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Case Series Non-Carious Cervical Lesions Associated With Gingival Recessions: A Decision-Making Process Giovanni Zucchelli,* Guido Gori,† Monica Mele,* Martina Stefanini,* Claudio Mazzotti,* Matteo Marzadori,* Lucio Montebugnoli,‡ and Massimo De Sanctis§ Background: A method to predetermine the maximum root coverage level (MRC) was recently demonstrated to be reli- able in predicting the position of the soft tissue margin after root coverage surgery. The aim of the present study is to sug- gest a decision-making process for treating non-carious cervi- cal lesions (NCCLs) associated with gingival recessions based upon the topographic relationship between the MRC and NCCL and to assess patient and independent-periodontist es- thetic evaluations. Methods: Five treatments were performed in 94 patients with NCCLs associated with a single gingival recession: 1) coronally advanced flap (CAF); 2) bilaminar procedure; 3) coronal odontoplasty plus restoration plus root odontoplasty plus CAF; 4) restoration plus CAF; and 5) restorative therapy. Clinical and esthetic evaluations made by the patient and an independent periodontist were done 1 year after treatments. Results: The satisfaction of the patient and periodontist with esthetics was very high in all NCCL treatments and Miller Class gingival recessions. The patient satisfaction and evalu- ation of root coverage and the periodontist evaluation of root coverage were statistically correlated with color-match evalu- ations and not with the amount of root coverage clinically achieved in each patient. Conclusion: The proposed approaches provided good esthetic appearance and correct emergence profile for the great majority of NCCLs associated with gingival recessions. J Periodontol 2011;82:1713-1724. KEY WORDS Cemento-enamel junction; gingival recession; surgery. A non-carious cervical lesion (NCCL) is described as the wear of the tooth substance at the level of the gingival one-third of the tooth due to reasons other than dental caries.1,2 Al- though an abrasion, due to mechanical forces,3 plays an important role in the development of NCCLs, it is not the sole cause, and it is generally accepted that the etiology of NCCLs is multifactorial, involving other factors such as corro- sion, and possibly abfraction, as well.1,2 Main indications4 for the treatment of an NCCL are: 1) esthetics, especially when the lesion is pigmented and/or associated with gingival recession; 2) dentin hyper- sensitivity, which may be the cause of discomfort/pain or faulty plaque control for the patient; 3) caries/demineralization with or without dentin hypersensitivity; and 4) bacterial plaque accumulation due to the shape and/or depth of abrasion that make oral health care difficult/in- effective. From a topographic standpoint, an NCCL can involve only the crown of the tooth (enamel and/or coronal dentin) or only the root surface (cementum and/or root dentin), or it can occupy both the crown and exposed root. When the NCCL involves the root it is commonlyassociated withgingival recession.AnNCCLinvolving * Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy. † Private practice, Rome, Italy. ‡ Department of Stomatology, Bologna University. § Department of Periodontology, Siena University, Siena, Italy. doi: 10.1902/jop.2011.110080 J Periodontol • December 2011 1713 MacBook only the anatomic crown of the tooth should be treated with restorative therapy, whereas an NCCL limited to the root surface should be treated with mu- cogingival surgery. The true clinical context is more complexand, frequently, theNCCL involvesboth the crown and root, causing the disappearance of the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ), which anatomi- cally separates the crown from the root.5 Thereafter, the main referring parameter for the selection of the therapeutic approach is no longer available. Fur- thermore, the anatomic distinction between crown and root does not always correspond to the clinical one and the entire exposed root surface is covered with soft tissues; this is the case with Miller Class6 III and IV gingival recessions. Furthermore, different local conditions at a tooth with gingival recession may limit the amount of root coverage, even in the absence of the loss of interdental periodontal sup- port5 (i.e., the loss of the tip of the papilla or tips of papillae, tooth rotation, and tooth extrusion with or without occlusal wear). The ideal treatment of a crown-radicular NCCL should consist of a combined restorative/periodontal treatment. Completing the restorative therapy before mucogingival surgery leads to various clinical advantages for both proce- dures: the restoration that can be easily performed and finished in an isolated (with rubber dam) field without interference of the soft tissues, and the root-coverage surgery is facilitated by the recon- struction of the clinical crown emergence profile that provides a stable, smooth, and convex substrate for the surgical flap. The main clinical concern is when to finish the composite restoration. Theoretically, the composite filling should be placed when gingival tissues are stable after the healing process of the mucogingival root cov- erage procedure. This position was described as the maximum root coverage level (MRC).7 This level is de- fined as a line (line of root coverage) that should coin- cide with the anatomic CEJ when it was not clinically detectable on the tooth with Miller Class I or II gingival recession or would be more apical than the anatomic CEJ when the ideal anatomic conditions to obtain complete root coverage were not fully represented (i.e., a Miller Class III gingival recession).5 A method to predetermine the MRC based on the calculation of the ideal height of the anatomic inter- dental papilla was demonstrated to be reliable in predicting the position of the soft tissue margin 3 months after root coverage surgery.7 The aim of the present pilot, case series study is to suggest a deci- sion-making process for treating NCCLs associated with gingival recessions based upon the topographic relationship between the MRC and NCCL and to as- sess patient and independent-periodontist esthetic evaluations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-four patients (45 males and 49 females; age range: 20 to 48 years; mean age: 34.6 – 9 years) were enrolled in the study. Patients were selected on a con- secutive basis among individuals referred to the School of Dentistry, University of Bologna, in the pe- riod between September 2007 and April 2008. The study protocol, questionnaires, and informed written consent is in full accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, as revised in 2000, were approved by an institutional review board and received the approval of the local ethics commit- tee of Bologna University. All participants met the following study inclusion cri- teria: 1) aged >18 years; 2) periodontally and system- ically healthy; 3) NCCL associated with a single Miller Class I, II, III, or IV gingival recession (rotated, malpo- sitioned, extruded teeth with or without occlusal wear and teeth with some loss of papillae height5 were in- cluded in Miller Class III); 4) no contraindications for periodontal surgery; 5) not taking medications known to interfere with periodontal tissue health or healing; and 6) no previous periodontal surgery at involved sites.Teeth inwhich itwasnot possible topredetermine the MRC (the absence of a contact point in the tooth with gingival recession and in the homologous contra- lateral one) or that had prosthetic crowns or composite restorations extending on the facial root surface were excluded from the study. Patients who smoked >10 cigarettes a day were also excluded. Recession defects associated with evidence of pulpal pathology were not included, and molar teeth were excluded. Study Design This was a pilot, case-series study selecting different treatment approaches for NCCL associated with gin- gival recessions according tothe topographic rela- tionship between the MRC and NCCL. The study protocol involved a screening appointment to verify the diagnosis and Miller classification6 of gingival recession and eligibility (presence of an NCCL) followed by initial therapy to establish optimal plaque control and gingival health conditions, the predetermination of MRC, the selection of one of five treatment approaches, treatments, the early mainte- nance phase, and the clinical and esthetic postoper- ative evaluation 1 year after treatment. An esthetic postoperative evaluation was made by an indepen- dent examiner (CM) and by the patient based on a vi- sual analog scale (VAS) of 100 mm.8,9 Diagnosis of NCCL and Classification of Gingival Recessions NCCL was considered a loss of hard tissue localized in the gingival one-third of the tooth.1,2 A diagnosis of an NCCL was made by using a periodontal probe that Treatment of Non-Carious Cervical Lesions Volume 82 • Number 12 1714 MacBook MacBook MacBook allowed for the realization of the presence of the most coronal step of the NCCL. The sharpness, depth, and flat outline of the coronal step of the NCCL distinguished it from the anatomic CEJ.The examination of the profile of the target tooth confirmed the diagnosis of an NCCL and easily differentiated the coronal step of the NCCL from the CEJ. Gingival recessions were categorized into four classes according to the Miller classification.6 Initial Therapy After the screening examination, all patients re- ceived a session of prophylaxis including instruc- tions in proper oral hygiene measures, scaling, and professional tooth cleaning with the use of a rubber cup and a low-abrasive polishing paste. A coronally directed roll technique was prescribed for teeth with recession defects to minimize toothbrushing trauma to the gingival margin. The treatment of the abra- sion/recession defect was not scheduled until the pa- tient was able to demonstrate an adequate standard of supragingival plaque control. Clinical Measurements All clinical measurements were carried out by a single, masked examiner (MM) at baseline and 1 year post- surgery. MM did not perform the surgeries and was un- aware of the treatment assignment. Before the study, the examiner was calibrated to reduce intraexaminer error (k >0.75) to establish reliability and consistency. The full-mouth plaque score was recorded as the per- centage of total surfaces (four aspects per tooth), which revealed the presence of plaque.10 Bleeding on probing (BOP) was assessed dichotomously at a force of 0.3 N with a manual pressure-sensitive probe.i The full-mouth bleeding score was recorded as the percentage of total surfaces (four aspects per tooth) that revealed the presence of BOP. The following clinical measurements were taken 1 week before the surgery and at the 1-year follow-up at the mid-facial aspect of the study teeth: 1) local (facial) plaque score assessed dichotomously (yes/ no); 2) local (facial) bleeding score assessed dichoto- mously (yes/no); 3) distance between the incisal mar- gin and gingival margin (IM–GM); 4) probing depth (PD), measured from the gingival margin to the bottom of gingival sulcus; and 5) height of keratinized tissue (KTH), which was the distance between the gingival margin and mucogingival junction. The mucogingival junction was identified by means of Lugol staining. Measurements of the IM–GM distance, PD, and KTH were performed by using a manual probe and were rounded up to the nearest millimeter. Patient Esthetic Evaluation Patient satisfaction with esthetics was evaluated at the 1-year follow-up visit based on a VAS. Patients were asked to select among 100 scores (0 = very bad, 50 = average, and 100 = excellent) in terms of overall satis- faction, color match, and root coverage.9,11,12 Objective Evaluation of Esthetics The objective evaluation of root coverage (the pres- ence of exposed root or NCCL), color match between hard (tooth/composite) and soft tissues, and tooth emergence profile (capableof protecting the soft tissue margin and easy to clean by the patient) were scored at the 1-year post-surgical evaluation visit by another ex- pert periodontist (CM), who was unaware on the treat- mentperformed.The periodontist was asked to rate the root coverage, color match, and tooth emergence pro- file among 100 VAS scores (0 = very bad, 50 = average, and 100 = excellent).9,11,12 Predetermination of MRC The method used to predetermine the MRC in teeth with NCCL associated with gingival recessions was recently published by our research group.7 The method was based on the calculation of the ideal height of the anatomic interdental papilla.5 In brief, the ideal height of the papilla was measured as the dis- tance between the point in which the CEJ crossed the facial mesial-distal line angle of the tooth (CEJ– angular point) and the contact point. The CEJ– angular point is easily identifiable, even in a tooth with an NCCL, by elevating the interdental soft tis- sues (with a probe or small spatula) and searching for the interdental CEJ. Once the ideal papilla was measured, this dimension was replaced apically starting from the tips of the mesial and distal papillae of the tooth with the recession defect. The horizontal projections on the recession margin of these mea- surements allowed for the identification of two points that were connected by a scalloped line that repre- sented the line of root coverage. The MRC was con- sidered the most apical extension of the line of root coverage. The predetermination of the MRC was per- formed by a single, masked examiner (MM) 1 week before the treatment. The examiner (MM) did not per- form the treatment. Determination of Treatment Alternatives (NCCL types) The examiner categorized the gingival-NCCL defects in five types in relation to the position of the MRC with respect to the NCCL (Fig. 1): type 1; the MRC was lo- cated >1 mm coronal to the most coronal extension of the NCCL, type 2; the MRC was located £1 mm coro- nal to the most coronal extension of the NCCL, type 3; the MRC was located in the deepest portion of the NCCL, type 4; the MRC was located apical to the i PCP UNC-15 probe tip, Hu-Friedy, Chicago, IL; equipped with a Brodontic spring device, Dentramar, Waalwijk, The Netherlands. J Periodontol • December 2011 Zucchelli, Gori, Mele, et al. 1715 deepest portion of the NCCL, and type 5; the MRC was located at the level or apical to the most apical ex- tension of the NCCL. Treatments Conservative therapy was performed by a single, masked experienced restorative dentist (GG). Surgical therapy was performed by a single, masked experi- enced periodontist (GZ). The adopted surgical tech- niques consisted of a trapezoidal coronally advanced flap (CAF) as a root coverage procedure13 or as cov- ering flap of a subepithelial connective tissue graft in the bilaminar technique.14 Five different treatment ap- proaches were adopted according to the NCCL type. Type 1. NCCL type 1 was a radicular NCCL asso- ciated with a Miller Class I (Fig. 2) or II gingival reces- sion. In this clinical situation, the amount of tooth surface comprised between the MRC and the coronal step of the NCCL was greater than the maximum mis- take (1 mm) in the calculation of the MRC.7 The treat- ment was exclusively periodontal. The NCCL/gingival recession was treated by means of a CAF root cover- age surgical procedure during which the exposed root surface (including the NCCL) was treated mechani- cally (with hand and/or rotating instruments) to ob- tain a hard, smooth, and regularly concave surface and chemically (24% EDTA for 2 minutes) to elimi- nate the smear layer. At the end of the surgery, the flap was coronally advanced 1 mm in excess with respect to the MRC. Type 2. NCCL type 2 was also a radicular NCCL associated with a Miller Class I or II (Fig. 3) gingival recession, but in this case, there was not enough space between the MRC and coronal step of the NCCL to compensate for errors in the calculation of theMRC and/or the post-surgical soft tissue shrinkage. Therefore, there was a risk of soft tissues collapse into the abrasion space. In this case too, the treatment of the NCCL/gingival recession was exclu- sively periodontal. The NCCL was mechanically and chemically treated during mucogingival surgery, but in this case, the root coverage procedure consisted in a bilaminar technique (i.e., a connective tissue graft covered by a CAF). The connective tissue graft (har- vested from the palate) was positioned inside the root concavity. The graft thickness filled the abrasion space and prevented the collapse of the covering soft tissue flap inside it. The graft, by acting as a filler or space-keeping inside the concave abrasion area, provided stability and sustained the covering flap, which was coronally advanced 1 mm in excess with respect to the MRC. Type 3. NCCL type 3 was a crown-radicular NCCL associated with a Miller Class I (Fig. 4), II, or III gingival recession. This was the most complex type, particu- larly when the abrasion defect was deep (‡1 mm) and narrow. A coronal (performed before the restor- ative treatment) and radicular (performed during the mucogingival surgery) odontoplasty was done to reduce the depth and increase the height of the Figure 1. A chart illustrating the decision-making process for treating NCCLs associated with gingival recessions. A) Lateral view of an NCCL associated with gingival recession. B) NCCL type 1: the MRC (arrow) was located >1mm coronal to the coronal step of the NCCL. The treatment consisted of a coronally advanced pedicle flap. The space between the covering flap and the root concavity was occupied by blood coagulum (red area). C) NCCL type 2: the MRC (arrow) was located at the level of the coronal step of the NCCL. The treatment consisted of a bilaminar technique: a connective tissue graft (pink area) covered by a CAF . The graft acted as a space maintainer and sustained the CAF, preventing its collapse inside the abrasion space. D) NCCL type 3: the MRC (arrow) was located in the deepest portion of the abrasion defect. The treatment consisted of a coronal and radicular odontoplasty composite restoration (light-blue area) finished at the level of the MRC and CAF. The shallow space between the covering flapand root concavity, apical to the MRC, was occupied by blood coagulum (red area). E) NCCL type 4: the MRC (arrow) was located apical to the deepest portion of the abrasion defect due to a mild loss of papilla height (black area). The treatment consisted of a composite restoration (light-blue area) finished at the level of the MRC and CAF. The shallow space between the covering flap and the root concavity apical to the MRC was filled with blood coagulum (red area).F) NCCL type 5: the MRC (black arrow) was located at the level of the most apical extension of the NCCL due to a severe loss of papilla height (black area). The treatment consisted of a composite restoration (light-blue area) finished at the level of the MRC and a repositioned flap or CAF. Treatment of Non-Carious Cervical Lesions Volume 82 • Number 12 1716 MacBook MacBook MacBook MacBook MacBook NCCL. The coronal odontoplasty reduced the sharp- ness and depth of the coronal step of the NCCL and was extended more and more occlusally with the in- creasing depth of the hard tissue defect. The grinded area was restored with a composite filling that was extended up to the MRC. The coronal odontoplasty made at the level of the enamel created a long bevel that improved the adhesion of the restorative material. The exposed root surface apical to the MRC was used for isolating the operative field by a rubber dam. If and when the NCCL reached or extended beyond the soft tissue margin, it was necessary to the elevate the flap before performing the composite restoration to ex- pose some root surface apical to NCCL, which was necessary for isolating the op- erative field with the rubber dam. The root odontoplasty was performed during surgery to further reduce the depth of the NCCL. It was performed with rotating burs and was com- pleted with manual instruments as far as a correct tooth emer- gence profile was obtained. The profile of the composite was used as a guide for the correct planning of the root surface. Once the root odontoplasty was completed, a pedicle flap was coronally advanced 1 mm in excess with respect to the apical extension of the compos- ite filling. The conservative fill- ing facilitated the surgery by providing a smooth, convex, and stable substrate for the cor- onal stabilization of the surgical flap. Figure 2. NCCL type 1. A) Canine with gingival recession and a shallow radicular NCCL defect. The hard tissue defect was completely coverable with soft tissues. B) Root surface and NCCL area were mechanically treated after a flap elevation. C) The flap was coronally advanced and sutured coronal to the CEJ. D) One-year follow-up after the CAF surgical technique: complete root coverage and a good emergence profile were obtained. The NCCL defect appeared to be filled by an increased facial soft-tissue thickness. Figure 3. NCCL type 2. A) Canine with gingival recession and a deep NCCL defect. The defect was coverable with soft tissues. B) A connective tissue graft was positioned and sutured within the NCCL space. The graft acted as space-maintaining material preventing the collapse of the covering flap inside the NCCL defect. C) The flap was coronally advanced and sutured coronal to the CEJ. D) One-year follow-up after a bilaminar technique: complete root coverage and a good emergence profile were achieved. The NCCL space was filled by the increased thickness of facial gingival tissues. J Periodontol • December 2011 Zucchelli, Gori, Mele, et al. 1717 MacBook MacBook MacBook Type 4. NCCL type 4 was a radicular NCCL asso- ciated with Miller Class III gingival recessions or a crown-root NCCL associated with Miller Class I or II gingival recession (Fig. 5) in which the deepest portion of the NCCL defect was localized at the level of the anatomic crown and only the apical por- tion of the NCCL involved the root. In both of these circumstances, the deepest portion of the NCCL was not coverable with soft tissue; thus, it was treated with the composite filling that was extended up to the MRC. The exposed root surface apical to the MRC was used for isolating the opera- tive field by a rubber dam. If this was not feasible, the rubber dam was applied after elevating the flap. Mucogingival surgery, consisting of a CAF technique, was used to cover that por- tion of the root exposure apical to the compos- ite filling. The flap was advanced 1 mm coronal to the apical extension of the composite filling. Type 5. NCCL type 5 was a radicular NCCL associated with a Miller Class III and IV gingival recession (Fig. 6). The NCCL was located on that portion of the root surface that was not coverable with soft tissues. Therefore, treatment of the de- fect was exclusively restorative. The root cover- age surgery (if feasible, as with a Miller Class III gingival recession) might have proceeded inde- pendently from the restorative therapy, although it is always recommended that the restoration be performed first so as not to render the isolation of the operative field more difficult due to the more coronal location of the soft tissues. If and when the NCCL reached or extended beyond the soft tissue margin (Fig. 6), it was necessary to the elevate the flap before performing the composite restoration to expose the root surface apical to the NCCL, which was necessary for isolating the operative field with the rubber dam. The sur- gical flapwaspositioned1mmcoronal to theapi- cal extension of the composite filling. Post-Surgical Instructions and Infection Control Postoperative pain and edema were controlled with ibuprofen. Patients received a 600 mg tablet at the beginning of the surgical procedure and were instructed to take another tablet 6 hours later. Subsequent doses were taken onlyif neces- sary to control pain. Patients were instructed not to brush in the treated area but to rinse with a 0.12% chlorhexidine solution three times a day for 1 minute. Fourteen days after the surgical treatment, sutures were removed. Plaque control in the surgically treated area was maintained by chlorhexidine rinsing for an additional 2 weeks. After this period, patients were again instructed in mechanical tooth cleaning of the treated tooth using an ultrasoft toothbrush and a roll technique for 1 month. During this period, chlorhexidine rinse was used twice daily. Then, the patient started to use a soft-toothbrush and to rinse with chlorhexidine once a day. All patients were recalled for prophylaxis 2 and 4 weeks after suture removal and, subsequently, once every 2 months until the final examination (12 months). Data Analyses A statistical application software¶ was used for the statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were Figure 4. NCCL type 3. A) Upper canine with gingival recession and a deep NCCL defect. The defect involved the crown and root resulting in disappearance of the anatomic CEJ. The MRC was located within the deepest portion of the abrasion defect. B) The depth of the NCCL was reduced by means of a coronal odontoplasty, and the crown emergence profile was restored with a composite filling. C) Flap elevation. D) The profile of the composite was used as a guide for the correct planning of the root surface (root odontoplasty). E) The flap was coronally advanced and secured coronal to the most apical extension of the composite restoration. The conservative therapy facilitated the surgery by providing a smooth, convex, and stable substrate for the coronal stabilization of the surgical flap. F) One-year follow-up: a tooth emergence profile that was easy for the patient to clean and protecting the soft tissue margin was obtained. ¶ SAS version 6.09, SAS Institute, Cary, NC. Treatment of Non-Carious Cervical Lesions Volume 82 • Number 12 1718 MacBook MacBook MacBook MacBook MacBook MacBook expressed as means – SDs. General linear models were fitted, and multiple regression one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures with a split-plot design was used to evaluate the existence of any significant difference regarding local plaque, local bleeding, IM–GM distance, KTH, and PD among NCCL types or Miller Classes, time (1 year versus baseline), and the interaction between NCCL types or Miller Classes and time. In case of significance, the Bonferroni t test was applied as a multiple-com- parison test. After controlling for standardized skewness and standardized kurtosis values for satisfaction, the color match and root coverage by the patient and color match, emergence profile, and root coverage by the periodontist were all within the range expected for data from a normal distribution; one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the presence of any significant difference among NCCL types and Miller Classes. The Fisher least-significant difference procedure was used to discriminate among means. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to describe the relationship between patient overall satisfaction as well as patient and periodontist eval- uations of root coverage and patient and periodon- tist evaluations of color match and root coverage (in millimeters) that were clinically achieved with the surgery. RESULTS A total of 94 gingival recessions were treated. There were 26 Miller Class I recessions,20MillerClass II recessions, 38 Miller Class III recessions (including rotated or malpositioned and extruded teeth with or without an occlusal abrasion and teeth with some loss of papillae height), and 10 Miller Class IV recessions. There were 15 (16%) type 1 NCCLs, of which 10 were associ- ated with Miller Class I gingival recessions, and five NCCLs were associatedwithMillerClass II gin- gival recessions; 18 (19%) type 2 NCCLs, of which eight were as- sociated with Miller Class I gin- gival recessions, and 10 NCCLs were associated with Miller Class II gingival recessions; 27 (29%) type 3 NCCLs, of which four were associated with Miller Class I gingival recessions, three were associatedwithMillerClass II gin- gival recessions, and 20 NCCLs were associated with Miller Class III gingival recessions; 19 (20.2%) type 4 NCCLs, of which four were associated with the Miller Class I gingival recessions, two were associated with Miller Class II gingival recessions, and 13 were asso- ciated with Miller Class III gingival recessions; and 15 (16%) type 5 NCCLs, of which five were associated with Miller Class III gingival recessions, and 10 were associated with Miller Class IV gingival recessions. Oral Hygiene After the initial oral hygienephaseand atpost-treatment examinations, all patients showed low frequencies of plaque-harboring tooth surfaces (full-mouth plaque score <20%) and bleeding gingival units (full-mouth bleeding score <15%), indicating a good standard of supragingival plaque control during the study period. The results of fitting a general linear statistical model relating local plaque to NCCL types, time, and the interaction between NCCL types and time showed high R2 statistics indicating that the model as fitted was significant (F = 1.6; P <0.02) and ex- plained 66% of the variability. A significant relation- ship was found regarding time-related differences (F = 26.8l P <0.01), whereas no significant difference was found concerning NCCL types or the interaction between NCCL types and time. At baseline, local (fa- cial) plaque was demonstrated in 26 (28%) treated sites. Local bleeding was recorded in 22 (23%) sites. Figure 5. NCCL type 4. A) Upper canine with a shallow NCCL and deep gingival recession. The NCCL area involved the crown and root causing the disappearance of the anatomic CEJ. The MRC was located apical to the deepest portion of the abrasion defect. B) A composite filling restored the deepest portion of the NCCL defect and was finished at the level of the MRC. A good emergence profile was obtained. C) The portion of the hard tissue defect apical to the MRC was planned after a flap elevation. D) The profile of the restoration well supported the CAF, which was sutured coronal to the most apical extension of the composite filling. E) One-year follow-up after a composite restoration and CAF: a good tooth emergence profile was obtained. Note that the coronal portion of the abrasion space was filled with composite, whereas the apical part seemed to be filled by the increased thickness of the facial gingival tissue. J Periodontol • December 2011 Zucchelli, Gori, Mele, et al. 1719 One year after treatment, no local bleeding sites were present and only three (3%) sites were positive for the presence of plaque, indicating a marked im- provement in plaque control by patients. No statisti- cally significant difference was demonstrated in local plaque at 1 year among NCCL types. Clinical Changes at 1 Year IM–GM distance. The results of fitting a general linear statistical model relating the IM–GM distance to NCCL types, time, and the interaction between NCCL types and time showed high R2 statistics, indicating that the model as fitted was highly significant (F = 22.16; P <0.01)and explained96%of thevariability.Significant relationship were found regarding time-related dif- ferences (F = 848.3; P <0.01), NCCL types (F = 72.0; P <0.01), and the interaction between NCCL types and time (F = 43.8; P <0.01). A statistically significant reduction in the IM–GM distance was demonstrated when comparing baseline (13.3 – 1.1 mm) and 1-year (11.2 – 2.3 mm) results. The overall mean root cover- age amounted to 2.07 – 1.12 mm. The results of fitting a general linear statistical model relating the IM–GM distance to Miller Classes, time, and the inter- action between Miller Classes and time showed high R2 statistics, indicating that the model as fitted was highly significant (F = 21.1; P <0.01) and explained 96% of the variability. Significant relationships werefound regarding time-related differences (F = 247.7; P <0.01), Miller Classes (F = 18.8; P <0.01), and the interaction between Miller Classes and time (F = 30.9; P <0.01). The baseline and 1-year post-surgical facial aspects of different NCCL types are shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively. The mean root coverage in differ- ent NCCL types and Miller Classes are shown in Table 1. KTH. Results of fitting a general linear statistical model relating KTH to NCCL types, time, and the in- teraction between NCCL types and time showed high R2 statistics, indicating that the model as fitted was highly significant (F = 3.2; P <0.01) and explained 78% of the variability. Significant relationships were found regarding time- related differences (F = 94.7; P <0.01), NCCL types (F = 20.3; P <0.01), and the interaction between NCCL types and time (F = 12.8; P <0.01). A statistically significant increase in the KTHwas demonstratedcom- paring baseline (1.58 – 0.62 mm) with 1-year (2.35 – 0.8 mm) KTH mean values.The overall increase inker- atinized tissue amounted to 0.76 – 0.86 mm. The results of fitting a general linear statistical model relating the KTH to Miller Classes, time, and the interaction between Miller Classes and time showed high R2 statistics, indicating that the model as fitted was highly significant (F = 2.8; P <0.01) and explained 75% of the variability. A significant re- lationship were found regarding time-related differ- ences (F = 63.5; P <0.01), Miller Classes (F = 6.16; P <0.01), and the interaction between Miller Classes and time (F = 3.9; P <0.01). The mean keratinized tissue increase in different NCCL types and Miller Classes are shown in Table 2. PD. Results of fitting a general linear statistical model relating PD to time, NCCL types, and Miller Classes did not show any statistically significant dif- ferences. The 1-year mean facial PD (1.2 – 0.3 mm) remained shallow with no statistically significant change Figure 6. NCCL type 5. A) Canine with gingival recession and a deep NCCL. The hard tissue defect involved the crown and root causing the disappearance of the anatomic CEJ. Tooth rotation and the reduction in papillae height limited the amount of coverable root; thus, the MRC was located at the level of the apical extension of the abrasion defect. B) After the flap elevation and rubber-dam application, a composite filling restored the entire NCCL defect and was finished at the level of the MRC. A good emergence profile was obtained. C) The composite restoration well supported the CAF, which was sutured coronal to the most apical extension of the composite filling. D) One-year follow-up after the composite restoration and CAF: a good tooth emergence profile was obtained. Compared to the baseline situation, the length of the clinical crown was slightly reduced. Treatment of Non-Carious Cervical Lesions Volume 82 • Number 12 1720 with respect to the baseline mean value (1.1 – 0.3 mm). Patient Satisfaction(VAS) Patient satisfaction with esthetics was very high in all types of treatment. Results from the multiple-regres- sion ANOVA relating the patient satisfaction and pa- tient evaluation of root coverage to the color match and root coverage clinically achieved in each patient (in millimeters) showed that both the models were statistical significant (F = 18.6 and P <0.01 for patient satisfaction; F = 11.8 and P <0.01 for patient root cov- erage). However, in both models, the statistical signif- icance was only reached by the color match (F = 36.9 and P <0.01 for patient satisfaction; F = 22.8 and P <0.01 for patient root coverage) and not by the root coverage (in millimeters) clinically achieved in each patient. No statistically significant difference between NCCL types and Miller Class gingival recessions was demonstrated in terms of the patient overall Figure 7. Baseline frontal view : A) NCCL type 1. B) NCCL type 2. C) NCCL type 3. D) NCCL type 4. E) NCCL type 5. Figure 8. One-year frontal views. A) NCCL type 1. B) NCCL type 2. C) NCCL type 3. D) NCCL type 4. E) NCCL type 5. Table 1. Mean Root Coverage Root Coverage (mm) NCCL type 1 2 3 4 5 3.06 – 0.79 3.33 – 0.59 1.92 – 0.54 1.47 – 0.51 0.6 – 0.73 Miller Class 1 II III IV 2.69 – 0.67 3.1 – 1.07 1.55 – 0.6 0.4 – 0.69 J Periodontol • December 2011 Zucchelli, Gori, Mele, et al. 1721 satisfaction, color match, and root coverage VAS scores. Patient esthetic evaluations in different NCCL types are shown in Table 3. Periodontist Evaluation(VAS) Periodontist evaluations of root coverage, color match, and tooth emergence profile were very high in all types of treatment. The results from multiple regression ANOVA relating the periodontist evaluation of root coverage to the color match and root coverage clini- cally achieved in each patient (in millimeters) showed that the model was highly statistically significant (F = 51.2; P <0.01). However, statistical significance was only reached by the color match (F = 99.4; P <0.01) but not by the root coverage clinically achieved in each patient (F = 2.8; not significant). No statistically significant difference among NCCL types was found in the periodontist evaluation of root coverage, color match, and tooth emergence profile. Periodontist esthetic evaluations in different NCCL types are shown in Table 4. Results from one-way AN- OVA demonstrated a statistically significant differ- ence (F = 4.3; P <0.01) among Miller Classes in the periodontist evaluation of root coverage. However, the results from multiple-range tests showed that only Miller Class IV was responsible for the statistical signif- icant difference. No statistically significant difference among Miller Classes was found in the periodontist evaluation of the color match and tooth emergence profile. DISCUSSION The ideal treatment of a crown-radicular NCCL should consist in a combined restorative/periodontal treatment in which the restorative therapy is com- pleted before mucogingival surgery. This treatment facilitates both procedures: the restorative treat- ment, which can be performed in an well-isolated op- erative field because of the apical dislocation of the soft tissue margin and the periodontal surgery by giv- ing a hard, stable, and convex substrate to the CAF. The improved knowledge of the prognosis of root cov- erage changed the therapeutic approach of an NCCL associated with gingival recession. From a static ap- proach in which the treatment selection was exclu- sively based upon the topographical relationship between the NCCL and CEJ (fixed referring parame- ter), it passed to a dynamic approach that takes into consideration the variability in root coverage. The method used in the present study to predetermine the MRC was demonstrated to be reliable in predicting the position of the soft tissue margin after root cover- age surgery.7 It allowed for the identification of a scal- loped line (MRC) in all teeth affected by gingival recession that could be used as the clinical CEJ (cCEJ)5 for the selection of the therapeutic approach of the NCCL associated with gingival recessions: when the cCEJ was located coronal to the NCCL, a periodontal approach (mucogingival surgery) was indicated; on the contrary, when the cCEJ was located apical to the most coronal extension of the NCCL, a combined restorative–periodontal ap- proach is recommended. In the latter case, the cCEJ can be used as a guideline for the apical preparation of the composite filling.5 Table 2. Mean Facial Keratinized Tissue Increase Keratinized Tissue Increase (mm) NCCL type 1 2 3 4 5 0.53 – 0.63 1.55 – 0.98 0.73 – 0.77 0.42 – 0.6 0.53 – 0.83 Miller Class 1 II III IV 0.84 – 0.92 1.3 – 0.92 0.55 – 0.82 0.3 – 0.67 Table 3. Patient Esthetic Evaluation NCCL Type (n patients) Parameters 1 (15) 2 (18) 3 (27) 4 (19) 5 (15) Overall satisfaction VAS ‡80 15 17 26 17 13 50£ VAS <80 0 1 1 2 2 VAS <50 0 0 0 0 0 Color match VAS ‡80 15 17 25 17 13 50£ VAS <80 0 1 2 2 2 VAS <50 0 0 0 0 0 Root coverage VAS ‡80 14 16 25 17 12 50£ VAS <80 1 2 2 2 3VAS <50 0 0 0 0 0 Treatment of Non-Carious Cervical Lesions Volume 82 • Number 12 1722 In the present study, the predetermination of the MRC resulted in a decision tree for the treatment of an NCCL associated with gingival recessions. An ex- cellent esthetic appearance was achieved in the great majority of patients affected by NCCLs associated with gingival recessions. Although comparative re- sults from non-randomized studies should always be interpreted with caution, the present study data shows that patient satisfaction with esthetics as well as pa- tient and periodontist evaluations in terms of root cov- erage were very high with no statistically significant difference among NCCL types, despite the fact that different amounts (in millimeters) of root coverage were achieved. Moreover, no statistically significant relationships were demonstrated between patient overall satisfaction and patient/periodontist evalua- tions of root coverage and the amount (in millimeters) of root coverage clinically achieved in each patient. These results are in contrast with the results of another study9 on Miller Class I and II gingival recessions, which demonstrated that the periodontist and patient were well aware of the level of root coverage achieved with the surgery. In that study,9 a statistically signi- ficant correlation was found between patient satisfac- tion of root coverage (VAS) and the mean percentage of root coverage clinically accomplished in each pa- tient. This discrepancy suggested that when complete root coverage at the level of the anatomic CEJ cannot be accomplished, factors other than root coverage might influence the objective and subjective esthetic evaluation of the outcome of a surgical procedure. The present study data suggest that it was the presence of a different color (yellow dentin) between the white of the enamel/composite and the pink/red of the soft tis- sue, more than the apical-coronal level of the soft tis- sue margin, that was critical in terms of a successful esthetic evaluation of root coverage. In fact, patient satisfaction as well as patient and periodontist evalua- tions of root coverage were statistically correlated with color-match evaluations (VAS) and not with the amount of root coverage achieved in each patient. Also, the data of the present study show that only Miller Class IV was responsible for the statistical signif- icant difference among Miller Classes in the periodon- tist evaluation of root coverage supports the proposed treatment approach of an NCCL associated with gin- gival recessions. The restorative–periodontal ap- proach did not allow the evaluating periodontist to realize that incomplete root coverage was achieved in the Miller Class III gingival recessions despite the presence of clinical and anatomic conditions limiting the amount of root coverage. The present study also demonstrates that an excel- lent tooth emergence profile was obtained in the great majority of teeth affected by cervical abrasions with no statistically significant difference between NCCL types and Miller Class gingival recessions. The objec- tive evaluation of the tooth emergence profile, even if performed by an experienced periodontist, cannot be considered an absolute value of the present study since conclusive and universally accepted parame- ters to define a correct emergence profile are not clar- ified. However, the absence of BOP at the facial aspect of all treated sites together with the marked reduction of local plaque scores suggested that the tooth emer- gence profiles accomplished in the present clinical trial were easy to clean by patients. In addition, the in- crease in KTH might also have contributed to improve the facial plaque control by patients. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitsof the presentpilot study, it canbesug- gested that: 1) the predetermination of the MRC can be used for the selection of the treatment approach of an NCCL associated with gingival recessions; 2) the pres- ent treatment approach provided a good esthetic ap- pearance and correct emergence profile to the great majority of teeth affected by NCCLs; and 3) the patient overall satisfaction as well as the patient and periodon- tist evaluations of root coverage were statistically cor- related with color-match evaluations (VAS) and not with the amount of root coverage (in millimeters) achieved in each patient. Additional randomized clini- cal studies are advocated to test the efficacy of the present treatment approach for NCCLs associated with gingival recessions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This case study was self-supported by the authors. The authors report no conflicts of interest related to this case series. Table 4. Periodontist Esthetic Evaluation NCCL Type (n patients) Parameters 1 (15) 2 (18) 3 (27) 4 (19) 5 (15) Root coverage VAS ‡80 14 16 22 14 9 50£ VAS <80 1 2 5 5 6 VAS <50 0 0 0 0 0 Color match VAS ‡80 14 16 23 16 12 50£ VAS<80 1 2 4 3 3 VAS <50 0 0 0 0 0 Tooth emergence profile VAS ‡80 13 13 21 14 10 50£ VAS <80 2 5 6 5 5 VAS <50 0 0 0 0 0 J Periodontol • December 2011 Zucchelli, Gori, Mele, et al. 1723 REFERENCES 1. Grippo JO, Simring M, Schreiner S. Attrition, abrasion, corrosion and abfraction revisited: A new perspective on tooth surface lesions. J Am Dent Assoc 2004;135: 1109-1118; quiz 1163-1165. 2. Bartlett DW, Shah P. A critical review of non-carious cervical (wear) lesions and the role of abfraction, erosion, and abrasion. J Dent Res 2006;85:306- 312. 3. Levitch LC, Bader JD, Shugars DA, Heymann HO. Non-carious cervical lesions. J Dent 1994;22:195-207. 4. Hand JS, Hunt RJ, Reinhardt JW. The prevalence and treatment implications of cervical abrasion in the elderly. 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Coronally advanced flap with and without vertical releasing incisions for the treatment of multiple gingival recessions: A compar- ative controlled randomized clinical trial. J Periodontol 2009;80:1083-1094. 10. O’Leary TJ, Drake RB, Naylor JE. The plaque control record. J Periodontol 1972;43:38. 11. Aichelmann-Reidy ME, Yukna RA, Evans GH, Nasr HF, Mayer ET. Clinical evaluation of acellular allograft dermis for the treatment of human gingival recession. J Periodontol 2001;72:998-1005. 12. Wang HL, Bunyaratavej P, Labadie M, Shyr Y, MacNeil RL. Comparison of 2 clinical techniques for treatment of gingival recession. J Periodontol 2001;72:1301-1311. 13. de Sanctis M, Zucchelli G. Coronally advanced flap: A modified surgical approach for isolated recession-type defects: Three-year results. J Clin Periodontol 2007; 34:262-268. 14. Zucchelli G, Amore C, Sforzal NM, Montebugnoli L, De Sanctis M. Bilaminar techniques for the treatment of recession-type defects. A comparative clinical study. J Clin Periodontol 2003;30:862-870. Correspondence: Prof. Giovanni Zucchelli, Department of Stomatology, University of Bologna, Via S. Vitale 59, 40125 Bologna, Italy. Fax: 39-051-225208; e-mail: giovanni. zucchell@unibo.it Submitted February 7, 2011; accepted for publication March 14, 2011. Treatment of Non-Carious Cervical Lesions Volume 82 • Number 12 1724
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