Anshan_ChinaandAfrica
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African Studies, Peking University, pp. 129- 142. 22\ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd7KH\ufffd IRUPHU\ufffd3DUW\\ufffd6HFUHWDU\\ufffdRI\ufffd%HLMLQJ\ufffd\ufffd -LD\ufffd4LQJOLQ\ufffd\ufffd YLVLWHG\ufffd8JDQGD\ufffd DQG\ufffdSURPRWHG\ufffd coffee trade cooperation in 2000; the former Party Secretary of Shandong Province, Wu *XDQ]KHQJ\ufffd\ufffdWKH\ufffd3DUW\\ufffd6HFUHWDU\\ufffdRI\ufffd*XDQJGRQJ\ufffd3URYLQFH\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdLQ\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd=KDQJ\ufffd'HMLDQJ\ufffd\ufffd and the Party Secretary of Hubei Province (2005), Yu Zhengsheng, visited Africa, and the economic and trade delegation signed many cooperation agreement with African countries. 23 Jiang Guanghua, Historical Recording of Visiting Foreign Parties\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd%HLMLQJ\ufffd\ufffd:RUOG\ufffd$IIDLUV\ufffd Press, 1997) pp. 130, 303-5, 442-443, 621-622. China trained and educated 2,675 millitary LQWHOOHFWXDOV\ufffdIRU\ufffd$IULFD\ufffdEHWZHHQ\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdDQG\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd:HLQVWHLQ\ufffd\ufffd:\ufffd\ufffdDQG\ufffd7\ufffd+\ufffd\ufffd+HQULNVHQ\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdHG\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Soviet and Chinese Aid to African Nations, (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1980) pp. 102-111. 24 For Africa\u2019s different response to the ideology of USSR and China, see Ottaway, Marina, \u201cSoviet Marxism and African Socialism,\u201d Journal of Modern African Studies, (September 1978) pp.477-487. 25 Chazan, Naomi et al, Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa, (CO: Boulder, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992) p.410. 26 Mahamat, Adam, \u201cAfrica starting to rise in partnership with China,\u201d China Daily, North American Edition, (New York: Jan. 13, 2006) p.4. 27 Hu Yaobang, the once General Secretary of CPC, pointed out in 1982: \u201cAccording to historical experience and economic situation, the form of \u201cgiving as a gift\u201d in foreign economic aid is harmful to both sides\u201d in Selection of Important Literature after the Third Plenary Meeting of the 11th Central Committee of CCP\ufffd9RO\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd HG\ufffd\ufffd E\\ufffd7KH\ufffd3DUW\\ufffd/LWHUDWXUH\ufffd5HVHDUFK\ufffd Center of the CPC Central Committee. 28\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd/L\ufffd$QVKDQ\ufffd\ufffd´2Q\ufffdWKH\ufffd$GMXVWPHQWV\ufffdDQG\ufffd&KDQJHV\ufffdRI\ufffd&KLQD·V\ufffd)RUHLJQ\ufffd3ROLF\\ufffdWR\ufffd$IULFD\ufffdµ\ufffd West Asia and Africa, (Issue 8, 2006). 29\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd/LQ\ufffd0HL\ufffd´7KH\ufffd5HIRUP\ufffdDQG\ufffd3UDFWLFH\ufffdRI\ufffd)RUHLJQ\ufffd(FRQRPLF\ufffd$LG\ufffd\ufffd&RQIHUHQFH\ufffdRI\ufffd([FKDQJLQJ\ufffd Experience on promoting the discount government loans in foreign economic aid,\u201d International Economic Cooperation, (Issue 11, 1997). China Security Vol. 3 No. 3 Summer 2007 Li Anshan 89 30 He Xiaowei, \u201cFurther Promoting the Reform of the Way of Foreign Aid and Abiding by the Agreement Foreign Aid,\u201d Yearbook of China\u2019s Foreign Economic Relations And Trade 1997/98, (&KLQD\ufffd(FRQRPLFV\ufffd3UHVV\ufffd&KLQD\ufffd(FRQRPLF\ufffd+HUDOG\ufffd3UHVV\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdS\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 31 Qu Xing, Fifty Years of the Foreign Affairs of China. (Jiangsu Renmin Press, 2000) pp.375- 376. 32\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd´7KH\ufffd&KLQHVH\ufffdSULQFLSOHV\ufffdDQG\ufffdSRVLWLRQ\ufffdRI\ufffdKXPDQ\ufffdULJKWV\ufffdµ\ufffdPeople Daily, Apr. 3, 2006. 33 \u201cAfrican Union defends Mugabe,\u201d The Guardian, Jan. 25, 2005. 34 " Darfur: A 'Plan B' to Stop Genocide?", US Department of State, Apr. 11, 2007. For more LQIRUPDWLRQ\ufffdRQ\ufffdWKH\ufffdOLVW\ufffdRI\ufffdGHFODUDWLRQV\ufffdRI\ufffdJHQRFLGH\ufffdLQ\ufffd'DUIXU\ufffd\ufffdVHH\ufffdKWWS\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdHQ\ufffdZLNLSHGLD\ufffdRUJ\ufffd ZLNL\ufffd,QWHUQDWLRQDOBUHVSRQVHBWRBWKHB'DUIXUBFRQÁLFW\ufffd'HFODUDWLRQVBRIBJHQRFLGH\ufffd\ufffd 35 Eisenman, Joshua, \u201cZimbabwe: China\u2019s African Ally\u201d, China Brief, Vol..5, No.15, July 5, 2005, pp.9-11; Yitzhak Shichor, \u201cSudan: China\u2019s Outpost in Africa\u201d, China Brief, Vol.5, No. 21, Oct. 13, 2005, pp. 9-11; Eisenman J. and J. Kurlantzick, \u201cChina\u2019s Africa Strategy,\u201d Current History, May 2006, p.223. 36 \u201cChina Urges Patience on Sudan, Opposes Sanctions,\u201d Reuters, May 31, 2007. 37 See UNEP, 6XGDQ\ufffd3RVW\ufffd&RQÁLFW\ufffd(QYLURQPHQWDO\ufffd$VVHVVPHQW\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdS\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdKWWS\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdSRVWFRQÁLFW\ufffd XQHS\ufffdFK\ufffdSXEOLFDWLRQV\ufffd81(3B6XGDQ\ufffdSGI\ufffd\ufffd -RKQ\ufffd 8WHF\ufffd\ufffd WKH\ufffd 6XGDQHVH\ufffd $PEDVVDGRU\ufffd WR\ufffd WKH\ufffd United States, provided the same explanation in his speech at Press Club at the end of May, 2007. 38 \u201cConfrontation over Darfur \u2018will lead us nowhere\u2019,\u201d China Daily\ufffd\ufffd-XO\\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdKWWS\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd ZZZ\ufffdFKLQDGDLO\\ufffdFRP\ufffdFQ\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdFRQWHQWB\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdKWP 39 \u201cWhat Kind the Darfur Issue Is: a special interview with the special representative of Chinese government,\u201d Chutian Metropolis Daily, July 8, 2007. 40 \u201cSudan government deals with Darfur issue with a light pack,\u201d Xinhua News Agency, KWWS\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdQHZV\ufffd[LQKXDQHW\ufffdFRP\ufffdZRUOG\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdFRQWHQWB\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdKWP\ufffd 41 Li Anshan, \u201cAfrica in the perspective of Globalization: development, aid and cooperation,\u201d West Asia and Africa, (Issue 7, 2007). 42 Sautman, B. and Y. Hairong, \u201cWind from the East: China and Africa\u2019s Development,\u201d paper presented at \u201cChina\u2019s New Role in Africa and Global South\u201d, Shanghai, May 15-17, 2007, p.3. 43\ufffd\ufffd:HQJ\ufffd0LQJ\ufffd\ufffd´3HUVRQ\ufffd6HOHFWHG\ufffd5LJKW\ufffd%HIRUH\ufffdWKH\ufffd-RXUQH\\ufffd\ufffd/RUG\ufffd4LDR·V\ufffdÀUVW\ufffdYLVLW\ufffdWR\ufffdWKH\ufffd UN,\u201d World Affairs: Diplomats in the UN\ufffd\ufffdHG\ufffd\ufffdE\\ufffd)X\ufffd+DR\ufffdDQG\ufffd/L\ufffd7RQJFKHQJ\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd%HLMLQJ\ufffd\ufffd&KLQHVH\ufffd Overseas Publishing House, 1995), p. 9. 44 Qian Qichen, Ten Notes on Diplomacy,\ufffd\ufffd%HLMLQJ\ufffd\ufffd:RUOG\ufffd$IIDLUV\ufffd3UHVV\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdS\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 45 In 2006, China took 64 percent of Sudan\u2019s oil exports. See Pan, Esther, \u201cChina, Africa, and Oil,\u201d Council for Foreign Relations. 46\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd´5HYHODWLRQV\ufffdRQ\ufffd&KLQD\ufffd2LO\ufffd3URMHFW\ufffdLQ\ufffd6XGDQ\ufffdµ\ufffdOilnews Online\ufffd\ufffdKWWS\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdZZZ\ufffdRLOQHZV\ufffdFRP\ufffd FQ\ufffdJE\ufffdPLVF\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdFRQWHQWB\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdKWP\ufffd 47\ufffd \ufffd ´6SHFLDO\ufffd 5HSRUW\ufffd DW\ufffd \ufffd WKH\ufffd <HDU\ufffdHQG\ufffd\ufffd 7KH\ufffd UHPDUNDEOH\ufffd DFKLHYHPHQW\ufffd RI\ufffd \ufffd 6LQR\ufffd$IULFDQ\ufffd HFRQRPLF\ufffdDQG\ufffdWUDGH\ufffdFRRSHUDWLRQ\ufffdLQ\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdµ\ufffd0LQLVWU\\ufffdRI\ufffd&RPPHUFH\ufffdRI\ufffd&KLQD\ufffd\ufffdKWWS\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdZZZ\ufffd PRIFRP\ufffdJRY\ufffdFQ\ufffdDDUWLFOH\ufffdGLIDQJ\ufffdMLDQJVX\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdKWPO\ufffd 48 Davies, M. and L. Corkin, \u201cChina\u2019s Market Entry into Africa\u2019s Construction Sector: 7KH\ufffd FDVH\ufffd RI\ufffd $QJROD\ufffdµ\ufffd 3DSHU\ufffd SUHVHQWHG\ufffd WR\ufffd WKH\ufffd LQWHUQDWLRQDO\ufffd V\PSRVLXP\ufffd ´&KLQD\ufffd$IULFD\ufffd 6KDUHG\ufffd'HYHORSPHQWµ\ufffd\ufffd%HLMLQJ\ufffd\ufffd'HF\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdS\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd China Security Vol. 3 No. 3 Summer 2007 Policy and Challenges 90 49\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd0DUNV\ufffd\ufffd7R\D\ufffd\ufffd´:DQW·V\ufffd&KLQD·V\ufffd,QYHVWPHQW\ufffdLQ\ufffd$IULFD"µ\ufffdBusiness Enterprise, (New York, March 2007) p.34 50 \u201cEight steps to boost China-Africa partnership,\u201d Xinhua News Agency, Jan. 30,2007 51\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd&KLQD\ufffdKDV\ufffdUHPLWWHG\ufffdD\ufffdWRWDO\ufffdGHEW\ufffdRI\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdELOOLRQ\ufffdRI\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd$IULFDQ\ufffdFRXQWULHV\ufffd\ufffdXinhua News Agency, Oct. 17, 2006. 52 In the international conference \u201cChina\u2019s New Role in Africa and Global South\u201d(May 17, Shanghai), a Kenyan student pointed out that the United States. has been doing business with Nigeria for decades, it has never thought about launching the satellite for 1LJHULD\ufffd\ufffd&KLQD\ufffdGLG\ufffdLW\ufffd\ufffdDOWKRXJK\ufffdIRU\ufffdWKH\ufffdJRYHUQPHQW\ufffd\ufffdLW\ufffdZLOO\ufffdGHÀQLWHO\\ufffdEHQHÀW\ufffd1LJHULDQV\ufffdDV\ufffd well. 53 \u201cChina launched satellite for Nigeria,\u201d Xinhua News Agency, May 14, 2007. 54 \u201cWang Qimin is Welcomed by Sudanese,\u201d China Petroleum Daily, June 26, 2007. 55\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd´7KH\ufffd6LQR\ufffd$IULFDQ\ufffdUHODWLRQV\ufffdFRPPHQWV\ufffdRI\ufffd&KLQHVH\ufffdOHDGHUV\ufffdµ\ufffdToday China\ufffd\ufffdKWWS\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdZZZ\ufffd FKLQD\ufffdFRP\ufffdFQ\ufffdFKLQHVH\ufffd]KXDQWL\ufffd]I\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdKWP\ufffd 56 Li Jiasong (ed.), Big Events in the History of Foreign Affairs of People\u2019s Republic of China, pp. 432-3, 438. 57 \u201cGood Friends, Good Partners and Good Brothers,\u201d People\u2019s Daily Online, June 22, 2006. 58 Brian Horton, Chief diplomatic correspondent of Reuters, believes that Zhou Enlai\u2019s YLVLW\ufffdLV\ufffd´D\ufffdELJ\ufffdPRYH\ufffdIRU\ufffd&KLQD\ufffdWR\ufffdH[SDQG\ufffd&KLQD·V\ufffdSUHVHQFH\ufffdDQG\ufffdLQÁXHQFH\ufffdLQ\ufffd$IULFD\ufffdµ\ufffdDQG\ufffd´D\ufffd VLJQLÀFDQW\ufffdGHYHORSPHQW\ufffdLQ\ufffd$VLDQ\ufffd$IULFDQ\ufffdSROLWLFDO\ufffdUHODWLRQV\ufffdDQG\ufffdWKH\ufffdUHODWLRQV\ufffdEHWZHHQ\ufffd WKH\ufffd(DVW\ufffdDQG\ufffd WKH\ufffd:HVW\ufffdµ\ufffd7KH\ufffd&KULVWLDQ\ufffd6FLHQFH\ufffd0RQLWRU\ufffdSXEOLVKHG\ufffdDQ\ufffdDUWLFOH\ufffd\ufffd ´%HLMLQJ\ufffd IRFXVHV\ufffd RQ\ufffd$IULFDµ\ufffd RQ\ufffd'HF\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd VWDWLQJ\ufffd WKDW\ufffd WKLV\ufffd YLVLW\ufffd ´KDV\ufffd ORQJ\ufffdWHUP\ufffd VLJQLÀFDQFHµ\ufffd DQG\ufffd´KHOSV\ufffdWR\ufffdFRQÀUP\ufffdWKH\ufffdUHPRWH\ufffdEXW\ufffdPXWXDO\ufffdEHQHÀFLDO\ufffdUHODWLRQV\ufffdEHWZHHQ\ufffd%HLMLQJ\ufffdDQG\ufffd burgeoning Africa\u201d and \u201cthis relation may reposition the diplomacy of countries in the international community in the coming ten years.\u201d AFP and other European media also said that Zhou Enlai\u2019s visit to Africa is the start of China\u2019s important diplomatic RIIHQVLYH\ufffdWR\ufffd$IULFD\ufffd\ufffd6HH\ufffd/X\ufffd7LQJ·HQ\ufffd\ufffd´7KH\ufffd([DPSOH\ufffdRI\ufffd6XPPLW\ufffd'LSORPDF\\ufffdEHWZHHQ\ufffd&KLQD\ufffd DQG\ufffd$IULFDQ\ufffd3UHPLHU\ufffd=KRX\ufffd(QODL·V\ufffdÀUVW\ufffdYLVLW\ufffdWR\ufffd$IULFDµ\ufffd\ufffdChina and Africa, Africa Research &HQWHU\ufffdRI\ufffd%HLMLQJ\ufffd8QLYHUVLW\\ufffdHG\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd%HLMLQJ\ufffd8QLYHUVLW\\ufffd3UHVV\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdS\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 59 Yearbook of China\u2019s Foreign Economic Relations And Trade 1986\ufffd\ufffd%HLMLQJ\ufffd\ufffd2XWORRN\ufffd3UHVV\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd p. 47. 60\ufffd \ufffd \ufffd=KDQJ\ufffd.XQVKHQJ\ufffd\ufffd ´-RXUQDOV\ufffdRI\ufffd WKH\ufffd$IULFDQ\ufffd7ULS\ufffdµ\ufffd2EVHUYDWLRQ\ufffdDQG\ufffd5HÁHFWLRQ, (Issue 5, 2006). 61\ufffd \ufffd \ufffd ,Q\ufffd WKH\ufffd\HDU\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdÀYH\ufffdQDWLRQDO\ufffd OHDGHUV\ufffdRI\ufffd$IULFDQ\ufffdFRXQWULHV\ufffdYLVLWHG\ufffd&KLQD\ufffd\ufffd DQG\ufffdÀYH\ufffd