ADVERBS

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CAPÍTULO 15
ADVERBS
O que é um advérbio? - What is an Adverb?
Os advérbios* adicionam informações sobre 
um verbo (1), um adjetivo (2), um outro advérbio (3), 
um particípio (4) ou uma oração completa (5). Podemos
dizer que eles descrevem ou modificam (limitam o 
significado de) essas palavras.
* Quando aqui nos referirmos a advérbios, estaremos 
tratando tanto dos advérbios simples, que são formados 
por uma só palavra, como here, sometimes, quanto 
das locuções adverbiais (Adverbial Phrases), como in 
this room, once every month, etc.
 
(1) Jane drives carefully. (Jane dirige cuidadosamente.) 
- How does Jane drive? Carefully.
 Their children never go out. (Os filhos deles nunca 
saem.) - When do their children go out? Never.
 We will sleep here until we find a safer place. (Vamos
dormir aqui até acharmos um lugar mais seguro.) 
- Where are we going to sleep? Here.
Quando modificam o verbo, os advérbios servem como 
reposta a três perguntas: How? (Como),When?(Quando?) 
e Where? (Onde?).
(2) Jane is especially carefull in fog. (Jane é 
especialmente cautelosa na cerrração.) -How careful is 
Jane in fog? Especially.
 My extremely ugly dog likes very old bones. (Meu 
cachorro extremamente feioso gosta de ossos muito 
velhos.) - How ugly is my dog? Extremely. How old are 
the bones?Very.
 Quando modificam o adjetivo, os advérbios servem 
como resposta à pergunta How? (Como?).
 
(3) Jane doesn't drive particularly slowly. (Jane não 
dirige particularmente devagar.) - How slowlydoesn't Jane
drive? Particularly.
 Machado de Assis is a very well known brazilian 
writer. (Machado de Assis é um escritor brasileiro muito 
bem conhecido.) - How well is he known? Very.
 Quando modificam outro advérbio, os advérbios 
servem como resposta a pergunta How? (Quão?)
 
(4) What is more, Jane is always so well prepared to a 
trip, too. (Para completar, Jane está sempre muito bem 
preparada para uma viagem, também.)
 Nesta oração, prepared é o particípio do verbo to 
prepare, que está sendo modificado pelo advérbio well.
 The meeting was badly organised. (A reunião foi mal
organizada.)
 Organised é particípio do verbo to 
organise (British) / to organize(American), sendo 
modificado pelo advérbio badly.
(5) Obviously, I can't know everything. (Obviamente, 
não é possível que eu saiba tudo.)
 Strangely, the man left the room. (Estranhamente, o 
homem saiu da sala.)
 Os advérbios obviously e strangely estão modificando 
o sentido geral da oração a que se referem, e, na maior 
parte das vezes, expressam a opinião de quem as emite. 
Observe que as duas orações acima poderiam ser 
reescritas, ficando assim:
 It's obvious that I can't know everything. (É óbvio que 
não é possível...) - A obviedade é uma opinião da pessoa 
que falou (o emissor/locutor), mas, para outras pessoas, 
talvez a impossibilidade de saber tudo não fosse tão óbvia
assim.
 It's strange that the man had left the room. (É estranho
que o homem tenha saído da sala) - Para outras pessoas, 
no entanto, talvez a saída do homem possa ter parecido 
bem normal.
 Portanto, há uma opinião expressa quando o advérbio 
está modificando a oração inteira. Esses advérbios são 
chamados de Comment/viewpoint Adverbs.
A Formação dos Advérbios - The Formation of 
Adverbs 
 Como podemos observar nos primeiros exemplos, os 
advérbios são derivados de adjetivos ou possuem a 
mesma forma do adjetivo. Nesse último caso, ocorre um 
interessante fenômeno, semelhante ao que ocorre no 
português, quando dizemos:
 Vanessa é uma moça bonita. (Bonita = adjetivo 
relacionado ao substantivo moça)
 Vanessa canta bonito. (Aqui, o bonito é 
um adjetivo exercendo a função de advérbio, já que está 
se referindo ao verbo cantar, ao modo como Vanessa 
canta. Bonito, neste caso, é um advérbio.)
Quando são derivados de adjetivos, os advérbios são, na 
maioria dos casos, formados pelo acréscimo do sufixo -
ly (-mente, em português) a um adjetivo. Este acréscimo 
ocorre principalmente com os advérbios que indicam 
o MODO como certo fato aconteceu; contudo, os 
advérbios que indicam frequência (usually, rarely) 
e intensidade (only, fairly) podem, da mesma forma, ser 
formados por este mesmo processo. Observe os 
exemplos:
 
Adjective
 Adjective
+ ly = Resultant Adverb
Advérbio Resultante
careful (cuidadoso) carefully (cuidadosamente, co
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m cuidado)
especial (especial) especially (especialmente)
extreme (extremo) extremely (extremamente)
particular 
(particular, específico
)
particularly (particularmente, 
especificamente)
slow (lento, vagaroso)
slowly (lentamente, vagarosa
mente)
obvious (óbvio) obviously (obviamente)
strange (estranho) strangely (estranhamente)
quick (rápido, ágil)*
quickly (rapidamente, agilme
nte)
complete (completo) completely (completamente)
bad (mau, grave, 
intenso)*
badly (mal, gravemente, inten
samente)
easy 
(fácil, tranquilo)*
easily (facilmente, tranquilam
ente)
terrible (terrível) terribly (terrivelmente)
automatic 
(automático)
automatically (automaticamen
te)
 
* Alguns advérbios são iguais ao adjetivo correspondente 
(1) ou possuem tanto a forma de adjetivo como a de 
advérbio com a função de advérbio (2):
(1) early - adiantado (adj.) ou cedo (adv.);
 fast - rápido (adj.) ou rapidamente (adv.) 
[Saiba mais na seção Adjetivo ou Advérbio?]
(2) quick ou quickly: Come as quick as you can! / Come 
as quickly as you can!
 (Venha o mais 
rápido/rapidamente que você puder.)
 bad ou badly: He wants the academic job so bad. / He 
wants the academic job so badly.
 (Ele quer muitíssimo o cargo 
acadêmico.)
Caso especial: Well
Há um advérbio que em nada é semelhante com o 
adjetivo: well é o advérbio do adjetivo good. Exemplos:
She's a good piano player - She plays the piano well.
His English is very good - He Speaks English very well. 
Utiliza-se well, e não good, com os particípios, formando 
adjetivos compostos:
well-dressed (bem-vestido) well-known (bem-
conhecido) 
well-paid (bem-pago) well-educated (bem-
educado)
Mas well também é um adjetivo (= not ill, in good health)
em casos como:
- How are you? 
- I'm very well, thank you, and you? 
1) Advérbios de modo - Adverbs of manner :
São aqueles que nos dizem como algo aconteceu, 
acontece, acontecerá etc. Exemplos:
well (bem) fast (rápido) badly (mal) 
just (somente, exatamente = adv. modo / recentemente,
há pouco = adv. tempo) 
stupdly (estupidamente) 
brilliantly (brilhantemente) loudly (em voz alta)
gracefully (graciosamente) cleverly (habilmente, com
inteligência) 
quietly (com quietude,
calmamente) vigorously (vigorosamente) 
eagerly (ansiosamente,
avidamente) skillfully (habilmente, com destreza) 
easily (facilmente) slowly (vagarosamente) wildly (
de forma selvagem, desordenadamente) 
leisurely (sem pressa) 
lively (energicamente) happily (felizmente,
alegremente)
 
 
 - Os advérbios de modo são bastante flexíveis e, 
normalmente, podem aparecer nas três posições 
anteriormente apresentadas:
a) Antes do sujeito:
Quickly he organized the entire thing.
b) Entre o sujeito e o verbo:
He quickly organized the entire thing. 
c) Após o verbo ou o objeto:
He organized the entire thing quickly. 
Adverbial phrases of manner
Como ficaria em inglês algumas locuções adverbiais de 
modo do português? Confira a seguir:
a custo - with difficulty
às pressas - fast 
à toa - occasionally 
à vontade - at will, freely 
às avessas - just the opposite 
às claras - openly, directly 
diretamente - straightforward 
ao acaso - without consideration 
ao contrário - in contrary 
a sós - lonely 
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de cor - by heart 
de má vontade - unwillingly 
em geral - generally 
em silêncio - silently 
em vão - in vain
2) Advérbios de Frequência - Adverbs of Frequency:
100% always (sempre) 
almost always (quase sempre)
 
usually
frequently(frequentemente) 
often (com frequência) 
50% sometimes (às vezes) 
 
occasionally(eventualmente) 
rarely (raramente)
seldom (raramente) 
hardly ever (quase nunca)
0% never (nunca) 
3) Advérbios de Tempo - Adverbs of Time
São aqueles que nos indicam quando algo aconteceu, 
acontece, acontecerá etc. Exemplos:
 soon (logo, brevemente,
prontamente) first (primeiramente, antes de
tudo) 
tonight (hoje à noite) 
 late (tarde) early (cedo) 
eventually (no final das contas, finalmente) 
 forever (para sempre) 
immediately (imediatemente) then (então,
naquele tempo) 
lately (ultimamente, recentemente) 
 tomorrow (amanhã) yesterday (ontem) 
suddenly (de repente) 
today (hoje) finally (finalmente) 
now (agora) afterwards (mais tarde, em
seguida)
 in September (em setembro) last
month (mês passado) finally (finalmente) 
before (antes) after (depois) already (já) 
still (ainda) yet (já, ainda não) 
just (recentemente, há pouco = adv. tempo /
somente, exatamente = adv. modo)
next week/month/year/century (na próxina
semana, no próximo mês/ano/século) 
 
Posição:
3.1. Se o tempo for definido 
(today, yesterday, tonight, tomorrow) ou se estiver se 
tratando de dias da semana, meses, etc. o 
advérbio normalmente vai para o final da oração, 
podendo também, algumas vezes, ser colocado no 
começo. Sendo posicionados no início da oração (front 
position), os advérbios não serão o foco principal da 
mensagem:
I spoke to him last night. (Falei com ele ontem à noite.)
The goods will arrive on Monday. (As mercadorias irão 
chegar na segunda-feira.)
Tomorrow I will talk to him. (Amanhã eu falarei com 
ele.)
In February we usually go to the beach (In February). 
[Em fevereiro nós normalmente vamos para a praia(em 
fevereiro).]
 
3.2. Os demais advérbios de tempo, contudo, podem 
aparecer em posições variáveis:
3.2.1. - Now é normalmente colocado depois do verbo to
be, podendo ser posto antes para enfatizar. Nos demais 
casos, fica como no Português:
They are now living in Japan. (Eles agora estão morando 
no Japão.)
Now, they are living in Japan. (Agora, eles estão morando
no Japão.)
I wanna leave now! (Quero ir embora agora!)
Now I understand! (Agora eu entendo!)
 4) Advérbios de Lugar - Adverbs of Place
São aqueles que nos indicam onde algo aconteceu, 
acontece, acontecerá etc. Exemplos:
above (acima, anteriormente citado ou
dito) down (abaixo, para baixo) inside (dentro)
 anywhere (qualquer/todo/nenhum
lugar) everywhere (por toda parte) 
outside (lado de fora) away (longe, a
distância) here (aqui, neste lugar) 
there (aí, ali, lá) backward/backwards (para trás,
em ordem inversa) near (perto)
3
 far (longe) up (para cima, acima) upstairs (lá em
cima, escada acima, no piso superior)
around (ao redor, por aí, por todos os lados, pra lá e
pra cá) in Brazil (no Brasil)
 
5) Advérbios de grau/ intensidade - Adverbs of 
Degree / Intensity
São aqueles que qualificam ou reforçam os adjetivos, 
verbos, advérbio, etc, caracterizando o grau/nível da 
circunstância expressa por essas palavras. Exemplos:
too (demais,
excessivamente) very (muito) much (muito) far (
muito) 
too much (demais, em excesso) very
much (muito) almost (quase) rather (bastante)
 quite (bem) fairly (razoavelmente) really (realment
e, de fato)
completely (completamente) practically 
(praticamente)
nearly (aproximadamente) partly (em parte,
parcialmente) 
sort of (um tanto, um pouco, meio, mais ou
menos) 
kind of (um tanto, um pouco, meio, mais ou
menos) more or less (mais ou menos) 
 hardly (mal, apenas) scarcely (mal apenas)
 
6) Advérbios de Dúvida/Certeza - Adverbs of 
Doubt/Certainty
São aqueles que nos indicam o grau de certeza de algo 
que aconteceu, acontece, acontecerá etc. Exemplos:
maybe (talvez) perhaps (talvez - no início ou
no final da frase) 
possibly (possivelmente) 
probably (provavelmente) definitely (definiti
vamente)
certainly (certamente, seguramente,
evidentemente) 
clearly (claramente, sem dúvidas,
evidentemente) 
assuredly (indubitavelmente, sem dúvidas)
7) Comment/viewpoint adverbs (Advérbios de ponto de 
vista)
São aqueles que expressam a opinião do locutor, o que 
ele pensa sobre a situação:
clearly (claramente) seriously (seriamente) u
ndoubtedly (indubitavelmente) 
confidentially (confidencialmente) surely (segu
ramente) 
obviously (obviamente) 
 personally (pessoalmente) theoretically (teori
camente)
 presumably (presumivelmente) truthfully (na
verdade) unluckily (por azar) 
 luckily (por sorte) simply (simplesmente)
 kindly (gentilmente, de bom grado) 
 disappointingly (de modo decepcionante,
desapontador) bravely (corajosamente) 
 wisely (sabiamente) stupidly (estupidamente,
de modo imbecil) 
 foolishly (de forma tola, insensata) 
unfortunately (infelizmente) 
 carelessly (de forma desleixada, negligente) 
 rightly (com razão) happily (por sorte,
felizmente) 
01 | FUVEST 1977
Qual destas alternativas só contém expressões que 
indicam
tempo?
a) suddenly, at the same moment, through, just in time.
b) just, suddenly, apparently, all her life.
c) just, after, all, then.
d) any more, apparently, at the same moment.
e) right now, all her life, at the same moment, then.
02 | MACKENZIE 1976
Complete:
- "Have you finished your book yet?"
- "Yes, I’ve __________ done it."
a) still
b) yet
c) already
d) ever
e) não sei
03 | FEI 1994
Qual das palavras a seguir significa “brevemente”?
a) Now.
b) So.
c) Also.
d) However.
e) Soon.
04 | UNESP 1998
4
They are going to work again __________.
a) yesterday
b) later
c) last year
d) last month
e) last week
05 | MACKENZIE 1996
The same as “She little realizes how smart she looks” is:
a) How smart does she realize she looks.
b) How smart she looks she doesn't realizes.
c) Little she realizes how smart she looks.
d) Does she realizes how smart she looks little.
e) Little does she realize how smart she looks.
06 | JFS 2012
Which word is not an adjective?
a) Beautiful.
b) Harmful.
c) Colourful.
d) Roomful.
e) Sorrowful.
07 | JFS 2012
Which word is not an adverb?
a) Wholly.
b) Weekly.
c) Earthly.
d) Sadly.
e) Proudly.
08 | EEAR 2008
In “It was a fair game”, we conclude that the game was
played:
a) well.
b) badly.
c) honestly.
d) brilliantly.
09 | ITA 1995
O termo seldom, entre aspas no trecho adiante, poderia 
ser substituído por:
As an American Express Card member, you will enjoy a
relationship with us that goes beyond the ordinary. You 
will be treated as a MEMBER, not a number. And you 
will receive the respect and recognition 'seldom' found 
today.
a) occasionally.
b) rarely.
c) often.
d) usually.
e) always.
10 | UEL 1996
In the text bellow, the word nearly means:
After 20 years of scientific advances, 'nearly' three out of
four infertile couples seeking medical assistance to have a
child still go home to an empty crib.
a) almost.
b) hardly.
c) close.
d) far.
e) over.
11 | UNESP 1990
The sun __________ rises in the west.
a) always
b) never
c) often
d) sometimes
e) usually
12 | UFRS 1996
Gradually and powerfully are adverbs formed from the
adjectives gradual + ly and powerful + ly, respectively. 
Other
adjectives can take the same suffix to form adverbs, in the
same way, except:
a) historic.
b) usual.
c) wild.
d) abrupt.
e) intelligent.
SUGGESTION FOR TRANSLATION
93 Million Miles Jason Mraz
93 million miles from the sun
People get ready, get ready
Cause here it comes, it's a light
A beautiful light, over the horizon
Into our eyes
Oh, my, my, how beautiful
Oh, my beautiful mother
She told me, son, in life you're gonna go far
If you do it right, you'll love where you are
Justknow, wherever you go
You can always come home
240 thousand miles from the moon
We've come a long way to belong here
To share this view of the night
A glorious night
Over the horizon is another bright sky
Oh, my, my, how beautiful,
Oh, my irrefutable father
He told me, son, sometimes it may seem dark
But the absence of the light is a necessary part
Just know, you're never alone,
You can always come back home
Home
Home
You can always come back
Every road is a slippery slope
But there is always a hand that you can hold on to
Looking deeper through the telescope
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https://www.vagalume.com.br/jason-mraz/
You can see that your home's inside of you
Just know, that wherever you go,
No, you're never alone,
You will always get back home
Home
Home
93 million miles from the sun
People get ready, get ready
Cause here it comes, it's a light
A beautiful light, over the horizon
Into our eyes
ANSWER-KEY:
01 - E
02 - C
03 – E 
04 - B
05 – E 
06 - D
07 - C
08 - C
09 - B
10 - A
11 – B
12 – A
CAPÍTULO 16
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Who Whom Which That
Whose When Where
What
 
“Who”, “Whom”, “Which” e “That” podem ter duas 
funções sintáticas:
 Sujeito: antecedendo verbos ou advérvbios + 
verbos.
J.K. Rowling is the writer who wrote 
“HarryPotter”.
 Objeto: não antecedendo verbos ou advérbios + 
verbos.
Shakespeare is the author whom I studied the 
most at University.
Who: refere-se a pessoas. Pode ter ambas as 
funções sintáticas. NUNCA pode vir após 
preposições.
Cervantes is the author who we have been 
discussing about.
Whom: também refere-se a pessoas. Só pode ser 
objeto, portanto, pode vir colocado a uma 
preposição.
Cervantes is the author about whom we have 
been discussing.
Which: refere-se a “não-pessoas”. Tem ambas as
funções sintáticas. Pode vir após preposições.
Natura® is the brand which I love to use.
That: pode substituir “who”, “whom” ou 
“which”. NUNCA pode ser usado após vírgulas 
e/ou preposições.
Hinode® is the brand that I love to use. 
Omissão
 “Who”, “Whom”, “Which” e “That” podem 
ser omitidos da frase, se, e somente se:
1. tiverem a função de objeto;
2. não estiverem após vírgulas e/ou 
preposições.
I think she’s beautiful.
“There is no greater love than dying 
for those we love”
Whose: posse (“cujo/cuja”) 
Vem entre dois substantivos.
She’s the girl whose father has been looking 
for you.
When: “quando”. Indica tempo.
Pode ser substituído por “on which” ou “in 
which
2016 is the year when the Rio will be chaotic.
6
Where: “onde”. Indica lugar.
Pode ser substituído por “in which”.
Brazil is the place where people are 
controlled by TV.
What as a relative pronoun
As a relative pronoun what means ‘the things which.’ It 
does not refer to a noun that comes before it.
 What she said made me cry. (Here what and its 
clause act as the subject of the verb made.)
 We can’t give you what you need. (Here what 
and its clause act as the object of the verb give.)
Note that clauses beginning with what act as subjects or 
objects and are called nominal relative clauses.
Cases where what is not used
What cannot be used as an ordinary relative pronoun 
after a noun or pronoun.
 We have shipped everything that you ordered. 
(NOT We have shipped everything what you 
ordered.)
 The only thing that keeps me going is my desire
to win. (NOT The only thing what keeps me going
is my desire to win.)
To refer to a whole clause that comes before it, we 
use which, not what.
 Ann married her secretary, which made her 
mother angry. (NOT Ann married her secretary, 
what made her mother angry.) (Here which refers 
to the whole clause that comes before it.)
Other words that are often used as nominal relatives 
include whatever, whichever, where, wherever, 
whenever and how.
 Take whatever you want. (= Take anything that 
you want.)
 You can come whenever you want. (= You can 
come any day that you want.)
 Look at how he treats his wife. (= Look at the 
way in which he treats his wife.)
EXERCISES:
The human eye and the camera are remarkably similar
optical devices. Each has a lens that forms an inverted
image of what is in front of it. In the eye, this area is the
retina, while in the camera it is the film or plate. Both
eyes and cameras have devices which can vary in size to
control the amount of light that passes through the lens. It
is the diaphragm which fulfills this role for the camera
and the iris for the eye. Both the eye and the camera
possess a light-sensitive layer at the back which responds
to the images produced by the lens. In similar ways, the
shutter of the camera and the lid of the eye open to admit
light and close keep it out. In both the eye and the camera
the lens is adjustable and can focus on near or distant
objects. The inside of the eye, like that of the camera, is
black so that internal reflections are minimized.
 (Dias, Reinildes. Reading Critically in English, 3rd ed.
UFMG 2002. Page 127.)
01 - The text shows a ___________ between the human
eye and the camera. 
a) chest 
b) score 
c) hazard 
d) parallel
02 - In “Both eyes and cameras have devices which can
vary”, WHICH can be replaced by 
a) this.
b) that. 
c) who. 
d) whom
03 - The black color will minimize reflections
__________ the eye. 
a) near 
b) until 
7
c) within 
d) before
04 - The diaphragm has the same function that the
___________ has. 
a) iris 
b) light 
c) roles 
d) camera
05 - In “... and close to keep it out”, IT refers to 
a) lid. 
b) eye. 
c) light. 
d) open.
06 - About “Each has a lens that forms an inverted image”
it is correct to say that 
a) the relative pronoun refers to “lens”. 
b) there is no indefinite article present. 
c) the verb is in the Simple Past tense. 
d) there is use of plurals in the sentence.
07 - In “The lens is adjustable”, LENS can be replaced by
a) it. 
b) he. 
c) its. 
d) they.
08 | UFSM 2003
__________ campaign __________ benefits children
education is worth doing.
a) Some – which
b) Any – whose
c) Any – which
d) None – that
e) Some – what
09 | MACKENZIE 2000
I'm a person __________ technical knowledge of 
computer
will impress __________.
a) who – everyone
b) which – someone
c) for whom – nobody
d) whom – everybody
e) whose – anyone
10 | UFSM 2002
Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna
da frase apresentada:
There are many evidences that __________ can live 
alone.
Those __________ marriage ends generally suffer from
depression.
a) any – who
b) nobody – whose
c) no – whose
d) nobody – who
e) any – which
11 | UFRS 2000 – ADAPTED
The expression "whatever it likes" in the text below could
be
translated as:
The screenplay (…) dares to imagine whatever it likes 
about
the link between Shakespeare's artistic passions and his 
mad
yearning for a certain aristocratic beauty.
a) qualquer que.
b) seja lá o que for.
c) nem tudo que.
d) todos que.
e) nem sempre que.
12 | UNITAU 1995
Assinale a alternativa que corresponde ao referente do
pronome relativo em destaque a seguir:
Both research and commercial perspectives are 
considered,
making the event essential for all researchers, designers 
and
manufacturers WHO need to keep abreast of 
developments
in HCI.
a) research and commercial perspectives
b) developments in HCI
c) interface design, user modelling, tools, hypertext, 
CSCW,
and programming
d) recent trends and issues
e) all researchers, designers and manufacturers
13 | UNITAU 1995
Assinale a alternativa que corresponde ao referente do
pronome relativo em destaque a seguir:
Since then, microchips, satellites and nuclear power have
become realities THAT define everyday life.
a) every day
b) life
c) intellectuals
d) realities
e) scientists
14 | CESGRANRIO 1994
WHERE in "They are limited to texts where the 
possibilities
of linguistic error are minimal" could be replaced by:
a) that.
b) which.
c) whose.
d) in which.
e) whereby.
15 | CESGRANRIO 1995
The pronoun WHO is used in "To help anxious 
shopaholics,
who often wind up with major financial and personal
difficulties,researchers at several universities in the 
United
States are working on a variety of therapeutic 
approaches".
8
Mark the option in which WHO and THAT are
interchangeable:
a) The drug __________ you ordered last week has 
arrived.
b) The hospital __________ your father recommended is
now closed.
c) We hope __________ the psychiatrist will arrive soon.
d) This is the researcher __________ handled the project.
e) I met your doctor, but he didn't know __________ I 
was.
16 | UNIRIO 1995 – ADAPTED
To make spending time outdoors safer, a company called
Frogskin, Inc., located in Scottsdale, Arizona, is 
marketing a
line of clothing called Frogware THAT, wet or dry, 
protects
the user from the damaging effects of the sun more
effectively than sunscreens.
– The word THAT can be replaced with:
a) what.
b) whose.
c) which.
d) who.
e) whichever.
17 | UNESP 1986
That is the one __________ I always use.
a) whose
b) who
c) what
d) which
e) whom
18 | UNESP 1990
The doctor to __________ Mrs. Jones went told her to eat
less.
a) where
b) what
c) whose
d) who
e) whom
19 | CESGRANRIO 1990
In "Men don't often have the lump-in-the-throat feeling 
that
many women experience", the pronoun THAT could be
replaced by:
a) who.
b) whom.
c) whose.
d) what.
e) which.
20 | CESGRANRIO 1991
In the sentence "This same syndrome is reflected in the
models who are shown in current advertising", the 
relative
pronoun WHO could be replaced by THAT. The item in 
which
the relative WHO could NOT be replaced by THAT is:
a) Journalists who also write ads earn a lot of money.
b) The girl recognized the man who had committed the
crime.
c) The salesgirl told the manager who had stolen the 
dress.
d) Some advertisements show models who are quite 
exoticlooking.
e) One of the boys who visited us yesterday is a model.
21 | FEI 1996
Escolha a alternativa correta para completar a frase a 
seguir:
It was Eiffel __________ constructed the metal 
framework.
a) whom
b) which
c) whose
d) why
e) who
22 | CESGRANRIO 1993
In the sentence "it's time to meet people who work from
their homes", the pronoun WHO can be replaced by 
THAT.
– Mark the option that can only be completed with the
relative pronoun WHO:
a) That is the consultant __________ I met in São Paulo 
last
week.
b) My brother, __________ works as a consultant, makes
much money.
c) Would you like to work with bosses __________ are
understanding?
d) Employees __________ work from home part of the 
time
are happier.
e) The tele-commuter to __________ I was introduced
yesterday is Asian.
23 | PUCPR 1996
Fill in correctly with a relative pronoun:
The flower exhibit ___________ was held in the 
Botanical
Garden in Curitiba, last September, showed beautiful 
orchids
from all over the world.
a) that
b) whose
c) whom
d) where
e) who
24 | PUCPR 1997
Insert the appropriate relative pronoun:
Gossips, to __________ you should pay no attention, is a
bad thing.
Dr. Smith, __________ car is outside, has come to see a
patient.
My friend Jack, __________ is in hospital, is very ill.
This is my Uncle John, __________ you have heard so 
much
about.
9
a) which, whose, who, whom
b) that, whose, whom, which
c) which, whom, that, who
d) whom, whose, that, whom
e) that, whom, who, which
25 | MACKENZIE 1997
Os períodos simples provenientes do composto SHE 
WAS A
GIRL WHOM IT WAS DIFFICULT TO KNOW WELL 
são:
a) She was a girl. Whom it was difficult to know well.
b) She was a girl. It was difficult to know her well.
c) She who was a girl. It was difficult to know well.
d) She was a difficult girl. It was difficult to know well.
e) She was a girl. It was difficult to know whom well.
26 | FEI 1997
Complete:
My neighbor, __________ is very beautiful, was here this
morning.
a) which
b) whose
c) who
d) when
e) what
27 | CESGRANRIO 1997
Mark the sentence that can only be completed with 
WHOSE,
the relative pronoun:
a) This is Patricia, __________ sister you met last week.
b) One should be loyal to __________ one is married.
c) She's married to a doctor of __________ you have 
heard.
d) AIDS, __________ kills thousands of people, hasn't 
been
wiped out.
e) I don't like people __________ lose their tempers 
easily.
28 | PUCPR 1998
Choose the right alternative to complete the spaces:
I. George Washington, __________ became president of 
the
United States, never told a lie.
II. In Norway, __________ is a Baltic country, you can 
see
the midnight sun.
III. Melanie Griffith, with __________ Antonio Banderas 
got
married, is very jealous.
IV. Bernard Shaw, __________ books were known in all 
the
world, was a very clever writer.
V. Le Corbusier, about __________ we are learning now, 
was
a famous modernist architect.
a) whose – that – which – who – whose
b) whom – which – that – whose – whom
c) who – which – whom – whose – whom
d) which – whom – who – whom – which
e) that – who – whose – which – who
29 | MACKENZIE 1999
Choose the correct alternative:
a) Caetano Veloso's, who latest CD, I bought last week, is
wonderful.
b) Caetano Veloso's latest CD, which I bought last week, 
is
wonderful.
c) Caetano Veloso's latest CD whom is wonderful I 
bought
last week.
d) Caetano Veloso, which is wonderful, I bought last 
week
latest CD.
e) Caetano Veloso's latest CD, whose I bought last week, 
is
wonderful.
SUGESTÃO DE TRADUÇÃO:
YOU’RE STILL THE ONE – SHANIA TWAIN
Spoken:
When I first saw you
I saw love
When the first time you touched me 
I felt love
And after all this time
You're still the one that I love
Looks like we made it
Look how far we've come my baby
We might took the long way
We knew we'd get there someday 
They said, "I bet they'll never make it"
But just look at us holding on
We're still together still going strong 
(You're still the one)
You're still the one I run to
The one that I belong to
You're still the one I want for life
(You're still the one)
You're still the one that I love
The only one I dream of
You're still the one I kiss good night 
Ain't nothing better
We beat the odds together
I'm glad we didn't listen
Look at what we would be missin' 
They said, "I bet they'll never make it"
But just look at us holding on
We're still together still going strong 
(You're still the one)
You're still the one I run to
The one that I belong to
10
You're still the one I want for life
(You're still the one)
You're still the one that I love
The only one I dream of
You're still the one I kiss good night 
(You're still the one)
You're still the one I run to
The one that I belong to
You're still the one I want for life
(You're still the one)
You're still the one that I love
The only one I dream of
You're still the one I kiss good night 
I'm so glad we made it
Look how far we've come my baby
ANSWER-KEY:
01 - D
02 - B
03 - C
04 - A
05 - C
06 - A
07 – A
08 - C
09 - E
10 - B
11 - B
12 - E
13 - D
14 - D
15 – D
16 - C.
17 - D
18 - E
19 - E
20 - B
21 – E
22 - B
23 - A
24 – A 
25 - B
26 - C
27 - A
28 - C
29 – C
CAPÍTULO 17
IF CLAUSES
Zero Conditional
É formada com as duas orações no presente.
If – Simple present, Simple Present
É usada para:
- Expressar ações decorrentes de leis naturais ou 
universais.
Fish die if they stay out of water. (Os peixes morrem se 
ficam fora da água.)
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils. (Se 
você esquenta(r) a água a 100 graus Celsius, ela ferve.)
Metals expand if you heat them. (Metais se expandem se
você os esquenta.)
If you don't eat for a long time, you become hungry. (Se 
você não come(r) por bastante tempo, fica com fome.)
 
- Expressar situações gerais que são sempre verdade, 
quer dizer, dada aquela condição expressa pela oração
condicional, obtém-se um resultado determinado.
If you press the button, the machine starts to work. (Se 
você aperta(r) o botão, a máquina começa a funcionar.)
If you touch the car, the alarm goes off. (Se você toca(r) 
no carro, o alarme dispara.)
 
- Dar uma ordem ou instrução:
Please call me if you have any problems. (Por favor, 
ligue para mim se você tiver algum problema.)
If you need help,talk to the supervisor. (Se você precisar 
de ajuda, fale com o supervisor.)
First Conditional
11
Expressa situações ou ações possíveis ou prováveis de 
acontecerem no futuro.
If + simple present, will/ can/ may / shall
He won't have money to travel if he loses his job. 
(Ele não terá dinheiro para viajar se perder o emprego.)
We will travel to USA if we get a visa. (Viajaremos para 
os Estados Unidos se conseguirmos o visto.)
If he leaves work early, he will have time to eat before 
class. 
(Se ele sair do trabalho mais cedo, terá tempo de comer 
antes da aula.)
Will you go if it rains? (Você irá se chover?)
OBSERVAÇÃO: Na oração com if, não há will: If I am 
late, I'll phone. (NOT If I will be late, ...)
- É possível o uso do imperativo na oração principal 
para dar instruções, aconselhar ou ainda falar sobre 
possibilidades no futuro, caso a condição expressa se 
cumpra. A estrutura é a seguinte:
if + simple present +
imperativo ou modal
Exemplos:
If you want to come with us, put on your sweater. (Se 
você quer vir com a gente, ponha seu blusão.)
If you like pizza, we could make one this evening. (Se 
você gosta de pizza, nós poderíamos fazer uma essa 
noite.)
Call a doctor if you feel sick. (Ligue para um médico se 
você se sentir mal.)
 
Na oração com if, pode também ocorrer um modal verb:
If you can't come, please phone. (Se você não puder vir, 
por favor telefone.)
Second Conditional
É usada para expressar ações ou situações improváveis, 
hipotéticas ou imaginárias no presente ou no futuro.
ESTRUTURA VERBAL DA SECOND CONDITIONAL: 
if+ simple past + would, could, might, should +
infinitivo (sem to)
 
If I won the lottery, I would buy a farm.
(Se eu ganhasse na loteria, eu compraria uma fazenda.)
I'd go to the beach with you if I didn't have to study. 
(Eu iria para praia com você se não tivesse que estudar.)
If I had a dictionary, I would look these words up.
(Se eu tivesse um dicionário, procuraria estas palavras.)
If Maria spoke English better, she could be a bilingual 
secretary. 
(Se Maria falasse melhor Inglês, ela poderia ser uma 
secretária bilíngue.)
What would you do if you lost your job? 
(O que você faria se perdesse seu emprego?)
If I had a driver's license, I could go by car.
(Se eu tivesse carteira de motorista, eu poderia ir de 
carro.)
If they studied during their vacation, they might pass the
examination.
(Se eles estudassem durante as férias, eles poderiam 
passar na prova.)
OBSERVAÇÕES:
- Nas orações condicionais, o verbo to be no passado tem 
a forma were para todas as pessoas. Convém salienter, 
entretanto, que, na linguagem mais informal, was é aceito
em vez de were na 1ª e 3ª pessoas:
If he weren't so arrogant, I'd forgive him. (Se ele não 
fosse tão arrogante, eu o perdoaria.)
If she were angry, she would refuse to speak to you.
(Se ela estivesse braba, ela se recusaria a falar com você.)
If I were you, I would accept their offer. (Se eu fosse 
você, aceitaria a oferta deles.)
If my nose were a little shorter, I'd be quite pretty. 
(Se meu nariz fosse um pouco menor, até que eu seria 
bonita.)
- Após I e we, should pode ser usado com o mesmo 
significado de would. (Would é mais comum no inglês 
moderno; é raro o uso de should no inglês americano.):
If I knew her name, I should tell you. (Se eu soubesse o 
nome dela, eu diria a você.)
If I married you, we should both be unhappy. 
(Se eu casasse com você, nós dois seríamos infelizes.)
Third Conditional
Este tipo de oração condicional refere-se a uma condição 
não-realizada no passado, isto é, algo que teria acontecido
se um fato anterior tivesse ocorrido. Como a ação não 
ocorreu no passado, ela é impossível agora no presente.
If + past perfect, would + have + p.participle
 
They wouldn't have missed the opportunity if they had 
paid attention.
12
(Eles não teriam perdido a oportunidade se tivessem 
prestado atenção.)
If we had stayed at home, we could have seen her son. 
(Se tivessemos ficado em casa, poderíamos ter visto o 
filho dela.)
If he had arrived earlier, he wouldn't have missed the 
flight. 
(Se ele tivesse chegado mais cedo, ele não teria perdido o 
voo.)
If he had driven more carefully, he could have avoid the
accident.
(Se ele tivesse dirigido com mais cuidado, poderia ter 
evitado o acidente.)
They would have found the book if they had looked 
for it.
(Eles teriam encontrado o livro se o tivessem procurado.)
I would have travelled if I had had money. (Eu teria 
viajado se tivesse tido dinheiro.)
If I had found her address, I would have sent her an 
invitation.
(Se eu tivessse encontrado o endereço dela, teria mandado
um convite.)
If you had called me, I would have come. (Se você 
tivesse me ligado, eu teria vindo.)
Outras conjunções condicionais
- Unless (se não, a menos que, a não ser que) pode ser 
usado em lugar de if not:
Bill won't come if you don't invite him. (Bill não virá se 
você não convidá-lo.) =
Bill won't come unless you invite him. (Bill não virá, a 
menos que você o convide.)
I won't watch TV if there isn't something really 
interesting. (Não assistirei TV se não houver algo muito 
interessante.) =
I won't watch TV unless there's something really 
interesting. (Não assistirei TV, a não ser que haja algo 
muito interessante.)
 
- As conjunções as long as e provided that (contanto 
que, somente se) reforçam a ideia de que a condição 
deve ser cumprida para que se produza o resultado 
esperado:
You can come to the wedding as long as / provided 
that you don't wear jeans and a T-shirt. 
(Você pode vir ao casamento contanto que não use jeans e
camiseta.)
As long as / Provided that you explain the exercise, he 
will be able to do it. 
(Somente se você explicar o exercício, ele será capaz de 
fazê-lo.)
As long as / Provided that you work harder, you'll have 
a rise. 
(Somente se você trabalhar duro receberá um aumento.)
 
- In case (no caso, caso) expressa precaução e pode 
explicar o porque da condição.
I'll take an umbrella in case it rains. (Vou levar um 
guarda-chuva caso chova.)
I will make more sandwiches in case more people arrive.
(Vou fazer mais sanduíches no caso de mais pessoas 
chegarem.)
 
- Whether or not (quer... ou não)
Susan will come whether or not you invite her. (A Susan 
virá, quer você a convide ou não.)
I'll go swimming whether or not it rains. (Eu vou nadar,
quer chova ou não.)
CONJUNCTIONS
TIPOS
DE
RELAÇÃ
O
CONJUNÇÕES 
USUAIS
EXEMPLO
S
Reason
because, since, as, in
case, for
 I didn’t 
know Ruth 
was married,
since she 
rarely talked 
about 
herself.
 As Katie 
was 
traveling, it 
was a good 
time for her 
mother to 
have the 
house 
painted.
Time
after, since, as, 
while, until, when,
before, as soon as,
then
 Sarah’s 
father died 
when she 
was young.
 Jeff had 
left the 
house before
it began to 
rain.
 Janice 
and I have 
been friends 
13
since we 
were 
children.
 I heard 
Bem’s voice 
as soon as I 
entered the 
house.
Consecut
ive
so that, and so,
consequently
 “Come, 
let us (...) 
confuse their
speech, so 
that they will
not 
understand 
what they 
say to one 
another.”
 She 
couldn’t get 
her car out, 
and so I had 
to move my 
car.
Conclusi
on
therefore, thus, like
this, then, so, hence,
so… that, such…
that
 The T-
shirts were 
cheap, so I 
bought three 
of them.
 It was 
snowing, 
hence we 
stayed at 
home.
Purpose
in order to, so that,
so
 They had 
to leave very
early in 
order to get 
there in time 
for the 
meeting.
 I studied 
hard so that I
could pass 
the exam.
 Pat had 
her breakfast
at six so she 
could leave 
by seven.
Concessi
ve
although, though, in
spite of (= despite),
while, whereas, even
though
 Although 
I have a full-
time job, I 
myself clean
up my room.
 Though I 
live near my 
grandparents
, I rarely 
visit them.
 In spite of
/ Despite 
Luke’s bad 
temper, I 
adore him.
 While the
weather 
forecast has 
been good 
this week, 
next week it 
may be bad.
Manner
as if, (just) like, 
as 
 
Sometimes, 
Janet 
behavesas if
she were a 
child.
 You’re 
talking just 
like my 
mother.
 During 
the war this 
hotel was 
used as a 
hospital (so 
it really was 
a hospital).
 Everyone
was ill at 
home. Our 
house is like 
a hospital. (it
isn’t really a 
hospital).
Addition
And, moreover,
furthermore,
besides, in addition
(to)
 Jack is 
fat; 
moreover, he
is sick.
 Flamengo
is a great 
soccer team. 
In addition, 
it is the 
leader of 
titles gotten 
in Rio 
nowadays.
Contrast
but, yet, however,
nevertheless,
notwithstanding
 He was 
angry, 
nevertheless 
he kissed 
me.
Conditio If, Unless = If not, Call 911 in 
14
n
In case = Only if,
Since, As long as,
Provided (that),
Providing (that)
case there is 
an 
emergency.
Unless she 
talks to me, I
will no 
longer talk 
to her.
I can sleep 
anywhere 
provided it’s 
a clean 
place.
Alternati
ves
Or 
Either… or…
Either I stay 
home or I go
to the Mall.
I want to 
read a book 
or a 
maganize. I 
just need to 
read 
something.
EXERCISES:
The first roller skates were made in 1760 by Joseph
Merlim, a Belgium musician. He worked hard on his
invention. People at a dance couldn’t believe it when
Merlin arrived on his roller skates playing the violin.
Unfortunately his skates had no breaks so he couldn’t
stop; he went straight across the dance floor and crashed
into a large mirror. Both the mirror and the violin were
broken, and Merlim badly hurt. It was the last time
anyone tried roller-skating for another hundred years.
(Something to Read – Cambridge University Press)
GLOSSARY:
Unfortunately = infelizmente
Go straight across = ir direto a/ao
Crash = bater, colidir.
01 - In “Unfortunately his skates had no breaks so he
couldn’t stop…”, the underlined conjunction expresses
a)time
b)result
c)reason
d)addition
Read the text and answer question 2.
WHAT SOME STUDENTS THINK OF
THEIR HOUSEMATES
Matt
Carl and Jenny are completely slobs. They don’t want to
clean up the bathroom and they always leave the kitchen
in a mess. But I still like Carl. He’s really generous, but
he’s impossible to live with. Jenny’s OK, but she’s a bit
selfish. She’s the kind of person that never buys any
bread, tea or coffee. I’ve decided to move out at the end
of the year.
Jenny
Since we moved in, Matt has become really bad-tempered
and bossy. It’s true that he does more than his fair share of
the housework, but he exaggerates and complains the
whole time, too. Carl’s great. I think he enjoys life and
just gets on with it.
Carl
Do I do my share of the housework? No, but that’s
because I don’t have a share! Matt likes to boast about
how much he does – so I let him get on with it. Well, I
suppose I do a little bit. I get on really well with Jenny
because she’s always cheerful. I think we’ll both stay for
another year.
02 – “But I still like Carl”, means that Matt
a)has already made close friendship.
b)has never showed Carl his feelings.
c)no longer thinks that Carl is interesting.
d)has affection for Carl despite the fact that Carl is slob.
Read the text and answer questions 03 and 04
TOO BUSY, TOO TIRED
Sixteen-hour days – eight at work and eight at home – 
leave a parent little time or energy for sharing important 
values and relationships.
In addition, too little attention is currently paid to 
discipline – by which I mean teaching, not punishment. 
Parents who are away all day just don’t feel like 
upholding rules when they arrive home tired and spent. 
Yet, discipline is the second most important thing we can 
give our children, after love. An undisciplined child 
doesn’t learn how to control himself, and as a result, he 
doesn’t feel secure.
( taken from Family Circle Magazine )
GLOSSARY:
uphold = apoiar e manter
03 - “Yet” is closest in meaning to
a) thus. 
b) moreover.
c) as long as. 
d) nevertheless
04 - In “... when they arrive home tired and spent.”, the
underlined word introduces a clause of
a) time. 
b) reason.
c) manner. 
d) concession.
Read the letter and answer questions 05 and 06.
Dear Angela,
15
I was horrified when I found out that my 12-year-old 
daughter had been arrested for stealing some make-up 
from a high street chemist. This happened because she 
had been dared by some older children from her school. 
She was so frightened that she started crying – which is 
what attracted the attention of the shop assistant. The 
police were called and she was giving a telling-off at the 
police station.
Since this terrifying experience, she has been too afraid to
go out on her own and cries all the time. Now it is over 
she must learn to live with it. But I feel a failure as a 
parent and I am afraid that my child will turn to crime 
later on in life.
What should I do?
Yours sincerely,
Ashamed.
05 - In “... my 12-year-old daughter had been arrested for 
stealing some make-up.” the underlined word is closest in
meaning to
a) by.
b) besides.
c) because.
d) even though.
06 – In “she was so frightened that she started crying.”
“so…that” introduces a clause of
a) result.
b) purpose.
c) condition.
d) concession.
Read the text and answer question 07.
Who Sleeps?
Reptiles, birds and mammals all sleep. Some fish and 
amphibians reduce their awareness but do not ever 
become unconscious like the higher vertebrates do.
Insects do not appear to sleep, although they may become
inactive in daylight or darkness.
By studying brainwaves, it is known that reptiles do not 
dream. Birds dream a little. Mammals all dream during 
sleep. Whales and dolphins are “conscious breathers” and
because they need to keep conscious while they sleep in 
order to breathe, only one half of their brain sleeps at a 
time.
GLOSSARY:
awareness = consciência
07 – In “... although they may become inactive...”, (line
4), the underlined word implies an idea of
a) addition.
b) purpose.
c) contrast.
d) comparison.
08 | EFOMM 2013
He says he’s not wealthy, and __________ he owns a
house at the beach and drives a BMW.
a) so
b) so that
c) because
d) unless
e) yet
Read the text and answer question 09.
Different ways of talking
Both Joy and Tommy are growing up in the culture of the 
United States. They are learning what it means to be a girl
and a boy in this culture. Their sex at birth, female or 
male, is now becoming a gender – a way of thinking, 
speaking, and acting that is considered feminine or 
masculine. Each culture has its own way of defining 
gender, and very early in life gender becomes a basic part 
of a person’s identity.
In the United States and Canada, boys and girls usually 
play in the same sex groups. Boys play in large groups in 
which every boy knows his place. Some are leaders; 
others are followers. Many boys like to get attention by 
boasting, or talking how well they can do things.
Girls, on the other hand, usually play in smaller groups. 
They may be interested in playing fairly and taking turns. 
For example, when jumping rope, the rope-holders 
always take their turn jumping.
Dr.Tannen, a professor at Georgetown University, has 
found that these differences are reflected in the ways that 
children use language while they play. Boys often use 
commands when they talk to each other while girls use 
the form “let’s” when they want to express their 
preferences, emphasizing the fact that all of them belong 
to the same group.
These differences seem to be part of growing up in the 
culture of the United States. If men and women can 
understand that many of their differences are cultural, not 
personal, they may be able to improve their relationships 
and understand that there is more than one way to 
communicate.
09 – “on the other hand” is similar in meaning to
a) likewise.
b) similarly.
c) in contrast.
d) by the way.
Read the text and answer question 10.
Amish Lifestyle
Amish maintain a very distinct lifestyle. They use few 
modern conveniences and keep a horse and buggy as their
means of conveyance.
They easily are identified by their manner of dress, 
which, they feel, is a symbol of their separationfrom the 
16
world and a constant reminder of their commitment to 
God and their religion.
Men and boys wear dark suits, coats without lapels, 
pastel-coloured shirts, a straw or black hat and black 
shoes. Women wear skirts, blouses with long sleeves and 
high necks topped off with caps and white or black 
aprons. They also wear pastel
colours.
Women and men do not wear jewellry or embellishments 
such as buttons (although, some buttons are worn on 
winter coats) on their clothes. They prefer straight pins 
and velcro as fasteners in order to maintain humility and 
disavow anything
that might gain them recognition, such as distinctive 
dress. Likewise, Amish do not style their hair , wear 
makeup, manufactured clothing or anything to alter God’s
creation.
GLOSSARY:
buggy = carruagem leve com 4 rodas, carroça
topped off = coberto com
fastener = fecho
to disavow = repudiar
embellishment = decoração, adorno
10 – Likewise, in the text, means
a) portanto.
b) por isso.
c) entretanto.
d) do mesmo modo.
Read the text and answer question 11.
The Secret of Success in the US.
If you wonder why Robbie Williams and Oasis have not 
found success in the US, just look at their teeth.
Determined not to make the same mistake, the ex – 
Boyzone singer now–gone–solo Ronan Keating has 
gotten his crooked front teeth capped in order to have a 
perfect smile to woo American audiences. Americans 
approve of artists with a perfect set of teeth such as
Britney Spears, and they think that bad teeth make 
performers less attractive – thus making consumers less 
prone to buy their CDs.
GLOSSARY:
crooked – assimétrico
to woo – conquistar
prone – propenso
11 - “Thus”, underlined in the text, means
a) likely.
b) moreover.
c) in reality.
d) consequently.
Read the joke and answer question12.
He had felt terrible for three days, so Bob finally called 
his doctor’s office.
“The doctor can see you in three weeks”, he was told. An 
outraged Bob bellowed, “Three weeks? The doctor can’t 
see me for three weeks? I could be dead by then!”
Calmly the voice at the other end of the line replied, “If 
so, be sure to have someone call to cancel the 
appointment.”
GLOSSARY:
outraged – ofendido, injuriado
bellow – gritar, berrar
12 - The underlined expression, in the text, can be 
replaced by
a) so far.
b) until then.
c) up to now.
d) now and then.
Read the text and answer question 13.
SHARKS - SAFER THAN SODA
MACHINES!
Are you scared of sharks? A recent survey found nearly
40 percent of people are scared
of sharks.
Some people blame movies like Jaws. In reality, sharks
are more scared of people. In
fact, sharks are safer than soda machines!
Researches say these machines kill more people than
sharks do. The soda machines fall
on people when they get angry and kick machines to get a
soda or money back.
13 – “like”, (line 4), can be replaced by
a) as.
b) about.
c) enjoy.
d) for example.
14 - Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a 
lacuna da frase a seguir:
If he put it this way, everybody __________ with him.
a) would agree
b) should have agreed
c) will agree
d) would has agreed
e) agreeded
15 - If you don't go, __________ very angry.
a) I feel
b) I am
c) I was
d) I'll be
e) I have been
16 - The alternative that does not finish the sentence "If it 
rains we..." correctly is:
a) couldn't go out.
17
b) won't go out.
c) mustn't go out.
d) shouldn't go out.
e) can't go out.
17 - Candidates who get a poor result always regret:
If I had studied more before sitting for the test, I
__________ it.
a) would pass
b) passed
c) have passed
d) would have passed
e) had passed
18 - If I __________ my raincoat, I __________ a cold.
a) had worn – wouldn't have gotten
b) wear – would have get
c) didn't wear – wouldn't have get
d) am wearing – would have gotten
e) hadn't wear – couldn't have get
19 | CESGRANRIO 1991
Mark the item that shows the correct ending to the 
following sentence:
If the process happens each time we eat sugar, we:
a) will have dental problems.
b) would have dental problems.
c) would have had dental problems.
d) could have dental problems.
e) may have had dental problems.
20 | PUCRIO 2003
In the sentence "Illinois is guaranteeing first-year students
that their fees won't increase - as long as they finish in
four years", as long as could be replaced by all the items
below, EXCEPT:
a) if
b) in case
c) unless
d) provided that
e) on condition that
21 | CESGRANRIO 1995
The sentence "Though overshoppers later experience
considerable remorse, they find shopping exciting"
contains an idea of:
a) addition.
b) alternative.
c) cause.
d) condition.
e) contrast.
22 | UNIRIO 1995 – ADAPTED
Research shows that sunscreens may not be as effective 
as hoped at preventing sunburn. Users may be spending 
long hours in the sun with a false sense of security, and
THOUGH lotions may protect against sunburning UVB 
rays, it does little to block out the potentially more 
dangerous UVA rays.
– The word THOUGH can be replaced with:
a) but.
b) however.
c) therefore.
d) besides.
e) yet.
23 | MACKENZIE 1996
Indicate the alternative that best completes the following 
sentence:
He had a headache; __________, he __________ the 
invitation.
a) hence – declined
b) then – dismissed
c) otherwise – refused
d) so – quit
e) however – failed
24 | UEL 1995
Complete the sentence correctly:
__________ he is lazy, he makes a lot of money.
a) But
b) Thus
c) Due to
d) Unless
e) Although
25 | FAAP 1997
I don't know __________ she is as optimist or a pessimist
a) each
b) how many
c) weather
d) like that
e) whether
26 | UEL 1997
A lacuna é corretamente preenchida pela alternativa:
I'd like to talk to him __________ he arrives.
a) while
b) rather than
c) since
d) as soon as
e) because
27 | UERJ 1998 – ADAPTED
Photojournalists are often people who feel a powerful
social responsibility to document the atrocities of
humanity IN ORDER TO provide evidence to the world.
– The capital world expression is a marker of:
a) result.
b) reason.
c) purpose.
d) consequence.
28 | UNESP 2000
__________ Mr. Foley was reading the newspaper, Mrs.
Foley was watching television.
a) While
b) As long
c) In the meantime
d) Because of
e) How
29 | UFRRJ 1999 – ADAPTED
The explosive growth in these regions is DUE not only 
TO
high birth rates but to the young age at which mothers
have their children, telescoping the time between
generations.
– The expression DUE TO could be replaced by:
18
a) since.
b) towards.
c) from.
d) because of.
e) during.
30 - | PUCRS 2002 – ADAPTED
Once they are agreed, the new guidelines will go through
a series of trials, at first primarily at Cambridge 
University,
before being issued nationally.
– O termo "once" pode ser substituído por:
a) Before.
b) As soon as.
c) If.
d) Unless.
e) At any time.
SUGESTÃO DE TRADUÇÃO:
I’M NOT THE ONLY ONE – SAM SMITH
You and me we made a vow
For better or for worse
I can't believe you let me down
But the proof is in the way it hurts
For months on end I've had my doubts
Denying every tear
I wish this would be over now
But I know that I still need you here
You say I'm crazy
Cause you don't think I know what you've done
But when you call me baby
I know I'm not the only one
You've been so unavailable
Now sadly I know why
Your heart is unobtainable
Even though Lord knows you have mine
You say I'm crazy
Cause you don't think I know what you've done
But when you call me baby
I know I'm not the only one
I have loved you for many years
Maybe I am just not enough
You've made me realise my deepest fear
By lying and tearing us up
You say I'm crazy
Cause you don't think I know what you've done
But when you call me baby
I know I'm not the only one
You say I'm crazy
Cause you don't think I know what you've done
But when you call me baby
I know I'm not the only one
I know I'm not the only one
I know I'm not the only one
And I know
I know I'm not the only one
ANSWER-KEY:
01 - b
02 – d
03 -d
04 – a
05 – c
06 – a
07 – c
08 - e
09 – c
10 - a
11- d
12 – b
13 - d
14 – a
15 – d
16 - a
17 - d
18 – a
19 – a
20 - c21 – e
22 – e
23 - a
24 – e
25 – e
26 – d
27 – c
28 – a
29 – d
30 – c
19
CAPÍTULO 18
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions
AT – reference 
(ponto no espaço – ponto de referência)
 Time idea①
19
 a) HORAS
I wake up at 5:00 a.m.
 b) SPECIAL DATAS
They always travel at Christmas.
 
 c) AT NIGHT
I work at night.
 d) British English: at the weekend
I dislike working at the weekend
 Place idea②
 a) ADDRESS (nº + street)
CCBB is at 66 Primeiro de Março Street.
 b) REFERÊNCIAS
They are at Maracanã.
 
 c) CIDADES COMO REFERÊNCIAS DE
ESTAÇÕES OU AEROPORTOS
The bus doesn’t stop at Curitiba.
 d) “at home” OU “at work”
Men at work
He’s at home
at once: imediatamente; de uma só vez
at ease: à vontade
at first: em princípio
at last: por último
not at all: absolutamente não
at least: pelo menos at most: no máximo
ON – surfaces (superfícies – linha reta)
 Time idea①
 a) THE DAYS OF THE WEEK
We study English on Wednesday.
 b) DATES
I was born on 20 December, 1991.
 c) SPECIAL DATE FOLLOWED BY “DAY” OR
“EVE”
“All is quiet on New Year’s Day...”
 d) American English: on the weekend
I dislike to work on the weekend
 Place idea②
 a) SURFACES
The book is on the table.
 b) ADDRESS (streets) 
Progressão is on Primeiro de Março St.
 
 c) MEANS OF TRANSPORTATIONS 
They were on the bus when they called me.
_
 d) “on foot” 
I come to school on foot
P.S.: Com alguns verbos, on é usado para expressar
continuidade.
walk on – show on P.P.S.: on and on
IN – área
 Time idea①
 a) MONTHS/YEARS
Brazil was discovered in 1500.
 Place idea②
 a) BAIRROS, CIDADES, ESTADOS, PAÍSES,
CONTINENTES.
They live in South America.
 b) CARROS, TÁXIS.
He’s been sleeping in the car since they had an argument.
 
 c) ÁREA
They are in the classroom.
What’s the difference?
On time X In time
Pontualmente A tempo de se fazer alguma
coisa
I didn’t arrive on time but I got in time to say goodbye to
her!
At the endX In the end
No fim No fim (quando há uma
reviravolta na história)
They live at the end of the street.
I tried so hard
And got so far
But in the end
It doesn't even matter
I had to fall
To lose it all
But in the end
It doesn't even matter (Linkin Park)
Onto X Into
Movimento para cima de uma superfície
Movimento para dentro
The man jumped onto the horse The kids
ran into the room when the rain started.
Off from (X Onto) X Out of (X Into)
Antônimo de Onto Antônimo de Into
People are getting off from the bus.
The family are getting out of the car.
20
From: origem
Where are you from?
(Em inglês, nas perguntas, é comum jogarmos as
preposições para o final da frase.)
To: destination
Where are you going to?
P.s.: Go
Go home / Go downtown (Am.E.)
Go to work 
Go to the beach, theatre (Br.E.), city centre (Br.E.),
theater, movies, etc.
Special situations:
Go to school X Go to the school
Go to hospital Go to the hospital
Go to prison Go to the prison
Go to hotel Go to the hotel
Go to motel Go to the motel
Go to church Go to the church
Situações cotidianas, normais. Situações atípicas.
From… to… (Deslocamento de espaço):
They will travel from Rio to Guaratinguetá to see your
graduation.
From… to…
From… till…
From… through…
From… until… (Deslocamento de tempo)
We have classes from 8:00 a.m. to/till/through/until 10:00
p.m..
Of:
1.Content:
A glass of water
2.Possession:
The Gospel of John.
By:
1.Agente da Passiva
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
2.=Around, About
I got home by midnight.
3.=Near, Close to
I live by the lake.
4.Means of transportation:
I come to school by bus.
p.s.: O padrão contemporâneo do inglês estadunidense
aceita by foot e on foot, enquanto o padrão europeu aceita
on foot. Observa-se que a FAB prefere o padrão on foot.
I come to school on foot. 
What’s the difference?
Feijoada is made of beans and porky. X Wine is
made from grapes.
Observe que na feijoada você observa os No vinho
é impossível enxergá-lo.
ingredientes originais.
Through
Go through the tunnel.
P.s.: Idioms: 
Read... through
Watch... through
See... through
I have read Harry Potter through.
Across
Go across the street.
Throughout ( Through)
They have been friends throughout their lives.
By X With
The rat was killed by the boys with a stone.
By: agente da passiva. With: instrumento.
Up: 
1.Movimento para cima:
Go upstairs.
2.Ações completas:
Drink up your milk, sonny.
Down:
1.Ações para baixo:
21
Go down Presidente Vargas Av. until Central do Brasil
Station.
Upon = On
The film was based upon the book.
The movie was based on the book.
About:
1.Topics (*):
The lecture was about Philosophy.
2.Nearly, Around
I may arrive about midday for the traffic may be heavy.
*Concerning topics, about can be substituted by “on” or
“upon”:
The lecture was on/upon Philosophy.
With: (company)
Who do you live with?
Without (X With)
With or without you
With or without you
I can't live
With or without you (U2)
In front of:
 Superman is in front of Batman.
Behind:
 Cyclops is behind Professor X.
Opposite
They are sitting opposite each other.
Next to:
 Cyclops is next to Jean Grey.
Beside:
803 is beside 805.
Between: (entre 2 elementos)
The letter is between the cushions.
Among (Am.E.) = Amongst (Br. E.)
I was amongst the people in “Jornada Mundial da
Juventude”.
Over:
1.Movement or position (= Above)
 Throw the ball over the box.
2. We can also use over when talking about movement
across a surface:
Shall we go over the road and see if there is a bank on the
other side?
Above: 
1.Position not touching.
The birds flew above that tree.
Beyond: (Além de, referência de local)
It lies beyond the river.
Within:
Within: space
Within means ‘inside or not further than a particular area
or space’:
People who live within the city pay higher local taxes
than people who live just outside the city. (= the people
who live no further than the city boundary or limits)
We’ve always lived within ten miles of the coast. We love
the sea. (We’ve always lived no further than ten miles
from the coast.)
 
Within: time
We can use within to refer to time:
I’ve booked train tickets on the Internet. They should
arrive withinthree days. (no later than three days from
now)
I’ve noticed her change within a very short time.
Warning:
Within does not mean the same as in. Within stresses that
something is not further than a particular area or space or
not later than a particular time:
Your shirt is in the drawer.
Not: Your shirt is within the drawer.
I always have tea in the afternoon.
Not: I always have tea within the afternoon.
Towards:
Towards and toward are prepositions. We can use both
forms, but towards is much more common than toward.
Toward(s) most often means ‘in the direction of
something’:
The oil pollution is now movingtowards the shore, and
could threaten beaches and wild life.
He stood up and moved toward the door.
22
We use toward(s) to mean ‘in relation to someone or
something’. We don’t useagainst or about when we talk
about people’s attitudes, feelings and behaviour in
relation to one another:
She’s always been very friendlytowards me.
He felt very angry towards her when she refused him.
Not: … angry against her … or …angry about her …
 
Toward(s): position
We use toward(s) to mean ‘near to or just before a time or
place’:
Toward the late afternoon I always get sleepy and can’t
work so well.
We sat towards the back of the room but we could still
hear the speakers very clearly.
Toward(s): purpose
Toward(s) can mean ‘for the purpose of buying or
achieving something’:
Would you like to make a contributiontowards our new
children’s playground? (Would you like to give some
money to help pay for it?)
The essays you do during term counttowards your final
grade.
BESIDES: “além de”
Besides Physics, we have to study Portuguese,
Mathematics and English.
Besides studying English, we have to study Mathematics,
Physics and Portuguese.Besides the fact that we study English, we have to study
Mathematics, Physics and Portuguese.
Despite = In spite of (Apesar de)
Despite raining, they went to the beach.
Despite of the rain, they went to the beach.
In spite of raining, they went mountain climbing.
In spite of the rain, they went mountain climbing.
Under = Underneath
 The rabbit is under the table.
Below = Beneath
The fish are below the surface.
EXERCISES:
001 | PUCRIO 2004
Mark the only sentence that CANNOT be correctly
completed with the preposition FROM:
a) Commercial sales of drugs derived __________ this
one
plant are about US$160 million a year.
b) Madagascar's rosy periwinkle, a plant __________
Africa, provides two important anti-tumor agents.
c) Quinine, an aid in the cure of malaria, is an alkaloid
extracted __________ the bark of the cinchona tree found
in Latin America and Africa.
d) __________ 1960, only 19 percent of Hodgkin's
disease
sufferers had a chance for survival.
e) Until recently, wild yams __________ Mexico and
Guatemala provided the world with its entire supply of
diosgenin, an active ingredient in birth control pills.
002 | UFRGS 2006
In the phrase "Exports to China are expected to quadruple
by 2010", BY is being used with the same meaning as in:
a) I'll finish reading the book by midnight.
b) We could go to Gramado by car.
c) He paid the hotel expenses by cheque.
d) Forty divided by eight is five.
e) Do you know "The Da Vinci Code" by Dan Brown?
003 | PUCRS 2006
Prepaid meters have been launched with the aim
__________ improving water service; however, they
might be a problem __________ those who cannot afford
paying __________ water services.
a) to – for – of
b) on – to – for
c) of – to – on
d) for – on – of
e) of – for – for
004 | UNESP 1994
Something is cooking __________ the oven.
a) up
b) to
c) in
d) into
e) for
005 | ITA 1995 – ADAPTED
It's clear that Gossard and the rest of Pearl Jam no longer
want to rely __________ anger and craziness to drive the
band.
– A preposição que deve acompanhar o verbo "rely",
relacionado no texto, é:
a) at
b) on
c) in
d) for
e) with
006 | ITA 1995 – ADAPTED
Scientists have been talking about producing better foods
__________ genetic engineering ever since the
technology first became available more than 20 years ago.
a) by.
b) for.
c) over.
d) through.
e) with.
007 | UNESP 1993
He walked __________ the room.
a) at
b) on
23
c) between
d) into
e) among
008 | UNESP 1995
I read a chapter __________ politics.
a) on
b) at
c) above
d) before
e) after
009 | FUVEST 1979
__________ the circumstances you must go __________
foot.
a) Under – with
b) Under – by
c) On – on
d) Under – on
e) On – under
010 | FUVEST 1977 – ADAPTED
Complete com as palavras necessárias:
I was born __________ 2 o'clock __________ the
morning, __________ a Sunday __________ April
__________ the year 1958, __________ a farm
__________ a small village called Sta. Cruz, __________
the state of Goiás, Brazil.
a) on / in / on / in / in / in / in / in
b) on / in / on / in / of / in / in / in
c) at / in / on / in / of / on / in / on
d) at / in / in / in / of / in / in / in
e) at / in / on / in / of / in / in / in
011 | CESGRANRIO 1995
The program Dr. Black is working __________ his
colleagues __________ the department __________
psychiatry will build on a pioneering study done
__________ 1989.
– Mark the item which contains the prepositions that
complete the passage above:
a) with, of, about, in
b) with, on, from, in
c) with, in, of, in
d) without, at, by, on
e) without, from, after, on
012 | FAAP 1996
An executive presiding over a lunchtime meeting
__________ a busy San Francisco restaurant was having
no luck getting the waiter's attention. So, using his
cellular
phone, he called the restaurant and asked __________
have some menus sent over __________ his table. It
worked.
Adapted from Reader's Digest – Sep./95
– Quais preposições completam corretamente o texto
anterior?
a) in, about, to
b) at, to, in
c) in, for, on
d) for, for, to
e) in, to, to
013 | UNESP 1996
Assinale a alternativa correta para completar o espaço em
branco na sentença a seguir:
She is very proud __________ her children.
a) at
b) in
c) on
d) with
e) of
014 | MACKENZIE 1996
Complete with the appropriate prepositions:
I. How kind __________ you to invite us __________
your
party!
II. I'm sorry __________ him but even so I'm not sorry
__________ what I did.
III. Is the director confident __________ his abilities?
a) I. for/for; II. about/for; III. about
b) I. of/to; II. for/about; III. of
c) I. in/for; II. for/about; III. of
d) I. on/to; II. for/in; III. in
e) I. for/on; II. of/for; III. With
015 | MACKENZIE 1996
Complete with the appropriate prepositions:
I. My wife was very glad __________ taking a trip
abroad.
II. Are you hopeful __________ receiving a nice gift?
III. Whatever is good __________ you will be acceptable
__________ me.
IV. Criminals belong __________ jail.
a) I. in; II. about; III. for/for; IV. to
b) I. on; II. of; III. about/for; IV. to
c) I. with; II. for; III. for/to; IV. on
d) I. about; II. of; III. for/to; IV. in
e) I. of; II. in; III. to/to; IV. At
016 | UDESC 1996
Choose the CORRECT alternative to complete the
sentence:
That girl __________ the corner told everybody she is
going __________ leave __________ New York
__________ seven tomorrow night, __________ a huge
airplane.
a) by – for – on – in – at
b) under – below – by – at – for
c) through – into – onto – on – on
d) on – to – for – at – by
e) on – to – for – in – by
017 | MACKENZIE 1996
Indicate the alternative that best completes the following
sentence:
__________ you know, Jack is a soldier, but he walks
__________ a general.
a) How; how
b) As; like
24
c) As; as
d) Like; as
e) How; like
018 | CESGRANRIO 1990
The sentence in which FOR is used in the same way as in
"These knives are now used for some general surgery" is:
a) The laser has been used for years.
b) The technician is leaving for Tokyo.
c) This telephone records word for word.
d) The laser has become popular for its wide applicability.
e) Doctors use laser for several types of operations.
019 | CESGRANRIO 1990
In "The sweet-and-lovely look is OUT; the aggressive
punk
pose is IN", the capital words stand for:
a) out of work / in vogue
b) out of sight / in mind
c) out of order / in memory
d) out of date / in fashion
e) out of mind / in sight
020 | FEI 1996 – ADAPTED
One of the most famous monuments in the world, the
Statue of Liberty, was presented to the United States of
America in the nineteenth century by the people of
France.
– Preencha a lacuna de acordo com o texto:
Who was the statue presented __________?
a) from
b) for
c) by
d) at
e) in
021 | UEL 1997 – ADAPTED
Olajuwon should have no trouble promoting his product.
"All I drink is water", says he. OVER a gallon a day.
– A palavra OVER, no texto, significa:
a) sobre.
b) em cima de.
c) super.
d) mais do que.
e) abaixo de.
022 | MACKENZIE 1997
__________ the end, he gave __________ discussing
__________ his father and said he would go __________
medicine.
a) In – up – with – in for
b) At – up – with – in
c) In – out – about –into
d) At – in – with – out in
e) In – at – on – up at
023 | UNESP 1986
Assinale a alternativa correta:
Fried potatoes are called "French Fries" __________ the
United States.
a) on
b) about
c) of
d) from
e) in
024 | UNESP 1987
Assinale a alternativa correta:
Very little is known __________ nuclear energy.
a) of
b) over
c) in
d) into
e) about
025 | UNESP 1988
Assinale a alternativa correta:
Aspirin is the best drug to fight __________ headache.
a) on
b) against
c) with
d) to
e) for
026 | UNESP 1989
Assinale a alternativa correta:
That experiment was performed __________ important
scientists.
a) by
b) to
c) from
d) against
e) for
027 | UNESP 1997
Assinale a alternativa correta:
We stayed in Rome __________ two months.
a) since
b) at
c) in
d) on
e) for
028 | UNIRIO 1997
The word LIKE in "Premier researchers use the Net to
test
projects like real-time, 3Dmodels of colliding galaxies or
rampaging tornadoes" introduces elements of:
a) exemplification.
b) generalization.
c) reformulation.
d) comparison.
e) addition.
029 | ITA 1997 – ADAPTED
Specialty Minerals do Brasil, an international,
researchbased
company, (I) several openings for Operator
Technicians at its plant in Jacareí. The successful
candidate will be responsible (II) operating a
computercontrolled
process, performing quality control lab tests,
25
unloading of bulk product, loading tanker trucks with
finished product, and other duties as assigned.
Availability
(III) travel abroad is required.
– As lacunas I, II a III devem ser preenchidas
respectivamente por:
a) I. has, II. for, III. for
b) I. have, II. by, III. of
c) I. have, II. for, III. of
d) I. has, II. for, III. to
e) I. has, II. by, III. to
030 | ITA 1997
Mensagem Capadócia
Um adesivo "made in Paraguai" anda circulando nos
vidros dos carros paulistanos: "Good girls go to heaven,
bad girls go to everywhere". É de doer, posto que o
correto seria: "__________".
Bárbara Gancia, Folha do São Paulo de 7/06/96.
– A perspicácia da colunista se faz notar de diversas
formas no texto anterior. Uma delas é através da correção
de uma impropriedade normativa. Qual seria a frase final
do texto, aqui omitida propositalmente?
a) Good girls go heaven, bad girls everywhere.
b) Good girls go heaven, bad girls go everywhere.
c) Good girls go to heaven, bad girls to go to everywhere.
d) Good girls go to heaven, bad girls go everywhere.
e) Good girls go heaven, bad girls go to everywhere.
031 | ITA 1997 – ADAPTED
Probably the only thing that Brazil's two pay TV
heavyweights, Globo and TVA, agree __________ is that
the country's multichannel business is on the verge of a
boom.
– Qual a preposição que melhor preenche a lacuna?
a) for
b) on
c) at
d) by
e) in
032 | CESGRANRIO 1998
The following sentences must be completed with
"between" or "among":
I. There were no radicals __________ her close friends.
II. The students talked quietly __________ themselves
before the test started.
III. The father and the mother sat in the sofa, with the
baby __________ them.
IV. The Queen of England is not very popular now
__________ the British people.
V. There is much difference __________ the American
and the Brazilian education systems.
– "Between" must be used in sentences:
a) III and V only.
b) I, II and III only.
c) II, III and IV only.
d) II, IV and V only.
e) I, II, III and V only.
033 | CESGRANRIO 1998
Fill in the blanks of the text below with the correct
prepositions:
No higher education reforms are likely to be adopted
__________ time to affect the choice that a student or his
family makes about where the student should go to
college today. For a student, not having to worry about
cost would be a wonderful option. But __________
almost every student to be able to go to school these days,
working out matters of cost is an essential part
__________ choosing the best college.
a) on, to and in
b) on, for and at
c) in, for and of
d) in, before and in
e) about, to and of
034 | UFRGS 1997
Fill in the blank below with the best alternative:
Political corruption and civil unrest are __________
Mexico's modern problems.
a) because
b) between
c) throughout
d) among
e) although
035 | FEI 1997
Complete:
Pablo said that __________ Spain, everybody sleeps
__________ 1 and 4 PM.
a) with – among
b) among – between
c) between – among
d) among – at
e) in – at
ANSWER-KEY:
01D 
02A 
03E 
04C 
05B 
06D 
07D 
08A 
09D 
10E
11C 
12E 
13E 
14B 
15D 
16D 
17B 
18E 
19D 
20C
21D 
22A 
23E 
26
24E 
25B 
26A
27 E 
28A 
29D 
30D
31B 
32A 
33C 
34D 
35B
SUGESTÃO DE TRADUÇÃO:
WANNABE – SPICE GIRLS
Yo I'll tell you what I want, what I really really want,
So tell me what you want, what you really really want,
I'll tell you what I want, what I really really want,
So tell me what you want, what you really really want,
I wanna, I wanna, I wanna, I wanna, I wanna really
Really really wanna zigazig ha.
If you want my future forget my past,
If you wanna get with me better make it fast,
Now don't go wasting my precious time,
Get your act together we could be just fine.
I'll tell you what I want, what I really really want,
So tell me what you want, what you really really want,
I wanna, I wanna, I wanna, I wanna, I wanna really
Really really wanna zigazig ha.
If you wanna be my lover, 
you gotta get with my friends,
Make it last forever friendship never ends,
If you wanna be my lover, you have got to give,
Taking is too easy, but that's the way it is.
What do you think about that now you know how I feel,
Say you can handle my love are you for real,
I won't be hasty, I'll give you a try,
If you really bug me then I'll say goodbye.
Yo I'll tell you what I want, what I really really want,
So tell me what you want, what you really really want,
I wanna, I wanna, I wanna, I wanna, I wanna really
Really really wanna zig zig ha.
If you wanna be my lover, 
you gotta get with my friends,
Make it last forever friendship never ends,
If you wanna be my lover, you have got to give,
Taking is too easy, but that's the way it is.
So here's a story from a to z, 
you wanna get with me
You gotta listen carefully,
We got "em" in the place 
who likes it in your face,
We got g like mc 
who likes it on an
Easy v doesn't come for free, 
she's a real lady,
And as for me, ha you'll see,
Slam your body down and wind it all around,
Slam your body down and wind it all around.
If you wanna be my lover, 
you gotta get with my friends,
Make it last forever friendship never ends,
If you wanna be my lover, you have got to give,
Taking is too easy, but that's the way it is.
If you wanna be my lover, you gotta, you gotta, you gotta,
You gotta, you gotta, slam, slam, slam, slam,
Slam your body down and wind it all around,
Slam your body down and wind it all around,
Slam your body down and wind it all around,
Slam your body down zigazig ah.
If you wanna be my lover.
27
CAPÍTULO 19
PHRASAL VERBS
Esses verbos podem ser classificados quanto:
Ao significado:
PHRASAL VERBS: o significado NÃO pode ser 
deduzido a partir do verbo e da partícula adverbial.
PREPOSITIONAL VERBS: o significado PODE ser 
deduzido a partir das partes que o compõem.
Ao número de palavras:
A TWO-WORD VERB / TWO-PART VERB: to put on 
(vestir) - Put on your jacket! (Vista a sua jaqueta!)
A THREE-WORD VERB / THREE-PART VERB: to 
put up with (tolerar) - I can't put up with this noise. 
(Não posso tolerar este barulho.).
 Phrasal Verbs 
São verbos de duas ou três partes formados basicamente 
por um verbo mais uma ou duas partículas, que o 
complementam. isto é, podem ser classificados como 
sendo uma frase.As partículas podem ser preposições ou 
advérbios e o significado total das palavras é 
geralmente diferente do significado individual dos 
elementos que o compõem. Sendo assim, não podem ser 
traduzidos literalmente na maioria das vezes e devem ser 
encarados como vocábulos independentes dos elementos 
que os compõem. 
Exemplo: sit (verbo) + down (advérbio) = sit down 
(sentar)
get (verbo) + in (preposição) = get in (entrar)
Características 
Como podemos ver a partir dos exemplos acima, os 
phrasal verbs são formados da seguinte maneira:
verbo + uma partícula (preposição ou advérbio)
Os phrasal verbs são uma peculiaridade da língua 
inglesa que dão um tom mais informal à linguagem e 
estão presentes em inúmeras situações, tanto no dia a dia 
quanto nas situações que requerem uma certa 
formalidade. A aparente dificuldade em entendê-los deve-
se ao fato de que eles não existem em português.
1. O verbo que segue de base para o phrasal verb pode 
ser regular ou irregular: call (regular), give (irregular). 
2. Em alguns casos, a partícula pode ser separada do 
verbo, isto é, o objeto é colocado entre o verbo e a 
partícula. Quando o objeto for um pronome, a partícula 
será, necessariamente, separada. Observe os exemplos a
seguir:
Please turn on the light. = Please turn the light on. = 
Please turn it on. (Por favor, ligue aluz.)
She switched on the TV. = She switched the TV on. = 
She switched it on. (Ela ligou a televisão.)
Take off your shoes. = Take your shoes off. = Take them 
off. (Tire seus sapatos.)
3. Há casos, no entanto, em que a partícula não pode ser 
separada do verbo. Veja alguns exemplos abaixo:
While she was cleaning the house, she came across a pair
of gold earrings. (Enquanto ela estava limpando a casa, 
encontrou um par de brincos de ouro.)
Your daughter doesn't take after you at all. (Sua filha não
se parece nada com você.)
4. Como os outros verbos, os phrasal verbs podem ser 
transitivos (requerem objeto, pois seu sentido não está 
completo em si) ou intransitivos (seu sentido está 
completo em si e portanto, não requerem objeto). Quando
transitivos, os phrasal verbs podem ser separados. 
Observe:
He took off his jacket. = He took his jacket off. (Ele tirou
o casaco.)
 (obj. dir.)
Tha plane took off. (O avião decolou.)
Os Phrasal Verbs transitivos são subdivididos em:
- Inseparáveis
What a terrible journey! We broke down twice on the 
way home. (Que viagem terrível! Nosso carro quebrou 
duas vezes no caminho de volta para casa.)
- Separáveis 
Please, turn on the light. = (Por favor, ligue a luz.)
Please, turn the light on.
Please, turn it on.
Please, turn on it. Errado! A Separação é obrigatória 
quando se utiliza o pronome it.
5. Alguns phrasal verbs apresentam partículas que 
servem apenas para indicar que a ação está completa ou 
para reforçar/enfatizar o sentido do verbo. Este verbo é 
frequentemente formado com a partícula up. Exemplos:
cut off - cortar
burn up - queimar
28
mix up – misturar
PHRASAL VERBS SEPARÁVEIS
add up - somar (algo); totalizar
back up - mover-se para trás (em veículo); apoiar algo 
ou alguém; fazer uma segunda cópia de algum arquivo, 
programa, etc. (informática) 
bring off - realizar algo difícil, obter sucesso em algo
bring on - causar algo, ser o motivo de alguma coisa 
(geralmente algo desagradável)
bring out - publicar; enfatizar algo
bring round (also bring to) - fazer alguém que está 
inconsciente voltar a si
bring up - criar, cuidar de alguém desde a infância; 
mencionar um assunto, começar a falar sobre algo
brush aside - fazer pouco caso de 
burn down - queimar completamente, destruir algo por 
causa do fogo
burn up - destruir algo por causa do fogo
buy out - comprar a parte de alguém em algum negócio
buy up - comprar tudo ou a maior quantidade possível 
de algo
call off - cancelar
call up - ligar para alguém; recrutar alguém (exército)
calm down - acalmar-se, acalmar alguém
carry on - continuar (com algo/a fazer algo)
carry out - cumprir algo; realizar (tarefa, função)
catch up - alcançar alguém 
cheer up - alegrar-se, alegrar algo ou alguém 
chop up - cortar algo em pequenos pedaços
clean off - tirar a sujeira de algo
clean out - limpar a parte interior de algo, fazer uma 
limpeza caprichada
clean up - limpar algo
clear out - arrumar e limpar algo colocando coisas fora 
ou removendo-as
clear up - limpar e organizar algo; esclarecer, resolver, 
explicar algo
close down - fechar algo (empresa, loja, etc.)
close up - fechar algo temporariamente, por algumas 
horas, minutos, etc.
count in - incluir algo ou alguém
count out - excluir algo ou alguém
cross out/off - riscar, tirar algo ou alguém de uma lista
cut down - reduzir algo; cortar, derrubar (árvore, etc.)
cut off - deserdar alguém; cortar algo (linha telefônica, 
etc.); interromper alguém que está falando; diminuir; 
remover; bloquear ou ficar no caminho de algo; isolar 
alguém 
cut out - cortar algo (roupa, molde); excluir alguém; 
omitir algo; bloquear (luz); cortar algo; deixar de fazer 
ou comer alguma coisa 
draw up - redigir, preparar um documento
dress up - fantasiar-se; arrumar-se; disfarçar algo 
eat up - comer tudo
figure out - entender; descobrir, decifrar algo
fill up - completar, encher, abastecer
find out - descobrir algo; informar-se de algo; 
desmascarar alguém (que estava fazendo algo errado)
fix up - consertar; reformar; decorar algo
get across - comunicar algo a alguém; fazer-se entender
por alguém
give back - devolver algo a alguém
give out - distribuir algo 
hand down - passar algo para alguém mais novo 
(conhecimento, etc.); anunciar algo oficialmente
hand over - passar o cargo, a responsabilidade de algo 
para alguém
hang up - usar algo pela última vez
have on - vestir
hold up - atrasar algo ou alguém; usar algo ou alguém 
como exemplo; assaltar
keep up - manter o padrão de algo; continuar a fazer 
algo; cuidar de uma casa, jardim, etc.
leave out - omitir, não incluir ou mencionar algo ou 
alguém 
29
let down - decepcionar alguém
let out - aumentar o tamanho de uma peça de roupa
light up - acender um cigarro; iluminar algo 
live down - ser capaz de fazer alguém esquecer algo 
errado que você tenha feito
make over - dar algo legalmente para alguém
pass on - transmitir (uma mensagem para alguém); 
passar algo para alguém
pass up - não aproveitar uma oportunidade, chance, etc.
pay back - devolver o dinheiro para alguém
pay off - pagar e despedir alguém; subornar alguém; 
quitar uma dívida 
pick up - atender ao telefone; pegar alguém (de carro); 
fazer alguém se sentir melhor; prender alguém; 
aprender algo por acaso; pegar algo ou alguém
play down - minimizar a importância de algo
play up - exagerar, enfatizar, dar maior valor a algo
point out - apontar, indicar algo ou alguém
pull down - demolir
put off - adiar; perturbar, incomodar alguém 
put on - vestir-se; fingir
put up - dar pouso para alguém; levantar algo (mão); 
construir (edifício); colocar algo (cartaz, bandeira, etc.)
quiet down - acalmar-se, acalmar alguém
rinse out - enxaguar algo
rule out - eliminar, descartar alguém, uma 
possibilidade, uma proposta, etc.
run down - atropelar alguém
run off - fugir, escapar com algo; tirar cópia de algo
save up - poupar, economizar dinheiro
see off - despedir-se de alguém
see through - não deixar de fazer algo até que isso 
tenha terminado
send over/off - mandar algo por correio, e-mail, etc.
set up - combinar algo; montar algo
show off - mostrar, exibir algo ou alguém com orgulho
shut off - cortar algo (fornecimento)
slow up - reduzir a velocidade de algo (trabalho, 
pesquisa, etc.); reduzir a velocidade, ir mais devagar
spell out - explicar algo claramente; soletrar ou 
escrever as letras de uma palavra na ordem correta
stand up - não ir encontrar alguém que você combinou 
de encontrar
sweep out - varrer
take back - retirar algo que se disse ou escreveu; 
aceitar algo de volta (loja)
take down - anotar algo; desmontar algo
take in - entender, assimilar ou lembrar algo que se 
ouviu ou leu
take off - tirar algo (calçados, roupas, etc.) 
take over - assumir o controle de algo (empresa, 
negócios, etc.)
talk over - discutir
tear down - destruir, demolir
tear up - rasgar em pedaços (documentos, cartas, fotos, 
etc.)
tell off - xingar alguém
think over - refletir sobre algo
think through - pensar muito bem
think up - inventar algo; pensar em algo
throw away - jogar algo fora
tie up - amarrar algo ou alguém
tire out - esgotar alguém, esgotar-se
touch up - retocar (maquiagem)
try on - experimentar algo (roupas, sapatos, etc.)
try out - testar
turn down - rejeitar algo ou alguém; abaixar algo 
(rádio, ar-condicionado, televisão, etc.)
turn off - apagar algo (luz); fechar algo (torneira); 
desligar algo (rádio, TV, motor, etc.)
30
turn on - acender algo (luz); abrir algo (torneira); ligar 
algo (rádio, TV, motor, etc.)
turn out - produzir; expulsar alguém de algum lugar; 
apagar (luz)
wash off - tirar algo lavando
wash out - lavar algo
wear out - desgastar-se; ficar gasto devido ao excesso 
de uso; gastar; esgotar alguém
wind up - terminar, concluir algo; irritar, provocar 
alguém; liquidar algo (negócio); dar corda (relógio)
wipe off - limpar, enxugar algo
wipe out - aniquilar, destruir algo; erradicar (doença, 
crime, etc.)
work out - calcularalgo; solucionar algo; planejar, 
elaborar algo
write down - anotar algo
write out - escrever algo (por extenso ou a limpo); 
copiar algo
write up - redigir algo 
PHRASAL VERBS INSEPARÁVEIS
back out of - voltar atrás (em um acordo, etc.)
bear down on - fazer força para baixo
bear on - ter a ver com, estar relacionado com
bear up under - suportar, resistir
break down - parar de funcionar (carro, 
máquina, etc.); falhar (negociações); dividir algo
em partes; perder o controle dos sentimentos
break into - entrar à força em uma residência; 
abrir algo à força
break in on - interromper, perturbar algo
call for - buscar alguém; requerer algo
care for - ter afeição por alguém; cuidar de 
alguém; gostar de algo; querer algo
carry on with - continuar a fazer algo, 
prosseguir
catch up with - alcançar alguém
check up on - investigar algo ou alguém; 
verificar
come across - encontrar algo ou alguém por 
acaso
come along with - acompanhar alguém; chegar, 
aparecer; melhorar, progredir
come by - conseguir algo, adquirir algo
come down with - adoecer
come out with - dizer algo surpreendente
come through - obter sucesso e algo que se faz; 
sobreviver a algo
come up with/in/on - encontrar uma resposta, 
uma soma
count on - contar com alguém
cut in on - interromper alguém quando está 
falando; cortar (outro carro)
disagree with - fazer mal a alguém (comida, 
clima, etc.)
do away with - desfazer-se de algo; abolir algo
do without - passar sem algo ou alguém
drop in at/on - fazer uma visita informal a 
alguém ou a algum lugar
drop out of - retirar-se de algo; não fazer mais 
parte de algo; sair da universidade; afastar-se da 
sociedade
face up to - enfrentar algo ou alguém
fall back on - recorrer a algo ou alguém
fall behind - ficar para trás, ficar atrás de algo 
ou alguém
fall out with - brigar com alguém
fill in for - substituir alguém
get ahead of - ultrapassar alguém
get around - mover-se (pessoa, animal); 
circular, correr (notícia, boato)
get away with - sair impune de algo errado que 
se fez
get by with - conseguir viver ou fazer algo com 
o que se tem
get down to - começar a fazer algo; dar maior 
atenção a algo
get in - entrar (em um veículo)
get off - sair (do trabalho com permissão); sair 
(ônibus, trem, etc.)
get on with - prosseguir com algo
get through with - terminar, completar (tarefa, 
trabalho, etc.)
give up - desistir
go back on - não cumprir algo (promessa, 
palavra, etc.)
go for - ser válido para alguém/algo; escolher
go in for - interessar-se por (fazer) algo (hobby, 
etc.)
go on with - continuar com algo, a fazer algo
go over - examinar, revisar algo
go with - cair bem, combinar com
go without - passar sem algo
hang around - ficar sem fazer nada; esperar sem
fazer nada
hang up - desligar o telefone
hear from - ter notícias de alguém
hear of - ouvir falar de algo ou alguém
hit on - descobrir, ter uma ideia por acaso
hold on to - agarrar algo ou alguém
hold out - resistir, durar
keep at - continuar trabalhando em algo
keep up with - manter-se no mesmo nível de 
algo ou alguém
lie down - deitar-se
live on - continuar a viver
31
live up to - corresponder às expectativas
look after - cuidar-se, cuidar de alguém
look back on - recordar algo
look down on - desprezar algo ou alguém
look forward to - aguardar algo/fazer algo com 
ansiedade
look up to - respeitar, admirar alguém
make up for - compensar algo
move over - mudar de lugar a fim de ceder 
espaço a alguém
pass away - morrer
pass on - morrer
pass out - desmaiar
pick on - implicar com alguém; escolher alguém
(para um trabalho desagradável)
play up - enfatizar a importância de algo ou 
alguém
put up with - tolerar, aguentar algo ou alguém
read up on - ler, pesquisar; estudar ou aprender 
algo através de leitura
run against - encontrar alguém por acaso; opôr-
se a algo ou alguém; competir com alguém em 
uma eleição
run away with - fugir de algo ou alguém; deixar
algo ou alguém de repente
see about - encarregar-se de algo; fazer algo
see to - organizar, supervisionar, providenciar 
algo
settle on - decidir, escolher algo
stand for - significar, representar algo
stand up for - apoiar, defender algo, alguém ou 
a si mesmo
stand up to sb - fazer frente a alguém
stick to - persistir
stick up for - apoiar, defender algo, alguém ou a
si mesmo
take after - parecer-se com algum membro mais
velho da família
talk back to - responder a alguém de maneira 
grosseira
tell on - dedurar alguém para alguma autoridade
touch on - mencionar algo brevemente
turn into - tornar-se
wait on - servir alguém
wait up for - esperar acordado por alguém
watch out for - ter cuidado com algo ou alguém
work out - exercitar-se
PHRASAL VERBOS INTRANSITIVOS
back down - ceder; abandonar um argumento, 
uma opinião ou uma reivindicação, reclamação
back out - voltar atrás (em um acordo, etc.); não
cumprir uma promessa; abandonar algo sem 
estar completo; desistir de algo
back up - mover-se para trás, principalmente em
um veículo
bear up - suportar, resistir, enfrentar da melhor 
maneira possível uma situação difícil
blow in - chegar, entrar em algum lugar de 
repente
blow over - minguar, acalmar ou passar 
(tempestade, escândalo) sem causar 
consequências drásticas
blow up - explodir (bomba, etc.); estourar 
(tempestade, escândalo); perder a paciência
calm down - acalmar-se, acalmar alguém
carry on - continuar (caminhando, etc.); 
comportar-se de maneira imprópria, tola; brigar, 
reclamar escandalosamente
catch on - entrar na moda; entender algo
check out - pagar a conta e partir (de um hotel, 
etc.)
cheer up - animar-se, animar alguém
clear out - ir embora rapidamente
clear up - abrir (tempo)
close down - fechar algo permanentemente (loja,
empresa, etc.)
close up - fechar algo temporariamente
come about - ocorrer, suceder
come along - chegar, aparecer; ir em algum 
lugar com alguém; melhorar, progredir
come back - voltar
come by - fazer uma visita rápida a alguém
come out - aparecer (sol, lua, etc.); abrir (flores);
publicar, produzir
come over - fazer uma visita rápida a alguém
cut in - interromper alguém quando a pessoa 
está falando
die away - desaparecer aos poucos
die down - apagar-se, diminuir gradualmente
die off - morrer um após o outro até não sobrar 
nenhum, sofrer um declínio na população
die out - extinguir(-se); desaparecer (tradições)
dress up - arrumar-se
drop in/drop over- dar uma passada na casa de 
alguém ou em algum lugar
drop out - não fazer mais parte de algo; 
abandonar (escola, universidade, etc.); afastar-se 
da sociedade
fall behind - ficar para trás, ficar atrás (de 
algo/alguém)
fall off - diminuir, decair
fall through - fracassar, não ocorrer
fill in - substituir (alguém)
find out - descobrir; aprender
get ahead - obter sucesso, progredir
get around - circular, ir de um lugar a outro
get away - fugir de alguém ou de algum lugar
get in - chegar; entrar
get off - sair de algo (carro, trem, ônibus, etc.)
32
get on - ter sucesso; conseguir fazer, virar-se
get through - terminar, completar algo (tarefa)
get up - levantar-se
give up - desistir, deixar de fazer algo; perder as 
esperanças
go back - voltar para algum lugar
go off - disparar (arma); bomba (explodir); soar 
(alarme)
go on - acender-se (luz); passar (tempo); ocorrer;
continuar, durar (situação)
go out - sair; apagar-se (luz)
grow up - desenvolver-se, crescer
hang around - ficar sem fazer nada; esperar sem
fazer nada
hang up - desligar o telefone
hold on - aguardar (no telefone); esperar, parar; 
aguentar
hold out - durar; resistir, persistir
keep on - continuar
let up - diminuir (dor); fazer menos esforço
lie down - deitar-se
look on - assistir
make out - sair-se (bem ou mal)
move over - mover-se para o lado, dar lugar a 
alguém
make up - fazer as pazes (com alguém)
pan out - conseguir, ter sucesso, resultar
pass out - desmaiar
pass on - morrer
pick up - melhorar; soprar mais forte (vento), 
aumentar (vendas, etc.)
pull in - chegar (trem); encostar (carro)
pull out - retirar-se de algo; arrancar (veículo)
pull through - melhorar, recuperar-se (de 
alguma doença, operação, etc); sair-sebem em 
algo difícil
run away - fugir de algo ou alguém; sair de 
algum lugar de repente
run down - acabar (bateria); parar de funcionar; 
parar de funcionar ou tornar-se menor em 
tamanho e número gradualmente.
run off - fugir com alguém
sell out - esgotar (entradas para cinema, jogos, 
concertos, etc.)
settle up - acertar as contas; pagar o dinheiro 
que se deve a alguém
show off - exibir-se
show up - chegar, aparecer
shut up - calar-se
slow up - reduzir a velocidade, ir mais devagar
stand by - estar preparado para agir; esperar, 
ficar em espera
stand up - levantar-se
stay over - dormir na casa de alguém por uma 
noite
step aside - mover-se para o lado, abrir caminho 
para alguém passar
step aside / down - deixar um cargo
take off - decolar
take over - assumir o controle de algo (empresa,
etc.)
talk back - answer impolitely - responder a 
alguém de maneira rude
throw up - vomitar
turn around - virar-se
turn in - virar para dentro; deitar-se
turn out - comparecer, apresentar-se; resultar, 
sair
turn up - chegar; aparecer (algo que foi perdido)
por acaso
wait up - esperar acordado por alguém
wake up - ficar mais interessado em algo
walk over - tratar alguém de maneira grosseira; 
derrotar alguém facilmente
wash out - desaparecer da roupa (mancha), 
desbotar (tecido) depois de lavar
watch out - ter cuidado
wear off - desaparecer gradualmente; passar 
(novidade, etc.)
wear out - desgastar (roupas, sapatos, etc.)
work out - resultar, dar certo; fazer ginástica
SUGESTÃO PARA TRADUÇÃO
SOMEBODY THAT I USED TO KNOW
[Gotye:]
Now and then I think of when we were together
Like when you said you felt so happy you could die
Told myself that you were right for me
But felt so lonely in your company
But that was love and it’s an ache I still remember
You can get addicted to a certain kind of sadness
Like resignation to the end, always the end
So when we found that we could not make sense
Well you said that we would still be friends
But I’ll admit that I was glad it was over
But you didn’t have to cut me off
Make out like it never happened and that we were 
nothing
And I don’t even need your love
But you treat me like a stranger and that feels so rough
No you didn’t have to stoop so low
Have your friends collect your records and then change 
your number
33
I guess that I don’t need that though
Now you’re just somebody that I used to know
Now you’re just somebody that I used to know
Now you’re just somebody that I used to know
[Kimbra:]
Now and then I think of all the times you screwed me 
over
But had me believing it was always something that I’d 
done
But I don’t wanna live that way
Reading into every word you say
You said that you could let it go
And I wouldn’t catch you hung up on somebody that you
used to know
[Gotye:]
But you didn’t have to cut me off
Make out like it never happened and that we were 
nothing
And I don’t even need your love
But you treat me like a stranger and that feels so rough
No you didn’t have to stoop so low
Have your friends collect your records and then change 
your number
I guess that I don’t need that though
Now you’re just somebody that I used to know
[x2]
Somebody
(I used to know)
Somebody
(Now you’re just somebody that I used to know)
(I used to know)
(That I used to know)
(I used to know)
Somebody
Let’s take a look at the phrasal verbs used in the song:
 Cut me off: 1. to completely take someone out of your 
life. I cut Sarah off after I heard that she kissed my ex-
boyfriend. 2. to stop supporting someone 
financially. His parents cut him off after he got bad 
grades in college. Now he has to pay for tuition on his 
own. 3. to quickly move your car in front of another car 
when driving. Whoa! That guy just cut me off! I almost 
hit the back of his car! 
 Make out: act; pretend. John made out like he didn’t care
that his team lost the championship, but I know he was 
really upset. NOTE: There are many meanings of the 
phrasal verb “make out.” This is just one example of 
many!
 Screwed me over: to treat someone badly. My old 
roommate moved out and didn’t pay the last month’s rent. 
He really screwed me over. 
 Reading into every word: to take everything 
seriously. Jack reads into every word I say and always 
gets offended. The other day I said that I didn’t like salty 
foods and then he said that I must have hated the popcorn
he made me last night. He needs to relax!
 Let it go: to forget about something; to not worry. I’m 
sorry that you didn’t get the job you wanted. But you need
to let it go so that you can focus on your next interview 
and your future! 
 Hung up on (someone/something): to not be able to 
forget about someone or something.Sarah is so hung up 
on Matt that she can’t date other people. It is really sad. 
EXERCISES:
001 | MACKENZIE 1996
Choose the correct alternative which indicates the
meaning of blow over in the following sentence:
They're hoping that this crisis will BLOW OVER and be
forgotten.
a) happen suddenly and make you able to accept a
pleasant experience.
b) explode.
c) succeed in spite of difficulties.
d) become stronger and cause trouble for other people.
e) pass without doing harm.
002 | UDESC 1996
Find the correct alternative:
a) to put on – to remove
b) to put out – to increase
c) to put off – to dress
d) to put on weight – to grow fat
e) to put together – to keep
003 | FUVEST 1979
Assinale a alternativa que melhor traduz a seguinte frase:
I have run out of vinegar.
a) Corri para buscar vinagre.
34
b) Derramei o vinagre.
c) Preciso sair para pegar vinagre.
d) Meu vinagre acabou.
e) Joguei fora o vinagre.
004 | MACKENZIE 1996
Choose the correct alternative. Indicate the meaning of
catch on to in the following sentence:
We didn't quite CATCH ON TO what the teacher said.
a) reach the same standard or level
b) hear
c) confirm
d) believe
e) understand
005 | UNESP 1990
He took __________ his hat.
a) off
b) out
c) in
d) into
e) on
006 | UECE 1997
SPLIT UP in “After getting stores and various other
commodities together in Mamfe, John and I decided to
split up” means that:
a) they decided to separate.
b) they decided to end their relationship.
c) they decided to stay together.
d) they decided to talk over their plans.
e) they decided to sleep together.
007 | CESGRANRIO 1998
The verb to go may be followed by many adverbial
particles and prepositions that add different meanings to
it. Match the two columns and then mark the correct
alternative:
I – go up
II – go on
III – go away
IV – go by
R. continue
S. leave
T. rise
U. move
V. pass
– Mark the correct match.
a) I – T; II – U; III – S; IV – R
b) I – T; II – R; III – S; IV – V
c) I – T; II – V; III – U; IV – R
d) I – U; II – R; III – S; IV – V
e) I – U; II – V; III – S; IV – R
008 | UDESC 1997
The woman is TAKING CARE of her baby.
– She is:
a) looking back on her baby.
b) looking for her baby.
c) looking after her baby.
d) looking down on her baby.
e) looking over her baby.
009 | AFA 1986
Qual alternativa possui os três verbos na ordem natural
de seu uso?
a) wake up/sleep/get up
b) sleep/get up/wake up
c) get up/wake up/sleep
d) sleep/wake up/get up
010 | PUCRIO 1999
The only option in which MAKE UP has the same 
meaning
as immigrants make up only 12% of today's workforce is:
a) The committee is made up of representatives from all
the university.
b) You must make up what you owe before the end of the
month.
c) She never goes without making herself up first.
d) I can make up a bed for you on the floor.
e) He made up an incredible story about his holiday.
011 | EFOMM 2000
Choose the correct alternative.
“Is that my new TV in that package?’
“Yes, just __________.”
a) open it up, take it out, plug it in and turn it on.
b) open it up, take it off, plug it on and turn it on.
c) take it out, open it on, plug it off and turn it up.
d) take it in, plug it out, turn it down and open it up.
e) open it out, take it up, turn it on and plug it on.
012 | FUVEST 1978
Assinale a alternativaque traduz melhor a seguinte
sentença:
I can't tell one from the other.
a) Não distingo uma da outra.
b) Não conto com nenhuma outra.
c) Não falo com nenhuma outra.
d) Não posso falar de uma para outra.
e) Não posso dizer para a outra.
013 | ITA 2007
A expressão BREAK OUT em “During a poker match, an
argument breaks out between Napoleon and Mr.
Pilkington when they both play an Ace of Spades, and the
animals realize how they cannot tell the difference
between the pigs and the humans” significa:
a) to make a sudden, quick advance.
b) to bring or come to an end.
c) to develop suddenly.
d) to force or make a way through.
e) to cause to separate into pieces suddenly or violently.
014 | EFOMM 2012
The initials V.I.P. __________ Very Important Person.
a) means
b) stand for
c) are about
d) describe
e) accounts for
35
015 | JFS 2010
Fill in the gaps in the sentences below meaningfully:
1. __________ the computer __________ and let's go.
2. Her new boyfriend __________ her __________ on
their second date.
3. She __________ the flu after being sick for a week.
a) 1. Shut … down – 2. stood … up – 3. got over
b) 1. Shut … down – 2. stood … down – 3. got down
c) 1. Shut … off – 2. stood … over – 3. got over
d) 1. Shut … off – 2. stood … down – 3. got down
e) 1. Shut … off – 2. stood … up – 3. got on
016 | JFS 2012
You’d better give __________. This issue has no solution.
a) out
b) up
c) over
d) away
e) off
017 | EFOMM 2010
In:
"Did you buy a new bike?"
"Yes, I bought one two weeks ago."
– Which phrasal verb can substitute the underlined word?
a) ran into
b) let down
c) picked out
d) turned out
e) picked up
018 | EFOMM 2010
Choose the correct alternative to complete the
statements.
I. They __________ the search after three hours. It was
hopeless.
II. Somebody’s got to __________ those high principles.
III. We shouldn’t __________ their arguments so easily.
IV. I’m trying to __________ my own work.
V. What a preposterous idea! Jane will never __________
with it!
a) gave up / stand up for / give in / catch up on / get away
b) carried out / stand up to / give over / catch up on / get
ahead
c) gave up / stand up to / give over / catch up with / get
across
d) gave up / stand up for / give over / catch up with / get
along
e) carried out / stand up to / given in / catch up on / get
through
019 | EFOMM 2013
The boss refused her request for a day off.
– The underlined word can be replaced by:
a) turned out
b) turned over
c) turned off
d) turned in
e) turned down
020 | ITA 2013
Na sentença em que se insere “He believes he has
stumbled onto a solution to some of education’s most
intractable problems”, o verbo stumbled onto pode ser
substituído por:
a) come upon.
b) search for.
c) figured out.
d) come up with.
e) pointed out.
021 | EFOMM 2014
In: ‘around 14 people were in the glasstopped tower
when it was hit by the ship’s stern as it ploughed into the
dock’, the underlined two-word phrase is closest in
meaning to:
a) ran aground
b) capsized
c) struck
d) drifted
e) flooded
022 | EFOMM 2014
Choose the correct alternative.
That cargo ship ______________ the harbour.
a) put into
b) put forward
c) put away
d) put off
e) put across
023 | EN 2009
Read the extract below and choose the only sequence
that can complete it.
CHILDREN
The other day I was chatting to a friend about children.
We were discussing the fact that we had both been
__________ (1) by rather strict parents, and had both
decided to try to be more tolerant when we __________
(2) and had children of our own. The problem that my
friend had found with this strategy was in finding a way 
to
control his kids now that they are teenagers. He said the
fact that he had __________ (3) them for more than 13
years, providing all the love and care they needed, is not
enough to persuade them to respect his decisions.
a) brought up – grew up – looked for
b) grown up – brought up – looked for
c) brought down – had grown up – looked after
d) brought up – grew up – looked after
e) grown up – had grown up – looked like
024 | EN 2011
Which of the alternatives below completes the sentence
correctly?
The radio alarm clock went __________ at the same time
as usual.
a) on
b) off
c) through
d) up
36
e) for
025 | EN 2012
Which of the alternatives below correctly completes the
sentence?
What I like about Jenny is that she always comes
__________ with great ideas.
a) on
b) off
c) through
d) up
e) for
026 | PUCRIO 2003
Mark the only option in which the phrasal verb bring up
has the same meaning as in "At the start of each meeting,
one of the group's leaders brings up a topic for
discussion".
a) The kind old couple agreed to bring up the young
orphan.
b) These are matters you can bring up in the committee.
c) During the voyage he got sick and brought the meal up.
d) She was properly brought up by her aunt.
e) He was brought up on a charge of drunken driving.
027 | EFOMM 2011
We had to cancel the search because of worsening
weather conditions. But we will not stop trying. We will
continue the rescue as soon as the weather gets better.
– The underlined verbs above can be replaced with the
following phrasal verbs, respectively, without having 
their
meanings changed:
a) call off / give up / keep on
b) call off / give in / keep on
c) call out / give up / keep in
d) call down / give up / keep on
e) call out / give in / keep in
028 | JFS 2014
We're getting along much better now that we don't live
together.
– The words in bold are equivalent in meaning to:
a) coming out
b) bringing up
c) dealing with
d) moving on
e) getting on
029 | JFS 2015
Fill in the gap suitably:
She only bought that sports car to show __________ and
prove she could afford one.
a) off
b) up
c) on
d) in
e) out
030 | JFS 2015
Fill in the gap suitably:
Could you __________ five copies of this, please?
a) take me up
b) bring on me
c) run me off
d) get me over
e) make up me
ANSWER-KEY
01 E 
02 D 
03 D 
04 E 
05 - A 
06 - A 
07 - B 
08 - C 
09 - D 
10 -A
11 - A 
12 - A 
13 - C 
14 - B 
15 - A 
16 - B 
17 - E 
18 - A 
19 - E 
20 - C
21 - C 
22 - A 
23 - D 
24 - B 
25 - D 
26 - B 
27 - A 
28 - E 
29 - A 
30 – C
37
CAPÍTULO 20
REPORTED SPEECH
Direct Speech: É usado para repetir exatamente o que a
pessoa disse. Sua principal característica é a pontuação (a
qual pode divergir um pouco da estrutura do português).
Em inglês, costumam-se usar: “ ”, ‘ ’, : ou -.
Exemplo: Anne Frank said: “The final forming of a
person’s character lies in their own hand.”
Reported Speech: Também chamado de “Indirect
Speech” é quando se reproduz o que a pessoa disse como
sendo uma outra pessoa. É quase a linguagem da
“fofoca”.
Exemplo: Anne Frank said (that) the final forming of a
person’s character lay in their own hand.
Vejamos as transformações:
Direct Speech: Reported Speech:
Simple Present Simple Past
Present Progressive Past Progressive
Simple Past Past Perfect
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Perfect Past Perfect
Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive
Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive
Past Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive
Can, Could Could
May, Might Might
Shall, Should Should
Ought to Ought to
Had better Had better
Must, Have to Had to
Mustn’t Wasn’t/Weren’t allowed to
Will / Would Would
This, That That
These, Those Those
Here, There There
Now That moment
Today That day
Tonight That night
Yesterday The day before / The 
previous day
Tomorrow The following day
Applying:
 He said: “I feel well today”.
He said he felt well that day.
 She said: “The girls are in the garden”.
She said the girls were in the garden
Reporting the Imperative mood:
The teacher told us: “Focus on your studies”.
No imperative afirmativo, repetiremos a primeira parte e, 
em seguinda, acrescentamos um “to” e a ordem que 
queremos relatar.
Veja:
The teacher told us TO focus on our studies.
The doctor told her: “Don’t be so anxious”.
Já na forma negative, nós acrescentamos a estrutura “not 
to”
The doctor told her NOT TO be so anxious.
Reporting Questions:
Quando usamos o Reported Speechpara perguntas, devemos 
observar o seguinte:
01 – Há pronome interrogativo. Se não houver, nós acrescentamos 
um “IF” após a primeira oração. O restante segue a estrutura da 
afirmativa.
She asked me: “Do you like English?”
She asked me IF I liked English.
02 – Se não há pronome interrogative, mas há a expressão “OR 
NOT”, prefere-se usar “WHETHER” ao invés de “IF”.
They asked me: “Do you work last Sunday or not?”
They asked me WHETHER I worked the previous 
Sunday or not.
03 – Se houver pronome interrogativo, repetimos o mesmo.
He asked me: “How much homework is there for next 
class?”
He asked me HOW MUCH homework there was for the 
following class.
001 | FUVEST 1977
Qual destas formas está correta se usada por uma pessoa
que narra um acontecimento?
a) He thought she has not known what she is going
through;
b) He thought she will never know what she will have to
go through now;
c) He thought she would never know what she had gone
through then;
d) He thinks she did not know what she was going
through;
e) He will think she did not know what she went through
then.
002 | FUVEST 1977
Qual é a forma indireta, correspondente à forma direta
"The teacher said, Are you sure you have all understood
me"?
a) The teacher said if you are sure you had understood
him;
38
b) The teacher asked whether we were sure we did
understand him;
c) The teacher said if we all are sure we have understood
him;
d) The teacher asked if they were sure they had all
understood him;
e) The teacher asked them to be sure to understand him.
003 | FUVEST 1977 – ADAPTED
Complete o diálogo a seguir:
John: I congratulate you on your success.
Peter: Pardon me.
John: I said __________.
a) that I had congratulated him on his success.
b) that you congratulated me on your success.
c) that I congratulated him on your success.
d) that I congratulated you on your success.
e) that I had congratulated you on my success.
004 | FUVEST 1978
Assinale a alternativa que equivale ao seguinte:
Suddenly Peter said to me, "Are you hungry?"
a) Suddenly Peter said that I was hungry.
b) Suddenly Peter told me that I was hungry.
c) Suddenly Peter asked if he were hungry.
d) Suddenly Peter asked me whether I was hungry.
e) Peter informed me that he was hungry.
Change the sentences from 05 to 11 into the Reported
(Indirect) Speech:
005 | MACKENZIE 1996
Sally said to me, "Do you know what time it is?"
a) Sally asked me if I knew what time it was.
b) Sally told me whether she knew what time it was.
c) Sally asked me whether she know what time it is.
d) Sally asked me if I know what time it is.
e) Sally told me if I knew what time was it.
006 | MACKENZIE 1996
Jeff said to Meg, "You don't understand me."
a) Jeff told Meg she didn't understand him.
b) Jeff asked Meg that her didn't understand herself.
c) Jeff told Meg that she didn't understood him.
d) Jeff told Meg that he didn't understand her.
e) Jeff told Meg she did understand him.
007 | MACKENZIE 1996
"Are there any messages for me?", said Helen.
a) Helen asked if there is any messages for her.
b) Helen asked whether there were any messages for she.
c) Helen asked whether were there any messages for
herself.
d) Helen asked if there were some messages for her.
e) Helen asked if there were any messages for herself.
008 | MACKENZIE 1996
The director said to the boys, "Behave yourselves."
a) The director asked the boys to behave yourselves.
b) The director told the boys to behave himself
c) The director asked the boys to behave themselves.
d) The director told the boys to behave ourselves.
e) The director told the boys, "Behave themselves."
009 | MACKENZIE 1996
The patient said to me, "How long have the doctors been
operating her?"
a) The patient asked me how long the doctors had been
operating her.
b) The patient told me how long her had been operating
by the doctors.
c) The patient asked me how long had the doctors been
operating her.
d) The patient told me whether have the doctors been
operating her.
e) The patient asked me how long had been the doctors
operating her.
010 | MACKENZIE 1997
Warren said to me, "I can't find my glasses in this room."
a) Warren told me that he couldn't found his glasses in
that room.
b) Warren told me he couldn't find her glasses in these
room.
c) Warren told me that he couldn't find his glasses in that
room.
d) Warren told me that he can't find his glasses in those
room.
e) Warren said to me that he could not found his glasses
in this room.
011 | MACKENZIE 1997
Helen said to Paul, "Is this a free country?"
a) Helen told Paul if this was a free country?
b) Helen asked Paul if that was a free country.
c) Helen asked Paul whether that is a free country.
d) Helen told Paul this is a free country.
e) Helen told Paul if that is a free country.
012 | PUCPR 1996
Choose the correct indirect form for:
Oliver said to her: "What will you do tomorrow?"
a) He asked her what she would do the following day.
b) He told her what she would do the following day.
c) She wondered what he will do the next day.
d) He wanted to know what he would do the following
day.
e) She asked what she would do the next day.
013 | UFPB 1998
Read this sentence:
The doctor says: "I'm happy we found this trend toward
reduced risk."
– The INDIRECT SPEECH is:
He said that he __________ this trend toward reduced
risk.
a) is happy they found.
b) has been happy we have found.
c) was happy they had found.
d) will be happy we will find.
e) would be happy they would find.
014 | UFRGS 1998
Considere a frase: If you don't feed your Tamagotchi, it
39
will die.
– Escolha a melhor opção para reescrevê-la, começando
com She told me that:
a) if I won't feed my Tamagotchi, it would die.
b) if you didn't feed your Tamagotchi, it had died.
c) if I didn't feed my Tamagotchi, it would have died.
d) if I didn't feed my Tamagotchi, it would die.
e) if you haven't fed your Tamagotchi, it will have died.
015 | MACKENZIE 1998
A forma indireta de "Would you like to go out tonight?" é:
a) He asked her if she would have liked to go out tonight.
b) He asked if would she like to go out that night.
c) He asked whether she'd like to go out that night.
d) He asked whether she had liked to go out that night.
e) He asked if she'd liked to go out tonight.
016 | UNIRIO 2000
"How would you describe yourself?" is a direct question.
Complete the sentence below with the appropriate
indirect question form:
Daniel Hart asked an African-American teenager:
a) how to describe it.
b) how to describe yourself.
c) how he would describe yourself.
d) to describe himself.
e) to describe yourself.
017 | PUCRS 2000
The correct INDIRECT STATEMENT for the sentence "I
don't think our children should be subjected to needless
advertising" said Ms. Mazzoni is "Ms. Mazzoni said she:
a) doesn't think their children should be subjected to
needless advertising".
b) has not thought their children should be subjected to
needless advertising".
c) would not think their children should be subjected to
needless advertising".
d) will think their children should be subjected to 
needless
advertising".
e) thinks their children should be subjected to needless
advertising".
018 | MACKENZIE 2000
The sentence They said, "Do parents know their kids?" in
the reported speech would be:
a) They said that did parents know their kids?
b) They asked that parents know their kids.
c) They said that parents knew the kids.
d) They argued that do parents know their kids.
e) They asked if parents knew their kids.
019 | MACKENZIE 2000
The sentence He said, "Can Asians think?" in the reported
speech would be:
a) He asked can Asians think?
b) He said that Asians can think.
c) He asked that Asians could think.
d) He asked if Asians could think.
e) He said that could Asians think.
020 | PUCRIO 2000
The girl said to her parents: "Mom and Dad, the police
were here while you were gone". If we turned this
statement into reported speech, we would have The girl
said to her parents that the police:
a) had been there while they had been gone.
b) had been here while they had gone.
c) havebeen there while they were gone.
d) have been here while they would be gone.
e) would have been there while they have been gone.
021 | UNESP 2006
Complete the sentence correctly:
John Arquilla declared that the greatest advantage of the
internet __________ stealth, and that terrorists
__________ in an ocean of bits and bytes.
a) was – swim
b) is – swam
c) is – has swum
d) was – swam
e) was – swimming
022 | FATEC 2002
Considere a frase "It's a perfect setup for heart disease
and diabetes, says Stampfer". Assinale a alternativa em
que a transposição dessa frase para o discurso indireto
está correta, completando a frase a seguir:
– Stampfer says:
a) it was a perfect setup for heart disease and diabetes.
b) it is a perfect setup for heart disease and diabetes.
c) it has been a perfect setup for heart disease and
diabetes.
d) it had been a perfect setup for heart disease and
diabetes.
e) it will be a perfect setup for heart disease and diabetes.
023 | MACKENZIE 2003
The question "Are left-handed people cognitively
different from right-handers?" in the indirect speech is:
a) The book intended to answer why left-handed people
are cognitively different from right-handers.
b) It was asked whether left-handed people were
cognitively different from right-handers.
c) They asked if there are left-handed people cognitively
different from right-handers.
d) He inquired if left-handed people had been cognitively
different from right-handers.
e) It was discussed the reason left-handed people had to
be cognitively different from right-handers.
024 | MACKENZIE 2005
The sentence "We don't want that sort of world" in the
reported speech will be:
a) They said that he hasn't wanted that sort of world.
b) They told me that they didn't wanted those sort of
world.
c) It was said that they didn't want that sort of world.
d) It was said that they didn't want that sorted of world.
e) It was requested that we didn't want that sorted of
world.
40
025 | MACKENZIE 2005
The question "Why are you answering the phone in
class?" in the reported speech will be:
a) Gray's mother asked him why is he answering the
phone in class?
b) Gray's mother wanted to know the reason why was he
answering the phone in class.
c) Gray's mother wondered why he was answering the
phone in class.
d) Gray's mother inquired him about the reason that he
has been answering the phone in class.
e) Gray's mother doubted why he was answering the
phone in class.
26 – Choose the alternative that corresponds to the right 
form of
the reported speech for what the boy said.
BOY: The teacher sent me an email with my grades, 
but I
deleted it.
The boy said that his teacher
a) had not sent him an email with his grades, but he had 
deleted
it.
b) has sent him an email with his grades, but he has 
deleted it.
c) sent him an email with his grades, but he has deleted it.
d) had sent him an email with his grades, but he deleted it.
44 – Choose the sentence that corresponds to the right 
form of
the reported speech for the dialogue:
The mother said to the son:
– Do not watch TV after midnight!
a) The mother told her son to does not watch TV after 
midnight.
b) The mother told her son do not to watch TV after 
midnight.
c) The mother told her son to not watch TV after 
midnight.
d) The mother told her son not to watch TV after midnight.
ANSWER-KEY
01-C
02- D
03 -D
04- D 
05 - A 
06 -A 
07 - D 
08 - C 
09 -A 
10 - C
11 -B 
12 - A 
13 - C 
14 - D 
15 - C 
16 - D 
17 - A 
18 -E 
19 - D 
20 - A
21 - D 
22 – B
23 - B 
24 - C 
25 - C
26 - D 
27 – D
41
CAPÍTULO 21
FALSE FRIENDS / FALSE COGNATES
Este, com certeza, é um dos capítulos mais desafiadores
para todos nós. Aqui nos deparamos com palavras que
nos enganam.
Quando estudamos uma língua estrangeira, temos uma
tendência natural em buscar palavras parecidas com o
léxico do nosso idioma. A essas palavras parecidas
chamamos “Cognatos”.
Existem, pois, dois tipos de cognatos:
Real Cognates / Real Friends: Parecem com o nosso
idioma nativo.
Ex: Natural. (exatamente igual, né?)
False Cognates / False Friends: São chamados de
“Falsianes” (risos) porque parecem, mas o significado é
completamente diferente.
Ex: Actually (Parece “atualmente”, mas quer dizer “na
verdade”).
Veja, então, uma lista de “False Friends” para você
estudar:
PORTUGUÊS - INGLÊS
Actually (adv) - na verdade ..., o fato é que ... 
Agenda (n) - pauta do dia, pauta para discussões 
Amass (v) - acumular, juntar 
Anticipate (v) - prever; aguardar, ficar na expectativa 
Application (n) - inscrição, registro, uso 
Appointment (n) - hora marcada, compromisso
profissional 
Appreciation (n) - gratidão, reconhecimento 
Argument (n) - discussão, bate boca 
Assist (v) - ajudar, dar suporte 
Assume (v) - presumir, aceitar como verdadeiro 
Attend (v) - assistir, participar de 
Audience (n) - platéia, público 
Balcony (n) - sacada 
Baton (n) - batuta (música), cacetete 
Beef (n) - carne de gado 
Cafeteria (n) - refeitório tipo universitário ou industrial 
Camera (n) - máquina fotográfica 
Carton (n) - caixa de papelão, pacote de cigarros (200) 
Casualty (n) - baixas (mortes ocorridas em acidente ou
guerra) 
Cigar (n) - charuto 
Collar (n) - gola, colarinho, coleira 
College (n) - faculdade, ensino de 3º grau 
Commodity (n) - artigo, mercadoria 
Competition (n) - concorrência 
Comprehensive (adj) - abrangente, amplo, extenso 
Compromise (v) - entrar em acordo, fazer concessão 
Contest (n) - competição, concurso 
Convenient (adj) - prático 
Costume (n) - fantasia (roupa) 
Data (n) - dados (números, informações) 
Deception (n) - logro, fraude, o ato de enganar 
Defendant (n) - réu, acusado 
Design (v, n) - projetar, criar; projeto, estilo 
Editor (n) - redator 
Educated (adj) - instruído, com alto grau de escolaridade 
Emission (n) - descarga (de gases, etc.) 
Enroll (v) - inscrever-se, alistar-se, registrar-se 
Eventually (adv) - finalmente, conseqüentemente 
Exciting (adj) - empolgante 
Exit (n, v) - saída, sair 
Expert (n) - especialista, perito 
Exquisite (adj.) - belo, refinado 
Fabric (n) - tecido 
Genial (adj) - afável, aprazível 
Graduate program (n) - Curso de pós-graduação 
Gratuity (n) - gratificação, gorjeta 
Grip (v) - agarrar firme 
Hazard (n,v) - risco, arriscar 
Idiom (n) - expressão idiomática, linguajar 
Income tax return (n) - declaração de imposto de renda 
Ingenuity (n) - engenhosidade 
Injury (n) - ferimento 
Inscription (n) - gravação em relevo (sobre pedra, metal,
etc.) 
Intend (v) - pretender, ter intenção 
Intoxication (n) - embriaguez, efeito de drogas 
Journal (n) - periódico, revista especializada 
Lamp (n) - luminária 
Large (adj) - grande, espaçoso 
Lecture (n) - palestra, aula 
Legend (n) - lenda 
Library (n) - biblioteca 
Lunch (n) - almoço 
Magazine (n) - revista 
Mayor (n) - prefeito 
Medicine (n) - remédio, medicina 
Moisture (n) - umidade 
Motel (n) - hotel de beira de estrada 
Notice (v) - notar, aperceber-se; aviso, comunicação 
Novel (n) - romance 
Office (n) - escritório 
Parents (n) - pais 
Particular (adj) - específico, exato 
Pasta (n) - massa (alimento) 
Policy (n) - política (diretrizes) 
Port (n) - porto 
Prejudice (n) - preconceito 
Prescribe (v) - receitar 
Preservative (n) - conservante 
Pretend (v) - fingir 
Private (adj) - particular 
Procure (v) - conseguir, adquirir 
Propaganda (n) - divulgação de idéias/fatos com intuito
de manipular 
Pull (v) - puxar 
Push (v) - empurrar 
Range (v) - variar, cobrir 
Realize (v) - notar, perceber, dar-se conta, conceber uma
idéia 
Recipient (n) - recebedor, agraciado 
Record (v, n) - gravar, disco, gravação, registro 
Refrigerant (n) - substância refrigerante usada em
aparelhos 
42
Requirement (n) - requisito 
Resume (v) - retomar, reiniciar 
Résumé (n) - curriculum vitae, currículo 
Retired (adj) - aposentado 
Senior (n) - idoso 
Service (n) - atendimento 
Stranger (n) - desconhecido 
Stupid (adj) - burro 
Support (v) - apoiar 
Tax (n) - imposto 
Trainer (n) - preparador físico 
Turn (n, v) - vez, volta, curva;virar, girar 
Vegetables (n) - verduras, legumes 
Atualmente - nowadays, today 
Agenda - appointment book; agenda 
Amassar - crush 
Antecipar - to bring forward, to move forward 
Aplicação (financeira) - investment 
Apontamento - note 
Apreciação - judgement 
Argumento - reasoning, point 
Assistir - to attend, to watch 
Assumir - to take over 
Atender - to help; to answer; to see, to examine 
Audiência - court appearance; interview 
Balcão - counter 
Batom - lipstick 
Bife - steak 
Cafeteria - coffee shop, snack bar 
Câmara - tube (de pneu) chamber (grupo de pessoas) 
Cartão - card 
Casualidade - chance 
Cigarro - cigarette 
Colar - necklace 
Colégio (2º grau) - high school 
Comodidade - comfort 
Competição - contest 
Compreensivo - understandable 
Compromisso - appointment; date 
Contexto - context 
Conveniente - appropriate 
Costume - custom, habit 
Data - date 
Decepção - disappointment 
Advogado de defesa - defense attorney 
Designar - to appoint 
Editor - publisher 
Educado - with a good upbringing, well-mannered, polite 
Emissão - issuing (of a document, etc.) 
Enrolar - to roll; to wind; to curl 
Eventualmente - occasionally 
Excitante - thrilling 
Êxito - success 
Esperto - smart, clever 
Esquisito - strange, odd 
Fábrica - plant, factory 
Genial - brilliant 
Curso de graduação - undergraduate program 
Gratuidade - the quality of being free of charge 
Gripe - cold, flu, influenza 
Azar - bad luck 
Idioma - language 
Devolução de imposto de renda - income tax refund 
Ingenuidade - naiveté / naivety 
Injúria - insult 
Inscrição - registration, application 
Entender - understand 
Intoxicação - poisoning 
Jornal - newspaper 
Lâmpada - light bulb 
Largo - wide 
Leitura - reading 
Legenda - subtitle 
Livraria - book shop 
Lanche - snack 
Magazine - department store 
Maior - bigger 
Medicina - medicine 
Mistura - mix, mixture, blend 
Motel - love motel 
Notícia - news 
Novela - soap opera 
Oficial - official 
Parentes - relatives 
Particular - personal, private 
Pasta - paste; folder; briefcase 
Polícia - police 
Porta - door 
Prejuízo - damage, loss 
Prescrever - expire 
Preservativo - condom 
Pretender - to intend, to plan 
Privado - private 
Procurar - to look for 
Propaganda - advertisement, commercial 
Pular - to jump 
Puxar - to pull 
Ranger - to creak, to grind 
Realizar - to carry out, make come true, to accomplish 
Recipiente - container 
Recordar - to remember, to recall 
Refrigerante - soft drink, soda, pop, coke 
Requerimento - request, petition 
43
Resumir - summarize 
Resumo - summary 
Retirado - removed, secluded 
Senhor - gentleman, sir 
Serviço - job 
Estrangeiro - foreigner 
Estúpido - impolite, rude 
Suportar (tolerar) - can stand 
Taxa - rate; fee 
Treinador - coach 
Turno - shift; round 
Vegetais - plants 
EXERCISES:
001 | UFV 1996
The word particular in the sentence Much to the surprise
of everyone, the remarkable conclusion of the research
showed that people of a certain group actually were born
under a PARTICULAR planet, means the same as:
a) private.
b) specific.
c) ordinary.
d) personal.
e) general.
002 | UNITAU 1995
Assinale a alternativa que corresponde à tradução mais
adequada da frase nominal, entre aspas, a seguir:
Future generations may regard the scientific indictment of
smoking as 'a major contribution' to preventive medicine
and the health of the western world.
a) uma contribuição importante
b) uma contribuição do major
c) a maior contribuição
d) uma contribuição para o major
e) a importante contribuição
003 | MACKENZIE 1996
The meaning of EXQUISITELY in the sentence “Their
children were exquisitely dressed” is:
a) strangely or unexpected.
b) extremely beautiful in appearance.
c) oddly with an unusual appearance.
d) peculiarly with a special or unique quality.
e) very unattractive and unpleasant to look at.
004 | MACKENZIE 1997
The meaning of CONSISTENT in the sentence Mr. 
Brown's
behavior is not consistent with his ideas is:
a) coherent.
b) contradictory.
c) right.
d) persuasive.
e) strong.
005 | UNIRIO 1997
A opção que contém um falso cognato é:
a) enthusiasts.
b) processes.
c) outdoors.
d) spades.
e) parts.
006 | JFS 2000
Dadas as sentenças:
1. The boys __________ the game yesterday night.
2. He gave a __________ of diamond to his mother.
3. I didn’t like the film, it was __________.
4. They __________ finished the test.
– Marque a alternativa que completa corretamente os
espaços em branco:
a) assisted / collar / terrific / eventually
b) assisted / necklace / terrific / eventually
c) watched / necklace / terrible / finally
d) watched / collar / terrific / finally
e) watched / necklace / terrific / eventually
007 | ITA 1987
Dadas as afirmações de que:
1. INGENIOUS significa HÁBIL, ENGENHOSO.
2. TO RESUME significa RETOMAR.
3. SYLLABUS pode significar SÍLABA.
– Constatamos que está(estão) correta(s):
a) Apenas a afirmação nº 1.
b) Apenas a afirmação nº 2.
c) Apenas a afirmação nº 3.
d) Apenas as afirmações nos 1 e 2.
e) Todas as afirmações.
008 | ITA 1988
Dadas as afirmações de que em português:
1. SCHOLAR significa LETRADO.
2. SENSIBLE significa SENSATO.
3. FABRIC significa TECIDO.
– Constatamos que está(estão) correta(s) :
a) Apenas a afirmação no 1.
b) Apenas a afirmação no 2.
c) Apenas a afirmação no 3.
d) Apenas as afirmações nos 1 e 2.
e) Todas as afirmações.
009 | ITA 1988
A alternativa que corretamente traduz (mantendo a
ordem das palavras: Ele puxou ou empurrou a porta
quando chegou lá?, é:
a) Did he push or pull the door when he got there?
b) Did he pushed or pulled the door when he arrived
there?
c) Did he pull or push the door when he got there?
d) Pushed or pulled he the door when he gots there?
e) Pushed or pulled him the door when he arrived there?
010 | EN 1990
In “They pretended to be dead”, TO PRETEND means:
a) entender
b) pretender
c) fingir
d) tender
e) fazer
011 | EN 1990
44
In “They suffered from the injuries sustained in the 
crash”,
INJURIES means:
a) ofensas
b) ferimentos
c) injúrias
d) calúnias
e) fraturas
012 | CESGRANRIO 1991
A synonym for the word ACTUALLY as in “This is 
actually
the decaying of the tooth” is:
a) now
b) today
c) really
d) normally
e) theoretically
013 | JFS 2007
What does the word ESTATE mean?
a) estado
b) estatal
c) propriedade
d) fortuna
e) riqueza
014 | JFS 2008
Which of these words is not a False Cognate?
a) apologize
b) response
c) support
d) largest
e) resume
015 | JFS 2012
Fill in the gaps suitably:
I will __________ the __________ with his new security
__________.
a) assist – mayor – policy
b) attend – major – police
c) support – official – politics
d) assist – mayor – politics
e) attend – major – policy
016 | PUCRIO 1995
The verb TO ATTEND is used in “The first semester I
attended college, I became friends with one of the
American students in my class”.
– Check the ONLY alternative in which the same verb can
be used.
a) The receptionist's job was to __________ the phone.
b) The doctor carefully __________ the patient.
c) The professor __________ a convention to present his
work.
d) He __________ the radio to listen to the news.
e) The interviewer __________ questions from the
public.
017 | JFS 2012
Em inglês, há algumas palavras que, ao serem
pluralizadas, podem mudar o sentido, tornando-se falsas
cognatas. Como exemplo, o vocábulo spirit: “espírito”, 
no
singular, e “disposição”, no plural. Qual das opções 
abaixo
segue o mesmo padrão?
a) Minute.
b) Human.
c) State.
d) Fruit.
e) Diplomat.
018 | JFS 2012
Complete as lacunas das sentenças a seguir correta e
coerentemente:
I. Many __________ were killed during the battle.
II. It's a typical country __________ with a large house 
for
the owner, farm buildings and workers' houses.
III. The secret to public speaking is to get the 
__________
on your side.
IV. Over two hundred people __________ the funeral.
V. Some of his colleagues envy the enormous wealth that
he has __________.
a) privates – state – listeners – answered – spread
b) privates – estate – audience – attended – amassed
c) privates – estate – audience– attended – spread
d) corporals – estate – listeners – answered – amassed
e) corporals – state – audience – attended – amassed
019 | MACKENZIE 2009
Even that U.S. holiday holdout of home cooking known 
as
Thanksgiving seems doomed. A Boston Market survey 
last
year reported that 27 million Americans bought some
prepared food for the repast. Charles Webre, 35, an ad
executive in New York City, spent $400 last year for a 12-
course store-bought Thanksgiving. “I felt like I cheated,”
says Charles, who presented the meal on the family 
china.
“I work hard, we have two kids, and my wife is stressed
out. We believe in traditional-food values, but we don’t
have the time to do it ourselves.” For harried Americans,
time is money, and so long as Mom is out bringing home
the bacon, somebody else is going to have to come up
with supper.
Adapted from http://time.com/
– No texto, assinale o significado da palavra china:
a) espécie de tempero utilizado por toda a família.
b) comida típica da região.
c) prato especialmente preparado por um cozinheiro
famoso.
d) restaurante muito conhecido.
e) louça fina.
020 | UFRGS 2014 – ADAPTED
William and Kate, a modern couple, lived together quite
openly for several years before their marriage, a sensible
decision condoned by the Queen, which would have been
45
seen as unthinkable less than a decade earlier. This was
after prince Charles had moved in with his divorced
former mistress, Camila Parker Bowles, a situation that
would have been equally unacceptable a few years ago.
All this evidences a rapidly evolving monarchy. Who
would have suspected that the Queen would have been
seen pretending to parachute into the Olympic stadium
with James Bond?
Adapted from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/
Associe as palavras da coluna I às suas respectivas
traduções, na coluna II, de acordo com o sentido que têm
no texto.
Coluna I
( ) sensible
( ) condoned
( ) pretending
Coluna 2
1. simulando
2. sensível
3. aceita
4. pretendendo
5. sensata
6. condenada
– A sequência correta de preenchimento dos parênteses,
de cima para baixo, é:
a) 2 – 3 – 1.
b) 2 – 6 – 4.
c) 5 – 3 – 1.
d) 2 – 1 – 6.
e) 5 – 3 – 4.
ANSWER-KEY:
01 -B 
02 - A 
03- B 
04 - A 
05D 
06 -C 
07 - D 
08 -E 
09 - C 
10 - C
11 - B 
12 -C 
13-C 
14 -B 
15 - A 
16 - C 
17 - A 
18 -B 
19 -E 
20 – C
CAPÍTULO 22
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
a-
also an-
not, without
atheist, anaemic
ab-
also abs-
away, from
abdicate, abstract
ante-
before, preceding
antecedent, ante-room
anti-
also ant-
opposing, against, the opposite
anti-aircraft, antibiotic, anticlimax, Antarctic
be-
affect with (added to nouns)
befog
cause to be (added to adjectives)
becalm
contra-
against, opposite
contraceptive
counter-
opposition, opposite direction
counter-attack, counteract
dia-
also di-
through, across
diagonal
dis-
also di-
negation, removal, expulsion
disadvantage, dismount, disbud, disbar
ex-
also e-, ef-
previous
ex-wife
extra-
outside, beyond
extracurricular
hemi-
half
hemisphere
hyper-
beyond, more than, more than normal
hypersonic, hyperactive
hypo-
under
46
hypodermic, hypothermia
in-
also il-, im-
not, without
infertile, inappropriate, impossible
infra-
below
infrared, infrastructure
inter-
between, among
interact, interchange
intra-
inside, within
intramural, intravenous
non-
absence, negation
non-smoker, non-alcoholic
ob-
also oc-, of-, op-
blocking, against, concealing
obstruct, occult, offend, oppose
out-
surpassing, exceeding
outperform
external, away from
outbuilding, outboard
over-
excessively, completely
overconfident, overburdened, overjoyed
upper, outer, over, above
overcoat, overcast
peri-
round, about
perimeter
post-
after in time or order
postpone
pre-
before in time, place, order or importance
pre-adolescent, prelude, precondition
pro-
favouring, in support of
pro-African
acting for
proconsul
re-
again
repaint, reappraise, reawake
semi-
half, partly
semicircle, semi-conscious
sub-
also suc-, suf-, sug-, sup-, sur-, sus-
at a lower position
submarine, subsoil
lower in rank
sub-lieutenant
nearly, approximately
sub-tropical
syn-
also sym-
in union, acting together
synchronize, symmetry
trans-
across, beyond
transnational, transatlantic
into a different state
translate
ultra-
beyond
ultraviolet, ultrasonic
extreme
ultramicroscopic
un-
not
unacceptable, unreal, unhappy, unmanned
reversal or cancellation of action or state
unplug, unmask
under-
beneath, below
underarm, undercarriage
lower in rank
undersecretary
not enough
underdeveloped
Suffix
Meanings
Sample Words and Definitions
-able
able to be
excitable, portable, preventable
-ac
pertaining to
cardiac, hemophiliac, maniac
-acity (-ocity)
quality of
47
perspicacity, sagacity, velocity
-ade 
act, action or process, product
blockade, cavalcade, promenade,
-age
action or process
passage, pilgrimage, voyage
-aholic (-oholic)
one with an obsession for
workaholic, shopaholic, alcoholic
-al
relating to
bacterial, theatrical, natural
 
-algia
pain
neuralgia, nostalgia,
-an (-ian)
relating to, belonging to
Italian, urban, African
-ance
state or quality of
brilliance, defiance, annoyance
-ant
a person who
applicant, immigrant, servant
 
 
inclined to, tending to
brilliant, defiant, vigilant
-ar
of or relating to, being
lunar, molecular, solar
 
 
a person who
beggar, burglar, liar
-ard
a person who does an action
coward, sluggard, wizard
-arian
a person who
disciplinarian, vegetarian, librarian
-arium (orium)
a place for
terrarium, aquarium, solarium
-ary
of or relating to
literary, military, budgetary
-ate
state or quality of (adj.)
affectionate, desolate, obstinate
 
 
makes the word a verb (different pronunciation)
activate, evaporate, medicate
-ation
action or process
creation, narration, emancipation
-ative
tending to (adj.)
creative, preservative, talkative
-cide
act of killing
homicide, suicide, genocide
-cracy
rule, government, power
bureaucracy, aristocracy, theocracy
-crat
someone who has power
aristocrat, bureaucrat, technocrat
-cule
diminutive (making something small)
molecule, ridicule,
-cy
state, condition or quality
efficiency, privacy, belligerency
-cycle
circle, wheel
bicycle, recycle, tricycle
-dom
condition of, state, realm
boredom, freedom, wisdom
-dox
belief, praise
orthodox, paradox
 
-ectomy
surgical removal of
appendectomy, hysterectomy
-ed
past tense
called, hammered, laughed
-ee
receiver, performer
48
nominee, employee, devotee
-eer
associated with/engaged in
engineer, volunteer
-emia
blood condition
anemia, hypoglycemia, leukemia
-en
makes the word a verb
awaken, fasten, strengthen
-ence
state or condition, action
absence, dependence, negligence
-ency
condition or quality
clemency, dependency, efficiency
-ent
inclined to performing/causing, or one who
performs/causes
competent, correspondent, absorbent
-er
more
bigger, faster, happier
 
 
action or process
flutter, ponder, stutter
 
 
a person who does an action
announcer, barber, teacher
-ern
state or quality of
eastern, northern, western
-escence
state or process
adolescence, convalescence
-ese
relating to a place
Chinese, Congolese, Vietnamese
-esque
in the style of
Kafkaesque, grotesque, burlesque 
-ess
female
actress, heiress, lioness
-est
most
funniest, hottest, silliest
-etic
relating to (makes the word an adj.)
athletic, energetic, poetic
-ette
diminutive (makes something smaller)
cigarette, diskette, kitchenette
-ful
full of
helpful, thankful, cheerful
-fy
make, cause (makes the word a verb)
amplify, falsify, terrify
-gam/gamy
marriage, union
monogam, polygamy
-gon/gonic
angle
hexagon, polygonic, pentagon
-hood
state, condition, or quality
childhood, neighborhood, motherhood
-ial
relating to
celestial, editorial, martial
-ian
relating to
Martian, utopian, pediatrician
-iasis
diseased condition
elephantiasis, psoriasis
 
-iatric
healing practice
pediatric, psychiatric,
-ible
able to be
audible, plausible, legible
-ic/ical
relating to, characterized by
analytic/al, comic/al, organic
-ile
relating to, capableof
agile, docile, volatile
-ily
49
in what manner
sloppily, steadily, zanily
-ine
relating to
canine, feminine, masculine
-ing
materials
bedding, frosting, roofing
 
 
action or process
dancing, seeing, writing
-ion
action or process
celebration, completion, navigation
-ious
having the qualities of, full of
ambitious, cautious, gracious
-ish
relating to, characteristic
apish, brutish, childish
-ism
state or quality
altruism, despotism, heroism
-ist
a person, one who does an action
artist, linguist, pianist
-ite
resident of, follower, product of
suburbanite, luddite, dynamite
-itis
inflammation, preoccupation
appendicitis, tonsillitis, frontrunneritis
-ity
state, condition, or quality
abnormality, civility, necessity
-ive
inclined to; quality of; that which
attractive, expensive, repulsive
-ization
act or process of making
colonization, fertilization, modernization
-ize
cause, treat, become
antagonize, authorize, popularize
-less
without
fearless, helpless, homeless
-let
version of
booklet, droplet, inlet
-like
resembling, characteristic
childlike, homelike, lifelike
-ling
younger or inferior
duckling, underling
-loger/logist
one who does
astrologer, cardiologist, chronologer
-log
speech
dialog, monolog,
-ly
in what manner
badly, courageously, happily
-ment
action, result
movement, placement, shipment
-ness
state or quality (makes a noun)
kindness, shyness, weakness
-oid
resembling
humanoid, tabloid, hemorrhoid
-ology
study of, science of
anthropology, archaeology, biology
-oma
tumor, swelling
carcinoma, osteoma, hematoma
-onym
name, word
synonym, antonym, homonym
-opia
eye defect
myopia, nyctalopia, hyperopia
-opsy
examination
biopsy, autopsy, necropsy
-or
50
a person who
inventor, legislator, translator
-ory
relating to
armory, dormitory, laboratory
 
-osis
process, diseased condition
diagnosis, prognosis, neurosis, psychosis
-ostomy/otomy
surgical
colostomy, lobotomy, craniotomy
-ous
full of
hazardous, humorous, wondrous
-path
one who engages in
homeopath, naturopath, psychopath
 
-pathy
feeling, diseased
sympathy, apathy, neuropathy
-phile
one who loves
bibliophile, audiophile, pyrophile
-phobia
abnormal fear of
acrophobia, claustrophobia, xenophobia
-phone
sound
homophone, telephone, microphone
 
-phyte
plant, to grow
zoophyte, cryptophyte, epiphyte
-plegia
paralysis
paraplegia, quadriplegia, hemiplegia
 
-plegic
one who is paralyzed
paraplegic, technoplegic, quadriplegic
 
-pnea
air, spirit
apnea, hyperpnea, orthopnea
-scopy/scope
visual exam
arthroscopy, gastroscopy, microscope
-scribe/script
to write
transcript, describe, manuscript
-sect
to cut
dissect, insect, bisect
-ship
state or condition of, skill of
authorship, citizenship, friendship
-sion
state or quality
confusion, depression, tension
-some
characterized by, group of
cumbersome, quarrelsome, foursome
-sophy/sophic
wisdom, knowledge
philosophy, theosophy, anthroposophic
-th
state or quality
depth, length, strength
-tion
state or quality
attention, caution, fascination
-tome/tomy
to cut
hysterectomy, epitome, tonsillotome
-trophy
nourishment, growth
atrophy, hypertrophy, dystrophy
-tude
state, condition or quality
fortitude, gratitude, magnitude
-ty
state, condition or quality
ability, honesty, loyalty
-ular
relating to or resembling
cellular, circular, muscular
-uous
state or quality of
arduous, tumultuous, virtuous
-ure
action, condition
closure, erasure, failure
-ward
51
specifies direction
backward, eastward, homeward
-ware
things of the same type or material
hardware, software, kitchenware
-wise
in what manner of direction
clockwise, lengthwise, otherwise
-y
made up of, characterized
brainy, fruity, gooey
EXERCISES:
Read the text and answer the question:
Linguistic Awareness
Most humans use language readily and on most occasions
successfully without much cognitive
knowledge ____ the nature of language. Because
language is mostly unselfconsciously used to accomplish
daily tasks, not much thought is given to the actual
complexity of language. David McMillan, in his graduate
thesis “Miscommunications in Air Traffic Control”,
points out that the ease with which we use language(s) to
communicate in our daily lives and the usual lack ____
serious consequences for miscommunication mask the
fragility of human language as a vehicle for clear
communications. The apparently simple use of language
actually requires a sophisticated interaction of complex
processes, and our usually successful daily experience
with language belies its complexity. In daily life,
miscommunication occurs but rarely results in anything
other than minor inconvenience, minor embarrassment, or
lost time. In air traffic control communications, however,
the stakes are dramatically higher and communication
errors have the potential for far more serious
consequences.
GLOSSARY
to accomplish – executar
to belie – camuflar, ocultar
embarrassment – constrangimento
stakes – riscos
01 – In which alternative below is there a prefix added to
a word to express opposite meaning?
a) readily (line 1).
b) apparently (line 12).
c) unselfconsciously (line 4).
d) miscommunication (line 10).
Read the text and answer question 02.
Different ways of talking
Both Joy and Tommy are growing up in the culture of the
United States. They are learning what it means to be a girl
and a boy in this culture. Their sex at birth, female or
male, is now becoming a gender – a way of thinking,
speaking, and acting that is considered feminine or
masculine. Each culture has its own way of defining
gender, and very early in life gender becomes a basic part
of a person’s identity.
In the United States and Canada, boys and girls usually
play in the same sex groups. Boys play in large groups in
which every boy knows his place. Some are leaders;
others are followers. Many boys like to get attention by
boasting, or talking how well they can do things.
Girls, on the other hand, usually play in smaller groups.
They may be interested in playing fairly and taking turns.
For example, when jumping rope, the rope-holders
always take their turn jumping.
Dr.Tannen, a professor at Georgetown University, has
found that these differences are reflected in the ways that
children use language while they play. Boys often use
commands when they talk to each other while girls use
the form “let’s” when they want to express their
preferences, emphasizing the fact that all of them belong
to the same group.
These differences seem to be part of growing up in the
culture of the United States. If men and women can
understand that many of their differences are cultural, not
personal, they may be able to improve their relationships
and understand that there is more than one way to
communicate.
02 – The suffix “_ er”, as in followers (line 13), means
someone who does something, EXCEPT :
a) others.
b) holders.
c) players.
d) runners.
Read the text and answer question 03.
Haiti, a country under eternal reconstruction
It seems that nature has not been kind to Haiti. The
earthquake on January 12th aggravated the chaos and
poverty in the country. According to the United Nations,
up to January 23rd the official number of dead was
111,000 and 200,000 had been injured. It has been
estimated, however, that the final death toll could be
200,000. Thousands of houses have been destroyed or
damaged, and hundreds of thousands of people have been
left homeless. Before being hit by the earthquake the
country was struck by a hurricane in 2008. However,
nature cannot be held chiefly responsible for
the Haitians’ suffering. In this country of nine million
souls, over half are living below the level of extreme
poverty, earning just a dollar a day. It is the poorest
country in the Americas. The country is very, very
underprivileged – there isa lack of schools, jobs,
hospitals, transport, security, infrastructure, basic
52
sanitation, and – mainly – political stability. In political
terms Haiti has always been in conflict. From the second
half of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th
century, 16 Heads of State were overthrown or
assassinated.
(Taken from Telegraph Newspaper)
GLOSSARY
injured – ferido
death tool – número oficial de mortos
struck – atingido
chiefly – principalmente
Heads of States – Chefes de Estado
to be overthrown – ser deposto
03 – The suffix added to the word, underlined in the text,
means
a) little.
b) below.
c) having.
d) without.
Read the paragraph and answer question 04.
A terrible thing happened to teacher Emma Rodriguez last
year. Her little son, Edgar, drank some floor cleaner. She
took him to the hospital. Edgar was OK and out of
danger. But Emma
decided that she wanted to make her home safer and
happier.
04 - In “teacher”, underlined in the paragraph, the suffix
-er” has the same function as the one in
a) safer.
b) danger.
c) cleaner.
d) happier.
05. A congenital condition is
_______________________. a. 
a necessary condition 
b. a doubtful condition 
c. a condition present at birth 
d. a condition beneath awareness 
e. a not-biased condition
06. A viable idea is _______________________. 
a. workable 
b. charitable 
c. famous 
d. fair 
e. Balanced
07. Genocide is _______________________. 
a. a large amount of destruction, especially by fire or heat 
b. something that acts against harm 
c. the crime of intentionally killing a person 
d. to murder a famous or important person for political
reasons or in exchange for money 
e. murder of an entire group or race
08. The company president, Ms. Lopez, was so busy that
her _______________________ had to handle many
details for her. 
a. subdue 
b. subservient 
c. submissive 
d. subsidiary 
e. Subordinate
09. The _______________________ decision enabled
everyone to feel that justice had been served. 
a. equitable 
b. equivalent 
c. equinox 
d. equilateral 
e. Equilibrium
10. Match each word in the left-hand column with a
definition from the right-hand column. Then find the
alternative that has the correct sequence:
 01. antithesis ( ) self-governing, independent 
02. extricate ( ) to violate 
03. autonomous ( ) cautious 
04. antagonis ( ) the exact opposite 
05. circumspectm ( ) strong dislike or opposition 
06. transgress ( ) to free from difficulty 
a. 5, 1, 3, 6, 4, 2 
b. 3, 6, 5, 1, 4, 2 
c. 4, 1, 2, 3, 6, 5 
d. 3, 5, 1, 2, 6, 4 
e. 1, 3, 6, 4, 2, 5
11. Socrates, whose teachings inspire many young people,
was among the most famous citizens of Athens.
Unfortunately, he criticized many city leaders, and in 399
B. C., he was brought to trial for corrupting youth.
Emotions wee so strong that it was difficult to be
_______________________ in the debate. Socrates was
condemned to die by drinking the poison hemlock.
Although the city elders thought they had acted with
_______________________, others disagreed. Among
Socrates’ most famous pupils was the philosopher Plato,
author of The Republic. 
a. autonomy, autonomous 
b. ingenious, ingenuity 
c. extricated, extricate 
d. impartial, impartiality 
e. exploited, exploitation
12. Study these words and their definitions: 
Pandemonium is total confusion. 
Panorama is a wide view that covers a very large area. 
Panacea is something that people think will make
everything better and solve all their problems. 
Pan-Arabism is the political union of all Arabs 
We can conclude that the meaning of the prefix pan is 
a. behind, after 
b. above, additional 
c. all, whole, completely 
53
d. earliest, first, original 
e. beyond, excessively
13. Study these words and their definitions: 
To induce is to persuade someone to do something, or to
cause something to happen. 
To abduct is to take a person away by force. 
To educate is to give knowledge or understanding of a
particular subject to someone. 
To conduct is to organize and direct a particular activity. 
We can conclude that the meaning of the root duc / duct is
a. lead, direct 
b. go, move along 
c. speed, hasten 
d. believe, trust 
e. carry, bear
SUGGESTION FOR TRANSLATION:
Roar
Katy Perry
I used to bite my tongue and hold my breath
Scared to rock the boat and make a mess
So I sat quietly, agreed politely
I guess that I forgot I had a choice
I let you push me past the breaking point
I stood for nothing, so I fell for everything
You held me down, but I got up (hey!)
Already brushing off the dust
You hear my voice, your hear that sound
Like thunder, gonna shake your ground
You held me down, but I got up
Get ready 'cause I've had enough
I see it all, I see it now
I got the eye of the tiger, a fighter
Dancing through the fire
'Cause I am the champion, and you're gonna hear me roar
Louder, louder than a lion
'Cause I am a champion, and you're gonna hear me roar!
Oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh
Oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh
Oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh
You're gonna…
ANSWER-KEY:
01 - C
02 - A
03 - D
04 - C
05. Alternativa c.. O adjetivo congenital é formado pelo
prefixo latino com- (together; with / junto, com) e pela
raiz latina gen (birth / nascimento). Assim, se você tem
algo congênito, você nasceu com ele. 
06. Alternativa a. O adjetivo viable é formado a partir do
prefixo latino vit- (life / vida). Assim sendo, essa palavra
pode significar: – capable of living – capable of success e
portanto workable, que quer dizer praticável, exeqüível,
viável. 
07. Alternativa e. O substantivo genocide é formado pelo
prefixo grego gen- (type / tipo) e pela raiz latina cidium
(killing / matança). Em Grego antigo, genos significava
raça, então genocídio quer dizer killing of an entire race,
ou seja, assassinato planejado de um grupo inteiro. 
08. Alternativa e. O substantivo subordinate é formado a
partir do prefixo latino sub- (under / abaixo). Assim,
subordinate é aquela pessoa que ocupa uma posição em
menor rank ou valor. O significado da sentença é então o
seguinte: A presidente da companhia estava tão ocupada
que sua subordinada teve que cuidar de muitos detalhes
para ela. 
09. Alternativa a. O adjetivo equitable é formado a partir
do prefixo latino equi- (equal / igual) e significa, portanto,
igual, justo. Uma decisão que desse a todos a sensação de
que a justiça tinha sido feita é uma equitable decision,
uma decisão justa. 
10. Alternativa b. Vamos à formação de cada uma das
palavras: – antithesis: prefixo grego anti- (against) +
palavra grega tithenai (to put), portanto a palavra
antithesis significa the exact opposite, contrast. –
extricate: prefixo latino ex- (out) + palavra latina tricae
(difficulties), portanto a palavra extricate significa to free
from difficulty. – autonomous: prefixo grgo auto- (self) +
palavra grega nomos (law), portanto a palavra
autonomous significa self-governing, independent. –
antagonism: prefixo grego anti- (against) + palavra grega
agon (contest), portanto a palavra antagonism significa
hostility, rivalry, strong dislike, opposition. – circumspect:
prefixo latino circum- (around) + palavra latina spec (to
look), portanto a palavra circumspect significa to look
around, to be careful, cautious. – transgress: prefixo latino
trans- (across) + palavra latina gradi (to step), portanto a
palavra significa transgress to go beyond what is proper
or good, to violate. 
11. Alternativa d. Temos aí um adjetivo (impartial) e um
substantivo (impartiality). Ambos são formados pelo
prefixo latino im- (not) e pela palavra latina pars (part).
Significam, portanto, não tomar parte, buscando ser justo
e imparcial. 
12. Alternativa c. O prefixo pan vem do grego e significa
all / todo. As palavras-chave para chegarmos a essa
conclusão foram: Pandemonium is total confusion.
Panorama is a wide view that covers a very large area.
Panacea is something that people think willmake
everything better and solve all their problems. Pan-
Arabism is the political union of all Arabs Interessante: a
palavra pandemonium é formada pelo prefixo grego all e
pela palavra graga daimon / demônio. É por isso que ela
significa total confusion. 
13. Alternativa a. A raiz duc / duct vem do latim e
significa liderar, conduzir, direcionar.
54
CAPÍTULO 23
FEMININE
Gênero dos Substantivos
O gênero dos substantivos pode ser indicado de várias
maneiras:
1) Pela terminação “ESS”
actor (ator) actress
ambasssador
(embaixador)
ambassadress
duke (duque) duchess
inheritor
(herdeiro)
inheritress
Jew (judeu) Jewess
leopard
(leopardo)
leopardess
tiger (tigre) tigress
host (anfitrião) hostess
lion (leão) lioness
manager
(gerente)
manageress
master (mestre,
chefe)
mistress
Mister (senhor) Mistress
murderer
(assassino)
murderess
negro (negro) negress
priest (sacerdote) priestess
prince (príncipe) princess
shepherd (pastor) shepherdess
traitor (traidor) traitress
waiter (garçom) waitress
Heir (herdeiro) heiress
God (Deus) Goddess (Deusa)
2) Substantivos com Masculino e Feminino morfologica-
mente relacionados
widower (viúvo) widow
hero (herói) heroine
bridegroom (noivo) Bride
male (macho) Female
3) Substantivos com Masculino e Feminino diferenciados
bachelor (solteiro) spinster
gentleman (cavalheiro) lady
lord (senhor) lady
king (rei) queen
monk (monge) nun
nephew (sobrinho) niece
husband (marido) wife
cock, rooster (galo) hen
drone (zangão) bee
bull (touro) cow
ram, sheep (carneiro) ewe
horse, stallion (garanhão) mare
dog (cachorro) bitch
fox (raposa – masc.) vixen
pig (porco) sow
wizard (feiticeiro) witch
son (filho) daughter
son-in-law (genro) daughter-in-law
godfather (padrinho) godmother
stepfather (padrasto) stepmother
stepson (enteado) Stepdaughter
godson (afilhado) Goddaughter
4) Substantivos COMUNS
Nurse (enfermeiro (a)) Cook (cozinheiro (a))
Person (pessoa) Friend (amigo (a))
Student (aluno (a)) Pianist (pianista)
Speaker (orador (a)) Writer (escritor (a))
Painter (pintor (a)) Fellow (camarada)
Surgeon (cirurgião) flight attendant (comissário de bordo)
dentist Servant (criado (a))
artist minister
Guest (convidado) Foreigner (estrangeiro)
Judge (juiz) Cousin (primo (a))
Teacher (professor (a))
NUMBERS
NÚMEROS CARDINAIS - CARDINAL NUMBERS
- Em inglês os números entre 13 (thirteen) e 19 
(nineteen) possuem a terminação -teen, que 
corresponde à sílaba tônica (a mais marcada na 
pronúncia) do número.
- Para formarmos os números maiores que vinte 
(twenty), colocamos primeiro as dezenas, seguidas das 
unidades. Utilizamos um hífen para unirmos as unidades 
às dezenas, tanto com os números cardinais como com os 
ordinais (Ex: 35- thirty-five, 167º- one hundred and 
sixty-seventh). Os números entre 20 (twenty) e 99 
(ninety-nine) possuem terminação -ty e nunca terão esta 
sílaba como tônica.
 Na lista a seguir, os números em vermelho são os que 
55
não seguem exatamente o padrão regular:
0- zero/ nought *
1 - one
11 - 
eleven
21 - 
twenty-
one
31 - thirty-
one
2 - two
12 - 
twelve
22 - 
twenty-
two
32 - thirty-
two
3 - three
13 
- thirteen
23 - 
twenty-
three
33 - thirty-
three
4 - four
14 - 
fourteen
24 - 
twenty-
four
34 - thirty-
four
5 - five
15 
- fifteen
25 - 
twenty-
five
35 - thirty-
five
6 - six
16 - 
sixteen
26 - 
twenty-six
36 - thirty-
six
7 - seven
17 - 
seventeen
27- 
twenty-
seven
37 - thirty-
seven
8 - eight
18 - 
eighteen
28 - 
twenty-
eight
38 - thirty-
eight
9 - nine
19 - 
nineteen
29 - 
twenty-
nine
39 - thirty-
nine
10 - ten
20 
- twenty
30 - thirty 40 - forty
 
* Confira as diferenças entre os tipos de zeros
em Número zero: zero, nought, nil ou "o"? 
 
10 - ten 40 - forty 70 - seventy
20 - twenty 50 - fifty 80 - eighty
30 - thirty 60 - sixty 90 - ninety
 
 
IMPORTANT REMARKS!
- Em inglês a pontuação dos números é diferente 
da nossa: onde usamos vírgula, utiliza-se ponto e 
onde usamos ponto, utiliza-se vírgula. Exemplos:
Português Inglês
1.000 (mil)
1,000 (one/a 
thousand)
1.000.000 (um 
milhão)
1,000,000 (one/a 
million)
1.000.000.000 
(um bilhão)
1,000,000,000 
(one/a billion)
3,1415 (pi)
3.14
15
0,5 (zero vírgula
cinco)
0.5 (nought/oh 
point five)
R$ 2.770,50 US$ 1,345.50 
 
- A ou one? Com números a partir de cem, é 
possível optar por falar de duas formas: com a(um =
artigo indefinido) ou com one (um = numeral) no 
início do número. One é mais formal e preciso e 
pode enfatizar o valor. Compare os dois exemplos:
 The total cost was one hundred and sixty 
pounds exactly . (valor exato)
 It cost about a hundred and fifty quid. 
(valor aproximado)
- A thousand pode ser empregado sozinho e antes 
de and, mas não soa natural utilizá-lo antes de 
centenas. Veja:
 a/one thousand
 a/one thousand and forty-nine (antes de 
dezena)
 one thousand, six hundred and two (mais 
natural que a thousand, six hundred and two .)
- And: Com números acima de cem é necessário 
acrescentar and (e) antes das dezenas. Este elemento
de ligação and é pronunciado como /n/, ficando a 
sílaba tônica no último número.
- No inglês americano, numa conversa informal, 
o and pode ser omitido:
 a/one hundred and twenty 
 five hundred and sixty-three
 eight hundred and eight-one
 
100 - a/one hundred
200 - two hundred
300 - three hundred
400 - four hundred
500 - five hundred
600 - six hundred
700 - seven hundred
56
http://www.solinguainglesa.com.br/conteudo/numeros2.php
http://www.solinguainglesa.com.br/conteudo/numeros2.php
800 - eight hundred
900 - nine hundred
101 - a/one hundred and one 
110 - a/one hundred and ten 
233 - two hundred and thirty-three
268 - two hundred and sixty-eight
350 - three hundred and fifty
409 - four hundred and nine
540 - five hundred and forty
790 - seven hundred and ninety
1000 - a/one thousand 
1001 - a/one thousand and one 
1010 - a/one thousand and ten
2000 - two thousand 
2002 - two thousand and two
5899 - five thousand, eight hundred and ninety-nine
7384 - seven thousand, three hundred and eighty-four
9961 - nine thousand, nine hundred and sixty-one
10,000 (dez mil) - ten thousand 
50,000 (cinquenta mil) - fifty thousand
100,000 (cem mil) - a/one hundred thousand 
1,000,000 (um milhão) - a/one million 
2,000,000 (dois milhões) - two million 
1,000,000,000 (um bilhão) - a/one billion 
1,000,000,000,000 (um trilhão) - a/one trillion
1100 = Eleven hundred? 
Sim! Num contexto de estilo mais 
informal, podemos falar:
1100 - one thousand one hundred 
= eleven hundred
1200 - one thousand two hundred 
= twelve hundred 
2500 - two thousand five hundred 
= twenty five hundred
Isto ocorre com os números 
redondos entre 1.100 e 1.900!
 
Números Ordinais - Ordinal Numbers
 Os Ordinal Numbers indicam a ordem ou lugar do ser 
numa determinada série. À exceção 
de first(primeiro), second (segundo), third (terceiro) e os 
números que os contém em sua grafia, os números 
ordinais são formados com a adição do sufixo -th.
 A abreviação dos Ordinal Numbers é 
feita acrescentando-se ao número as duas últimas 
letras de sua forma extensa. Por exemplo:
abrevia
ção
/por 
extenso
abrevia
ção
/por extenso
1st - first 30th - thirtieth
2nd - second 50th - fiftieth
3rd - third 62nd - sixty-second
 4th - fourth 73rd - seventy-third
5th - fifth 85th - eighty-fifth
9th - ninth 99th - ninety-ninth
12th - twelfth 133th -
(one/a) hundred and 
thirty-third
21st -
twenty-
first
518th -
five hundred and 
eighteenth
 
 Quando lemos ou escrevemos por extenso os números 
ordinais em português, tanto na dezena quanto na 
centena e no milhar, todos os algarismos vão para a forma
ordinal. No inglês, no entanto, apenas o último 
algarismo vai para a forma ordinal:
21º - vigésimo primeiro = 21st - twenty-first
72º - septuagésimo segundo = 72nd - seventy-second
167º - centésimo sexagésimo sétimo = 167th - one 
hundred and sixty-seventh
 Repare que, nos números ordinais acima de 100, o usoda conjunção and segue as mesmas regras dos 
cardinais:
205th – two hundred and fifth 
440th – four hundred and fortieth
001 | FEI 2000
Indique o ordinal referente a "four":
a) forty
b) fourteen
c) fourteenth
d) fourth
e) fortieth
002 | FUVEST 1979 – ADAPTED
Reescreva a frase colocando por extenso os numerais, na
sua forma ordinal:
Her __________ (21) birthday will be on the __________
(11).
a) Her twenty-first birthday will be on the eleventieth.
b) Her twenty-one birthday will be on the eleven.
c) Her twenty-first birthday will be on the eleven.
d) Her twenty-one birthday will be on the eleventh.
e) Her twenty-first birthday will be on the eleventh.
003 | JFS 2000
Marque a alternativa que possui os resultados corretos
das operações abaixo:
2 × 9 = ?
14 – 11 = ?
? + 4 = 16
a) eighteenth – three – twelve
b) eighty – thirty – two
c) eighteen – third – twelve
d) eight – thirteen – twenty
e) eighteen – three – twelve
004 | JFS 2000
57
Solve the problems below:
1. Two into ten goes __________ times.
2. A quarter plus three-quarters makes __________.
3. Twenty-eight from fifty leaves __________.
a) five – one – twenty-one
b) four – four – twenty-one
c) five – four – twenty-two
d) five – one – twenty-two
e) four – four – twenty-two
005 | JFS 2008
Some stats about the Olympic Games in Beijing:
* 28 Olympic programs, 302 sub-categories
* 302 gold medals
* 10,500 athletes are expected to participate
* 21,880 torchbearers will run 137,000 km over 130 days
* The National Stadium (Bird’s Nest) covers an area of
258,000 sq. meters
* The Bird’s Nest has 91,000 seats
* The surface of the National Aquatics Center is covered
by 1,437 pieces of transparant material
* The highest price for the opening ceremony tickets is
5000 Renminbi, the lowest is 200 Renminbi
* Beijing expects 550,000 international visitors and 2.4
million domestic spectators
* Over 800 star-class hotels and 4,000 hostels will 
provide
about 420,000 overprized rooms
– Give the marked numbers in full:
a) three hundreds and two; ten thousands and five
hundreds; one hundred and thirty-seven thousands; two
hundreds and fifty-eight thousands; one thousand and
four hundreds and thirty-seven; two millions and four
hundreds thousands; four hundreds and twenty
thousands
b) three hundred and two; ten thousand and five
hundred; one hundred and thirty-seven thousand; two
hundred and fifty-eight thousand; one thousand and four
hundred and thirty-seven; two million and four hundred
thousand; four hundred and twenty thousand
c) three hundred and two; ten thousand and five hundred;
one hundred and thirty-seven thousand; two hundred and
fifty-eight thousand; one thousand and four hundred and
thirty-seventh; two million and four hundred; four
hundred and twenty thousand
d) three hundred and two; ten thousand and five
hundred; one hundred and thirty-seven thousand; two
hundred and fifty-eight thousand; one thousand and four
hundred and thirty-seven; two million and four thousand;
fourth hundred and twenty thousand
006 | AFA 2001
What’s the right answer for the numerical expressions
below?
15
; 16
5
; 2 3
5
1
a) One fives / two thirty-five / sixteen fifteen
b) One five / two and third fifth / sixteen fifteens
c) One fifth / two and three fifths / sixteen fifteenths
d) First fifths / second thirty-five / sixteenth fifteenths
007 | JFS 2008
Read the following sentence and fill in the blanks
meaningfully:
More than twenty __________ people were inside the
stadium, but __________ more were outside because
they didn’t get to buy the tickets in time.
a) thousand – hundreds
b) thousands – hundreds
c) thousand – thousand
d) hundred – thousand
e) hundreds – hundreds
LEARNING TO QUIT
Jodi Hall started smoking at age 9.
By the time she was 16, she was up to a pack a day
– and she wanted to quit. A couple of reasons: one, her
health; two, a guy named Mony. "He said that when he
kissed me, it was like kissing an ashtray," Jodi says.
Earlier this year, Jodi, along with 25 of her
classmates at Johnson High School, in Savannah, GA,
enrolled in the school's first stop-smoking class. During
the eight-week Tobacco Free Teen class, they learned
what smoking can do to their body, their wallet and their
grades (some kids end up cutting class to satisfy their
nicotine cravings). But it wasn't just about scare tactics.
The goal is behavior modification, not punishment, so
students are taught techniques for handling stress and
resisting the urge to light up even when friends or parents
do.
According to the American Lung Association
(ALA), which sponsors the class, about half of the adults
who smoke were regular smokers by age 18. "These
numbers are only going to get worse," says Kristine 
Lewis
of the ALA. "The tobacco industry is turning to teens."
How did the students do? Jodi has been
cigaretteless for three months, but she's the only one. Her
classmate Adam Cushman is slowly puffing his way back
to three packs a day. The 16-year-old says he wants to
stop, "but the way things are going, I doubt I'll be able 
to."
Lynda Natali
Seventeen, June 1996
008 | UERJ 1997
From the class-name – "Tobacco Free Teen class" – we
may understand that one of the characteristics of the
students enrolled was their age between:
a) 8 and 18
b) 9 and 18
c) 13 and 19
d) 16 and 19
009 | ITA 1990
A alternativa que corretamente preenche as lacunas I, II e
III de:
1. Five from six leaves I.
2. Two into eight goes II times.
3. The third power of two is III.
58
– é:
a) 30; 8; 10
b) 11; 10; 10
c) 30; 12; 8
d) 1; 4; 8
e) 1; 8; 1
010 | JFS 2014
Fill in the gap suitably:
A million is written with six __________.
a) numbers
b) figures
c) noughts
d) noughties
e) digits
SUGGESTION FOR TRANSLATION
Three Times A Lady
Thanks for the times that you've given me
The memories are all in my mind
And now that we've come to the end of our rainbow
There's something I must say out loud
You're once, twice, three times a lady
And I love you
Yes, you're once, twice, three times a lady
And I love you
I love you
You shared my dreams, my joys,
my pains
You made my life worth living for
And if I had to live my, life over again
I spend each and every moment with you
 
You're once, twice, three times a lady
And I love you
Yes, you're once, twice, three times a lady
And I love you
I love you
 
When we are together, the moments I cherish
With every beat of my heart
To touch you, to hold you, to feel you, to need you
There's nothing to keep us apart
You're once, twice, three times a lady
And I love you
ANSWER-KEY:
01 -D 
02 - E 
03 - E 
04 - D 
05 - B 
06 - C 
07 - A 
08 - C 
09 - D 
10 – C
59
CAPÍTULO 24
INFINITIVE, GERUND, SUBJUNCTIVE
INFINITIVE
O infinitivo é a forma original do verbo tal qual se 
encontra num dicionário. Pode aparecer na frase com ou 
sem o “to”. O gerúndio é o verbo com a terminação –ing. 
O infinitivo com “to” é de uso mais amplo aparecendo 
após a grande maioria dos verbos, adjetivos, advérbios, 
nomes, pronomes, etc:
I expect to be there.
This car is hard to park.
She knows where to find the keys.
Também pode indicar propósito, finalidade:
They went there to buy something = They went there in 
order to buy something.
Use o infinitivo sem o “to”:
1. após modal verbs (can, could, must, etc.)
2. após os auxiliares do-does-did-will-would
3. após had better, would rather, rather than
4. após as preposições but e except: She did nothing but 
complain.
5. após os verbos make e let: You make me feel brand 
new.
Let me help you!
SUBJUNCTIVE:
Use
Subjunctive is used in some fixed phrases (formulaic 
subjunctive).
 God save the Queen!
 Long live the King!
 Thy will be done.
 Be that as it may.
Certain verbs (e.g. demand, insist, recommend, suggest) 
and adjectives (e.g. essential, important, vital) are 
followed by ‘that’ + subjunctive(mandative 
subjunctive) to indicate that something must be done 
(directive aspect).
3. People demand that the troops be withdrawn.
4. It is important that everyone register.
Sentences in subjunctive sound very formal, however,so
often an auxiliary is preferred. If the directive aspect of 
the sentence is clear enough without an auxiliary, it is 
also possible to simply use the main verb in indicative 
mood.
 People demand that the troops are / should 
be withdrawn.
 It is important that everyone registers.
But: Note the difference of subjunctive and indicative in
the following example.
 She insisted that he be present. = She wanted 
him to be there. (directive aspect; subjunctive)
 She insisted that he was present. = She knew that
he really was there.(observation; indicative)
In the example above, you can also see that mandative 
subjunctive is always used in infinitive, even if we talk 
about a situation in the past. Note that in negative 
sentences, the auxiliary ‘do’ is not used for subjunctive 
mood.
 She insisted that he not be present.
For wishes and hopes that cannot be fulfilled (volitional 
subjunctive), subjunctive is used in past tense. For all 
verbs (except ‚be‘) past tense in subjunctive mood is the 
same as in indicative mood.
 I wish, I had a million dollar.
Past tense, subjunctive mood for ‘be’ is ‘were’.
 I wish, I were a millionaire.
You probably know this form from Conditional 
Sentences Type II.
 If I were you, I would study as hard as possible.
60
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-2
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-2
EXERCISES:
001 | ITA 1995
Without fear of be happy (Sem medo de ser feliz) é o 
título, em inglês, que um periódico paulista atribuiu ao 
livro do jornalista americano Ken Silverstein sobre a 
campanha de Lula à Presidência da República em 1989. 
Examinando o título, você diria que:
a) Está estruturalmente correto.
b) Deveria ser: "Without Fear of Been Happy".
c) Deveria ser: "Without Fear of to Be Happy".
d) Deveria ser: "Without Fear of Being Happy".
e) Deveria ser: "Without Fear to Be Happy".
002 | ITA 1995
A lacuna da sentença abaixo deve ser preenchida por:
Astronomers are used __________ all kinds of wild 
things in outer space.
a) find
b) to find
c) finding
d) to finding
e) found
003 | UNESP 1985
Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a 
sentença a seguir:
Most people cannot learn verbs without __________ 
them.
a) to study
b) studying
c) study
d) studied
e) studies
004 | JFS 1999
Assinale a alternativa correta:
Nothing can be done except __________ the results of the
exam.
a) to waiting
b) waits
c) to wait
d) waiting
e) wait
005 | UEL 1994
Assinale a alternativa correta:
He stopped __________ only after the doctor said he was 
going to die.
a) drank
b) drink
c) drinks
d) drinking
e) to drink
006 | UNESP 1990
Both Mary and Roger enjoy __________ tennis.
a) plays
b) play
c) to playing
d) playing
e) played
007 | MACKENZIE 1996
Indicate the correct alternative:
I had hoped __________ my letter.
a) her answer
b) her answering
c) that she answer
d) that she would answer
e) to her answer
008 | ITA 1995
A melhor forma de concluir a sentença a seguir é:
Although personal appearance is of great importance 
when
going to an interview for a job, the candidate should be
careful __________.
a) to not overdress
b) to do not overdress
c) not to overdress
d) do not overdress
e) not overdress
009 | ITA 1996
Leia a frase e preencha a lacuna:
By signing below, I ask that an account __________ 
opened for me and Card(s) issued as I request, and that 
you renew and replace them until I cancel.
a) to be
b) are
c) is
d) will be
e) be
010 | FEI 1996
I regretted answering like that. I was sorry __________ 
so.
a) to have done
b) in doing
c) to do
d) to be doing
e) for do
011 | FEI 1996
Excuse __________ you.
a) me to interrupt
b) me for interrupt
c) me for interrupting
d) me in interrupting
e) me to interrupting
012 | FEI 1996
Assinale a alternativa correta:
Would you mind coming with me? I'd like __________.
a) you to come
b) to come
c) coming
d) you coming
e) you come
013 | UEL 1997
61
The best time __________ an international call is 
between
11 p.m. and 8 a.m.
a) you for to make
b) for you make
c) that you to make
d) that to make you
e) for you to make
014 | MACKENZIE 1997
Indicate the alternative that best completes the following 
sentence:
The teacher mentioned some changes that we can expect
__________ by the year 2000.
a) have been taking place
b) to take place
c) to have taken place
d) taking place
e) have had taken place
015 | ITA 1996
A alternativa que deve preencher a lacuna no quadro a 
seguir é:
a) there is
b) you do
c) there be
d) have
e) may be
016 | JFS 2000
Relacione as colunas A e B, encontrando o Imperativo 
correto.
Coluna A
1. I'm hungry.
2. I'm very tired.
3. I'm sad today.
4. I'm pissed off.
5. I'm thirsty.
Coluna B
( ) See a comedy movie.
( ) Take vacation.
( ) Eat something.
( ) Drink some water.
( ) Chill out and take it 
easy.
a) 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5
b) 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 1
c) 3 – 2 – 1 – 4 – 5
d) 3 – 2 – 1 – 5 – 4
e) 2 – 3 – 4 – 1 – 5
017 | UFSC 1997
Select the proposition(s) which is(are) in the Imperative 
Form:
(01) Please, place all valuables in the hotel safe.
(02) You are advised not to take money on the beach.
(04) We ask you to return your keys before your 
departure.
(08) You must carry your suitcases.
(16) Don't make noise at night.
(32) Be careful with your tickets.
– Soma = ( __________ )
a) 49 (01 + 16 + 32)
b) 48 (16 + 32)
c) 50 (02 + 16 + 32)
d) 56 (08 + 16 + 32)
e) 17 (16 + 01)
018 | JFS 2007
Which of the following sentences is not in the Imperative 
Mood?
a) Get plenty of calcium.
b) Don’t mess too much with your hair.
c) But, be patient with those who supply it.
d) Painting over the ugly parts.
e) But trust me on the sunscreen.
019 | ITA 2010
Assinale a opção em que o termo em negrito apresenta 
função gramatical diferente das demais.
a) ... depending on whether they were playing at home or
away.
b) Knowing that appearance affects people’s mood and 
outlook,...
c) Using data from the 1970s and 1980s, they found 
that...
d) But while the 1988 finding has become a classic in 
psychology, ...
e) …when they started wondering about the effect of 
being able to alter…
020 | IME 2012
Na sentença a seguir, encontram-se em destaque cinco 
termos. Assinale a alternativa correspondente ao termo 
cujo emprego está INCORRETO.
I am currently studying for a PhD at the British Antarctic 
Survey working on the structural interpretation of gravity 
and magnetic going from east Antarctica, including both 
numerical and mechanical modelling of data.
a) studying
b) working
c) going
d) including
e) modelling
SUGGESTION FOR TRANSLATION:
BY MY SIDE – INXS
In the dark of night
Those small hours
Uncertain and anxious
62
I need to call you
Rooms full of strangers
Some call me friend
But I wish you were so close to me
In the dark of night
Those small hours
I drift away
When I'm with you
In the dark of night
By my side
In the dark of night
By my side
I wish you were
I wish you were
Here comes the clown
His face is a wall
No window
No air at all
In the dark of night
Those faces they haunt me
But I wish you were so close to me
In the dark of night
By my side
In the dark of night
by my syde
I wish you were
I wish you were
In the dark of night
By my side
in the dark of night
By my side
I wish you were
I wish you were
In the dark of night
Those faces they haunt me
I wish you were so close to me
Yes I wish you were
By my side
ANSWER-KEY:
01 – D
02 – D
03 – B
04 – E
05 – D
06 – D
07 – D
08 – C
09 – C
10 – A
11 – C
12 – A
13 – E
14 – C
15 – C
16 – D
17 – A
18 – D
19 – D
20 – C
63
	What as a relative pronoun
	Gênero dos Substantivos
	Números Cardinais - Cardinal Numbers
	Use