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Um colecionador de carros antigos está rodando com seu Ford Custom 1951 (Figura 1) quando nota que a gasolina está acabando. O colecionador decide entrar no primeiro posto que ele encontrou para reabastecer, e pede ao frentista que encha o tanque. O carro tem um carburador tipo “two‐barrel”, modelo 8BA, que está ajustado para fornecer ar estequiométrico em condições normais de operação quando se utiliza gasolina. O colecionador de carros não percebe que o combustível que foi colocado em seu carro contém 25% em massa de etanol (E25). Porém, percebe que houve uma pequena queda de potência nos dias que se seguiram. Calcular a razão de equivalência que o carburador está suprindo ao motor quando este é ajustado para dar ø = 1 com gasolina, mas está operando realmente com E25. Considerando os dados da Tabela em anexo, calcular o Número de Octano do combustível E25, sendo que o Número de Octano de cada componente é dado pelo RON. Comente sobre esta propriedade para o E25 comparada à da gasolina somente. Figura 1. Ford Custom 1951. tabela propriedades combustíveis.pdf page1 images image1 page2 images image1 page3 tables table1 page4 tables table1 page5 tables table1 page6 titles ~~~ ~ 11 FRICTION AND LUBRICATION 349 APPENDIX 378 REFERENCES 384 ANSWERS TO SELECTED REVIEW PROBLEMS 392 INDEX 395 page7 images image1 page8 page9 titles ACKNOWLEDGMENTS page10 images image1 page11 tables table1 page12 images image1 page13 images image1 page14 tables table1 page15 titles 1 Introduction 1-1 INTRODUCTION page16 titles HISTORIC-ATMOSPHERIC ENGINES page17 images image1 page18 images image1 page19 titles 1-2 EARLY HISTORY 1-3 ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS page20 images image1 page21 titles (a) Valves in head (overhead valve), also called I Head engine. images image1 page22 titles Figure 1-5 Sectional view of Willy-Knight sleeve valve engine of 1926. Reprinted motive Engineers, Inc. images image1 page23 images image1 page24 images image1 page25 tables table1 page26 images image1 page27 images image1 page28 titles '-4 TERMINOLOGY AND ABBREVIATIONS images image1 page29 images image1 image2 page30 images image1 page31 images image1 page32 titles '-5 ENGINE COMPONENTS images image1 page33 images image1 page34 page35 titles HISTORIC-FUEL PUMPS page36 page37 page38 tables table1 page39 titles Four-Stroke SI Engine Cycle (Fig. 1-16) page40 images image1 page41 titles Four-Stroke CI Engine Cycle Two-Stroke SI Engine Cycle (Fig. 1-17) page42 images image1 page43 titles Two-Stroke CI Engine Cycle images image1 page44 titles '-7 ENGINE EMISSIONS AND AIR POLLUTION images image1 page45 images image1 page46 images image1 page47 titles Chap. 1 Problems 33 PROBLEMS page48 titles 34 Introduction Chap. 1 DESIGN PROBLEMS page49 titles 2-' ENGINE PARAMETERS images image1 page50 images image1 page51 images image1 page52 images image1 page53 images image1 page54 images image1 page55 images image1 image2 page56 images image1 image2 page57 images image1 page58 images image1 page59 images image1 page60 titles wb = Wi - wt (2-23) images image1 page61 images image1 page62 images image1 page63 images image1 page64 images image1 page65 images image1 page66 images image1 page67 titles 2-5 DYNAMOMETERS tables table1 page68 images image1 page69 images image1 page70 images image1 page71 images image1 page72 images image1 page73 titles 2-8 ENGINE EFFICIENCIES images image1 page74 titles 2-9 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY images image1 image2 page75 images image1 page76 titles 2-10 EMISSIONS 2-11 NOISE ABATEMENT images image1 image2 page77 titles 2-12 CONCLUSIONS-WORKING EQUATIONS page78 images image1 page79 images image1 page80 titles 66 Operating Characteristics Chap. 2 page81 titles Chap. 2 Design Problems 67 DESIGN PROBLEMS page82 titles 3-' AIR-STANDARD CYCLES images image1 page83 page84 images image1 page85 images image1 image2 page86 titles 3-2 OTTO CYCLE images image1 page87 images image1 page88 images image1 page89 images image1 page90 images image1 page91 images image1 page92 images image1 page93 images image1 page94 images image1 page95 titles 3-3 REAL AIR-FUEL ENGINE CYCLES images image1 page96 page97 titles 3-4 81 ENGINE CYCLE AT PART THROTTLE page98 images image1 page99 images image1 page100 titles 3-5 EXHAUST PROCESS images image1 page101 images image1 engineering fundamentals of the internal combustion engine1.pdf page1 page2 titles ~~+~~=~~ ~~ page3 images image1 page4 titles 3-6 DIESEL CYCLE images image1 image2 page5 images image1 page6 images image1 page7 titles 3-7 DUAL CYCLE images image1 page8 titles Thermodynamic Analysis of Air-Standard Dual Cycle images image1 image2 page9 images image1 page10 titles 3-8 COMPARISON OF OTTO, DIESEL, AND DUAL CYCLES images image1 page11 images image1 page12 images image1 page13 images image1 page14 images image1 page15 images image1 page16 titles 3-9 MILLER CYCLE images image1 page17 images image1 image2 page18 page19 images image1 page20 images image1 page21 titles 3-10 COMPARISON OF MILLER CYCLE AND OTTO CYCLE images image1 page22 images image1 page23 titles • images image1 page24 images image1 page25 images image1 page26 titles HISTORIC-LENOIR ENGINE 3-13 LENOIR CYCLE images image1 page27 titles Thermodynamic Analysis of Air-Standard lenoir Cycle images image1 image2 page28 titles 3-14 SUMMARY images image1 page29 titles PROBLEMS page30 titles Chap. 3 Problems 117 page31 titles 118 Engine Cycles Chap. 3 page32 titles Chap. 3 Problems 119 page33 titles 120 Engine Cycles Chap. 3 DESIGN PROBLEMS page34 titles 4 Thermochemistry 4-1 THERMOCHEMISTRY page35 images image1 page36 images image1 page37 images image1 page38 images image1 image2 page39 images image1 page40 titles Exhaust Dew Point Temperature images image1 page41 images image1 page42 images image1 image2 page43 titles Engine Exhaust Analysis images image1 image2 page44 titles 4-2 HYDROCARBON FUELS-GASOLINE images image1 page45 page46 images image1 page47 titles 4-3 SOME COMMON HYDROCARBON COMPONENTS images image1 page48 images image1 image2 page49 images image1 page50 images image1 page51 images image1 page52 titles 4-4 SELF-IGNITION AND OCTANE NUMBER images image1 page53 images image1 page54 images image1 page55 images image1 page56 titles Octane Number and Engine Knock page57 titles AKI = (MON + RON)j2 (4-9) images image1 page58 images image1 page59 images image1 page60 page61 titles 4-5 DIESEL FUEL images image1 page62 titles Cetane Number page63 titles 4-6 ALTERNATE FUELS images image1 page64 page65 page66 titles Methanol page67 titles Ethanol page68 images image1 page69 images image1 page70 titles Natural Gas-Methane page71 titles HISTORIC-BUSES OPERATING ON NATURAL GAS page72 titles Reformulated Gasoline Coal-Water Slurry page73 images image1 page74 images image1 page75 titles 162 Thermochemistry and Fuels Chap. 4 4-7 CONCLUSIONS PROBLEMS page76 titles Chap. 4 Problems 163 page77 page78 titlesChap. 4 Design Problems 165 DESIGN PROBLEMS page79 titles 5-1 INTAKE MANIFOLD images image1 page80 page81 titles 5-2 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY OF SI ENGINES Fuel images image1 page82 titles Heat Transfer-High Temperature page83 titles Valve Overlap Fluid Friction Losses page84 titles Choked Flow Closing Intake Valve After BDC page85 titles Intake Tuning Exhaust Residual page86 titles EGR 5-3 INTAKE VALVES page87 images image1 page88 images image1 page89 images image1 page90 images image1 page91 titles 5-4 FUEL INJECTORS images image1 page92 page93 page94 titles 5-5 CARBURETORS images image1 page95 images image1 page96 page97 images image1 page98 images image1 page99 page100 images image1 image2 page101 page102 images image1 page103 titles 5-6-SUPERCHARGING AND TURBOCHARGING images image1 page104 images image1 page105 page106 images image1 image2 page107 images image1 page108 titles 5-7 STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINES AND DUAL-FUEL ENGINES images image1 page109 titles 5-8 INTAKE FOR TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES page110 engineering fundamentals of the internal combustion engine2.pdf page1 images image1 page2 titles 5-9 INTAKE FOR CI ENGINES images image1 page3 titles ..•.. images image1 page4 titles 5-10 CONCLUSIONS images image1 page5 titles 202 Air And Fuel Induction Chap. 5 PROBLEMS page6 titles Chap. 5 Problems 203 page7 titles 204 Air And Fuel Induction Chap. 5 DESIGN PROBLEMS page8 titles Chap. 5 Design Problems 205 page9 titles 6-1 TURBULENCE images image1 page10 page11 titles 6-2 SWIRL images image1 page12 titles = uti Up images image1 page13 images image1 page14 images image1 page15 images image1 page16 titles 6-3 SQUISH AND TUMBLE images image1 image2 page17 titles 6-4 DIVIDED COMBUSTION CHAMBERS images image1 page18 titles 6-5 CREVICE now AND BLOWBY page19 images image1 page20 images image1 page21 images image1 image2 page22 titles 6-6 MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND COMPUTER SIMULATION images image1 page23 titles Computer Simulation page24 titles 6-7 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE SIMULATION PROGRAM Scope of the Program page25 titles Input Quantities Input Section 2: Tables page26 titles ...•. page27 images image1 page28 titles 6-8 CONCLUSIONS images image1 page29 images image1 page30 titles Chap. 6 Problems 227 page31 titles 228 Fluid Motion Within Combustion Chamber Chap. 6 DESIGN PROBLEMS page32 titles 7-1 COMBUSTION IN SI ENGINES images image1 page33 titles Ignition and Flame Development images image1 page34 images image1 image2 page35 page36 titles Flame Propagation in 51 Engines images image1 page37 images image1 page38 page39 images image1 page40 titles Flame Termination images image1 page41 page42 titles Variations in Combustion page43 images image1 page44 images image1 page45 titles Controls and Sensors images image1 page46 titles 7-2 COMBUSTION IN DIVIDED CHAMBER ENGINES AND STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINES images image1 page47 images image1 page48 images image1 page49 titles 7-3 ENGINE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS Cruising Operation page50 titles Idle and Low Engine Speed Closing Throttle at High Engine Speed Starting a Cold Engine page51 titles 7-4 MODERN FAST-BURN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS images image1 page52 page53 page54 titles 7-5 COMBUSTION IN CI ENGINES page55 images image1 page56 images image1 page57 page58 titles Fuel Injection images image1 page59 titles Ignition Delay and Cetane Number ID (X l/CN (7-2) CN (X liON (7-3) Soot page60 images image1 image2 page61 titles Cold-Weather Problems page62 titles 7-6 SUMMARY page63 titles PROBLEMS page64 titles Chap. 7 Design Problems 261 DESIGN PROBLEMS page65 titles 8-1 BLOWDOWN (PI!P2) = [(k + 1)/2]k/(k-l) (8-1) images image1 page66 images image1 page67 images image1 page68 titles 8-2 EXHAUST STROKE page69 page70 images image1 page71 titles 8-3 EXHAUST VALVES images image1 page72 images image1 page73 titles 8-5 EXHAUST MANIFOLD page74 titles Tuning of Exhaust Manifold page75 titles 8-6 TURBOCHARGERS -- images image1 page76 titles 8-7 EXHAUST GAS RECYCLE-EGR 8-8 TAILPIPE AND MUFFLER page77 titles 8-9 TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES -... 8-'0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS page78 titles Chap. 8 Problems 275 PROBLEMS page79 titles 276 Exhaust Flow Chap. 8 DESIGN PROBLEMS page80 titles 9-1 AIR POLLUTION images image1 page81 titles 9-2 HYDROCARBONS (HC) page82 titles Sec. 9-2 Hydrocarbons (HC) 279 Causes of HC Emissions images image1 page83 page84 page85 images image1 page86 page87 images image1 page88 titles 9-4 OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOx) -- images image1 image2 page89 page90 titles 9-5 PARTICULATES images image1 page91 images image1 image2 page92 page93 images image1 page94 titles Lead page95 titles 9-7 AFTERTREA TMENT Thermal Converters images image1 page96 titles 9-8 CATALYTIC CONVERTERS page97 images image1 page98 images image1 page99 images image1 page100 titles Sulfur Cold Start-Ups images image1 page101 page102 page103 titles Dual-Fuel Engines Lean-Burn Engines page104 titles Two-Stroke Cycle Engines 9-9 CI ENGINES Particulate Traps tables table1 page105 page106 titles Modern Diesel Engines 9-10 CHEMICAL METHODS TO REDUCE EMISSIONS engineering fundamentals of the internal combustion engine3.pdf page1 titles Ammonia Injection Systems 9-11 EXHAUST GAS RECYCLE-EGR page2 images image1 page3 images image1 page4 titles 9-12 NON EXHAUST EMISSIONS images image1 page5 titles 308 Emissions and Air Pollution Chap. 9 PROBLEMS page6 titles Chap. 9 Problems 309 page7 page8 titles Chap. 9 Design Problems 311 DESIGN PROBLEMS page9 images image1 page10 images image1 page11 images image1 page12 images image1 page13 titles Engine Warmup images image1 page14 images image1 page15 titles 10-4 HEAT TRANSFER IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS images image1 page16 images image1 page17 images image1 page18 images image1 page19 images image1 page20 images image1 page21 titles 10-5 HEAT TRANSFER IN EXHAUST SYSTEM images image1 page22 images image1 page23 images image1 page24 titles Engine Size '- images image1 page25 titles Engine Speed images image1 page26 titles Load page27 titles Spark Timing Fuel Equivalence Ratio Evaporative Cooling page28 images image1 page29 titles Inlet Air Temperature images image1 page30 titles Coolant Temperature Engine Materials Compression Ratio Swirl and Squish page31 titles 10-7 AIR-COOLED ENGINES images image1 page32 titles 10-8 LIQUID-COOLED ENGINES images image1 page33 page34 images image1 page35 images image1 page36 images image1 page37 titles 10-9 OIL AS A COOLANT images image1 page38 titles 10-10 ADIABATIC ENGINES page39 titles "- 10-11 SOME MODERN TRENDS IN ENGINE COOLING page40 titles 10-12 THERMAL STORAGE page41 page42 titles 10-13 SUMMARY PROBLEMS page43 titles 346 Heat Transfer in Engines Chap. 10 page44 page45 titles 348 Heat Transfer in Engines Chap. 10 DESIGN PROBLEMS page46 titles 11-1 MECHANICAL FRICTION AND LUBRICATION images image1 page47 images image1 page48 images image1 page49 images image1 page50 images image1 page51images image1 page52 images image1 page53 images image1 page54 images image1 page55 images image1 page56 images image1 page57 images image1 page58 images image1 page59 images image1 page60 images image1 page61 titles 11-4 ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEMS images image1 page62 images image1 page63 page64 titles 11-6 LUBRICATING OIL images image1 page65 images image1 page66 titles Viscositv. page67 images image1 page68 page69 images image1 page70 titles Synthetic Oils 11-7 OIL FILTERS page71 images image1 page72 titles 11-8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS images image1 page73 titles 376 Friction and Lubrication Chap. 11 PROBLEMS page74 page75 images image1 image2 page76 images image1 page77 images image1 page78 images image1 page79 images image1 page80 images image1 page81 images image1 page82 images image1 page83 tables table1 page84 tables table1 page85 tables table1 page86 tables table1 page87 tables table1 page88 tables table1 page89 images image1 tables table1 page90 tables table1 page91 tables table1 page92 tables table1 page93 tables table1 page94 tables table1 page95 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