Aula_09

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LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
 Cohesion and coherence in reading 
Tema da Apresentação
IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
recognize grammatical elements which help in the comprehension of texts
study cohesion and coherence
Tema da Apresentação
IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Introduction:
	Hi, students.
	In this lesson, we will deal with relevant grammatical elements which help the comprehension of texts. It will be necessary to recognize some of the elements in the structure of the English language which help giving cohesion and coherence to the texts. We will define what is cohesion and its elements.
Tema da Apresentação
IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Cohesion is one of the two qualities that give a written or spoken text unity and purpose, the other being coherence. It refers to the use of linguistic devices to join sentences together, including conjunctions, reference words, substitution and lexical devices such as repetition of words, collocations and lexical groups.
Tema da Apresentação
IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
In this lesson, you will learn that being aware of the structure of the sentence in English can help you recognize the grammatical class an unknown word belongs to. If you find a sentence which is difficult to be understood, try to identify the types of words. Let´s read the example below.
 “ The extraordinary jewelers carved extremely beautiful ornaments from jade”
Tema da Apresentação
IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
 “ The extraordinary jewelers carved extremely beautiful ornaments from jade”
To understand the sentence above, you need to identify the following elements:
1- Where is the verb?
2- What is the subject of this verb?
3- Does this verb ask for a complement? Yes? No? Which one?
What is the function of the other words in the sentence?
	
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Some possible answers for these questions would be.
Words which end in –ed can be very commonly classified as verbs. We can assume that carved is the verb of the sentence.
As you know, the natural order of sentences in English is SVO ( subject-verb-object), so the subject must be The extraordinary jewelers.
Tema da Apresentação
IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
To answer question number 3, you should know the meaning of the verb. Check the word in the dictionary and find out that carved means entalhar ou esculpir. Well, if someone carved, he/she carved something. This thing is the complement of the verb, So, what comes after the verb is the object.              
Tema da Apresentação
IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
There are other cues that can indicate the function of words in the sentence:
identify the nouns in the sentence. If you look at the words, you will see the endings may vary, some of them end in y, others in s. The ending s, for example, may suggest the words jewelers and ornaments may be in the plural.
perceive the word extraordinary, which is in the group of the words on the left of the verb, seem to modify jewelers, which is a noun, and must probably be an adjective.
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Notice that in the group on the right we have several words. The first is extremely. As you know the ending –ly is characteristic of adverbs, even if you do not know the meaning of the word, you can perceive that it modifies the term which follows, in this sentence, beautiful, which is a well-known adjective. If it is an adjective, all we have to do is to find the noun, ornaments.
Tema da Apresentação
IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Techniques to achieve cohesion
To achieve cohesion, the link of one sentence to the next, consider the following techniques:
Repetition. In sentence B (the second of any two sentences), repat a word from sentence A. 
Synonymy. If direct repetition is too obvious, use a synonym of the word you wish to repeat. This strategy is called 'elegant variation.' 
Antonymy. Using the 'opposite' word, an antonym, can also create sentence cohesion, since in language antonyms actually share more elements of meaning than you might imagine. 
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Pro-forms. Use a pronoun, pro-verb, or another pro-form to make explicit reference back to a form mentioned earlier. 
Collocation. Use a commonly paired or expected or ighly probable word to connect one sentence to another. 
Enumeration. Use overt markers of sequence to highlight the connection between ideas. This system has many advantages: (a) it canPro-forms. Use a pronoun, pro-verb, or another pro-form to make explicit reference back to a form mentioned earlier. 
Collocation. Use a commonly paired or expected or highly probable word to connect one sentence to another. 
Tema da Apresentação
IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Parallelism. Repeat a sentence structure. This technique is the oldest, most overlooked, but probably the most elegant method of creating cohesion.
  
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Transitions. Use a conjunction or conjunctive adverb to link sentences with particular logical relationships.
Identity. Indicates sameness.
that is, that is to say, in other words, ...  
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Opposition. Indicates a contrast.
but, yet, however, nevertheless, still, though, although, whereas, in contrast, rather, ...
Addition. Indicates continuation.
and, too, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides, in the same way, again, another, similarly, a similar, the same, ... 
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Cause and effect.
therefore, so, consequently, as a consequence, thus, as a result, hence, it follows that, because, since, for, ...
Indefinites. Indicates a logical connection of an unspecified type.
in fact, indeed, now, ...
 
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Concession. Indicates a willingness to consider the other side.
admittedly, I admit, true, I grant, of course, naturally, some believe, some people believe, it has been claimed that, once it was believed, there are those who would say, ...
Exemplification. Indicates a shift from a more general or abstract idea to a more specific or concrete idea.
for example, for instance, after all, an illustration of, even, indeed, in fact, it is true, of course, specifically, to be specific, that is, to illustrate, truly, ... 
Tema da Apresentação
IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Activity 
This paragraph
comes from the opening of Stanislaw Lem's Memoirs Found in a Bathtub
I couldn't seem to find the right room — none of them had the number designated on my pass. First, I wound up at the Department of Verification, then the Department of Misinformation, then some clerk from the Pressure Section advised me to try level eight, but on level eight they ignored me, and later I got stuck in a crowd of military personnel — the corridors rang with their vigorous marching back and forth, the slamming of doors, the clicking of heels, and over that martial noise, I could hear the distant music of bells, the 
Tema da Apresentação
IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
tinkling of metals. Now and then janitors would go by with steaming percolators, now and then I would stumble into rest rooms where secretaries hastily renewed their make-up, now and then agents disguised as elevator men would strike up conversations — one of them had an artificial leg and he took me from floor to floor so many times that after a while he began waving to me from a distance and even stopped photographing me with the camera-carnation in his lapel. By noon we were buddies, and he showed me his pride and joy, a tape recorder under the elevator floor. But I was getting more and more depressed and couldn't share his enthusiasm 
Tema da Apresentação
IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Read the paragraph above and choose the most appropriate answers: 
1-‘ First, I wound up at the Department of Verification-----‘, first has the meaning of 
A- contrast
B- addition
C- enumeration
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
2- “Now and then”, in the sentence ‘---now and then I would stumble into rest rooms ----, has the meaning of 
A- repetition 
B- enumeration
C-contrast
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
3- In the sentence ‘But I was getting more and more depressed and couldn´t share his enthusiasm.’, but means
A- transition of addition
B- transition of contrast
C- transition of concession 
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Watch the vídeo ‘Palavra puxa palavra-Coesão’ and choose the best answers:
1- A quebra de unidade lógica pode ser intencional para provocar uma situação de
A- confusão
B- tristeza
C- humor
D- calor
E- incerteza
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
2- No exemplo do pintor Salvador Dali, há um elemento utilizado para surpreender, para demonstrar uma incoerência intencional. Os relógios que são desconstruídos mostram a passagem rápida do tempo. Esta incoerência é demonstrada através de 
A- uma metáfora
B- um contraste
C- uma coesão
D- uma estrutura
E- um predicado 
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
3- No bilhete a palavra “porque” é utilizada para
A- estabelecer um contraste
B- estabelecer uma diferença
C- estabelecer uma causa
D- estabelecer um acréscimo
E- estabelecer um código
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
 Coherence and Unity: Part (a) 
Decide which transitions to use from the list below the paragraph. 
Second, Also, Another reason is that, For example, 
Moreover, However,On the other hand, First, One reason is that 
The best choice
      There are three major airports near Washington, D.C., but the traveller to Washington should be careful about which one he or she chooses.     Baltimore-Washington International Airport, which is located near the city of Baltimore, is a good international airport. _________ it is not the best choice for a traveller who wants to visit Washington. _________ it is 
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
relatively far from the city of Washington itself. _________ a passenger bus trip between Baltimore and Washington is somewhat expensive. Dulles International Airport is a slightly better choice, since it is located closer to the city. _________ if a traveller arrives in the early evening, he or she will encounter rush-hour traffic, which is not a good way to begin a trip to the city. _________ may be Washington-Reagan National Airport.  There are two reasons for this. _________ this airport is the closest to the city. _________ it is located on the Metro train system, which is a convenient method of transportation, allowing a traveller to travel almost anywhere he or she likes in the city of Washington.
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Complete the thesis by studying the topic sentences Change this to show importance In the past, most women stayed at home to take care of housework ____________ cooking or cleaning. Women’s liberation has meant that this situation has been changed, and in modern society women are playing an almost equal role to men in employment. This has had significant effects, _______ in terms of the ________, for example by ________________ and increasing children’s __________________________, and also for society itself with ______________ 
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IDENTIFICATION AND THE USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CUES TO RECOGNIZE WORDS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Use pronouns to avoid repetition The salary of a woman in her lifetime is generally much less than that of a man. A woman can nevertheless make a big addition to the family income. One result of adding to the family income is an improved quality of life. By helping to keep a stable salary for the family, the pressure on the husband is much reduced, soimproving both the husband’s and the wife’s good feeling. Andthe things that can be bought by the family will also be raised.So the family can have enough money to buy more luxuries such as foreign travel and a family car. Secondly is the promotion of independence in the children. Some might argue that having both parents working might be harmful to the children because of a lack of care by parents. But such children have to learn to look after themselves at an earlier age, and their parents often depend on them to help with the housework. So this teaches them important life skills. 
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