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A Portrayal of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew _ A Narrative-Critical and Theological Study

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272
CHAPTER VI
The Royal Shepherd as Judge for the Least: Matthew 25,31-46
1. Continuing the Implied Reader's Journey
l. I Jesus Judges the Religious Leaders (Matt
1.1.1 The Son
Spatial setting marks off this sequence. Already in the first verse, frree distinct
locations are ammerated•. and 7b 'Opoc rov 'Eiczuövl . In it is entrance Of Jesus (21,10•, cf. V. 1) and tb tepåv» (v. 12) which divides the sequence in tw0[footnoteRef:1][footnoteRef:2] [1: WD. DAVIES—D.C. ALLISON, Marthew, m, 133-134.] [2: suing in 21.2-3 tint is completely in control ofthe evenm; see WD. DAVIES- DC.ALL.tSON, Matthew. 111, 117.] 
a) Jesus Enters kusalem (Matt 21,1-11)
Jesus' respite at BeUvage allows the narrator to develop at length the meaning of Jesus' prophetic act of entrance when later he accomplishes it. His command to fre two disciples, which they listen to md obey (v. 6), portrays ffem in a positive light (cf. 7,24). It also manifests his omniscience and confirms his knowledge of ffe events which must take place (16,21•, 1722-23; His entrance into the Holy City on a beast of burden[footnoteRef:3] is meant as a prophetic act pointing to his [3: MLtüww•g portrayal Of 	seemingly invossible 	Of sitting on two animals
•tip •tbv Itc3Xov zÖtOv in 21,7) reflects his to arly rabbinic auünritia who «rejected any concept of parallelism»; see D. INSTONE— BREWER, «Two Asses of Zechariah 9:9», 87.92-95. For other interpretations, see M.J.J. MENKEN, «Zechariah 9.9 in Mbttbew 21 ,5», I I W. WEREN, (Jesus' Entry into Jerusalem», 129-135; U. LUZ, Uatthev 21-28. 5.8.] 
In 	Mount of Olives is tir 	synbolic of the passion (26,30) and the refilsal oflsrael (24,3); see V. MORA,La Symbolique& crution, 72.
royal stature as Son of David and his mission of peace (cf. Zech This is acknowledged by the crowds who now exalt him6. However, the reacticn of «all Jerusalem» is disturbing us in v. 10) recalls tumult during the time of Herod the Great (2,3). Moreover, its question oüxos in 21, 10) reveals gross misunderstanding since the narrator has just revealed so much about him: (21 ,3), Bzoüe(x; (v. 5), Amu16 (v. 9),
 (vv.5.9). Even the crow& acknowledge him as (v. 1 1), as they did John the Baptist (11,9). However, all ffis misses the mark as the
E)llowing episode shows.
b) Jesus Enters the Temple (Matt 21,12-17)
Jesus finally reaches the Temple which, except for 21,18-22, is the setting for all the controversy stories which fillow (21,23—23,39)- The deliberate, repetitive referral to the Temple serves various ftnctions. It contrasts Jesus against those violate the Temple's sacral character and justifies his prophetic gesture bringing the Temple cult to a symbolic end8 . It identifies Jesus' messianic character ffat restores the Temple's dignity with his final act ofhealing, showing the supremacy Of mercy over sacrifice (9,13; 12,7), while signaling the formation of a new messianiccommunity9. Finally, it validates the children's cry
s F. HAUCK—S. SCHULZ «wpaös. TDNT. VI, 641-64% J.R. W, «„.perché mite e di cuore», 169; V. MORA. La Symbolique de la cr&ion, 14; W.
Env into kusalem». 128; U. LUZ, Matthew 21-28, 1-8.
In tlE first centuy A.D. the cry need not connote now» but truy sirrvly be a cry ofprai8e; WD. DAVIES — D.C. ALLISON, Matthew, Ill. 125.
intentionally distinguishes between and residents Of Jennlem who Ze hostile to Jesus. The Of first four wor& euyatpL E'dv» in 21.5 — likely from 62,11 — inste2d of fiéya«p EuDv» (I—XX 9,9) any Jerusalem's negative see M.J.J. MENKEN, in Matthew 21,5», 108-109; C.A HAM, Coming King 3941.
W. WEREN, (desus• Entry into kusalem», 141; U LUZ, Theo"' of the Gospel of*Gtthew.
111-118; 	Matthew, 235.
	9 CE Isa 61.1; 29.18-19; 355-6; 42,18; also 	11.17-24; 2Kgs 4,18-37; 5.1-21. U
«ln nrssianic age tha•e will no more sicknesses and blemislrs in see U. LUZ, Matthew 21-28. 12-13. note 19; also U. LUZ 8-20, 134; Jr. Matthew. 235-236; W. WEREN, «Jesus' Entry into Jerusalem», 140.
recogiizing Jesus' stature which the chief priests and scribes are adverse to d010.
This brief polemic also presages the extended controversies soon to come.
1.1.2 Conflict in the Temple (Matt
The episode of üle fig tree (21,18-22) serves as a prelude to the Temple controversies and gives a graphic witless to the authority Of Jesus. The incident is a prophetic act which shows the power Of Jesus' word and Characterizes his identity. The åte of the barren tree is in tune with his previous teaching and prefigures the end ofthose who omse him.
 macro-sequence which frllows Jesus with those taSked to be Israel's shepherds. Initially drawn into explaining himself With parables in response to the religious leaders' verbal snares , Jesus rebounds on the offetßive a scathing indictment Of the scribes and Pharisees to win the crowds and his disciples definitively to his side (23, 1—39).
a) Jesus Engages Various Religious Groups (Matt 21
Jsus' verbal exchanges in this first secüon are chuacteri_zed by two elanenG. Firstly, he engages r.resentatives fiorn all Jewish religious groups %hich, in one instance, involves those with political leanings as well («Herodians» in 22,15). gavity of the accusation increasingly becomes evidaat as his motiv— are more explicitly J—us• own responsß become more vitriolic.
The Temple controversies begin with a clash between Jesus and the primary guardians oflsrael's faith — the chiefpriests and the elders (21,23), as well as the Pharisees (22.15) — who manifest gross misunderstanding by questioning Jesus' authority which was just mani±sted in the previous itrident of the fig tree. They are shown to be hypocritical and Earful The three parables which Jesus
Their anger at actions Of Jesus, including his alleviati of thü malevolence»; U. LUZ, Matthew 21-28, 13.
Ironically, by speaking in parables Juus disguises more than be reveals (cf. 13, 13). Faced with such hostile resolve, the pr*cy of I"iah is Ülled Isa 6,9-10); ee U. LUZ, 7%eology ofthe Gospel ofbLtthew, 18.
addresses to them unmask their true identity: üiey fail to do God's will (21,32) and are unable to produce die expected fruit (21,43). In conu•ast, the implied reader Jesus' fearless authaltic Wimessing (12,13; Cf. 22,16) and is aware of his good works (11,2.4-5) which ftllfill the Father's desire (15,28; cf. 26,39.42).
ms exchange also reveals Jesus' awareness regarding the significance of these as gives pmlqtic hints Of his coming fit.e (21,38-39; 22,60 ne contrast continues as Jesus engages one Jewish group after another in debate: the Pharisees' disciples and tie Herodians who are so uncharacteristically linked (22,15-22), the Sadducees (vv. 23-33) and the Pharisees (w. 3440). Their ultericr motives are revealed (22,16), the danger &ley bring exposed (v. 29) and their desigxs are thwarted by Jesus who convincingly silences them submission (22,34.45) and awe (vv. 22.33). Finally, Jesus himself intensifies the antagonism by turning the tables against them. He questions them (22,43) and reduces than to silence (v. 46).
By &monstrating his superiority over Israel's recognized religious shqherds,
Jesus positions himself as replacing ffleir role.
b) Jesus Indicts the Scribes and Pharisees (Matt 23,1-39)
A shift is sigraled by a change in addressees. Jesus speaks directly to the
Crowds and his disciples cautioning them apinst hypocrisy Of scribes and Pharisees. At this point Jesus unmasks his opponents who they really are. In a seven-%ld indictment addressed directly against them, Jesus delivers a prophetic judgnaxt whose severity leaves no room for reconciliation12. He realizes this as he repeatedly acknowledges the violent åte which ahead (23,32-34.37). His lament over Jerusalem marks the final occasion the cib"s name is ever mention again and signals a definitive break. His quotation from Psalm 118,26: «Blessed is he who comes in the name Of the Lord» serves as a closure for his Temple debates (cf. 21,9) as well as the theme of the section which follows.
J—us' Et Ofjudgrznt links üEse verse to a latterjL&rrnt scene (25,3146); A-I. WILSON, «Mattirw 'sOfJesus as Judge», 159—160.
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1.2 The 
Spatial setting continues to be significant in this new macro-sequence. Jesus' departure from the Temple, however, is not simply meant to indicate movement. It concretely depicB his definitive abandmment of the Temple and the rituals it signifies. This is explicitly expressed by his dire forecast regarding the Temple's mture (24,2) and reinfOrced by his graphic positioning opposite it (v. 3) 13.
Once more Jesus is portrayed in the intimacy of his disciples' circle 14. He readily responds to ffeir query like a Wise sage (KC9rv{vov in 24,3a; cf. 5, 1) and as an prophet". Their question16 shins the focus to the temporal setting — (v. 3b) — which a crucial concern of this discourse as
dley explicitly ask for the Of the uLbG tot)
åvepdrrou». This «coming of the Son of Man» becomes the predominant theme uni$ing die entire discourse" as Jesus instructs his disciples regarding their
SABOURIN, St. IL 806. The Tenple will be mentioned only orre in Jesus' of his teaching there (26.55). The activity Of Jesus there is already over.
Except for 14.23, the phrase 16iav» always re&rred to the disciples' Fivileged psition of inti,11EY with Jesus (14,13; 17, 1.19; 20,17). Its finl bere in 24.3 marks t1E discourse as the last extended a&hess OfJaus to his disciple.
conduct before that end-time". His instrucüon is conveyed in three phases": a cautionary ad&ess inciting firm faith when confronted with the «OitVLG associated With the ovvtaeLa tot) (24,4-28) prior to the ofthe too
åvOp&ou» (vv. 2944)20; secondly, a group of three parables advocating an energetic hope while preparing fir the and lastly, a judicial scene afirming the suprane value of eschatological events are depicted in universalist colors highlighting not only the inclusion of Gentile peoples (24,14.30) but the all ncompassing power and significance of the son ofMan (w. 30-31)22.
This macro-sequalce however, does not only make the disciples ready for the end-time and, more proximately, for Jesus' passion. It is literary context by which one understands ure final judicial scene (vv. 31-46)[footnoteRef:4]. It prepares the implied reader by int-oducing common thanes and elements: coming Son of Man (24,27.30.37.39.44; 25.31); eschatologicd glory (24,30; 25,31); final judgment 25,32ff); all people (249.14; 25.32)[footnoteRef:5]. Similarly, the discbsure of recompense for the ßithfiil filfillment of duty in the three parables prepares for the eschatological atveiov and judicial which follow. [4: F.W. Burnat not—: text Erovides rea&r with techniques and inta•pretative habits which can use in reading Later passages»; F.W. BURNEIT. «Pr01eænynon», 92.] [5: Other üOr 	are: angels (24,31.36; 25,31); 	(24,14 	25, l; 25„32); - D.C. 	111, 417.] 
Son Of Man, its vay reinforces theme of Se F.W. BEAL Accordng to Maahcw, 492; J. LAMBRECKT. Out of the Treanre, 251-254; J.D. Kr«sBURY. ceSon of Man" in Matthew'S Gonel». 196-202. The sign Of Son Of Man wu both a sign Of judgenzut and Of the of the elect; re S. BROWN, «Matthean Apocalypse)), 13-14: C.AHAM. «Rading Zechariah», 95.
JR DONAHUE, eParable" of the 	and the 	11-13. A. FEUILIÄ, universel du jugeüEnb), 196.
For a similar division of the apocalyptic discourse. •ee L.-L FRAMER, Le Jugement Dernier, 85; J.P. MEIER, Ethew, 276-277. Regarding these themes, L SABOURIN, St. 11, 806-807.
n three parables which A comnm OHeatation 25.1-13; vv. 14-30). Each servants or Of mast«s whose absence and unexpected return trcorr the setting of the parable. In eEb insünt*, Servant character is to Rulfill a wrtain action with its duty. In evay reward is meted out in proprtion to the action taken The of md unexpecEd return Of an muta rein%rcæ the apocalyptic tone ofthe entire discourse.
	G. TSERA, Universalism, 	; S. BROWN. QMøtåean Apocalype». 10.
2. Narrative Analysis Of Matthew 2531-46
2.1 Narrative Unit
The closures of this episode are well-marked. The final verse of the previous
	parable contains the phrase bö6vtov» 	is a
characteristic ending Of several of Matthew's parables (13,50; 22, 13; 24.51; thus irxiicating the start of a new sequence. Similarly, die verse beginning the next macro-episode includes the characteristic phrase «ai tyéveto
6t€ 'Itpobc» (26,1) which sigials the end of Jesus' major discourses (cf. 7,28; 11,1; 13,53; 19,1). The standard indicators of character, setting and theme also apply%.
The textual critical variances are few and 	These are not well attested and are usually the result of deliberate attempts to make them congruous with some other 	texts".
2.2 Events
2.2. I Sur%ce Structure of Events
This episode comprises three clearly delineated segments consisting Of a judgment scene _in which a lengthy dialogue issuing the verdict is embedded. The events ofjudgment unfold rapidly in a sequence of physical acts and happenings.
The phrase oåer instance (8.12; 13,42) as the penultimate vase indicating a characteristic of associated with iL
24 Tbe characters (Son of M.aüing, angels, the juWblßsed, On the left) Of the judicial scee set it apart from the previous parable (master, servanb). Although both the spatial setting in&finite, a judgment Etting is easily recoglimble. The of judgnrnt and •while shared with the previous parable, set in a final. universalist Etting it apart.
[n v. 31 instead of B D lat sa mss. read &YLOL (A Wf13 TR bcP), Err-baps influenced by LXX 14,5. A omit to gou in v. 40 (B• 1424 e) nuke it similar to v. 45. Similarly, some mss. subsütute årmgaoev gou for in v- 41 to make it parallel to v. 34. shorter reading is better attested see DEI-I. HAGNER, 14-28, 739-740; B.M. MEIZGER, Tatual Commentary, K. Al—Q4D, $nops& ofthe Four G0QeG, 269-270.
269
269
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In contrast, die embedded dialogue develops a parallel series of verbal
272
272
269
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acts, as shown below*:
A. The Son ofMan will come tojudge allpeoples.
1. He will come.
a.
b. All the angels will escort him.
c. He will take his seat on his glorious throne.
d. All nations will assemble before him.
2. He willjudge allpeoples.	
	He yiJl 
a. intQ
b. He will put one group to the right.
c. He will put another to the
B. me Eng 	announce verdict.
I. He will Gsuejudgment on thejwt.
a. 	king will 	those on the right about their reward.
will question the king about their
c. The king will explain his reason.
2. He will issuejudgment on the accursed.
a. The king will 	those on the left Oout their
b. The Ecursed will question the king about their «seeinp».
c. The king will explain his reason.
C Allpeopks will receive their reconp-ejue
1. "1%e accursed will go to 	punishmmt.
2. The 	will go to Orirrewarct
Physical act: description of the scene Physical happening Physical act Physical hawening: summons Of defendants
Physical act: judgrnent Physical act
Physical act
Verbal act: veldict, saltencing and
Verbal act: request for clarification (refiltation) Verbal act'. of
Verbal act: verdict, sentencing and indictment Verbal act: refutation
Verbal act: explanation of
Hysical act'. punishment
Physical act: reward
Remarkably, the three segnents are all exclusively physical verbal actions. There is no mention at all of any mental, emotional or sensory acts29. The element of surprise by riø)teous and the accursed, adjudged as key to this episode's interpretation30, is never explicitly stated.
 italicized are sunmlry evaluations by this author.The 
events 
are 
kertrls,• 
	D.F. TOI.ME, Marralolov andBiblical 	65.
A. Fumaplli a change Of this to Segreto comiders traditional titles r&rring to jOneat or universal judgnent» as
This analysis also shows the importance of the dialogue which is allotted the central position and given extended narrative space. Nevertheless, the Qisode remains findamentally a judgment scene".
The entire episode is proleptic in character and events are narrated consistently in the mture tense. By contrast, Ole characters' speech is generally in past tenses, mainlythe aorist, indicating that die incidents they refer to are all irremediable events. ms makes the few occurrences of vabs in proent mse
	u•uly sund out; 	(2532); 	(v- 41); and 	in
(2x; vv. 40.45). The implied author's creative play on verb tenses will be explained below".
Finally, die predominant Christological figures are the Son of Man and the king who take the protagonists' roles in die judgment scenes and dialogue, respectively. Interestingly, die shoherd image is limited to the parable (vv. 32-33) inserted in die judgment scene. Its significant location however in a kernel event indicates its importance, especially as it is associated with the key act of judgment: sqaration (åwReL in v. 32).
	«un chiaro 	al decisivo 	dena smpreu». She concludes:
elemento findamentale la Ficopc un tit010 la dovrcbbe pi chiaranxnte A. FUMAO:ALLI, Gesü crocifisso, 235-236.
Truditimally this episode has ben considered n Summary pamble shaped to be the cox:lusion not only of the ewhatological discotgse but of the entire GogFl; see I-H. JONES, A&fthun Parables, 226. However, directn—s of its imagery is non-parabolic and its statements are unambiguous and forthright; gee COPE, «Tbe Sh%p and the Goats Reintepre:tcå», 34-35. rt is neither an apcralyptic revelation discourse it vision (pæe J. LAMBRECYT, Out of Ike Treasure, 275) a judgrnent parenesis since it not even directly auress the rea&rs; see U. LUZ, Maähew 21-28, 264. Instead it is a judgment scene &picting juridical procese•. indictarrnt, the separation of the guilw from righteous finally the execution Of the sentence (Joel 3.1-3; Dan 7.7-27; I Enoch 62-63; 90.20-39; 4Eza 7,314 2Bar 72-74); W. 491; R. SCHNÅCKENBURG. Gospel of
Matthew, 255; D.J. HARRINGTON, Gospel ofMatthew, 357. In this the scene is prolonged by two major judgnrnt dialogues which in often part of ofjudgnrnt; 
U 21-2' 264. See pages 306-309.
22.2 Plot
The plot of the episode generally 6110ws the flow of a judgment scene with a number of surprising twists". of certain elements and 
Of c*hers reveal the intent:iMxs Of the implied arrival Of the Son Of Man in the coening verse (25,31a) serves as tir
 His coming fulfills previous expectations (16,27; 19,28; 24,30) brings to the episode a sense of finality. The scene's impcrtance is ftrther hi*llighted by the of divine glory (66E& (2xl in 25.31; cf. 16,27) especially with the innumerable ugelic attendants. Despite this, die focus remains on the Son of Man (cf. 66<0 &wd0L g#VQQ). The inciting moment takes place üle moment he sits on the throne (v. 31b). This act unleashes the complication seat is epåvx and his act begins the juridical
process. Interestingly, there is neither a speech Of the plaintiff nor an appeal witnesses. Perhaps ülis may be because the judge and the plaintiff are one and the countl& angels, Who are already described to be on the judge's si&, serve as witnesses. lye complication continues with the summons of the defendants who,
in this 	who are 	by divine directive
The act of sqaration (25,32b) interrupts die regular flow of the juridical process since the act ofjudgment is enacted without the benefit Of indÉtment- This transforming action mani&sts the omnipotence and otmiscience
Of the Son Of Man as judge. All Of humanity is under his jurisdiction and his of each individual is as diorougbly discerning as that of an expert shepherd34 The grouping to two distinct sides flows naturally from this implicit
Key to 	of plot is 	of 	eletnene of a covene lawmait thrir 	a) 	of 	ofjeEnt:; b) 	Oftrr plaintiff; c) 	to Of &famdant; e) 	indictmnt or accuation,• g) refintim; h) vadi«; i) 	H.B. HUFFMON, (Covenant Lawn:it in pr*B», 285-286.
tense of stan& in the mi&t Of verbs prevalady in fixture tense. This habitual Of eparating» and goat' as a customary task of
The climar (25.34) is by a change ofpetsona (6 Äidx; in v. 34) and the shift from physical events to verbal ones. The king's sentence on die just makes explicitly clær the meaning of his previous action (v. 32b). By immediately announcing sentence, even pricr to the indictment, remation and verdict, the implied author indicates that revealing the result of the judgment is not its primary goal. Instead, his primary message is contained in what can be considered anticlimactic3S. nie king's detailed explanation of his rasons (indictrnent in w. 35-36) and the bewildered repetition ofthese by the just (refttation in vv. 37-39) together constitute this anti-climax. Finally, king resolves the tension by pronouncing his verdict which as the dénouement (v. 40).
This qcle of climax, anti-climax and dénouement is repeated in a diametic and abbreviated form in the judgment of the accursed (w, 41.42-44.45).
The last verse gives the final situation as the accursed are given their punishment and the just their reward.
The plot of events is shown below:
	
	
	The Son of MYA 
	come in glory,
All the angels will escort him.
	Inciting rmment/	He will take his sæt on his glorious throzE.
	
	will 
	into two groups.
		All nations will assemble t%fire him.
	
		He wi Il put one youp to the	
He wili put another to the left.
Tie king will 	those on	ne king will address those On the right about th eir reward-	tiE left about their punishment.
	Anti-Clinux
	The upright question the ne accursed wil I question the king about their «seeing». king about their (Geeing».
ne king will explain his reason. The king will explain his reason.
	Final situation
	rbe accursed will go to their punishment. The upright will go to their reward.
shepherds; see E. DE WITT BURTON, øfthe *Gods Tenses, 8-9; also D.B. WALLACE, Greek Grmrnæ•, 52 i -522.
(CAnti-climax» is a non—hogatory term even if it onen denotes writer's from seriouu and elevated to the triviul aud lowly in to achieve a comic or satiric see M.H. ABRAMS — GG. HARpAM, Glossary ofLiterary Terms, 21. Here concept is applied to underscore the pmtracted drop in tension after the disclosure of the climax. In this episode, it is the anti-climax which is ultimately
2-2.3 Deq Structure ofEvents
This episode is charwterized by numerous cotmsts, repeated parallelisms and significant chiasms. The opposites Üe evident on various levels: locations, the type Of and characters. There are the just who are likened to shæp and are located at die ri$it-hand side. In contrast, the accursed that are likened to goats are set on the left. On the level of events, positive action of one group is contrasted with the glaring omission of the other. Consequently, åe verdict
Kitpovqßpate» (25334) is paralleled (v. 41) and their reward and punishment are just as disparate (vv. 34.41 and v. 46). Finally, the characters cormsted are not only 01 with 01 KatrpqÆVOL or sheep/ülose on the right» and «the goats/those On the left», but also üle exalted Son of Man and powerftl king with the lowly and powaless It is this last which is the most sißlificaut contrast of characters, since the moral is conveyed by surprising identification of one with the other!
The chiastic structures are also loaded with meaning. In both central dialogu% (25,344.41-45) the king begins and concludes the dialogue, wiå the interlocutor (de just/the accursed) intervening in between. In both instances, it is the king who has the last word. Similarly, v. 46 is the second half of a chiasm started in 25.34. The frcalized owect since urn is OL / (vv. 3440) shifting to the KCtt—voL in v. 41. Verse 46 inverses the trend putting åe accursed first and closing with oi 6CKCLOL (v. 46b) A similar chiastic closure can be made for v. 33 and v. 46.
The underlying logic connecting diese cormsts, parallelisms and chiasms is aptly expressed near the end Of the central dialogues: .1 0b 6L%0VTWv
(v. 44). The works enumerated are not simply a list of Jewish deeds of mercy. are concrete expressions of the 6'CKovLc Jesus tauÖt and exemplified (20,26-28; 11,2 cf. also 9,13; 12,7). Those who per%rm works of are juW not only because they do work Of Jesus and like him. are likewise blessed because the öLaKovla. done to the little
one — with whomJesus identifies the most (18,5) — is applied by the volition of
Jesus as done to himself6.
of
mercy;
to 
Co
fire
pmishnrnt
2.3 Characters
The anakysis below is limited to the intra-narrative or anbedded characters.
 Jesus 	a chu•acter in the story level, he fiJnctions as 	intraurrative urrüir of the judpafl scene below. Consequently, his role will be
 Of as a character.as 
a 
23.1 Son ofMÜ%ing
a) Son of Man
ne Son of Man is the main protagonist of judicial scene. His character is presened by means of his actions and appearance and by aut.orial interpretation.
fie coming (25,31) of the Son of Man has long been awaited and fulfills previous expectations (1627; 19.28; His in glory (kv
in 25,31) is not unexpected (24,30) and associates him with the Father
This and bis heavenly retinue give his arrival a celestial splendor and a divine stamp. The preser»e of the entire heavenly host (Tlåvteq OL &yy€X0L in 25,31)
TIE and rcF-ated Of gingiar pason singular (OOL/0e) in the ofthe king and his interlocutors, rarctively, makes clear that it is éLaxov[a ren&red to the insignificant am» which is applied by Jesus as done to hiruelf.
	ROBINSON, ceparable" of the 	and åe Goats», 227; J.P. MEIER, 	302.
J.P. HEIL «Find pu•ables in G. TBERA, Universalism, 268-20.
reflect his royal state and universal power. These qualities affrm the unique importance of the occasion. Despite this huge throng, however, ffe Son ofMan is not forgotten by the implied rader since the focus remains always with him. Both die glory and all the angels are only in relation to him (abtoü in v. 31).
	The 	significance of his act of sitting is disclosed by where he sits: 
ep6vov (25,31) In Matthew's story, previous mention of thrones were always associated with divine *sty and power (5.34; 23.22) and, in the Case Of the Son ofMan, wiå judgnent figure ofthe Sm ofMan as the all powerfiil and universal judge continues to be as Other elements Of a judicial scene unfold: the Sununons Of entire humanity (7&vta E9v•q in v. 32) ;and its (vv. 32b-33P. His æt Of judgment in v. 32b)41 is swift and decisive and discerning42. Surprisingly all Other elements Of the juridical procedure are synthesized temporally in this act of sqaration which is explained by auülæ•ial interpretaåon43.
	also finds 	in pr&ayal of YHWH as jLxlge Eining on B 	indicting Israel
(Jer 17,12)•. see G. TISER& Universalism, 269. This activity ofjudgment also links the images Of Son ofMan and king in this episode de Fits de l'Homu, scloz Matthieu, est avant toot le Judge; liactivité judiciare est la principde des Rois (cf. 1 Sam 8,6)»; see J..C. "-GELAE*E, du demiem. 31; W. TRILL-NO, Gospel -4ccor&g to Matthew. 445; sr. Matthew. n, 842.
	D. Sim 	clear dmilerity betwen 	Sm of 	and åat 	in 1 Enoch:
Qt_lnone belongs to God, IEnoch 47,3•, 	SMI ofMu Siting upon the throne, 62,5; 6627.29; Son of Man as a 	agent Of 	45,3»•, Re D.C. Sm. Apocal»tic &chatoloo, i. 16—123 	119.
	J.C. D-OEL*ERE, "La 	erni«h, 26.
	42 TIE 	by 	puable (25,32b-33) ig not
Of Man will be like a öqherd who proc—4 with Axe E.W. «Wb0 re the Sheo Goü», 288-289. Instead, «the pint ofü%e v5*e ig the ase Of recognition swifrlegs of separaüoa. Matthew ig comparing the Son of Man's ability to know with the Of n shqhgrd can &tect the between a and a goat»•. S.W. GRAY, of
My Brothen, 352-353; DE. 	Mat*hew, 242; RT. FR"CE, Matthew, 356; U. 21-28.276-
Authorial interpr«ation 	to indirect method Of presating a 	by «telling» something regarding the character's background, motives, values, virtues and the like; see J. BURROWAY — E. STUCKEY-FRENCH, W*itirv Fictk'h. 137-138. 	it refers to the simile an åe shepherd (v. 32b) which channels the meaning Of 	(v. 32B). This simile 	with in v. 33 ccomtitwnt 	élérxnt rmrabolique»; p. BCNNARD, L 'évangile selon &rint Ethieu. 365. The innge of 	his flock as a «theme Dieu-Berger et courult dans PAT, 	le juda%me 	est uniqur parmi les jugetxnt»•, D. 	I%ungile 	490491.
nle simile (&T€p in v. 32b) used" invlicitly recognizes the sensory ficulty used by shepherd in his task Of separation — sight. obvious visual between sheq and goats mcilitates his task and ensures correct results45. His action Of separating, and judgment this entails, is habitual in v. 32b)". The stress on the faculw Of sight links the shepherd ironically in the failure of perception (elöql€v) by both the just (vv. 37.38.39) and the accursed (v. 44) who are either commended or condemned. Finally, implied reader associates the image Of the shepherd with Other so fir in Matthew's story, particularly as this is related to aco of mercy and compassion
(9,36; 15,28).
ne metaphor of sheq and goats links the next act of üle Son ofMan to the previous simile and seems to connote implicit of tre value of Ole positions: riÜ1t and left. In all this activity, focus is fixed on the Son of Man: the throne is his (aå-tou in v. 31); humanity is gaffrered before him @ap000ev abt00 in v. 32); it is he who sqarates (#0piceL in v. 32b) and assigns stations in v. 33)47. This concern for the person Of the Son Of Man prepare implied reader to accept his caltral role in the commendation (v. 35) and
44 Formal similes are rue the NT, and in 	tht»e using by a single word occu only tkzee tirnÄ (13,43 ; 17.2; 283). Here simile tie Son of Man to a *Etd; see LH , JONES, b%ttkeam Parables, 251-252.
J. «die Schae Bind die wervollern Tiere; znæht weiße Farbe sie Symbol Gerechte:n»•. see J. Die GleichnLsse Jesu, 2W206. But is not since in ancient Jewish literature (cheep goats arc never as ul€tbetic on Hebrew poet-y both she%) goae, as oecies, have overwhelmingly pNitiVe as indiqenslble nxmbas of an economic unit»; see K WEBER, •dange of Shæp and Goats», 670-673. S.W. Gray correctly concludes «why the sheep represent the just and the goats unjust miss nzin thnxt of tiE vase»; S.W. GRAY, Least ofMy Brothers. 352-353.
46 For present tense as ±noting general truth action, M W. GOODWIN. Greek Grammar, 51291 , 276. J. Jeremias believes this is reflected in the practice of Palestinian shepherds who separated their mixed nocks in the evenings; J. JEREMIAS, Parables ofJesus, 142-143; R.H. GUNDRY, Matthew. A Commentary On His Literary and Theological 512; J.P. HEIL, «Double Meaning», 6 note 6; cf. G. DALMAN, VI, 99.
 K. Wen—t shows how «epea&d s&larly quotation caused this r.ort of a temporary 	to beco:nE a general custom Of Palestinian shepherds»; U. LUZ, Matthew
21-28. 276-277 note 120; Cf. K- WENOsr. «Wie aus Böcken Zicgcn horizontal dirrEnsion a.sscxiated wiål the expression «San ofMan» it for this Etting ratirr than title aon Of which would have seessed mom relaäonship ofJesus to the Fat-ha; U. LUZ. Oon ofMan in Matthew», 17-18.
269
272
	cc 	-
	cc 	-
- 	: s: 	cc 	- 
indictment (w. 42-43) which follow. Remarkably all ülis takes place not one word spokal! This highliÖts the transcendence of the Son of Man and the authority ofhisjudgnent which is not disputed
b) King
ne transition from the Son of Man to the King is almost seamless. In åct, the shift from die previous judicial scene to the dialogues which follow is bro* about by means of the connective particle t6tE which indicates temporal
	The characterintion of the king is shaped mainly by his speech 	in
25,34.40.41.45) and, in two instances, his interlocutor's addr—s (vv- 37.44). The
 @cÜte"...) in v. 34; in v. 41) are consonant with his portrayal as an king ruling over his subjects whom he addresses as a group. Most srikingly, he spea.ks the language of Jesus whose vocabulary and message he shares!
Word used by the King	and 	by Jesus
4,19•, 11,282534
	25.34	7,21; 10,32.33; 11,27; 12,50; 15,13; 16,17; 18.10.19.35;
20,23; 263939.4253
	25,34	4,17; s,3.1m19.20; 6,10.33; 7,21; 8,11.12; 9,35; 10.7;
	
	11,11.12; 12.25-2628;
13,11.19.24.31.33.38.41.4344.47.52; 16, 19-28;
18.3.4.23; 19,1214.23.24; 20,1•, 2131.43;		
24,7.14; 25,1.34; 2629
	
		 25,40.45
	96* in MAthew's story; mostly by Jesus
12.4849; 25.40; 28.10
	
	25,40	25,12.40.45; 26,13.21.34
25,40.45 cidvuovr 25,41	5,22; 7,19; 13,40.42.50; 18,8.9
48 The 	åther» isby 	other 	only in 	iMtance (8,21).
49 In 53 occurerwes, 	is used in Jesus' spæh 48x. The only exceptioru are; 3,2 (John Baptist); 4,823 (narrator); 18,1 (diæipl—); 20.21 (nwttrr ofb:bedæ brotha•s).
Pet« is only other pasca to Ue this phrag in 18.21.
Inta•atingly, the Only Other Of this word is in reference to Bethlehem as the of the king (2,6).
Exeot mr 17,15, 	in Matthew always has a meaning. 	word can also be in qeech OfJohn the Baptist (3 ,10.11.12) and the of the young paralytic (17,14).
281
- 	: s: 	cc 	-
- 
: 
s: 
cc 
-
- 	: s: 	cc 	- 
Worå used by the King
6Låßoi0<" 25,41
 25,41
Word used by the King
 25 ,40.45
25,40.45
and also by Jesus (cont.)
13,39
13,39.41.49•, 16,27; 18.10; 22,30; 2431.36; 25,31
and aclwively by Jesus 13,35	
5,18.26; 6,26.16•, 8,10; 10,15.23.42; 11,11; 13,17•, 16.28;
17,20•, 18,3.13.18.19; 19,23.28; 21,21.31; 23,36;
24,2.34.47;
9,15
The themes of just reward (Matt. 5,12.46; 6,1.2.5.16; 10,41.42; 2u1.8) üld punishment (7,13; 11,20-24; 12,33-37; 13.30.42.50; 18,54; 21,41.43; 23,35-36), entnnce into the kingdom (5,20; 6,10; 7,21; 8,11.12; 18.13; 19,23; 23,13), «doing», especially God's will (6,10; 7,21; 12,50; 21.31; cf. also 26,39.42) and predilection for the little ones (10,42; 18.5-7; 19,13-15) are all themes present in Jesus' previous proclamation and ministry. There can be little doubt in the mind of the implied reader that it is Jesus who is speaking through tre king.
This portrayal Of Jesus as king is no lonF novel since the implied ruder remembers his regal designation at birdl (2,2) and the portayal Of his entrance into Jerusalem It associates him with Israel's historical kings who were mandated by God to be concerned for the and die marginalized in the land (Isa 10,1; Ezek 34.4; Ps Eventually, this also prepares for his coming passbn when the king himself will be judged (27,11) and mocked (vv.
29.37.42)". For now, this doiction effectively contrasts him with least» and prepares the way for his epiphany in them"
Other than Jesus, only narrator uses this word (4. I .5.8.11).
In the fillowing verses, the phrase éöv {Viv» is used by (dens—figures»: 25,12 25,40.45 (king). In two instances the phrase is (5.2; 26,34).
J.P. HEIL, e&inal Parables in tir Eætntoloøal Discourg», 202; J.C INGELAERE, "La du jugenEfl demier», 30. U. Luz contads that kingly hae still nnprising given die åct the cin-tiox (2.2; 21.5; 27,1142) are not æchatological in CCntext. Moreover, in the kirWom parable, it is — mt Jzw — who is tle king (1823; 22,2.7.11.13);
	U. LUZ. Marthew 21-28, 266 	21.
	% J. R. DONAHUE, narable" Of the 	and the Goats», 21-22
W. Matthew and rhe 494; L SABOURIN. St. Matthew, Il, 842 U. LUZ. «Final Judgmeut», 298; also X. 168.
282
His detailed listing of dre deeds of the just (25,35-36) befrays his omniscience and confirrns his observation as reliable". The aorist tense of the verbs identi$' the acts as mlfilled and irremediable60. The repeated word order «verb in first person — — second verb + gm/p€» keeps the attention R»cused on the king. It also reveals the filter with which to interpret this listing not only as a record of good deeds but as one done 4<to him»[footnoteRef:6] . [6: Dialogue is not simply transcribed but (distillat speæh». The strew the per"i Of king reveals the ermtiona_l undercurrent with which to intapret say, J. — E. STUCKEY-PRENCH, Writing Fiction, 88.92-93.
	D. MAROUERAT, Lejugcment 	I •Éwmgile *Etthieu. 501.] 
The king's lose status is ruognized by the just as they call him K6pce (25,37) and acknowledge him specifically (attc@in v. 378). Their cry links the king to the maste•s Of the three previous (24,45-51; 25,1-13.14-30) and ülemselves to the åiåftl servants there6Z. Their own near verbatim repetition of the king's account of their deeds (w. 37b-39) is a testimony to ü'e authoriv of his word.
His favorable verdict on their behalf is announced in words associated wiül Jesus' Similarly, its message regarding the rendered to the insignificant one» has been enunciated in Jesus' previous discourses as well (cf. 10,37-39.40-41.42; 12,30; 19,29).
On the band, his address to accursed betrays his own evaluation Of them. His abbreviation of their fist of failures 25.43) may imply his withdrawal of a&ntion from üzem. ne omission of töv å&X$Ov (v. 45; cf.
25.40) reflects his perception of their misded. Although they address him as (v. 44), eris rings hollow (cf. 1,21; 25,11-12) is confirmed by the om_ission reference to ffe king (v. 44a; cf. in v. 37a).
2.32 Angels
The angels serve as foils who highliÖt the majesty of the Son ofMan (25,31).
Their immalse mamber (Tåvt€c) underscores the importance of ffe mornart
J. «tnd to a character who see J. BURROWAY —E. STUCKEY-FRENCH. Fiction. 94.a 
The Lorist taße 'iMiintes actial «invly posited» as M. ZERWEX, Biblical Greek 5242.78.
without dislodging attention from him cÖtoü in v. 31b). AlthouÖ their presence is not unexpected (16,27; 24,31), surprisingly they have no role in the judgment (cf. 13,39.41) unless perhaps that of being witnesses63. Their inactivity fin-ther emphasizes the omnipotence of the Son of Man as judge. Ultimately, their pairing with him is contasted with that of albeit fir lesser, dyad: 
	OL 	ab•toü (15,41).
2-3.3 All Nations
The uniqueness of the occasion must be taken into consideration in identifring
Tåv-ca This judgment scene cannot simply be put on the same
63 this judicial not contain any In ancient Courts, witneues were that judge would not alter his decision at a later time; see KB. HUFFMON, Covenant Lawsuit in the Prophets», 293. This lacuna may point to the credü'ility and tence of plaintiff who also acts as
Historical critics consid« Måvta tevq a cru interpretum of this episode. While imprta.nt, from a narrative point Of view, they are the protagonist (Son of Marv%ing) nor centml nrsgage of this passage which is about diabnia for the least; L. COPE, and the Goats Reinterpreted», 36-37. Consequently, this explanation is being done here in the footnote rather than in the main text.
	nnse who 	exclusive nraning of Tåvta 	equaäng it with all the Gentiles
"Qport a view consistent with the LXX use Of E9vos to refer to all FOples other than Israel; see D.R.A. HARE - IN. D"ciples of all the Gentiles», 361-363; J.C. INGELAERE, "parabole" du jugcment dernier», 35-37; O.J. HARRINGTON. Gospel ofMatthew. 356-358; ORA. HARE, Matthew, 289-291; DE GARLAND, Reading Matthew, 242-243. This in fret may be for instances of & word in Matåew (4,1S; 6,32; 10,5; 12, 18.21; 18,17; 20, 19). However, this tuy not be in the following cases: in 24.7 it refer to the Jewish people; clearly in 21,43 is not some plitica] unit Or national state. but the new people of God, the community of Jests (cf. see J .P. MEIER, «Nations or Gentiles», 38-39. In two instances (10, 18; 20,25), it may include not just Gentiles but all who do mt form part of Jesus' wmcnunity. These variances of araning given to tevo: manifest Matthew's creative use Of the word and the restrictive and antithetic senses onen associated with it may be the result more ofthe context rather than the very word itself; See A. FEUILLET, «Le car-actere universel du j*ment», 183; G. TBERA, Universalism. 273-274. This is particularly true in the construction u&vta (24,9.14; 25.32; 28.19) where the Or contexts necessitate a tmiversal understanding Of term; W. TRH-LNG, Da Wahre Israel. 26-28; J.P. MEIER, Matthew, 304. As K. Weber notes, to understand «nåvta ZOvn in 25,32 as less than universal in scope ig to vitiate a key christological motifS», the Son Of Man's full authori ty (28, 18); see K. WEBER, Of Sheep and Goats», 676. In the context Of the universal nature of æevn in 25,32 refas to entire hamanity, not just Gentiles; sw P. B(NNARD, L 'évangile selon Saint Matthieu, 365-366; A. STOCK, The Method and Message of Matthew, 387; W. TRILLING. Gospel According to Matthew, 457; D.C. SIM. Apocalypric Eschatology. 126; E. aJVILLIER, «Chronique VI". 576-579; DO. VIA, Responsbility», 91 ; DR. on Earth», 30, JR Gooe,' in Parable 112; FUMAGALLI, Gesi
284level with all üle other sequences which prepared for it (16,27; 19,28; 24.29-30), For now, what was promised is ftlfilled. The universal context of the moment is
already hinted at by presence Of 01 (25.31b). stark contrast which characterizes the judgment dialogues (vv. 34-45) leavs no room a middle ground and suggæts such finality which is universally inclusive. In this coMext, ZOvq can only indicate entire humanity. nis Shift Of meaning for is supported by a similar change of metaphorical meaning (w. 32.33). Here it does not only to the House Of Israel (cf. 10,6;
15,24) but the just (w. 37.46) regardless Ofracial boundaries.
ne foreseen gathering of all pecples (ouvax9iaovtaL)65 in 25,32 links this episode to mother assembly of Jesus' disciples where they are commissioned rope*évtec; oöv révva (28,19). The convergence in Galilee
fillfills Ole messianic promise of gathering stray (Ezek 34,12.16) and amrms Jesus' role as shepherd (Matt 26.32; 28,16). In turn, assemblage Of the disciples on the finds its fillfflment in this final gathering of entire humanity before the Son of Man who judges like a (25,32b-33).
2.3.4 Those on His
This goup is characterized initially by spatial setting: åey are the right Of the king (6<uJv utrtou in 25,34). The rig•t side position may imply utility (5,29.30), power (22,44; 26,64; 27,29) and activity (63) but here its distinction
crocißso, 177; B. CHARErE. Thane of Recompense. i 56; J.P. HELL «TIE Double Meaninm 5 note 4; R. SCHNACKENBURG, Gospel of Matthew, 258. Tlry include the Jews since «it appears t_h-0Æ rcgpcmsible for the Savior's death could be absent on the great day of his see SABOUREN, St. Matthew. u, 844. also include the members ofthe churchThree previou l:mjor discours% the Ofjuigrmt which included the church (7.21-27; 18.23-35): see U. LUZ, Judgment», 294-295. For a detailed explanation Of this iMcrvaation, G, TEEM. 212—275; U. LUZ, bhtthew 21-28, 267-274.
G. Tisaa correctly note: «the pusive does not imply that God is agent Rather Son Of Man himself is the who G. TiSERA, Univa•salism, 270-271. The verb is a technical term Of (13,47; 22,10) drawn from the shepherd inEgay•. see JAT. ROBINSON, «"Parab1e" of the and the Goats», 230-231; WD. DAVIES — D.C. ALUSON, Uatthew. 422-423.424'. L SABOURIN, st Uauhew, 841; J. GNILXA, Das Il, 542-546; D. MARGUERAT, Le Jugement I•Év.ile Meieu. 506.
from die len is not clear beyond obvious opposite location (cf- also 20,21; 27,38). More importantly, they are on his right, i.e. their location is in reference the king (cf. 25,41).
They are chuacterized by the king's speech who calls them 0t TOO tratp&; gou (v. 34). By this the implied author associates them with Jesus himself (cf. eÖXOYTßvoc; 21,9). The epithet toi natp6G gou may imply the reason for their being considered blessed. They have performed åe Father's will and are now considered his Own (7,21; 12,50; 18, 10; also 26,42.53). In fact, the deeds credited to Gem are those experialced, accomplished and by Jesus first and
Applicable toto 
Jesus
15.36; 
26.26
25,3512,1
14.19; 15,36
1042
10, 11. 14•; 10,40
25,36
• neers to instancg wherein the opposite hqpens.
Having done these deeds for the benefit Of the insignificant ones, «the blessed ones» are identified like Jesus in name as well as in åct•
For this narrator bestows on them the hiÖest compliment and calls diem «ol 6tKCLOL» (vv. 37.46), the way Jesus was described (3,15; 27, 19). This label becomes more astounding when implied reader realizes that the inranarrative narrator is Jesus himself! They acknowledge üle king's exalted status and address
X, tends to the Same conclusion when eda actividad Jesus ptEde enten&rse medio de realizac.iön de la misericordia moiånica. En relaci6n con ella esti 10 que sxxlrfa llamarse misericodia ética de disclpulos, Eflejada en 25,3146»; see X- PIKAZA, Hermanos de Jesir, 365-373.
him as (v. 37). They also manifot that they understand the king's commendation by thrice rferring to him (oe in w. 37b38.39) in an anphatic Way. neir Surprise is mt related to the deeds commendedper se but that they are commended for having done this to him. Three times Oley refer to their faculty of sight (€töcvv in vv. 37b.38.39)67 as being at the root of their surprise. What differentiates from accursed is not percqtion but action. •n:ley do the deeds ofJesus and are transformed and acknowledged for it.
Finally ffey are rewarded in a way befitting ü•ue disciples (25,46; cf. 7,14;
18,8.9; 19,16-17.19).
2.3.5 Ibse on the Len
spatial location the lea side is not necessarily pejorative (cf. 20,21-23;
It does, however, express judgment in as much as a distinction has already t*en place.
dialogue witl those on tie leit stands out as being impersonal. The king is longer mentioned explicitly (w. 41.45; cf 34.40) nor does be refer to reference to himself (v: 41; cf. cåt00 in v. 34). His opening command
(25.41) stands in stark contrast to 	(v. 34) and commences the string of
Iheir r*ction is by (v. 41) which is appropriate considering their negligence (d 1033). They are labeled (25,41), the implications ofwhich are clear from the punishment they
6' The of the «eye8, eeingJnOt seing and being blind» Are prominent in Matthew'S the eyes are zebowledged as Ocigive &culties of (5.29; 18.9; 20,33), omen to (622.23; 7,3-S; 13,15-i6; 20, 15).
goa t_ryorul nEre liability (9,27f; 12.22; 20.30) am' onen point to virittn.l (IS,14; 23,16.17.1924.26). Consequently, the r%toration Of sight is one linked a•zsianic clairß (l I,S; 15,30-31•, 21.14).
	However, 	in Manhew the (deft bide» is never 	Of
(20,21.23; 25.33.41; 27.38) 	hint at 	subordinate status (cf. $39.30; 22.4926% 27,29). Nevertrwl—8, evil nid iniquity are not 	with 	«on left».
This is only instance word appears in Matthew's stow and it may apNia.11y since adjective not wanting to servants:
(18.32; 25.26); Kax€ (24.48); 	(25.26); 	0b*iou81y, it 	choæn an
281
281
	: s: 	cc 	- 
- 
: 
s: 
cc 
-
- 
: 
s: 
cc 
-
 indictment against them (25,42-43) is almost a verbatim repetition Of the commendation of the blessed. Two things however stand out. The five-fold repetition of the negative particle rhythmically seals their fite. The abbreviation of the final two accusations allows for less narration time signaling their diminiåed 70
Significantly, the narrator refers to them simply as (25,44; cf. v. 37) and accords them no special attention apropos of their own negligence. Their speech justifies their sentence as they Call out (25,44) but bear no fruit (cf.
neir remarkably refutation (v. 44) fittingly deprives them extended narrative attention. Like tre just, they too are surprised at their fiilure in perception Ironically, fl•ey condemn themselves with their 00
6LTpcov#i4Lkv OOL (V. 44).
2.3.6 <One of These My Brothets, Least»
The identity of «the least» must be discerned primarily widlin the text of die judicial scene72. Contrasted with (v. 34), åe two occurrences of
om,site for 01 	(v. 34). 	*verity oftheir 	however is similar (cf. 18.34; 2451; 2530.46).
This allows negadve to usd only five tinrs which is a Mat-Oran five loaves (14,17.19; 169); five (14,21); five w«iding attendane (252); five talents (25 , IS. 16.20); five nujor discourses.
Their cry also signal «the eschatological Of the truth by all»; se W.D. DA-vrs- D.C. ALLISON, Matthew. 111.431.
The (25,40.45) is intapretum Of Generally, the interpretations fill along the lines: a) the least is identified with the Christian disciple; b) or a nigsionary; c) the least corresponcb to those marginalizzd in society. who inteQret the to mæn any discipk frcus on the wor& gov (25,40). The word is frequeady uæd to re&r to dißiples (5,22-24.47•, 7.3-5; 18.15-21.35;
23.8; 28, 10) and is also known to be used Ofmembers of the same group (in Qumran; I QS 5.24; 6, l; CD 6.20m; see J.-C. INGELAERE, "La "parabole" du jugement dernier». 51-52.60; also
J. WNANDY, «L.a scene du Jugement Demie:r» 181-183; L COPE, «The Sheep and the Goats Reinterpreted», 39-40; R.r. FRANCE. Matthew, 351-358; B. CHARETTE, Theme of Reconpense.157; RAH. GUNDRY. Matthew. a Church. 189; H.
Mitthäas. Kommottcv. ll. 428. associate tOv (25,40.45) with the BLxpck in 10,42 and categorize the deeds for which the just are as acts raldered to Christian missionaries; see J.R. DONAHUE, «The "Parable" of the Sheep and the Goats»; E. CUVLLIER, 'Chr•mlique Matthéennc VI», 577; U. LUZ. •«Fiml Judgnent»» 302-306; J. LAMBRECHT. Oarousia Discourse». 335-337; 25-28; J.R. MK:HAELS, «Apostolic Hardships», 30-37; E.W. Paw, «Who are She. and Goats», 444-448. However, these psitions ue flawed since
«cöv (25,40.45) serve as closures. They mark the division (v. 40) and the boundary (v. 45) of judicial dialogues, respectively. More importantly, this stark cont-ast between the king and the least explains ttr great surprise ofboff just and the accursedn . The narrative referent, of «töv äzx[otwv» (25,40) is (w. 34.40) and not «töv BLKpöv» (10,42).
An analysis of the deeds listed in tie king's commendation of the just (vv. 3536) and the indictnent of ffe (vv. 42-43) supports this conclusion. Altxmgh some of åe acts may to die disciples, fir mor actually to Jesus himself'4. implied author identifies these experiencæ as Jaus' own in his minisüy (4,2; 8,14.17.20; 9,25; 14,19•, 1536; 21,18; 26*6.27) and during his passion (26,57; 27,2830. kast, not so much with dißipies or the PLKp6G (10,42) but wiül Like Child, the least are characteriæd by their state Of and being Üeated as 
J—us id<lüfi— himself them" , considers them å&l$ot got) (25,40; cf and all to so"
the intapretadon of is Fin-arily outside iB 23.31-4. its 	Moreover, as DO. Via 10,40-42 and 2531-46 tre:re is a significant whom they care 6r dicpln, a sitwtim 8igni6antly from 10.42; DO. VLA. .Ethic.l Responsibllity», 92. The Jaliah (7%) model does not apply; J.R. M
Hardships», 30-37; DR CATCHPOLE, «Poor on Earthh, 392-396; D.H. HAGNER. Matthew 14-28, 745. third qinion is in main text.
J. Meier correctly points out that what astounds the just is king's claim «that they did all this "to RE" Jesus has fully himself with the and outcast cvpr—sed- Jesu is God-with-us»•; see J .p. MEIER, b%tthew, 303-304. sec pp. 280-281.
0. Mi&l when «in the NT Jcsw says little ones" is mt the what about "chil&en••»•, O. MICHEL, 4LKp6s (håTTUV. &kdXLOTOS)», 657-659.
D. Marguerat expresses this well when he «le Christ prend frit et cau.% des homes privés de toute dignité social, dénués de tout qualification qw leur fragilité»; See D. MARGUERAT. Le Jugement dans l'Évangile de Matthieu, $10; also p. BCNNARD,L 'évmgile selon .%int Matthieu. 366-367; A. FEUILLET, «Le caractere chljuFmt», 183; J, GNUXA. Da Mat&m-ugelhma, Il, 548-549; GRIu.I, «Vangelo Matteo», 2359; J.P. «Final Par±les in the Discourse», 2N-205; A. FUMAGALLI, Gesi crocißsso, 196; S. GRINDHEIM. «lgnorance is Bliss», 328-329.
n to the &veloparnt Of Jesus the TaL6[cw in Chap. V, pp. 235-236 bove Lt is also inte•esting to note that n, ov» is used in reference to Bethletrm (2,6) which is asswiat«l with Jesus• birå.
 phrase «vöv U.cx[Otc.DV'» in construction åöewv gou is best considered an appositive genitiveso. The omission
th:erefore Of «tOv å6€X40v gou» in 25,45 is not simply a case ofabbreviation. The accursed have not shown brotherly care to begin with. Its exclusion signals to the implied reader their negligence. At the same time, it focuses attention on «the least» as a most improbable representative ofthe king81.
2.4
The details of setting are few but the tone they create for the story is crucial for its interpretation. This is no ordinary judicial scene. It is the long expected coming ofthe Son of Man for the final and universal judgmnt ofhumankind.
2.4. I Temporal Setting
Unlike åe story of Jesus which happens in time. this judicial scene is portrayed in monumental time82. Three re&rences to monumental time define unique importance of this judgment setting. Firstly, long awaited napotola of the Son of Man finally arrives (25,31). Expectation of this event has been kindled since the in Galilee (10,23; 13,41) and sustained in heiønened
anticipation throughout this fourå narrative block (16,27-28; 19>28), especially in
Besides 25,40, only ixtance the Jesus the phrase gou is in 12,48-49. in these vergs in 12.50) opens the term to anyone «who does the will Of Fatha•». In Mattixw's Story, God's will is paltimdarly evident in the love comnEnds (cf. 9, 13; 12.7; 22,38) made concrete in &cds of arrcy as those comrænded of the just.
	J.P. Heil B)int8 out: the accursed 	mewtive exFicnce adds an impRant
[ ] (vv. 4146) indicates that helping the lust 01B is a 	requirenrnt notjust an QEon»; J.P. HEIL «Firnl Parablæ in Eehatological 	201.
	TIE üamlation would thus be: «one 	my 	[one 00 ür læt»; BDF 5167, 92.
Seen from another pers#ctive, the 	of the lowly a-mi the marginalized rruy to die problem Of the geming absa.ce OfJesus in history, espæial,ly in the time Ofthe real reader.
Fumaplli answem the question «conE comprendere l•assenza di "Dio con nor nella storiat» with the last who are «la della sua p.rsena»; se A. FUMAGALIA, Geri crocnsso, 160.
n Mortal time to the «time in the Stm•y in which the characters live their lives». Monumental tinr, on the Other hand, is that «broad sweep of time that includes but also transcends history. It cannot be nzasured either by people in the rea.l world or by characters in a M.A. POWELL Narrative CriticLvm, 73-74; P. RICOEUR. Temps et récit. Il, 152-167.
281
272
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the apocalyptic discouse which is 	context of this sequence
(24,27.30.3739.44). His coming does not only fizlfill hopes but gives a sense of an ending and a tone of finality to the scene83
Two furtha refaences to monumental time pertain to die reward and the puni±ment meted out. The blessed are invited to inherit the kingdom prqar«i.
 K&JPOV» (25.34). Obviously this moment outside the personal exp<ience Of those It discloses the divine intentim• benefiting humankind from the very start. Conversely, extent conveyed by the modifier depicts a reward (v. 46) or punishment (w. 41.46) no end. It is true that (aldVLOV» When referring to eternal life or eternal fire may have more thanjust a qumütaüve meaning actually connote the quality Of the reward (19, 16.29) or Still, the endless temporal aspect is not excluded.
Illese references to monumental time abstract this final and universal judicial scene from the normal story world Of characters. Consequently, new filters Of may be needed common terms like: avoc (25,32), rp$cta (w. 32b.33), (v. 40) and (w. 40.45).
2.4.2 Spatial Setting
ne most discernable spatial indicators in fis episode are the modifiets
(25,33.34) and (vv. 33.41). They indicate the obvious distinction made by the act of separation, withott connoting ascendancy of one over the other (cf. 20,21.23; 27,38). Tie deliberate association of those on the right with the royal Son of Man (EK 6eKLöv tzbtoö in 25,33.34), in contrast widl those on the lea, leads the implied reader to conclude Olat the person of the Son of Mawking serves as a and importam is a similar phraæ in v. 32a: 4LTTP009CV ITévxa gathering of entire humanity
F. KERMODE, Serge oran Endng. 5-9.
u This is cleu in 18,8 which is set in to v. 9. The aLcåmov» in v. 8 is paired with too in the latter verse. The Valley Of Hinnotn, which was by inå_nt sacrifice (Lev 18,21), becanr a for and In åis irnnce «etÄÜJ fire» memt and endleg
before him may be an appropriate reflection of juridical proceeding when defrndants stand before the judge in court. However, the constant referral to the Son of Man in v. 31 is diffcult to miss (kv æbtob; get' ubtoö•, &krg abtoö) and gathering before him must likewise be interpreted as delineating ffe Son Of Man as a referent. The Son Of Man/king, is not only the main protagonist but he literally ftnctions as a boundary marker- He takes the central position to which all others are referred and against whom positions are allotted'S Spatial location Of episode is diffcult to determine. 
(25,31) as a prop, however, may indicate a celestial settingsince reference to thrones in Matü1ew'S story is always to God's throne (5,34; 23,22; also 19,28). ms is supported by the attribute of glory which almost always refers to divine majesty (16,27; 19,28; 2430).
Two however are clear. Firstly, the setting is otherworldly. This is can be gleaned likewise in the mention of the kingdom KCtaß01#; KGgou (2534) and the place of eternal Binishment (v. 46), 1b aiåvLOV (v. 41). nry reflect raditional Jewish eschatological beließ and lend to a special interpretation of this episode as a final and universal judgmnt scene. Secondly, die setting is public and universal This is evident given the universal proportions of the Oi &yyö-0L in v. 31; in v. 32)86. The audience ofthe king's verdict is not bound by space and includs even the reader.
2.4.3 Social Setting
a) Juridical Procedure
In many near eastern societies, the king was both ruler and judge. In ancient Israel, die city's gate was a common place judgment (Rudi 4,1). It is not surprising ürrefore that the task ofjudgnent is entrusted to die Son ofMan as king-
A. Fumagalli stating dil testo intende in primo lingo condurre il lettOre ad una nuova percezione della rcaltå, al centro delle quale il riferimento al Figlio dell'uomo»; see A. crocifisso, 159-160.
	u J.P. HEL 	Parables in Echatolo•cal Dinure», 201.
An un&rstanding of ffe juridical process helps immensely the understanding of this scene and reveals its surprising irregularities. Ordinarily an account of a covenant lawsuit includes the following: a) description Of the scene Of judgment; b) speech of the c) appeal to wimesses; d) summons of the
 e) interrogation; O indictment or accusation; g) r•efttation; b) verdict; i) sentencing".
	The alterations 	by the implied author serve to his
understanding of the events88.
b) Six Actions
This enumeration of six acts of mercy draws upon aaditional lists developing a fimdamental human ethicD. There are numerous examples from texts from Egypt and Israel (Job 22.6-7; Isa 58,4-8; Ezek 185-9; Tob 4,16-17; Sir 7,32-36; Test. of
Joseph 1,5-7; Slav. Enoch 9; 42,8-9; Midrash on Ps 118, par. 12)90.
2.5 Time
2.5.1 Ore:
In the greater context Of Jesus' apocalyptic discourse (24, this entire judicial scene is a prolqsis. The event it speaks of happens in the future and this is aptly communicated by prevalent usage of verbs in the future tense. As such, it
KB. HUFFMON, «Covenant Lawsuit in the Pr#cts», 285-286. C. West«mann differentiates between prophetic judgment speeches to individuals and those against Israel. Both a cornrmn süwtu:re•. a) introduction or surrmwns to tnr, b) c) nxssage frrmula,• d) annourrelnent Of C. Basic Fomg OfProphetic Speck, E42168; CE also «.Anget-Prophet», 33-64• J. HARVEY, «Le "RtB-FATrERN" Réquisitoire 178-188. For the origin Of speeches, G. LIEDXE.
quzrel», 111, 1 236•, J. LB-IBURO, Root and pr*tic Lawsuit Speeches», 291-303. This Matthan judicial 3cene is aln simihr to juxwnt forns which emphasize the elar*ut; 0) intrxxluction; b) c) d) C RCEIuL.
«JuFnt Form in 	s Letters», 305•312.
See pp. 306-309 below.
	H. 	427.
• R. SCHNACKENBURO, Gavel ofMatthew. 1257; W.CARTEAUatthew Old the Margins. 495;
She. and the Goats Reintcrpmt«å», 41.
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becomes the ultimate climax of history as outlined in Matthew's story. This is expressed lucidly by expectation for the coming ofthe Son Of Man (16,27; 19,28; 2430) who bas now finally arrived (25,31). As a proleptic event, it also serves as template to which other events in Jesus' life can be in the seareh fir meaning. The implied reader retains the imagery of flie omnipotent judge as it reads the passion stories and the narratives of the judgment of Jesus (26,57-68; 27,11-26). Similarly, the impEied reader will certainly recall this gathering Of all peoples in gathering Of the disciples who are commissioned to go forth to all peoples (28,16-20).
That said, this narrative Of the final and universal judgment is intriguing by the omission and reordering of elements expected Of a judicial scene. 71%iS may be illustrated as follows:
ojevenu in Mafi 31-46 description of scene
(Witneses) summ01B Ofdeen&nts
v. 32bProlepsis
v. 34Prolepsis f, indicanent 35-36 indicmEnt or commendation
g. refrtatioa	w. 37-39	refrtation
h. verdict	V. 40	explarutio n 	verdict
v. 41	sentence — verdict — senterre	Prolepsis
w. 4243	indictment or accusation
V. 44
	v. 45	explanation ofthe verdict
i. sentencing	V. 46	execution of sentence
The description ofthe judgment scene commences with the quick succession of three gaps. gaps may be explained by the astounding fict that the judge and the plaintiff are cne. The omnipotence of the judge eliminates the need for Similarly åe omnisciewe of the judge renders all interrogation
The act Of separation is clearly an act ofjudgment (cf. which is a proleptic synthesis explained in the discourse of the king which follows. His statement (v. 34) is a chiastic prolepsis of what ordinarily would have been the final two acts in Ole juridical process:
25,34
Swift omnipotence. indispunable
these 
acts 
precede 
the 
very 
indictrnent 
is 
a 
testimony 
not
only to his omniscience but also to his resoltneness. His justice is attested in the reåitation he allows (vv. 37-39). He responds to this refutation resoundingly with his explanation of his verdict (v. 40).
At fre level of the embedded narrative, the cornent of the commendation (w. 35-36), accusation (w. 42-43) and refitations (w. 37-39.44) are all analepses. They concern events prior to judicial scene. Their past character marks these events as immutable and settled either as deeds or omissions. ney serve as a waming to the implied reader who is understood to still have the opportunity for
quick execution Of the sentence attests to the justice and the power Of the royal j Ldge.
2-5.2 Duration
The episode begins with a summary describing the start of the judicial process. The swift portrayal of ffe sequence ofevents connected with arrival ofthe Son of Man and the division of all humanity stands in contrast with the scenic rqresentation of die diabgues between åe king and his interlocutors. nis contrast slows the narration down and serves to highlight the dialogues which follow. The extended time spent in the scene of the dialogues indicates this part as more important. The central Scene Of the dialogues (w. 3445) Stands out even more as the episode ends with a concluding summary. This is as follows:
295
W. 31-33O
Introductory
Summary
Summary
umtu.r
y
CorEluding
v. 34 vv. 35-36 v. 37a
v. 37b-39 vv. 40a
v. 41
4243
v. 448
v. 44b
v. 45a
v. 45b
V. 46
ms cen&al scene is interrupted by four repetitive narrative pauses corresponding to the description of åe deeds and omissions. The pausæ narrative movement to a halt and focus the implied reader's attention On åeir Content. TWO Strategically located summaries divide the section in halfand present as complanentary principles the content Of the pauses they enclose.
2.5.3 Frequency
On the whole the events ofthe judicial scene are narrated in singular narration This attests to the decisiveness of the royal judge and ffe authority of his word NO repetition Of his is necessary. While his interlocutors seek clarification on their indictments, his verdict and sentencing are never in doubt. ne singular narration expressing swift execution of the sentence (v. 46) is a testimony to his universal omnipotence,
A closer examination of Jesus of the just (v. 35), his accusation of the accursed (w. 4243) and their responses to him (vv. 37b-39.44b) shows that
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all their statements are instances of iterative narration. He commends the just, which frrm a vast multitude, for rqeatedly giving nourishment, repeatedly giving drink, etc. Similarly he condemns the accursed for their repeated omissions. On dleir part, boå groups question the multiple occasions these deeds and omissions are ascribed to diem. The use Of iterative nanation gives these acts the force Of precepts and makesthan concrete warnings for the implied reader.
2.6 Narrator and Narratee
The identity of dlis embedded narrative's storyteller is fi:mnd outside its boundaries. In Matt 24,4 Jesus begins the apocalyptic discourse which culminates with this final universal judicial scene. Jesus is the intranarrative narrator and his disciplæ are its narratees (24,1-3). The story is told in anterior narration as is made evident by consistent use ofveös in the frture tense.
ne intranarrative narrator employs the judicial type scene to bring his message across91. By manipulating the order of this type scene's elements and by omitting thcse he deems unnecessary, he un&rlines the indisputable authority of the royal judge who sentences with intuition and reveals the for final judgment.
The narrator engages mainly in invlicit opaling vers— are characterized by description and verbal repetition which show, as opposed to telling, a scene of universal judgment centered on the Son of Man. The mlfillment ofhis long-expected arrival (v. 31), its ambience (Ev his cohort (tråvtec 01 and location Op6vou *K), and the presence Of Tåv•ta together help const-uct the final judicial setting. The deliberate repetition ofaÖtoO (5x; vv. 31[3x].3235) reminds the narratee to keep its ficus
 Son Of Man. Of a simile rather than a metaphor in Couvaring the
Type are «narmtives that luve recurrent that the convenional». Exorcisms, miræles, the annunciation of a hero'S birth are just ex—es of gew•, see J.L RESSEGUIE, Critü:irn 5254.
Son of Man's judicial act to that Ofa activity facilitates accotance92 Of the abstract quality being conveyed93. it is the percqtiveness of the shepherd regarding his flock which enables him to distinguish them with ease. "1he extension of åe simile into the pastoral metaphor for the just and the accursed allows it to influence the entire episodeß ne narrator's use of verbal opposites and antithetic parallel pattems sharply divides the storyline in two and allows for no middle yound. This also enables the message 6001' eroLfpat€ t06t@V töv gou
 to stand out in relief. Below are some examples Of semantic and antithetical parallel patterns:
List ofsemantic opposites;
the tenor and the vehicle are linked using die words ea.s» or «like». A Links both directly as in «E [tenor] am light of the world [vehicle]»- Conæquently a demands a Literal and asks cxtrerne suspension of belief. A sirnile instead acknowledges the artifice in the statement; seeis 
the 
illumines 
this 
nxbject. 
In 
a 
J. BURROVAY — B. SIUCKEY-FRENCH, Writing Fiction, 337-339; J.C RESSEGUIE, Narratik 62—64.
Tbc tenor and the vehicle (see note above) can be linked a simile because ofthe abstract qzality qualiti— the two 	For example, a king and a lion share 	qr..!iE5 bezing J. 	— E SnnEY-FR_Q4CH, Writing Fiction, 337.
94 A or a metapbor is win Of are coatinued»; J. BURROWAY — E. STVCKEY-FRENC", Writing Fiction, 338. Hem the simile on the shepherd is extended to the nyt*or on aheq and goats. This misled commentators to regard the entire Qisode as a parable wheres the true is limited to w. 328-33.
Some ex*es ofantitheticparallelpatterns:
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a) v. 
v. 34	V. 41	
	b) vv.3440 md Vv. 4145
	
	v. 34	•enteace — verdict — mtence
	v. 41	satence — verdict — sentence
w. 3536
v. 37-	44 394243
V. 40	45
		46a
cLdvL0v
c) V. 40 45
v. 4045	to+rt»v
	d) v. 46
	
	
	
	V. 46.
	Kal 	
x6Aaaw alcSvL0v
Given dlis tendency towards near verbatim, yet antithetic, parallel patterns, variations stand out immediately. The intranarrative narrator mentions the king explicitly only in the dialogues with the just (vv. 34.40) since ully showed loving service to dle powerless wiül whom he has identified. Similarly, only those on the right are mgged by the narrator. While the king labels them 01 
(v. 34), the narrator calls them (vv. 37.46). judgment Of narrator equates them with the ideal disciple (13,43) and numbers them among the saved (13,49). Instead, those on the left who have disregarded ffe lowly are given no such recognition by the narrator. Finally, in the last verse (v. 46), the narrator breaks the expected pattem and reveals the damnation of üle accursed first and only aner that the reward of die just- To the end, Jesus — üle intranarrative narrator — is true to his word: «many who are first will be last, and last, first»
(1930; 2CW6).
 narrator uses otlEr important rhetorical devices. The entire judicial scene is replete with verbal rqetition- The adverbial particle marks the progr—sive movement Of the scene (w. 31b.34.37.41 The Contrast Of the threefold repetition of 76te in the question of üle just (vv. 37b.38.39) allows for a threefold repetition ofoe et5q•ev as well and their sincere surprise. Inversely, its unique occurrence in speech of the accursed (v. 44) may hint at their disregard. The repetition Of personal pronmzns throughout the scene helps focus the narratee's attention on die Son of Man and dle king. The constant repetiti«l of the negative particle in the dialogue with the accursed constructs a negative image of diem. Finally, the fourfold repetition of the acts of mercy, in progressive states of abbreviation (vv. 3546.371>39.4243.44), imprint on the nm•atee's consciousness the importance of diakonia towards the lowly.
Silence is another rhetorical device employed effectively by the narrator. After the king'S explanations to the just (v. 40) and the accursed (v. 45), their silence
It is noteworthy dLt v. 40 beøns with xaC instead Oftåte (cf. 45). This the affnity Of Jesus• reponse to the questions of the j 1st, which cannot be said of the latter gotv.
expresses ffeir submission to his judgment. It also connotes the power of his authoritative word.
The ignorance md surprise of both the just and the accursed are rhetorica.l &vic— widlout which üle king's IY0&nations in v. 40 md v. 45 lose their climactic impaet%. This motif of carnawareness» underlines not mly the just persons' uncalculadng diakonia which forms the basis of their dæds of mercy".
Their misunderstanding finally reveals the 	to disciples' earlier question
 (24„3) regarding the retum of the Son of Man. It manifests an unexpected parousia no longer merely connected with the end of time". The revelaticm of the king's presence in every takes the just and the accursed by surprise. It teaches the narratee, now despoiled of such innocence, of the continuing presence ofJesus in the lowly and most insignificant as the Immanuel (cf.
2.7 Focalimtion
2.7. Locus ofFocalimtion
ne analysis of the focalization of this episode is somewhat tricky since the judicial scene (25,31-46) is an embedded narrative within a larger discourse of Jesus (24,4—25,46). ne initial section ofthe discmrse (24,444) alerts the implied reader that it is told from an locus of focalintiontm. That Jesus is both chu•acter and focalizer is evident from the repeated mention of the Son of Man (24,27.37.39.44), whom die implied reader by associates with the person of
S.W. GRAY. Lest ofB$-•• Brothers, 354. U. LUZ, «Final Judgment». 300-301.
	D. PATTE, Gove/ 	to 	350.
B DO. VIA. «Ethica1 Resrxmsibility», 97-99; U. LUZ, Matthew 21-28, 279, note 141; J.P.
MEIER, 	303-304; A. FUMAGA1.u, Gesi crocißsro. 235-236.
S. Rimrrxm-Kenm of a or *center Of conæiousneg» which guidz of the Illis Cuy be external or internal to narrative its relative to story. focalization is to close to narrating agent, and its vehicle is called [TJhe locus of %calintion is insi& evens. This generally tües the firm Of a re S. RIMMON—
KENÆ4, Narrative Fetion, 72-78.
Jesus (eg. 16,27.28; 17,9.12.22; 19,28; 20,18.28), and the phrase &ßhv which betrays his speech (24,34; cf. v.
While the three parables which follow share Jesus as the intranarrative narrator, focalizer no longer seems to be a character in story.
locus offocalization is now external to the narrative. Jesus continues to be narrator but ostensibly no longer as a character in the parables.
In 25,3146, Jesus continues to be the intranarrative narrator. If read abstracted fiorn itscontext, this embedded story's panoramic, opening scene (w. 31-33) is clearly presented by an external focalizer. This external locus of continues in fre initial statement of the king (v. 34). However the shin to an intensely personal recdlection narrated in past tenses ildicates a change of locus of ficalimtion. The focalizer now is king and his own experiences are portrayed thratgh internal focalization- The story reverts to external ficalintion as thejust begin reqmd (v. 37a). It then shins to internal focalimtion with the just as focalizer in their own recollection of events (vv. 37b-39). Similarly, a qiick change from focalizer back to an internal locus of focalization is evidenced in the next verse (v. 40). ne speech of ure king punctuated by 
(v. 40b) mani&sts another instance of internal focalimtion. A pattem is thus set for the judicial dialogtr scene where the fluctuation from external intemal focalization largely coincides with the verbal tenses. The episode ends with tie external focalizer describing fates of the accursed and the just (v. 46).
The process can be shown as follows:
269
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Locus ofFocalization
	v. 34
	v. 41
	W. 35—36
	w. 42-43
	v. 37
	v. 44a
	vv. 37b-39
	v. 44b
	v. 40a
	v. 45a
	v. 40b
	v. 45b
w. 31-33	External frc&limtion
External focalization Internal focaliztion
External focalintion
Internal focalimtion External hiternal
Extemal focalimtion
v. 46
In the meantime the implied reader is aware that the intranarrative narrator is identical to character Sul of Mawking. This makes the intemal focalization of fre king (w, 35-3642.43) more reliable whal it conflicts widl that of the just (w. 37b-39) and the accursed (v. 44b). Finally, the entire qisode is a proleptic embedded narrative told in eschatological imagery Bcalized by an inmnarrative narratcr. Ultimately, it has Jesus as its mcalizer and it is narrated from the locus of external focalization 101 . This con&rs trustworthiness in the conclusions reached
2.7.2 Focalized Object
Except fir brief moments Of attention On 01 &yy€i0L and the throne (v. 31), the focalized objects are limited to Son of Man (vv. 31-33)/king (w.
34-36.40.41-43.45), the just (w. 338.34b.37-39.46b) and the accursed (w. 33b.41b.44.45a). This swift survey shows that die royal Son of Man is apparently the main of which reflects his status as protagonist.
Generally, the objects are focalized externally. The implied reader only sees from the distance created by the extemal narrator. However, internal focalization of the king (w. 35-36.40.42-43.45), ffe just (w. 37b-39) and the accursed (v. 44b) is evidenced in their spech which reveal the cognitive process (Etöcvev).
But the real revelation is the identificztion ofa covert object of focalization, ffe
U.åXL0•t0G. It had always been present in the past (w- 35-36.42-43) but not recognized (w. 37b-39.44b) except by the king. The revelation of the least one as gou is the fillerum on which the judicial dialogue and entire qisode turn (cf. vv- 34-40.41-45). Ultimately, it is the as identified with the Son OfMan.'king which is the most important focalized object of Orisjudicial episode.
A similar narraüve which taken as a point Of convarimn is Paul• s first Of his joumey to Damascus (Acts 26.12-18). espæially when this is to its first rndiüon in In Chapter 9, story is told by extenal - narrator and the locus of is obviotßly from øn external focalize. His pmonai account in 26, 12-18 part Of the spech to King Agrima (vv. 2-23) where Paul is the intranarrative narrator. In 26.12-18 is alBo a from who* vie*' or ilt;ernal locus of the c«iversion story is TOLME, Naratology Biblical Narraives. 36.D.F. 
23.3 Facets ofFocalization
The of fi»calimtion help to show how the externaVinternal criterion manifests itself02 . The episode begins with a panoramic view offlle judicial scene presented from the E*rceptual facet or mcre precisely the spatial coordinate of
[footnoteRef:7] by the narrabor•s evaluation å (v. 32b)lN which manifests his ideological point Of view. This reference to shepherd encourages the implied reader to recall occurrences Of this imagery, especially as connected deeds of mercy and compassion (9,36) and concem fm the insignificant (18,1214). For now, the motive behind this ideological facet is unclear and will to be ccrnplemented later on (w. 40b.45b). The transition to ülejudicial dialogues is signaled by the phraseological facet: a change in naming from Son of Man (v. 31) (v. 34)103. The tide Son ofMan expressed the supremacy of the judge [7: For pamramic spaEa.i-plane point Of view se B. USPENSKY, Poetics of Composition
The evaluative point of view be defined as standar& Of by wiieh are to evaluate events, and settings that story»; M.A. p OWELI, Narrative Critic&m. 24—25.
For naning as a problem in point ofview, B- 	Poetics ofC0mp0sitiøn, 20-27. See die characterintion of the king above and his i&nåfication with Jesus, the eåloytßvoc (21.9), pp- 287-289 above.] 
This 
is 
over the and evinced the contrastive relationship among themselves (ålt' Instead, the label king signaled the tremendous gap with the little ones while denoüng the favorable relatimship with the just and the irremediable break with the accursed. phraseologiæl facet is evident likewise in the recompense given these two groups. The just who have accepted die are given the (v. 34). They are called 01 since their deeds have conformed them to his image06. Instead, the accursed are punished with TOP tb (v. 41) which is the eschatological punishment ofthe master to his servanG (13,40.42; 18,8.9). In vv. 34 and 41 respectively, the narning of their reward or punishment is in relationship to the king.
S. RDdMON—KENAN. N«rative Fiction, 78.
ne sudden change in verbal tenses in v. 35 indicates a shift in the perceptual facet both in the spatial and temporal (vv. 35-36). This coinci&s with a presentation of the psychological &cet of focalization in its cognitive
um
comporßnt. The recollection of the king gives insight to a highly personal in some past temporal and spatial setting 108. The phraseological frcet is Orr.e more revealed in the narrator's naming Of the good as 01 6[KaLOL (v. 37). Th.' are blessed in relationship to king; they are the just Ones in the evaluation of Matthew's story. Their own recollection (v. 37b-39) also indicates the copritive component. The similarity of their expression (phraseological mcet) to that of the king demonstrates bormwed Strangely, the overlapping of the phraseological ficet does Mit lead to identiw in the coylitive component and prepares the surprise Which fillows. modal expression
describes an irmer stateno, the king's volition to identi& with the &Äåxuot0G which is ideological frcet that allows frie cognition of the king and just to coincide. The shifts in üle mcets of focalization in the second half of the dialogue similar. Noteworåy, however, is marked difference on the phraseological plane regarding the king's recollection and that of tie accund Their failure to borrow the king's speech is a prelude to a flawed final verse (v. 46) is a return to the perceptual ficet of initial verse (vv. 31-33) revealing a panoramic view. Similarly, the contrast is no longer to king but of one goup to
For point of view, R A CUI*EPPER. Anatomy of the Fourth Govet,. 21-26. S. to diÄinguish two Of the psychological referring to knowledge, conjecture, beliefand on one hat:uf and on tie S. RIMMON—KENAN, Narrative Fiction, 80-82. Remuknbly, while frnction in this jdicial 6e enwüve is absent.
M. Bal mrt that is an Et Of "vision" Of past act. (is] situatd in of the Hence. "story" person remen*rr» is not i&ntical to the me she expaierr•d»•, M. BAL, Narratology, 147. This filter Of memory is out to the in variances in cognition of king. thejust Ecuræd.
BorTowed speech ig the speech of one of the characters as used by someone else; see B. USPENSKY. 	33-35.
	@pparendy». 	fib, «it sæmed» 	and
Q«ial expresim8, 	verba sentiendi («be thouÖt», «he 	«it seemed to him»,

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