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(syn. Dasytrichidae ) Size, small to medium; shape, ovoid, flattened; free-swimming; somatic ciliation, holotrichous, dense, with sometimes up to 200 kineties; no concrement vacuole, but endoplasmic polysaccha- ride reserves; extrusomes as somatic mucocysts; oral cavity at or near antapical pole, lined by extensions of somatic kineties, with parental vestibulum migrating anteriorly during sto- matogenesis to become the vestibulum of the proter ; macronucleus, ellipsoid, may be anchored by a karyophore; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuoles, present, may be multiple; cytoproct in posterior; feeding on bacteria and organic detritus; in terrestrial habitats, widely found as endocom- mensals in ungulate ruminants , but Protoisotricha is from rodents and an Isotricha was once reported from the cockroach ; four genera. \u2013 Dasytricha Schuberg, 1888 \u2013 Isotricha Stein, 1859 \u2013 Oligoisotricha Imai, 1981 \u2013 Protoisotricha Kopperi, 1937 Family PARAISOTRICHIDAE da Cunha, 1917 (syn. Enterophryidae p.p ., Helicozosteridae p.p.) Size, small to medium; shape, ovoid to pyriform; free-swimming; somatic ciliation, holotrichous, dense, sometimes slightly spiralled, often with anterior tuft of cilia, but ciliation of Latteuria con- fined more to posterior half; extrusomes as somatic mucocysts; concrement vacuole(s) at apical pole ; oral region, anterior, with vestibulum ciliated on ventral wall and with cytostome at its base; macro- nucleus, ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; con- tractile vacuole, present; cytoproct (?); feeding on bacteria and organic detritus; in terrestrial habitats, common as endocommensals in horses , but also in capybaras , guinea pigs , and elephants ; three genera and one genus incertae sedis . \u2013 Latteuria Timoshenko & Imai, 1997 \u2013 Paraisotricha Fiorentini, 1890 \u2013 Rhizotricha Wolska, 1964 Incertae sedis in Family Paraisotrichidae \u2013 Helicozoster Latteur, 1967 Family PROTOCAVIELLIDAE Grain in Corliss, 1979 (syn. Hydrochoerellidae ) Size, small to medium; shape, ovoid to elongate; free-swimming; somatic ciliation, from sparse, 374 17. The Ciliate Taxa Including Families and Genera somewhat holotrichous to dense holotrichous, sometimes kineties slightly spiralling, with longer cilia as a tuft or band anterior to the oral region; extrusomes (?); no concrement vacuole; oral region, subapical to subequatorial; oral cavity, funnel- or trumpet-shaped with adoral polybrachykinety running along the anterior and right edge of the oral cavity opening and vestibular polybrach- ykinety running along the left wall of the oral cavity, but adoral ciliature absent in Enterophrya and Ogimotopsis ; macronucleus, globular to elon- gate ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct, present; feeding on bacteria and organic detritus (?); in terrestrial habi- tats as endocommensals in the hindgut of capy- baras , guinea pigs , and lagomorphs ; nine genera. \u2013 Anacharon Ito & Imai, 2000 \u2013 Cunhamunizia Ito & Imai, 2000 \u2013 Enterophrya Hasselmann, 1918 \u2013 Hydrochoerella da Cunha & Muniz, 1925 \u2013 Ogimotoa Ito & Imai, 2000 \u2013 Ogimotopsis Ito & Imai, 2000 \u2013 Paracunhamunizia Ito & Imai, 2000 \u2013 Protocaviella Kopperi, 1937 \u2013 Uropogon Ito & Imai, 2000 Family PROTOHALLIIDAE da Cunha & Muniz, 1927 (for Halliidae [for Rhipidostom(at)idae]) Size, small; shape, ovoid, with apical disc and posterior anal papilla ; free-swimming; somatic cil- iation, holotrichous; extrusomes (?); oral region, api- cal, with oral ciliature short, inconspicuous; adoral ciliature divided into three regions, one densely ciliated, crown-shaped on the left anterior of the oral region and the other two, inconspicuous, on the posterior of the oral region; cytostome apical, with cytopharynx supported by prominent, bas- ket-like cytopharyngeal apparatus (homologous to the rhabdos of the haptorian litostomes ?) ; macronucleus, ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct, in posterior; feeding on bacteria, smaller protists, and organic detritus; in terrestrial habitats as endocommensals in the cecum of capybaras ; one genus. NOTE : Ito and Imai (2000a) suggested transferring this family to the Class PHYLLOPHARYNGEA , Subclass Cyrtophoria , because it is characterized by a prominent, basket-like \u201ccyrtos\u201d. Until there is evidence that this basket is truly a cyrtos or until gene sequence demonstrate a different affinity, we maintain the family here and consider the cytopha- ryngeal basket as a rhabdos. \u2013 Protohallia da Cunha & Muniz, 1927 Family PYCNOTRICHIDAE Poche, 1913 (syns. Infundibuloriidae , Miniziellidae , Muni- ziellidae , Nicollellidae , Pycnothricidae , Pycno- trichida ) Size, small to large; shape, ovoid; free- swimming; somatic ciliation, holotrichous, dense; cortex, thick, apparently of up to three layers; no concrement vacu- ole; extrusomes (?); oral cavity as a long vestibular groove at least one-half body length, lined on its edges by extensions of somatic kineties ; cytostome can be subequatorial, posterior or dorsal, depending on the length and orientation of the vestibulum; macronucleus, globular to ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present, sometimes with collecting canals; cytoproct, present; feeding (?); in terrestrial habitats as endocommensals in various herbivorous vertebrates, including fishes , gundis , hyraxes , capybaras , camels , cattle , water buffaloes , and the red spider monkey ; seven genera and one genus incertae sedis . \u2013 Collinina Chatton & Pérard, 1924 \u2013 Infundibulorium Bozhenko, 1925 \u2013 Muniziella da Fonseca, 1939 \u2013 Nicollella Chatton & Pérard, 1919 \u2013 Pycnothrix Schubotz, 1909 \u2013 Taliaferria Hegner & Rees, 1933 \u2013 Vestibulongum Grim, 1988 Incertae sedis in Family Pycnotrichidae \u2013 Buxtonella Jameson, 1926 Incertae sedis in the Order Vestibuliferida \u2013 Microcetella Aescht, 2001 Order Entodiniomorphida Reichenow in Doflein & Reichenow, 1929 (syns. Entodiniomorpha , Entodiniomorphina , Entodiniorida , Syntricha p.p .) Size, small to large; shape, ovoid, often flat- tened; pellicle firm and thickened, often drawn out into posterior spines; cortex with thick micro- filamentous layer between ecto- and endoplasm; 17.3 The Ciliate Taxa to Genus 375 somatic ciliature, typically greatly reduced, appearing only in bands, zones or tufts, often as polybrachykineties, and functioning as syncilia ; concrement vacuole may be present; oral area as only a slight depression to a deep one, often with well-differentiated \u201cpolykinetids\u201d; cytoproct dis- tinct, sometimes at the base of a ciliated tube; in terrestrial habitats, widely found as commensals in mammalian hosts, mainly artiodactyls and perisso- dactyls , with species of the Family Troglodytellidae restricted to anthropoid apes ; three suborders. Suborder Archistomatina de Puytorac et al., 1974 (syns. Archiciliatida , Cyclotrichina p.p ., Didesmida , Didesmina ) Size, often small; shape, ovoid to pyriform; free-swimming; somatic ciliation, holotrichous or limited to girdles, tufts or bands; extrusomes as somatic mucocysts; concrement vacuole present, overlain by 4\u20135 somatic kineties, presumed to be homologous to the brosse of haptorians ; oral region, apical, with permanent cytostome surrounded by circumoral monokinetids, closely packed and derived from oralized somatic kinetids, as an adoral polybrachykinety; macronucleus, ellip- soid to elongate ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present, sometimes multiple; cytoproct in posterior; feeding (?); in terrestrial habitats as endocommensals of vertebrates, typi- cally in horses and camels , but also in rodents , hip- popotami , and sometimes ruminants ; one family. Family BUETSCHLIIDAE