnominal functors 
129. Match the items on the right to the items on the left: 2-4-3-1. (Verb) A word used to express an action or state; 
(Adjective) A word used to describe a noun or a copular verb e.g. A nice day. He looks nice; (Noun) A word used as 
the name of a person, thing, quality or process e.g. John, car, wealth; (Adverb) A word or phrase used to modify or 
give more information about a verb or adjective 
130. In each of the following sentences the highlighted adjective is predicative? Your problem seems difficult. (difficult) 
131. What alternative has the correct order to the following: physics / boring / old / a / teacher? A boring old physics teacher 
132. Which adjective is considered non-inherent? A complete idiot. 
133. What is the correct order: a - knife - steel - carving - new? a new steel carving knife 
134. What alternative has the correct order to the following: wooden / huge / sailing / a /ship ? A huge wooden sailing ship 
135. In which alternative the function of the adjective phrase is predicative? The cake seems delicious 
136. In which alternative the adjective is appositive? The man, hungry and exhausted, fainted. 
137. In which alternative the adjective is objective predicative? The preschoolers are coloring the trees purple and blue 
138. In grammar, a phrase is a group of words that functions as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. Phrases may be 
classified by the type of head taken by them. Considering the sentence: "The children in class 5 play the piano 
delighted to meet you very quickly."", in which alternative the phrase is incorrectly analyzed? In the garden - noun 
phrase 
139. Rewrite the following sentence in the Active Voice: 'Before the semester was over, the new nursing program had been 
approved by the Curriculum Committee and the Board of Trustees.': Before the semester was over, the Curriculum 
Committee and the Board of Trustees had approved the new nursing program 
140. Which sentence is in the impersonal passive? She is known to be a good swimmer 
141. Put these words in the correct order: Food / some / Thais / delicious: Some delicious Thai food 
142. In which alternative the reported speech is wrong? Close the door behind you,"he told me.→ He told me to close the 
door behind you. 
143. In which alternative the reported speech is wrong? 'I've finished my project,' he said. - He said he finished his Project 
144. In which alternative the time change is wrong? 'We're flying to Rome next week,' he said. - He said they were flying 
to Rome next week. 
145. Which alternative is CORRECT? If the introductory sentence starts in the present, present perfect or future, there is 
no backshift of tenses in Reported speech 
146. It is the variety of the English language spoken by people who acquired English as their first language or mother 
tongue. Native Englishes include American English, Australian English, British English, Canadian English, New 
Zealand English, and Scottish English. This is the concept of: English As A Native Language (ENL) 
147. In the following sentence, prepositional phrases are adverbial or adjective? Upon their arrival, the visitors were greeted 
at the door by Martin, who had a sly grin on his face: They are adverbial 
148. Change into reported speech: I said that I would come to his party the next day/the following day 
149. I'm a sharp cookie. There's no way anybody can pull the wool over my _______: Eyes 
150. I wouldn't believe what she says. She sounds very convincing but she's just a fast _______: Talker 
151. He's not the sort of person to trust. He's a bad _______: Egg 
152. I've never heard such a load of cock and _______ in my life: Bull 
153. They fooled me totally. They pulled the _______ over my eyes: Wool 
154. It is clearly not true - just a _______ and bull story: Cock 
155. They said they had the European rights for the product but it was a lie. They were acting under false ___ :Pretences 
156. The whole story is made up. It's nothing but a _______ of lies: Tissue 
157. I'd be careful in my dealings with her. I'm sure she's up to no _______: Good 
158. Alan Clarke was an interesting man but sometimes he was a bit economical with the _______: Truth 
159. None of this is true. It's all a _______ of lies: Pack 
160. There's something wrong with this. It smells _______: Fishy 
161. I wouldn't trust a word he says. He always lies through his _______: Teeth 
162. You never can be sure what he really thinks. He's as slippery as an _______: Eel 
163. I want you to be totally straight with me from now on. No more funny _______: Business 
164. He was going through the contents of my files when I caught him _______ - handed: Red 
165. He tried to pull a fast _______ but, luckily, we spotted it in time: One 
166. I thought he was my friend but he was just a _______ in the grass: Snake 
167. He thought he could take us for a _______ but we were too smart for him: Ride 
168. He pretended to be my friend but he was really a snake in the _______: Grass 
169. Consider the sentencesbelow and find the MOST NEGATIVE CONNOTATION for the words nderlined: I. We 
stopped for lunch at a diner in West Virginia. II. My parents are committed conservationists. III. My old laptop has 
finally died. IV. In a quiet and stealthy way, Bartleby moved into the lawyer's chambers. V. The teacher was mildly 
intimated by Merdine's assertive behavior: greasy spoon - tree huggers - decrepit - sneaky – bossy 
170. In which alternative there is an example of denotation? I always go for a walk with my dog on Sundays 
171. Here are examples of pairs of connotations that describe the same thing or situation. The first has a negative 
connotation and the second is positive. In which alternative it doesn¿t happen? Disabled – Crippled 
172. Personification: The problem caught me off guard. 
173. Personification: The frogs talked to me at night. 
174. Metaphor: Ripe tomatoes are pieces of heaven in my garden. 
175. Simile: He ran like a locomotive speeding down the track. 
176. Metaphor: He is a lion. He thinks he rules the class. 
177. Simile: She's as cute as a button. 
178. Metaphor: My father was the sun and the moon to me. 
179. Metaphor: Poets make pets of pretty words. 
180. Personification: The ground ate up the water greedily. 
181. Simile Chicago is a city that is fierce as a dog lapping for action. 
182. Metaphor: He has the heart of a lion. 
183. Personification: He leans to spit his pear. Being gone, it can't reveal the joy of leaving. But it does. 
184. Simile: She is like a bowl of jelly. 
185. Simile: What happens to a dream deferred? Does is dry up like a raisin in the sun? 
186. Metaphor: He was a library of information about baseball. 
187. Personification: The tree shook its branches angrily. 
188. Metaphor Black holes are phantoms lurking in deep space. 
189. Personification The curtain was waving to everyone every time the wind blew. 
190. Simile: His fin is like a piece of sheet-iron, three corned and with a knife-edge. 
191. Símile: The rain seemed like an old friend who had finally found us. 
192. Simile: The sand of the shore was like a warm pillow. 
193. Simile: The baby was like an octopus, grabbing for everything in sight. 
194. Personification: The angry waves met the beach. 
195. Analogy: Doing drugs is comparable to driving with your eyes closed. 
196. Idiom: He was a chip off the old block. 
197. Hyperbole: The teacher asked the same question at least a million times. 
198. Onomatopoeia: The truck came to a screeching stop. 
199. Hyperbole: I could sleep for three weeks. 
200. Symbolism: The ring in The Hobbit represents evil and temptation. 
201. Analogy: hand is to glove, as foot is to shoe 
202. Hyperbole: Her pimple towered over her face and I stood in its shadow. 
203. Onomatopoeia: Bang! the door slammed. 
204. Idiom: knock it off! 
205. Idiom: She is under water and can't figure out the best schedule to sign up for. 
206. Hyperbole: I was so hungry that I even ate the plate. 
207. Onomatopoeia: "Smash", went the cup when it fell off the table. 
208. Onomatopoeia: Drip, Drop, Drip, Drop went the rain drops falling on the roof of the house. 
209. Hyperbole: Her head was so full of ideas that it was ready to burst wide open. 
210. Idiom: That movie took my breath away. 
211. Idiom: Leslie said that she was in the dark about what's going on. 
212. Alliteration: Teddy Tiger tried tying teepees together. 
213. Symbolism: There is a man with a white hat on holding a gun towards a man in a black hat that is keeping a female 
hostage. 
214. Hyperbole: I like pancakes so much I could eat a million of them. 
215. Alliteration: Silly Sally sang a silly summer song. 
216. Hyperbole: The men are very thin, very pale, wear wristwatches that hurt their wrists. (Mr. Anderson HATES this 
one!) 
217. Alliteration: We strike straight. We lurk late. 
218. Onomatopoeia: "Bang! There goes another building." 
219. Symbolism: The rain begins to fall as the two characters kiss for the first time. 
220. Hyperbole: And I will come again, my love, even if it were ten thousand miles. 
221. Alliteration: My love is like a red, red rose. 
222. Imagery: There is a patch of old snow in the corner 
223. Identify the prepositional phrase(s) in each sentence a) 'You know, I always thought that I rescued you from the 
Dragon's Keep.' (Shrek Forever After, 2010); b) 'Son, you got a panty on your head.'(Raising Arizona, 1987); c) 
'Joey, do you like movies about gladiators?' (Airplane! 1980): a) from the Dragon's keep b) on your head c) about 
gladiators 
224. Classify the following prepositional phrases in adverbial or adjectival: The boy FROM THE SHOP is waiting AT THE 
CORNER: AT THE CORNER. - ADBERBIAL FROM THE SHOP - ADJECTIVAL 
225. In which alternative the phrasal verb has the following structure: Verb + particle (adverb) + preposition? Who can put 
up with that? 
226. Complete the sentence: The boss didn¿t know what to do _____ the rest of us: Nor did 
227. Indicate the w ord class of the underlined w ords in the follow ing paragraph. 'Without compulsion, though ometimes 
encouragedby the Roman authorities, the natives began to adopt the Latin language, to build towns of the Italian 
type, to imitate Graeco-Roman architecture and sculpture, to copy the manners of the Romans. In the Basque 
country and in Wales the indigenous languages have actually survived, w hereas in Gaul, Celtic ultimately 
disappeared w ith few traces except in place names.': Preposition - conjunction - adverb - noun - conjunction