Pré-visualização50 páginas
Size, medium to large; shape, typically elongate, contractile; often pigmented; mature forms, sessile and sedentary, always residing in a lorica; body, especially in neck region in some species, with conspicuous pair of \u201cperistomial wings\u201d bearing the prominent oral ciliature ; at division, complex morphogenesis with vermiform migratory larval stage that \u201crecapitulates\u201d a typical heterotrich 17.3 The Ciliate Taxa to Genus 345 with reduced spiralling of the adoral zone ; macro- nucleus, variable, as single ellipsoid to multiple and moniliform; micronucleus, single to multiple; contrac- tile vacuole, present at least in freshwater forms; cyto- proct (?); feeding on bacteria, microalgae, and other protists; widely distributed in marine habitats, but a few species in freshwater, attached to algae, higher aquatic plants, or integument or shells of invertebrates (e.g., molluscs, various crustaceans, bryozoa, coelen- terates); 30 genera including some fossil forms. \u2013 Ampullofolliculina Hadzi, 1951 \u2013 Ascobius Henneguy, 1884 \u2013 Atriofolliculina Hadzi, 1951 [nomen nudum] \u2013 Aulofolliculina Hadzi, 1951 \u2013 Botticula Dioni, 1972 \u2013 Claustrofolliculina Hadzi, 1951 \u2013 Diafolliculina Hadzi, 1951 [nomen nudum] \u2013 Echinofolliculina Dons, 1934 \u2013 Epifolliculina Hadzi, 1951 \u2013 Eufolliculina Hadzi, 1951 \u2013 Folliculina Lamarck, 1816 \u2013 Folliculinopsis Fauré-Fremiet, 1936 [nomen nudum] \u2013 Halofolliculina Hadzi, 1951 [nomen nudum] \u2013 Lagotia Wright, 1857 \u2013 Latifolliculina Hadzi, 1951 \u2013 Magnifolliculina Uhlig, 1964 [nomen nudum] \u2013 Metafolliculina Dons, 1924 \u2013 Mirofolliculina Dons, 1928 \u2013 Pachyfolliculina Hadzi, 1951 \u2013 Parafolliculina Dons, 1914 \u2013 Pebrilla Giard, 1888 \u2013 Perifolliculina Hadzi, 1951 \u2013 Planifolliculina Hadzi, 1951 \u2013 Platyfolliculina Hadzi, 1938 \u2013 Priscofolliculina Deflandre & Deunff, 1957 (fossil) \u2013 Pseudofolliculina Dons, 1914 \u2013 Pseudoparafolliculina Andrews & Nelson, 1942 \u2013 Splitofolliculina Hadzi, 1951 [nomen nudum] \u2013 Stentofolliculina Hadzi, 1938 \u2013 Valletofolliculina Andrews, 1953 Family MARISTENTORIDAE Miao, Simpson, Fu, & Lobban, 2005 Size, large, majestic when fully extended; shape, trumpet-shaped with apical area expanded into a bilobed \u201ccap\u201d divided by a ventral indentation, very contractile ; free-swimming, but typically tem- porarily attached to substrate; pigmented, due both to blood-red pigmentocysts and to the presence of symbiotic zooxanthellae; somatic ciliation, holotri- chous; oral ciliature of over 300 oral polykinetids, spirals around flared-out anterior end, encircling an anterior peristomial field with scattered cili- ate dikinetids, not arranged in kineties ; paroral, very reduced; macronucleus, ellipsoid; micronuclei, multiple; contractile vacuole, absent; cytoproct, not reported; feeding on bacteria, microalgae, and other protists; in marine habitats, at least associated with coral reefs; one genus. \u2013 Maristentor Lobban, Schefter, Simpson, Pochon, Pawlowski, & Foissner, 2002 * Family PERITROMIDAE Stein, 1867 Size, medium; shape, ellipsoidal, dorsoventrally flattened, contractile; free-swimming; somatic cili- ation primarily on ventral (= right?) surface; single somatic kinety on slightly convex dorsal (= left?) surface; spine-like cilia of dorsal kinetids emerg- ing from wart-like papillae ; extrusomes, not reported; oral region expansive with left serial oral polykinetids extending anteriorly from equatorial oral cavity along anterior border of cell and paroral extending parallel to serial oral polykinetids ; macronucleus, typically in two lobes; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct, present; feeding on bacteria, microalgae, and other protists; generally in marine habitats, including salt marshes; one genus. \u2013 Peritromus Stein, 1863 Family SPIROSTOMIDAE Stein, 1867 (syn. Spirostomatidae ) Size, medium to large; shape, often elongate, cylin- drical and very contractile; some pigmented forms; free-swimming; somatic ciliation, holotrichous; extru- somes, not reported; oral region in anterior half; peristomial field, long, narrow, not ciliated; oral ciliature sometimes relatively inconspicuous, but still with many serial oral polykinetids, extend- ing 1/3\u20131/2 body length ; paroral may extend almost entire length of oral region, paralleling the adoral zone; macronucleus, moniliform; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole posterior, frequently large, and may have lengthy collecting canal; cytoproct, present; 346 17. The Ciliate Taxa Including Families and Genera feeding on bacteria, microalgae, and other protists; predominantly in freshwater habitats; two genera and two genera incertae sedis . \u2013 Gruberia Kahl, 1932 \u2013 Spirostomum Ehrenberg, 1834 Incertae sedis in Family Spirostomidae \u2013 Diplogmus Mansfeld, 1923 \u2013 Propygocirrus Mansfeld, 1923 Family STENTORIDAE Carus, 1863 Size, medium to large, becoming majestic in size and movement; shape, trumpet-shaped with apical area not bilobed, very contractile ; often pigmented due to pigmentocysts with the pig- ment stentorin and/or with symbiotic zoochlo- rellae; free-swimming, but typically temporarily attached to the substrate, with a few species residing in mucilaginous loricae; somatic ciliation, holotri- chous, with posterior end having thigmotactic cilia permitting temporary attachment to substrate; oral ciliature spirals nearly 360° around flared-out anterior end, encircling an anterior peristomial field that is covered by ciliated kinetids arranged in ordered kineties; paroral accompanying entire length of adoral zone of polykinetids ; macro- nucleus, ellipsoid to ribbon-like and moniliform; micronucleus, one to many; contractile vacuole, may be multiple; cytoproct, present; feeding on bac- teria, microalgae, and other protists, including other ciliates; typically in freshwater habitats only; one genus and three genera incertae sedis . \u2013 Stentor Oken, 1815 Incertae sedis in Family Stentoridae \u2013 Heterostentor Song & Wilbert, 2002 * \u2013 Parastentor Vuxanovici, 1961 \u2013 Stentoropsis Dogiel & Bychowsky, 1934 Subphylum INTRAMACRONUCLEATA Lynn, 1996 ( Ciliostomatophora p.p ., Homoiotricha p.p ., Homo- tricha p.p ., Kinetodesmatophora p.p ., Postcilio- nematophora p.p ., Tubulicorticata + Filicorticata + Epiplasmata + Membranellophora p.p ., Trans- versonematophora p.p .) Size, small to large; shape, variable, from globular to ellipsoid to elongate; free-swimming or sessile; cortical alveolar system typically well-developed; somatic ciliation, holotrichous, but forms with girdles and strips, and even non-ciliated taxa are known; parasomal sacs, present; extrusomes as somatic mucocysts and trichocysts and oral and somatic toxicysts; oral structures, variable, minimally with oral dikinetids, either encircling the cytostome or on the right side as a paroral, but some forms also with several to many oral polykinetids in an adoral zone and other forms astomatous or with oralized somatic kinetids; stomatogenesis, variable from telokinetal to buccokinetal; fission, typically isotomic, rarely anisotomic and multiple; macronuclear genome typically differentiated by fragmentation of micro- nuclear chromosomes during anlage development; polyploid macronucleus dividing by intramacro- nuclear microtubules ; micronucleus, present; con- jugation, typically temporary and isogamontic, but some forms showing complete conjugation with ani- sogamonty; feeding habits, diverse, including several major classes and subclasses as obligate symbionts, sometimes parasitic; widely distributed in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats; nine classes. NOTE : Lynn (1996a) suggested that the rapid radiation within this subphylum arose from a fundamentally different property of ciliate cellular organization, perhaps