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Um  colecionador  de  carros  antigos  está  rodando  com  seu  Ford  Custom 
1951 (Figura 1) quando nota que a gasolina está acabando. O colecionador 
decide  entrar  no  primeiro  posto  que  ele  encontrou  para  reabastecer,  e 
pede ao  frentista que encha o  tanque. O  carro  tem um  carburador  tipo 
“two‐barrel”,  modelo  8BA,  que  está  ajustado  para  fornecer  ar 
estequiométrico  em  condições  normais  de  operação  quando  se  utiliza 
gasolina. O colecionador de carros não percebe que o combustível que foi 
colocado  em  seu  carro  contém  25%  em massa  de  etanol  (E25).  Porém, 
percebe  que  houve  uma  pequena  queda  de  potência  nos  dias  que  se 
seguiram. Calcular a razão de equivalência que o carburador está suprindo 
ao motor quando este é ajustado para dar ø = 1 com gasolina, mas está 
operando  realmente  com  E25.  Considerando  os  dados  da  Tabela  em 
anexo,  calcular  o Número  de Octano  do  combustível  E25,  sendo  que  o 
Número de Octano de cada componente é dado pelo RON. Comente sobre 
esta propriedade para o E25 comparada à da gasolina somente. 
 
 
Figura 1. Ford Custom 1951. 
 
	tabela propriedades combustíveis.pdf
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	~~~ ~ 
	11 FRICTION AND LUBRICATION 349 
	APPENDIX 378 
	REFERENCES 384 
	ANSWERS TO SELECTED REVIEW PROBLEMS 392 
	INDEX 395 
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	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
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	1 
	Introduction 
	1-1 INTRODUCTION 
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	HISTORIC-ATMOSPHERIC ENGINES 
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	1-2 EARLY HISTORY 
	1-3 ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS 
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	(a) Valves in head (overhead valve), also called I Head engine. 
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	Figure 1-5 Sectional view of Willy-Knight sleeve valve engine of 1926. Reprinted 
	motive Engineers, Inc. 
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	'-4 TERMINOLOGY AND ABBREVIATIONS 
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	'-5 ENGINE COMPONENTS 
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	HISTORIC-FUEL PUMPS 
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	Four-Stroke SI Engine Cycle (Fig. 1-16) 
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	Four-Stroke CI Engine Cycle 
	Two-Stroke SI Engine Cycle (Fig. 1-17) 
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	Two-Stroke CI Engine Cycle 
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	'-7 ENGINE EMISSIONS AND AIR POLLUTION 
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	Chap. 1 Problems 33 
	PROBLEMS 
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	34 Introduction Chap. 1 
	DESIGN PROBLEMS 
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	2-' ENGINE PARAMETERS 
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	wb = Wi - wt (2-23) 
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	2-5 DYNAMOMETERS 
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	2-8 ENGINE EFFICIENCIES 
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	2-9 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY 
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	2-10 EMISSIONS 
	2-11 NOISE ABATEMENT 
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	2-12 CONCLUSIONS-WORKING EQUATIONS 
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	66 Operating Characteristics Chap. 2 
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	Chap. 2 Design Problems 67 
	DESIGN PROBLEMS 
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	3-' AIR-STANDARD CYCLES 
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	3-2 OTTO CYCLE 
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	3-3 REAL AIR-FUEL ENGINE CYCLES 
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	3-4 81 ENGINE CYCLE AT PART THROTTLE 
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	3-5 EXHAUST PROCESS 
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	~~+~~=~~ ~~ 
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	3-6 DIESEL CYCLE 
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	3-7 DUAL CYCLE 
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	Thermodynamic Analysis of Air-Standard Dual Cycle 
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	3-8 COMPARISON OF OTTO, DIESEL, AND DUAL CYCLES 
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	3-9 MILLER CYCLE 
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	3-10 COMPARISON OF MILLER CYCLE AND OTTO CYCLE 
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	• 
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	HISTORIC-LENOIR ENGINE 
	3-13 LENOIR CYCLE 
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	Thermodynamic Analysis of Air-Standard lenoir Cycle 
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	3-14 SUMMARY 
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	PROBLEMS 
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	Chap. 3 Problems 117 
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	118 Engine Cycles Chap. 3 
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	Chap. 3 Problems 119 
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	120 Engine Cycles Chap. 3 
	DESIGN PROBLEMS 
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	4 
	Thermochemistry 
	4-1 THERMOCHEMISTRY 
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	Exhaust Dew Point Temperature 
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	Engine Exhaust Analysis 
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	4-2 HYDROCARBON FUELS-GASOLINE 
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	4-3 SOME COMMON HYDROCARBON COMPONENTS 
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	4-4 SELF-IGNITION AND OCTANE NUMBER 
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	Octane Number and Engine Knock 
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	AKI = (MON + RON)j2 (4-9) 
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	4-5 DIESEL FUEL 
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	Cetane Number 
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	4-6 ALTERNATE FUELS 
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	Methanol 
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	Ethanol 
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	Natural Gas-Methane 
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	HISTORIC-BUSES OPERATING ON NATURAL GAS 
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	Reformulated Gasoline 
	Coal-Water Slurry 
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	162 Thermochemistry and Fuels Chap. 4 
	4-7 CONCLUSIONS 
	PROBLEMS 
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	Chap. 4 Problems 163 
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	titlesChap. 4 Design Problems 165 
	DESIGN PROBLEMS 
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	5-1 INTAKE MANIFOLD 
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	5-2 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY OF SI ENGINES 
	Fuel 
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	Heat Transfer-High Temperature 
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	Valve Overlap 
	Fluid Friction Losses 
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	Choked Flow 
	Closing Intake Valve After BDC 
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	Intake Tuning 
	Exhaust Residual 
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	EGR 
	5-3 INTAKE VALVES 
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	5-4 FUEL INJECTORS 
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	5-5 CARBURETORS 
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	5-6-SUPERCHARGING AND TURBOCHARGING 
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	5-7 STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINES AND DUAL-FUEL ENGINES 
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	5-8 INTAKE FOR TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES 
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	5-9 INTAKE FOR CI ENGINES 
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	..•.. 
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	5-10 CONCLUSIONS 
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	202 Air And Fuel Induction Chap. 5 
	PROBLEMS 
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	Chap. 5 Problems 203 
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	204 Air And Fuel Induction Chap. 5 
	DESIGN PROBLEMS 
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	Chap. 5 Design Problems 205 
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	6-1 TURBULENCE 
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	6-2 SWIRL 
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	= uti Up 
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	6-3 SQUISH AND TUMBLE 
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	6-4 DIVIDED COMBUSTION CHAMBERS 
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	6-5 CREVICE now AND BLOWBY 
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	6-6 MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND COMPUTER SIMULATION 
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	Computer Simulation 
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	6-7 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE SIMULATION PROGRAM 
	Scope of the Program 
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	Input Quantities 
	Input Section 2: Tables 
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	...•. 
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	6-8 CONCLUSIONS 
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	Chap. 6 Problems 227 
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	228 Fluid Motion Within Combustion Chamber Chap. 6 
	DESIGN PROBLEMS 
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	7-1 COMBUSTION IN SI ENGINES 
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	Ignition and Flame Development 
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	Flame Propagation in 51 Engines 
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	Flame Termination 
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	Variations in Combustion 
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	Controls and Sensors 
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	7-2 COMBUSTION IN DIVIDED CHAMBER ENGINES 
	AND STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINES 
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	7-3 ENGINE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS 
	Cruising Operation 
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	Idle and Low Engine Speed 
	Closing Throttle at High Engine Speed 
	Starting a Cold Engine 
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	7-4 MODERN FAST-BURN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS 
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	7-5 COMBUSTION IN CI ENGINES 
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	Fuel Injection 
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	Ignition Delay and Cetane Number 
	ID (X l/CN (7-2) 
	CN (X liON (7-3) 
	Soot 
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	Cold-Weather Problems 
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	7-6 SUMMARY 
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	PROBLEMS 
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	Chap. 7 Design Problems 261 
	DESIGN PROBLEMS 
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	8-1 BLOWDOWN 
	(PI!P2) = [(k + 1)/2]k/(k-l) (8-1) 
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	8-2 EXHAUST STROKE 
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	8-3 EXHAUST VALVES 
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	8-5 EXHAUST MANIFOLD 
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	Tuning of Exhaust Manifold 
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	8-6 TURBOCHARGERS 
	-- 
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	8-7 EXHAUST GAS RECYCLE-EGR 
	8-8 TAILPIPE AND MUFFLER 
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	8-9 TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES 
	-... 
	8-'0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 
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	Chap. 8 Problems 275 
	PROBLEMS 
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	276 Exhaust Flow Chap. 8 
	DESIGN PROBLEMS 
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	9-1 AIR POLLUTION 
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	9-2 HYDROCARBONS (HC) 
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	Sec. 9-2 Hydrocarbons (HC) 279 
	Causes of HC Emissions 
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	9-4 OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOx) 
	-- 
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	9-5 PARTICULATES 
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	Lead 
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	9-7 AFTERTREA TMENT 
	Thermal Converters 
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	9-8 CATALYTIC CONVERTERS 
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	Sulfur 
	Cold Start-Ups 
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	Dual-Fuel Engines 
	Lean-Burn Engines 
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	Two-Stroke Cycle Engines 
	9-9 CI ENGINES 
	Particulate Traps 
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	Modern Diesel Engines 
	9-10 CHEMICAL METHODS TO REDUCE EMISSIONS 
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	Ammonia Injection Systems 
	9-11 EXHAUST GAS RECYCLE-EGR 
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	9-12 NON EXHAUST EMISSIONS 
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	308 Emissions and Air Pollution Chap. 9 
	PROBLEMS 
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	Chap. 9 Problems 309 
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	Chap. 9 Design Problems 311 
	DESIGN PROBLEMS 
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	Engine Warmup 
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	10-4 HEAT TRANSFER IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS 
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	10-5 HEAT TRANSFER IN EXHAUST SYSTEM 
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	Engine Size 
	'- 
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	Engine Speed 
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	Load 
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	Spark Timing 
	Fuel Equivalence Ratio 
	Evaporative Cooling 
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	Inlet Air Temperature 
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	Coolant Temperature 
	Engine Materials 
	Compression Ratio 
	Swirl and Squish 
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	10-7 AIR-COOLED ENGINES 
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	10-8 LIQUID-COOLED ENGINES 
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	10-9 OIL AS A COOLANT 
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	10-10 ADIABATIC ENGINES 
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	"- 
	10-11 SOME MODERN TRENDS IN ENGINE COOLING 
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	10-12 THERMAL STORAGE 
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	10-13 SUMMARY 
	PROBLEMS 
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	346 Heat Transfer in Engines Chap. 10 
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	348 Heat Transfer in Engines Chap. 10 
	DESIGN PROBLEMS 
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	11-1 MECHANICAL FRICTION AND LUBRICATION 
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	PROBLEMS 
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