What are the factors that predispose to placental retention in cattle?
Factors related to age, nutrition, chronic diseases, abortions, twin births, hereditary factors, physiological factors, and external factors.
Factors related to hygiene, induction of labor, and nutritional deficiencies.
Factors related to viral infections, such as BVD and IBR, and bacterial infections, such as Campylobacter fetus.
The incidence of placental retention is higher in primiparous cows than in cows in their ninth parturition.
Low serum concentrations of minerals such as Zn, Mg, and K increase the risk of placental retention.
Infections caused by E. coli, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, or Corynebacterium pyogenes during the dilation period can lead to placental retention.
a) Factors related to age, nutrition, chronic diseases, abortions, twin births, hereditary factors, physiological factors, and external factors.
b) Factors related to hygiene, induction of labor, and nutritional deficiencies.
c) Factors related to viral infections, such as BVD and IBR, and bacterial infections, such as Campylobacter fetus.
d) All of the above.