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extra-oral, near kinetids of \u201cbrosse\u201d ; oral region, apical to subapical, surrounded by circumoral diki- netids; brosse (homologous to the oral polyki- netids of oligohymenophoreans?), typically of three or more dikinetidal rows bearing clavate cilia, varying from parallel to perpendicular to body axis, and developing on parental ventral surface ; cytostome, round or elliptical, sometimes in shallow atrium, which is lined by oral ridges supported by two unequal rows of microtubules (homologous to the oral ribs of oligohymenophore- ans?); most species carnivores or scavengers, a few algivorous; widely distributed in freshwater and marine habitats; eight families. Family BALANIONIDAE Small & Lynn, 1985 Size, small; shape, ovoid with truncate, flat- tened anterior pole ; free-swimming; somatic ciliation, restricted to an apparent girdle encir- cling the anterior 1/2\u20133/4 of the cell ; caudal cilium, present; brosse, inconspicuous, with its units internal to oral dikinetids of circumoral ciliature ; oral region, on flattened anterior end, with very elongate oral \u201cpalps\u201d bearing toxicysts, surrounding cytostome; macronucleus, globular to ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile 17.3 The Ciliate Taxa to Genus 407 vacuole, present; cytoproct (?); feeding on bacte- ria, small algae, and heterotrophic flagellates; in marine and freshwater habitats, in plankton; one genus. \u2013 Balanion Wulff, 1919 Family COLEPIDAE Ehrenberg, 1838 Size, small to large; shape, barrel-like, with prominent anterior and caudal spines often present; free-swimming; alveoli as cuirass of longitudinal rows of armored calcium carbonate plates with small lateral teeth ; somatic ciliation, holotrichous, with caudal cilium, typically long; oral extrusomes as toxicysts; brosse as three, short, inconspicuous files of dikinetids; oral region, apical, surrounded by oral dikinetids whose circle may be broken by the intrusion of the brosse kinetids; macronu- cleus, globular to elongate ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct (?); scavengers and histophages; in marine and fresh- water habitats; eight genera. \u2013 Baikalocoleps Obolkina, 1995 \u2013 Coleps Nitzsch, 1827 \u2013 Kotinia Obolkina in Aescht, 2001 \u2013 Macrocoleps Obolkina, 1995 \u2013 Plagiopogon Stein, 1859 \u2013 Planicoleps Dragesco & Dragesco-Kernéis, 1991 \u2013 Tiarina Bergh, 1881 \u2013 Tiarinella Obolkina, 1995 Family HOLOPHRYIDAE Perty, 1852 (syn. Cryptocaryonidae ) Size, small to large; shape, ovoid to cylindroid; free-swimming; somatic ciliation, holotrichous, often dense, sometimes with caudal cilia; oral region, apical or subapical, surrounded by circu- moral ciliature; somatic extrusomes as mucocysts and oral extrusomes as toxicysts; brosse as several to many kinetofragments, with somatic kine- ties parallel to the brosse (i.e., aklitoloph) or abutting against the brosse region (i.e., euklito- loph) ; oral region, apical to subapical, surrounded by circumoral dikinetids; macronucleus, globular to ellipsoid to elongate and even ribbon-like; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct (?); scavengers and histophages with Cryptocaryon as a parasite of marine fishes ; in marine and freshwater habitats; five genera and one genus incertae sedis . NOTE : Foissner, Berger, and Kohmann (1994) discovered problems with the nomenclature of Holophrya , Prorodon , and Pseudoprorodon , which necessitated the redescription of the genus Holophrya with Holophrya ovum Ehrenberg, 1831 as type. This genus presents the form of what was previously known as Prorodon (e.g. in Corliss, 1979; Small & Lynn, 1985). \u2013 Cryptocaryon Brown, 1951 \u2013 Holophrya Ehrenberg, 1831 \u2013 Paraprorodon Foissner, 1983 \u2013 Pelagothrix Foissner, Berger, & Schaumberg, 1999 \u2013 Pleurofragma Jankowski, 1976 Incertae sedis in Family Holophryidae \u2013 Fundenia Vuxanovici, 1962 Family LAGYNIDAE Sola, Guinea, Longas, & Fernández-Galiano, 1990 Size, small; shape, pyriform when alive; free- swimming; somatic ciliation as perioral ciliature or a girdle, completely encircling cell apex as \u201ctrikinetids\u201d ; oral region, apical, with brosse as 3\u20134 inconspicuous rows between perioral cili- ature and circumoral dikinetids ; macronucleus, globular to reniform; micronucleus, may be mul- tiple; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct (?); feeding on flagellates and other smaller protists; in freshwater habitats; one genus. \u2013 Lagynus Quennerstedt, 1867 Family PLACIDAE Small & Lynn, 1985 Size, small to medium; shape, ovoid, slightly flattened; free-swimming; somatic ciliation, holotrichous, having slightly spiralling kine- ties with striae between ; somatic extrusomes as mucocysts; \u201coral\u201d extrusomes as toxicysts dis- persed along the brosse or in a lateral pocket in Spathidiopsis ; brosse as a single dikinetid file, extending posteriorly from the circumoral dikinetid ring ; oral region, subapical, a slightly elongate groove; macronucleus, ellipsoid to elon- gate ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct (?); feeding on flagel- 408 17. The Ciliate Taxa Including Families and Genera lates and smaller ciliates; in marine and brackish habitats; two genera. \u2013 Placus Cohn, 1866 \u2013 Spathidiopsis Fabre-Domergue, 1889 Family PLAGIOCAMPIDAE Kahl, 1926 Size, small; shape, ovoid; free-swimming; somatic ciliation, holotrichous; caudal cilia, com- mon; oral extrusomes as toxicysts; brosse of three units, on posterior right of oral area, opposite oral dikinetids; oral region, subapical with oral diki- netids on dorsal-right, as semicircle accompa- nied by extensible \u201cpalps\u201d or lappets in which toxicysts reside ; macronucleus, globular to ellip- soid; micronucleus, may be very small; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct (?); feeding on bacteria, dinoflagellates, microalgae, and other ciliates; in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats; three genera and one genus incertae sedis . \u2013 Chilophrya Kahl, 1930 \u2013 Paraurotricha Foissner, 1983 \u2013 Plagiocampa Schewiakoff, 1893 Incertae sedis in Family Plagiocampidae \u2013 Plagiocampides Foissner, Agatha, & Berger, 2002 * Family PRORODONTIDAE Kent, 1881 (syn. Amphibot[h]rellidae [for Amphibothridae ]) Size, medium to large; shape, ovoid; free- swimming; somatic ciliation, holotrichous; \u201c bro- sse\u201d as an extension of the unclosed circumoral ciliature ; oral region, subapical, as an elongate groove; macronucleus, ribbon-like; micronucleus, may be multiple; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct (?); feeding on other protists, even cili- ates and small metazoans; in freshwater habitats; one genus. NOTE : Foissner, Berger, and Kohmann (1994) discovered problems with the nomenclature of Holophrya , Prorodon , and Pseudoprorodon , which necessitated applying the name Prorodon to cili- ates similar to the type Prorodon niveus Ehrenberg, 1834. This genus presents the form of what was previously known as Pseudoprorodon (e.g. in Corliss, 1979; Small & Lynn, 1985), which is an objective synonym of Prorodon . \u2013 Prorodon Ehrenberg, 1834 Family UROTRICHIDAE Small & Lynn, 1985 (syn. Bursellopsidae ) Size, small to large; shape, ovoid to cylindroid; free-swimming; somatic ciliation, with posterior 1/4\u20131/3 of body non-ciliated and rest of body evenly ciliated ; caudal cilia, typical; brosse, two or three units, outside circumoral dikinetids, and quite elongate in Longifragma ; oral region, apical to subapical, can be quite expansive, almost cavity- like; macronucleus, globular to elongate ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct (?); feeding on bacteria, microalgae, and other smaller protists; in marine and freshwater habitats, often planktonic; six genera. \u2013 Bursellopsis Corliss, 1960 \u2013 Dissothigma Jankowski, 1976 \u2013 Longifragma Foissner,