Leitura etnopsicologica do segredo

Revista\u2009 de\u2009 Psicologia,\u2009 v.\u2009 23\u2009 \u2013\u2009 n.\u2009 1, p.\u2009 5-28,\u2009 Jan./Abr.\u2009 2011
nar,\u2009de\u2009maneira\u2009muito\u2009mais\u2009construtivista,\u2009o\u2009que,\u2009ativamente,\u2009o\u2009segredo\u2009provoca.\u2009
O\u2009segredo\u2009provoca\u2009o\u2009segredo.\u2009Nós\u2009reencontramos\u2009a\u2009proposição\u2009de\u2009Ellenberger,\u2009
apenas\u2009modificada:\u2009o\u2009segredo\u2009fabrica\u2009o\u2009segredo.
E\u2009é\u2009na\u2009análise\u2009daquilo\u2009que\u2009é\u2009fabricado\u2009que\u2009as\u2009coisas\u2009se\u2009tornam\u2009interessan-
tes,\u2009pois\u2009ela\u2009nos\u2009traz\u2009de\u2009volta\u2009às\u2009características\u2009particulares\u2009da\u2009metamorfose\u2009que\u2009
Janet\u2009propôs\u2009a\u2009Achille.\u2009Lembremos,\u2009com\u2009efeito,\u2009que\u2009o\u2009primeiro\u2009trabalho\u2009de\u2009Janet\u2009
consistiu\u2009 de\u2009 qualquer\u2009modo\u2009 em\u2009 provocar\u2009 um\u2009 curto-\u2009 circuito\u2009 no\u2009 recurso\u2009 a\u2009 ou-
tras\u2009intencionalidades,\u2009os\u2009invisíveis\u2009que\u2009tratavam\u2009Achille\u2009do\u2009exterior\u2009tornaram-se\u2009
aquilo\u2009que\u2009fará\u2009Achille\u2009agir\u2009do\u2009interior.\u2009Em\u2009outros\u2009termos,\u2009o\u2009trabalho\u2009consistiu\u2009em\u2009
construir\u2009a\u2009interioridade.\u2009O\u2009segredo\u2009não\u2009faz\u2009outra\u2009coisa:\u2009ele\u2009fabrica\u2009seres\u2009interio-
res.\u2009O\u2009segredo,\u2009como\u2009dispositivo\u2009teórico\u2009e\u2009técnico,\u2009constrói\u2009uma\u2009forma\u2009particular\u2009
de\u2009experiência\u2009de\u2009desordem.\u2009Ele\u2009engaja\u2009o\u2009paciente\u2009em\u2009viver\u2009e\u2009em\u2009traduzir\u2009sua\u2009
perturbação\u2009enraizando-a\u2009no\u2009mais\u2009profundo\u2009de\u2009sua\u2009intimidade.\u2009
Essa\u2009tendência\u2009será\u2009ainda\u2009mais\u2009forte\u2009quando\u2009uma\u2009boa\u2009parte\u2009de\u2009nossos\u2009mo-
delos\u2009 de\u2009 doença\u2009mental\u2009 articulam,\u2009 de\u2009maneira\u2009 cerrada,\u2009 teorias\u2009 de\u2009 distúrbios\u2009 e\u2009
teorias\u2009de\u2009emoções.\u2009Com\u2009efeito,\u2009as\u2009concepções\u2009de\u2009emoções\u2009que\u2009são\u2009cultivadas\u2009
em\u2009nossa\u2009tradição\u2009as\u2009designam\u2009não\u2009somente\u2009como\u2009processos\u2009que\u2009contradizem\u2009a\u2009
razão,\u2009ou\u2009que\u2009lhe\u2009escapam\u2009parcialmente,\u2009mas\u2009sobretudo\u2009como\u2009processos\u2009essen-
cialmente\u2009íntimos,\u2009cujo\u2009acesso\u2009privilegiado\u2009se\u2009constitui\u2009na\u2009introspecção\u2009como\u2009via\u2009
real\u2009do\u2009conhecimento\u2009da\u2009mais\u2009pura\u2009verdade\u2009de\u2009si.\u2009Voltaremos\u2009a\u2009isso\u2009durante\u2009a\u2009ter-
ceira\u2009parte,\u2009aquela\u2009sobre\u2009as\u2009emoções,\u2009mas\u2009antecipemos\u2009um\u2009pouco.\u2009A\u2009introspecção\u2009
das\u2009emoções,\u2009escreve\u2009a\u2009etnopsicóloga\u2009Catherine\u2009Lutz\u2009(2004,\u2009p.\u200968),\u2009é\u2009\u201co\u2009método\u2009
por\u2009excelência\u2009para\u2009descobrir\u2009o\u2009\u201c\u2018realmente\u2009real\u2019\u201d.\u2009As\u2009emoções,\u2009em\u2009certos\u2009aspec-
tos,\u2009constituem\u2009ainda\u2009mais\u2009o\u2009verdadeiro\u2009núcleo\u2009da\u2009pessoa\u2009que\u2009nos\u2009pensamos\u2009não\u2009
poder\u2009controlá-las,\u2009que\u2009elas\u2009escapam\u2009à\u2009vontade,\u2009de\u2009uma\u2009parte.\u2009De\u2009outra\u2009parte,\u2009
elas\u2009são\u2009ainda\u2009mais\u2009verdadeiras\u2009e\u2009íntimas\u2009na\u2009medida\u2009em\u2009que\u2009consideramos\u2009que\u2009
o\u2009espaço\u2009privado\u2009(ou\u2009doméstico)\u2009é\u2009seu\u2009lugar\u2009pleno\u2009de\u2009expansão;\u2009é\u2009o\u2009espaço\u2009dos\u2009
verdadeiros\u2009sentimentos,\u2009em\u2009oposição\u2009ao\u2009espaço\u2009público,\u2009historicamente\u2009consti-
tuído\u2009como\u2009o\u2009espaço\u2009desafetado\u2009da\u2009racionalidade.4 Voltaremos a essa teoria das 
emoções\u2009em\u2009nosso\u2009segundo\u2009ou\u2009terceiro\u2009seminário\u2009(em\u2009função\u2009de\u2009as\u2009duas\u2009partes\u2009
do\u2009presente\u2009assunto\u2009vir\u2009a\u2009constituir\u2009um\u2009ou\u2009dois\u2009encontros),\u2009quando\u2009terei\u2009então\u2009a\u2009
ocasião\u2009de\u2009desenvolvê-la.
A\u2009analogia\u2009com\u2009o\u2009segredo\u2009dito\u2009patogênico\u2009pode\u2009ser\u2009igualmente\u2009conduzida\u2009
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metáforas,\u2009que\u2009nos\u2009dá\u2009simultaneamente\u2009o\u2009que\u2009pode\u2009nos\u2009tornar\u2009doentes\u2009e\u2009o\u2009que\u2009
pode\u2009nos\u2009curar.\u2009Tais\u2009metáforas\u2009podem\u2009,\u2009ademais,\u2009se\u2009traduzir\u2009sob\u2009a\u2009forma\u2009de\u2009uma\u2009
outra\u2009mais\u2009geral:\u2009seríamos\u2009,em\u2009relação\u2009a\u2009nossas\u2009emoções,\u2009como\u2009\u201cpanelas\u2009de\u2009pres-
são\u201d.\u2009Podemos\u2009ferver\u2009de\u2009cólera,\u2009explodir\u2009de\u2009raiva;\u2009não\u2009podemos\u2009nos\u2009conter.\u2009Não\u2009
é\u2009somente\u2009questão\u2009de\u2009transbordamento,\u2009de\u2009válvula\u2009de\u2009escape,\u2009de\u2009liberar\u2009a\u2009pressão\u2009
etc.\u2009As\u2009emoções\u2009são\u2009forças\u2009internas,\u2009que\u2009nos\u2009trabalham\u2009desde\u2009o\u2009interior\u2009e\u2009que\u2009são\u2009
vividas\u2009como\u2009perigosas\u2009em\u2009seu\u2009transbordamento\u2009sempre\u2009possível;\u2009mas\u2009elas\u2009são\u2009
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Leitura\u2009etnopsicológica\u2009do\u2009segredo
Fractal:\u2009 Revista\u2009 de\u2009 Psicologia,\u2009 v.\u2009 23\u2009 \u2013\u2009 n.\u2009 1,\u2009 p.\u2009 5-28,\u2009 Jan./Abr.\u2009 2011\u2009 \u2009 \u2009 \u2009 \u2009 \u2009 \u2009 \u2009 \u2009 11
não\u2009deve\u2009guardar\u2009a\u2009cólera\u201d;\u2009\u201cvocê\u2009deve\u2009aprender\u2009a\u2009exprimir\u2009suas\u2009emoções\u201d.\u2009É\u2009
necessário\u2009desabafar,\u2009cortar\u2009o\u2009mal\u2009pela\u2009raiz,\u2009ou,\u2009quando\u2009a\u2009semântica\u2009médica\u2009se\u2009
interpõe,\u2009restabelecer\u2009as\u2009experiências\u2009de\u2009purga\u2009ou\u2009de\u2009sangramento.
O\u2009modelo\u2009segundo\u2009o\u2009qual\u2009o\u2009acesso\u2009à\u2009vida\u2009íntima\u2009constitui\u2009a\u2009chave\u2009da\u2009cura\u2009
circula\u2009sob\u2009a\u2009garantia\u2009de\u2009uma\u2009evidência\u2009de\u2009tal\u2009ordem\u2009que\u2009quando\u2009os\u2009terapeutas\u2009
se\u2009dirigem\u2009a\u2009pessoas\u2009de\u2009outras\u2009culturas,\u2009e\u2009são\u2009frustrados\u2009em\u2009suas\u2009propostas\u2009de\u2009
cuidado,\u2009eles\u2009se\u2009remetem\u2009geralmente\u2009à\u2009incapacidade\u2009de\u2009seus\u2009doentes,\u2009com\u2009um\u2009
etnocentrismo\u2009que\u2009fascina\u2009as\u2009razões\u2009desse\u2009insucesso.\u2009Assim,\u2009o\u2009psiquiatra\u2009ame-
ricano\u2009Arthur\u2009Kleinman\u2009(1981)\u2009exprime\u2009sua\u2009frustração\u2009diante\u2009do\u2009que\u2009ele\u2009chama\u2009
um\u2009\u201cdiscernimento\u2009 introspectivo\u2009 limitado\u201d\u2009dos\u2009pacientes\u2009chineses\u2009a\u2009quem\u2009ele\u2009
propôs\u2009seus\u2009serviços.
Eu\u2009 ficava,\u2009 escreve\u2009 ele,\u2009 frequentemente\u2009 exasperado\u2009 e\u2009
impotente\u2009 tentando\u2009 ajudar\u2009 os\u2009 pacientes\u2009 chineses\u2009 a\u2009 falar\u2009
de\u2009 suas\u2009 emoções\u2009 disfóricas.\u2009 Os\u2009 pacientes\u2009 que\u2009 me\u2009 diziam\u2009
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exemplo,\u2009 não\u2009 pareciam\u2009 poder\u2009 ir\u2009 além\u2009 do\u2009 fato\u2009 de\u2009 nomear\u2009
o\u2009 sentimento\u2009 [...]\u2009 Eles\u2009 não\u2009 poderão\u2009 elaborar\u2009 sobre\u2009 as\u2009
características\u2009intrapsíquicas\u2009e\u2009afirmam\u2009que\u2009eles\u2009não\u2009podem\u2009
pensar\u2009 nesses\u2009 termos.\u2009 Parece\u2009 lhes\u2009 faltar\u2009 uma\u2009 terminologia\u2009
fina\u2009para\u2009exprimir\u2009o\u2009que\u2009eles\u2009experimentam\u2009[...]\u2009Um\u2009aspecto\u2009
importante\u2009da\u2009psicoterapia\u2009com\u2009tais\u2009pacientes\u2009é\u2009lhes\u2009ensinar\u2009
uma\u2009 linguagem\u2009 para\u2009 poder\u2009 comunicar\u2009 suas\u2009 experiências\u2009
intrapsíquicas (KLEINMAN,\u20091981,\u2009p.\u200932).
 Ou,\u2009como\u2009sublinha\u2009Catherine\u2009Lutz\u2009(2004,\u2009p.\u200963),\u2009no\u2009modo\u2009de\u2009ver\u2009chinês,\u2009
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e\u2009o\u2009\u201cdiscernimento\u2009introspectivo\u201d\u2009que\u2009valorizamos,\u2009somente\u2009traduz\u2009finalmente,\u2009
segundo\u2009eles,\u2009uma\u2009preocupação\u2009excessiva\u2009consigo\u2009mesmo.
As\u2009críticas\u2009que\u2009podemos\u2009dirigir\u2009à\u2009Kleinman\u2009não\u2009devem\u2009entretanto\u2009se\u2009limi-
tar\u2009às\u2009situações\u2009marcadas\u2009pela\u2009diferença\u2009cultural.\u2009É\u2009a\u2009pertinência\u2009de\u2009nosso\u2009pró-
prios\u2009modelos,\u2009e\u2009sobretudo\u2009a\u2009maneira\u2009como\u2009eles\u2009legitimam,\u2009até\u2009prescrevem\u2009certas\u2009
formas\u2009de\u2009hierarquização,\u2009que\u2009fomos\u2009convidados\u2009a\u2009interrogar.\u2009Assim,\u2009à\u2009questão\u2009
que\u2009lhe\u2009coloca\u2009Mikkel\u2009Borch-Jakobsen\u2009(2006a,\u2009p.\u200995)\u2009a\u2009propósito\u2009dos\u2009\u201cefeitos\u2009
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os\u2009 indivíduos,\u2009 a\u2009 consciência\u2009 dos\u2009meandros\u2009 da\u2009 subjetividade\u2009 apenas\u2009 raramente\u2009
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hierarquização\u2009presente\u2009na\u2009obra\u2009do\u2009psiquiatra\u2009confrontado\u2009com\u2009os\u2009deficientes\u2009de\u2009
simbolização\u2009que\u2009seriam,\u2009se\u2009acreditássemos,\u2009os\u2009chineses?5\u2009E\u2009essa\u2009hierarquização\u2009
não\u2009reenvia,\u2009em\u2009última\u2009instância\u2009às\u2009relações\u2009de\u2009poder\u2009entre\u2009os\u2009interventores\u2009\u2013\u2009que\u2009
se\u2009ocupa\u2009de\u2009quem\u2009e\u2009de\u2009qual\u2009status\u2009corresponde\u2009a\u2009cada\u2009uma\u2009dessas\u2009atribuições?
Vinciane Despret
12\u2009 \u2009 \u2009 \u2009 \u2009 \u2009 \u2009 \u2009 \u2009 Fractal:\u2009 Revista\u2009 de\u2009 Psicologia,\u2009 v.\u2009 23\u2009 \u2013\u2009 n.\u2009 1, p.\u2009 5-28,\u2009 Jan./Abr.\u2009 2011
Com\u2009 essa\u2009 crítica,\u2009 é\u2009 a\u2009 uma\u2009 outra\u2009 dimensão\u2009 da\u2009 prática\u2009 que\u2009 somos\u2009 reen-
viados,\u2009dimensão\u2009que\u2009 toca\u2009 tanto\u2009a\u2009questão\u2009do\u2009segredo\u2009quanto\u2009a\u2009das\u2009emoções:\u2009
a\u2009dimensão\u2009política.\u2009Essa\u2009duas\u2009questões,\u2009com\u2009efeito,\u2009são\u2009indissociáveis\u2009às\u2009das\u2009
relações\u2009de\u2009poder.6
A\u2009questão\u2009das\u2009emoções,\u2009mas\u2009isso\u2009seria\u2009o\u2009objeto\u2009de\u2009uma\u2009análise\u2009mais\u2009lon-
ga,\u2009é\u2009uma\u2009questão\u2009que\u2009toca\u2009à\u2009maneira\u2009como\u2009se\u2009organizam\u2009as\u2009relações\u2009em\u2009uma\u2009
sociedade.\u2009O\u2009que\u2009me\u2009interessa\u2009aqui\u2009é\u2009que\u2009ela\u2009toca\u2009igualmente\u2009a\u2009maneira\u2009como\u2009
se\u2009constroem\u2009as\u2009 relações\u2009entre\u2009cuidadores\u2009e\u2009doentes.\u2009Entretanto,\u2009 considerar\u2009o\u2009
controle\u2009das\u2009emoções\u2009unicamente\u2009no\u2009registro\u2009da\u2009repressão\u2009nos\u2009faria\u2009faltar\u2009um\u2009
aspecto\u2009importante\u2009dessa\u2009relação:\u2009aquela\u2009que\u2009é\u2009necessária\u2009entender\u2009pelo\u2009controle\u2009
designa\u2009tanto,\u2009senão\u2009mais,\u2009o\u2009fato\u2009de\u2009fazer\u2009uma\u2009certa\u2009experiência\u2009das\u2009emoções,\u2009
por\u2009 exemplo\u2009 o\u2009 fato\u2009 de\u2009 poder\u2009 falar\u2009 delas,\u2009 de\u2009 identificá-las,\u2009 de\u2009 dissecá-las,\u2009 de\u2009
interpretá-las\u2009no\u2009registro\u2009simbólico,\u2009e\u2009sobretudo,\u2009sobretudo!\u2009de\u2009traduzi-las\u2009como\u2009
eventos\u2009intrapsíquicos\u2009antes\u2009que\u2009como\u2009reações\u2009a\u2009eventos\u2009exteriores.\u2009É\u2009em\u2009torno\u2009
dessas\u2009competências\u2009que\u2009se\u2009desenham\u2009as\u2009hierarquizações:\u2009 lembremos\u2009dos\u2009pa-
cientes\u2009chineses\u2009ou\u2009ainda\u2009daqueles\u2009que,\u2009entre\u2009nós,\u2009cortam\u2009mais\u2009rente\u2009o\u2009menor\u2009
dos\u2009meandros\u2009da\u2009subjetividade.
A\u2009questão\u2009do\u2009segredo,\u2009por\u2009sua\u2009vez,\u2009não\u2009somente\u2009organiza\u2009as\u2009 relações\u2009
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entre\u2009 si.\u2009Voltaremos\u2009a\u2009este\u2009 fato,\u2009mas\u2009agora\u2009o\u2009colocando\u2009como\u2009uma\u2009questão\u2009
política,\u2009 de\u2009 acordo\u2009 com\u2009 a\u2009 proposição\u2009 pragmática\u2009 que\u2009 abriu\u2009minha\u2009 análise: