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WHITE WOMEN AND SLAVERY (Historical Note: Based on English common law, coverture laws in the United States forbade a married woman to own property, sign legal documents or enter into a contract, obtain an education against her husband's wishes, or keep à salary for herself.)
The article's first sentence — “They didn't know how bad it was” — most likely refers to the belief that
A during the days of slavery in the U.S. South, northerners had an unrealistic, romanticized view of that institution.
B because of southern customs and traditions, white southern women had to pretend they knew nothing about the institution of slavery.
C slavery in the U.S. South would have ended much sooner if northerners had known how bad that institution was.
D U.S. historians accepted superficial descriptions of southern slavery until James Redpath published his investigative journalism in the 1850s.
E white southern women were advocates of slavery only because they had so little familiarity with the terrible reality of that institution.
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Vamos analisar as alternativas com base na frase “They didn't know how bad it was” e no contexto histórico: A) Durante os dias da escravidão no Sul dos EUA, os nortistas tinham uma visão irrealista e romantizada da escravidão. — Essa alternativa faz sentido, pois sugere que os nortistas não tinham plena consciência da crueldade da escravidão. B) Por causa dos costumes e tradições do Sul, as mulheres brancas do Sul tinham que fingir que não sabiam nada sobre a escravidão. — Essa alternativa fala sobre fingimento das mulheres do Sul, não sobre desconhecimento geral. C) A escravidão no Sul dos EUA teria acabado muito antes se os nortistas soubessem o quão ruim era a instituição. — Essa alternativa sugere uma consequência hipotética, não uma crença sobre o desconhecimento. D) Historiadores dos EUA aceitaram descrições superficiais da escravidão até James Redpath publicar seu jornalismo investigativo nos anos 1850. — Essa alternativa fala sobre historiadores, não sobre a crença geral. E) Mulheres brancas do Sul defendiam a escravidão porque tinham pouco conhecimento da realidade terrível da instituição. — Essa alternativa sugere que as mulheres do Sul eram defensoras por desconhecimento, o que não é o foco da frase. A alternativa que melhor corresponde à ideia de que “eles não sabiam o quão ruim era” é a alternativa A. Resposta correta: A

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"Inicialmente, a historiografia separa seu presente de um passado. Porém, repete sempre o gesto de dividir. Assim sendo, sua cronologia se compõe de ‘períodos’ (por exemplo Idade Média, História Moderna, História Contemporânea) entre os quais se indica sempre a decisão de ser outro ou de não ser mais o que havia sido até então (o Renascimento, a Revolução). Por sua vez, cada tempo ‘novo’ deu lugar a um discurso que considera ‘morto’ aquilo que o precedeu, recebendo um ‘passado’ já marcado pelas rupturas anteriores." DE CERTEAU, M. A escrita da História. Trad., Rio de Janeiro: Forense-Universitária, 1982, p. 15. A expansão marítima europeia é tida como um dos marcos temporais do início da Idade Moderna e fim da Idade Média. Acerca dessa periodização, é correto afirmar:
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In Henry’s time, people suspected of crimes (often punishable by death) were subjected to trial by ordeal [julgamento por meio de provações]. In one variety, a priest would be Summoned to bless a pond [lagoinha] or river, and the accused would be thrown in. If he or she floated, guilt would be assumed, since the blessed water had “rejected" them. In 1215 the Catholic Church forbade clergymen [membros do clero] to assist in trial by ordeal. The decision, delegitimized, the procedure, which rested on an assumption that God protected the innocent. So the assize panels were adapted to serve assomething more like, modern juries — bodies that decide guilt and innocence, and by the 15th century they were more commonly hearing evidence presented to them in court rather than working entirely on the basis of their own information about the case. Though the right to a jury trial is guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution, juries have become less common in the land of their birth. In England, both civil and criminal cases are now more likely to be tried before judges alone.
With respect to “trial by ordeal,” as described in the article, you can most logically conclude that
A if God was on the side of a person being submitted to a trial by ordeal, he or she would probably drown.
B People believed that the water blessed by a Catholic priest for a trial by ordeal would remain sacred for eternity.
C the people who advocated trial by ordeal had complete and unquestioning faith in God's infallible justice.
D the people of that time probably believed that without the participation and support of the Catholic Church, trial by ordeal made no sense.
E when trial by ordeal was abandoned in England, the assize panels were forced to take on several new duties to avoid becoming obsolete.

In Henry’s time, people suspected of crimes (often punishable by death) were subjected to trial by ordeal [julgamento por meio de provações]. In one variety, a priest would be Summoned to bless a pond [lagoinha] or river, and the accused would be thrown in. If he or she floated, guilt would be assumed, since the blessed water had “rejected" them. In 1215 the Catholic Church forbade clergymen [membros do clero] to assist in trial by ordeal. The decision, delegitimized, the procedure, which rested on an assumption that God protected the innocent. So the assize panels were adapted to serve assomething more like, modern juries — bodies that decide guilt and innocence, and by the 15th century they were more commonly hearing evidence presented to them in court rather than working entirely on the basis of their own information about the case. Though the right to a jury trial is guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution, juries have become less common in the land of their birth. In England, both civil and criminal cases are now more likely to be tried before judges alone.
The information in the article most likely supports all of the following except
A until 1215, the Catholic Church in England actively opposed the implementation of trial by jury.
B in some types of trial by ordeal, the ability to swim would not necessarily keep an accused person alive.
C Before the 15th century, members of assize panels were expected to have a significant amount of knowledge and preparation before helping to decide a dispute.
D ironically, the country that gave the world the concept of trial by jury now makes little use of it.
E before 1215, people in England generally believed that, on certain occasions, God worked with an essential representative on earth to protect innocent people.

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