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Poche, 1913 (syns. Blepharoconinae , Didesminae , Paraisotri- chopsidae, Polymorphellinae , Sulcoarcidae ) With characteristics of suborder; 32 genera. \u2013 Alloiozona Hsiung, 1930 \u2013 Ampullacula Hsiung, 1930 \u2013 Amylophorus Pereira & Almeida, 1942 \u2013 Blepharocodon Bundle, 1895 \u2013 Blepharoconus Gassovsky, 1919 \u2013 Blepharomonas Kopperi, 1937 \u2013 Blepharoplanum Kopperi, 1937 \u2013 Blepharoposthium Bundle, 1895 \u2013 Blepharosphaera Bundle, 1895 \u2013 Blepharozoum Gassovsky, 1919 \u2013 Buetschlia Schuberg, 1888 \u2013 Buissonella de Cunha & Muniz, 1925 \u2013 Bundleia da Cunha & Muniz, 1928 \u2013 Cucurbella Thurston & Grain, 1971 \u2013 Didesmis Fiorentini, 1890 \u2013 Hemiprorodon Strelkow, 1939 \u2013 Holophryoides Gassovsky, 1919 \u2013 Holophryozoon Jirovec, 1933 \u2013 Hsiungella Imai in Aescht, 2001 \u2013 Kopperia Corliss, 1960 \u2013 Levanderella Kopperi, 1937 \u2013 Meiostoma Sandon, 1941 \u2013 Parabundleia Imai & Ogimoto, 1983 \u2013 Paraisotrichopsis Gassovsky, 1919 \u2013 Pingius Hsiung, 1932 \u2013 Plexobundleia Kornilova, 2005 \u2013 Polymorphella Corliss, 1960 \u2013 Prorodonopsis Gassovsky, 1919 \u2013 Protolutzia da Cunha & Muniz, 1925 \u2013 Pseudobuetschlia Jirovec, 1933 \u2013 Sciurula Corliss, 1960 \u2013 Sulcoarcus Hsiung, 1935 \u2013 Wolskana Ito, Imai, Ogimoto, & Nakahara, 1996 Suborder Blepharocorythina Wolska, 1971 (syns. Apotrichina , Blepharocorythida , Pharyngotrichina ) Size, small; shape, ovoid, laterally flattened, with a prominent frontal lobe in some species, and distinctive corkscrew-like process in others; free- swimming; somatic ciliation markedly reduced, as tufts and bands; presumed remnant of con- crement vacuole present only as its overlying somatic kinetids ; oral area, apical or subapical, with non-retractable cilia; oral cilia inconspicuous, non-retractable, as extensions of somatic ciliature, forming two groups with presumed homologies to those of entodiniomorphines (i.e., the ventral ves- tibular kineties or vestibular polybrachykinety and the adoral polybrachykinety); macronucleus, glob- ular to ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct, likely in posterior; feeding (?); in terrestrial habitats, as endocommen- sals principally in the hindgut of horses , with a few species in elephants and cattle ; one family. Family BLEPHAROCORYTHIDAE Hsiung, 1929 With characteristics of the suborder; eight genera. \u2013 Blepharocorys Bundle, 1895 \u2013 Charonina Strand, 1928 376 17. The Ciliate Taxa Including Families and Genera \u2013 Charonnautes Strelkow, 1939 \u2013 Circodinium Wolska, 1971 \u2013 Ochoterenaia Chavarria, 1933 \u2013 Pararaabena Wolska, 1968 \u2013 Raabena Wolska, 1967 \u2013 Spirocorys Wolska, 1969 Suborder Entodiniomorphina Reichenow in Doflein & Reichenow, 1929 (syns. Entodiniida p.p ., Entodiniina p.p ., Ento- diniomorpha , Entodiniomorphina , Entodiniorida , Spirodiniina p.p ., Syntricha p.p .) Size, small to medium, rarely large; shape, typi- cally laterally flattened; somatic ciliature greatly reduced, appearing in tufts, sometimes elongated as spiraled bands, often arranged as polybrachykine- ties, and functioning as syncilia; pellicle firm and thickened, often drawn out into spines; prominent skeletal plates characteristic of many species, composed of polysaccharide reserves, such as - amylopectin granules or plaques ; oral area, apical to subapical, often retractable; oral cilia often func- tioning as syncilia, of two parts, a prevestibular band in the peristomial region and a vestibular part(s) sensu stricto ; cytoproct distinct; in terres- trial habitats, widely found as endocommensals in mammal hosts, mainly in artiodactyls and perisso- dactyls , with species of the Family Troglodytellidae in anthropoid apes ; ten families. Family CYCLOPOSTHIIDAE Poche, 1913 (syns. Cycloposthiinae p.p ., Monoposthiinae p.p ., Prototapirellidae , Tripalmariidae ) Size, small to large; shape, elongated, often ovoid, with several genera having bizarre finger-like projections (e.g., Arachnodiniella , Phalodinium ); free-swimming; somatic cilia, essentially non- retractable, with from none to four caudal tufts or caudalia; skeletal plates, at least one large one, and up to four ; oral ciliature in adoral zone, retractable, with adoral polybrachykinety and dorsal perivestibular polybrachykinety; macronu- cleus, ellipsoid to elongate ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, one to several; cyto- proct, present; feeding on bacteria and plant fibres; in terrestrial habitats as endocommensals in the cecum and colon of horses , zebras , rhinoceroses , and tapirs , and occasionally in elephants , capy- baras , and hippopotami ; 17 genera. NOTE : Grain (1994) and others subdivide this family into three families and subfamilies, based primarily on the numbers of caudalia. We await confirmation of the significance of these traits using molecular genetic data. \u2013 Arachnodinella van Hoven, Gilchrist & Hamilton- Attwell in Aescht, 2001 \u2013 Bertolinella Carpano, 1941 \u2013 Bozasella Buisson, 1923 \u2013 Carinoposthium Jankowski, 1980 \u2013 Cycloposthium Bundle, 1895 \u2013 Dicycloposthium Strelkow, 1939 \u2013 Lavierella Buisson, 1923 \u2013 Monoposthium Thurston & Noirot-Timothée, 1973 \u2013 Paracycloposthium Grain, 1994 \u2013 Phalodinium van Hoven, Gilchrist, & Hamilton- Attwell, 1987 \u2013 Prototapirella da Cunha, 1918 \u2013 Rhabdothoracella Aescht, 2001 \u2013 Toxodinium da Cunha, 1938 \u2013 Tricaudalia Buisson, 1923 \u2013 Trifascicularia Strelkow, 1931 \u2013 Tripalmaria Gassovsky, 1919 \u2013 Triplumaria Hoare, 1937 Family GILCHRISTIDAE Ito, Van Hoven, Miyazaki, & Imai, 2006 Size, medium to large; shape, ellipsoid, lat- erally flattened; free-swimming; somatic cilia, non-retractable, as several equatorial and/or posterior bands ; skeletal plates, one or two; oral ciliature of retractable adoral polybrachykinety, accompanied by paralabial kineties, and with vestibular polybrachykinety extending longitu- dinally into the oral cavity ; macronucleus, elon- gate; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuoles, dorsal, multiple; cytoproct in posterior; feeding (?); in colon of rhinoceros; two genera. \u2013 Digilchristia Ito, Van Hoven, Miyazaki, & Imai, 2006 \u2013 Gilchristia Ito, Van Hoven, Miyazaki, & Imai, 2006 Family OPHRYOSCOLECIDAE Stein, 1859 (syn. Caloscolecinae p.p., Cunhaiidae , Diplo di- niinae p.p ., Entodiniidae , Entodiniina . Epidiniinae 17.3 The Ciliate Taxa to Genus 377 p.p ., Ophryoscolecinae p.p ., Opisthotrichinae p.p .) Size, small to large; shape, ovoid to fusiform, more or less flattened; free-swimming; retract- able dorsal ciliary tuft, absent in Entodinium , may cover at least 1/3 of body perimeter ; skeletal plates commonly present; oral ciliature of retractable adoral polybrachykinety, accom- panied by paralabial kineties, with vestibular polybrachykinety extending longitudinally into the oral cavity ; macronucleus, typically elongate; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present, variable in number; cytoproct, present; feeding on bacteria, plant detritus, and other ciliates; in ter- restrial habitats as endocommensal in the rumen of artiodactylan ruminants , such as cattle , sheep , goats , deer s.l ., antelope , caribou , bison , buffalo , ox , and close relatives, and camels , and intestine of the guinea pig ; 20 genera. NOTE : Grain (1994) and others subdivide this family into subfamilies. We await confirmation of the significance of the distinguishing traits using molecular genetic data. \u2013 Anoplodinium Dogiel, 1927 \u2013 Caloscolex Dogiel, 1926 \u2013 Campylodinium Jankowski, 1975 \u2013 Cunhaia Hasselmann, 1924 \u2013 Diplodinium Schuberg, 1888 \u2013 Diploplastron Kofoid & MacLennan, 1932 \u2013 Elytroplastron Kofoid & MacLennan, 1932 \u2013 Endoralium Eloff & van