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207
Language Study
Present Perfect
1. Read the following sentences from the text on pages 204 and 205. 
Then do the activities that follow. Use your notebook. 
[...] media platforms have become powerful across Africa.
Twitter in particular has become a useful political tool for many.
[...] they [media platforms] have allowed people excluded from 
public communication to articulate their fears and desires in a 
way that wasn’t previously possible.
[...] Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Gambia have already 
passed laws that target social media users specifically.
L EM13LGG403
EM13LGG702
a. Choose the correct option to complete the explanation of the 
Present Perfect Tense.
• The sentences show examples of the Present Perfect Tense. 
We use the Present Perfect to express several different 
ideas. In each of the examples, the verb refers to an action 
that happened within a period of time that is specifi ed and 
fi nished / not specifi ed and unfi nished. We do not know 
exactly when the action was done, we just know that it was 
in the past and has important results at the present time. In 
sentences like those, the Present Perfect forms a connection, 
as if it were a “bridge” between the past and the present.
b. Read the reference sentences again and answer yes or no to 
the following questions.
• Have media platforms become powerful only in South 
Africa? No
• Has social media become a powerful political tool for many 
people? Yes
c. Read the reference sentences again and check if the following 
statements are true (T) or false (F).
• Uganda hasn’t passed laws that target social media users yet.
• Social media platforms haven’t allowed people excluded 
from public communication to share their fears and desires. F
d. Have a look at the sentences in the previous activities and 
complete the rules about the formation of the Present 
Perfect.
• The Present Perfect is a compound tense. We construct it 
with one of the present forms of the auxiliary verb to have
( or ), followed by the main verb in the 
Past Participle form. have; has
not specifi ed and unfi nished
F
Explique aos estudantes que, na linguagem informal, é comum usar a for-
ma contraída do verbo auxiliar have/has com os pronomes pessoais: I’ve, 
you’ve, he’s, she’s, it’s, we’ve, they’ve. Depois, oriente-os a completar as 
regras sobre os advérbios usados com o Present Perfect e a observar 
novamente as frases referência e as frases da atividade c.
1. Escreva duas das 
frases da atividade 
no quadro. Peça aos 
estudantes que identi-
fi quem as formas verbais 
em cada uma das frases. Em seguida, 
pergunte a eles: 1. Sabemos quando as 
ações indicadas na frase aconteceram? 
(não); 2. As ações indicadas nas frases 
começaram e terminaram no passado, 
não tendo relação com o tempo presen-
te, ou são ações que começaram no 
passado e que ainda não terminaram, 
ou que têm efeitos no tempo presente? 
(são ações que começaram no passado 
e que ainda não terminaram ou que têm 
efeitos no tempo presente). Em segui-
da, peça aos estudantes para realizar as 
atividades do Language Study.
“I still haven’t found 
what I’m looking 
for” é uma canção 
de 1987 da banda 
irlandesa U2. Sua 
letra tem vários 
exemplos de uso do 
Present Perfect. 
I STILL haven’t 
found what 
I’m looking for. 
Intérprete: U2. 
Compositor: U2. 
In: THE Joshua 
Tree. Intérprete: 
U2. Dublin: Island 
Records, 1987. 1 
CD, faixa 2.
SUGGESTION
TIP 
Ao fi nal do livro, na 
página 297, você 
encontra uma lista com 
o Past Participle dos 
verbos irregulares 
mais comuns. 
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208
The real name of Grumpy Cat 
was Tardar Sauce (2012-2019).
Let’s Practice
2. Read the following text about internet memes and 
complete it using the words in the box. Use your 
notebook.
celebrity  have become  have emerged
have established  laugh  opinion
a. have emerged; b. celebrity; c. have become; d. opinion; 
e. laugh; f. have established
The Evolution of Memes
[...] memes a. as one of the primary methods of communication on the 
internet. Anything can become a meme — even people, and if you’re really lucky, 
becoming a meme can turn you into a b. . 
[...] As more and more time is spent online, memes c. the perfect vehicle 
for facilitating information, humor, and d. . Evolving from basic image edits 
made to make people e. into rhetorical devices capable of disseminating 
information to millions of people, memes f. themselves as one of the most 
important media today. [...]
• In the negative form, we add not to have or has: have not
(short form: ) or has not (short form: ).
• To construct questions with the Present Perfect, we put
or at the beginning of the question, 
before the subject. have; has
• To give short affi rmative answers, we say “Yes, I/you/we/
they have” and “Yes, he/she/it ”, or, when the 
idea is negative, “No, I/you/we/they haven’t” or “No, he/
she/it ”. has; hasn’t
• The adverb means that something happened 
earlier than we expected and is commonly used with the 
Present Perfect. It means já, in Portuguese. already
• The adverb means that something that we 
expected hasn’t happened until now and is commonly 
used with the Present Perfect in negative sentences. It 
means ainda (não), in Portuguese. yet
e. Go back to activity b and give short answers to those 
questions. No, they haven’t.; Yes, it has.
f. Go back to the text on pages 204 and 205 and find at least 
two more sentences in the Present Perfect.
 haven’t; hasn’t
f. Resposta sugerida: “Online platforms have become an important site for political and social engagement.”; “Some of these laws criminalise 
free speech online, while others have made the use of social media too expensive for users.”; “These platforms have also enabled users to 
link local issues with international concerns to give them global currency and legitimacy.”
2. Antes de realizar a atividade, peça aos estudantes que observem a imagem e pergunte 
se eles reconhecem o gato (protagonista do meme que foi visto na seção Let’s Start). 
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The real name of Grumpy Cat 
Let’s Start). Let’s Start). Let’s Start
TIP 
Alguns advérbios, 
como already, yet, 
never e ever, são 
muito usados com o 
tempo verbal Present 
Perfect. Para dizer 
alguma vez usamos 
ever, quase sempre em 
perguntas: “Have you 
ever seen a Japanese 
movie?”. Para dizer 
nunca usamos never: 
“I have never seen a 
Japanese movie.”. Para 
dizer já em perguntas, 
usamos yet no fi nal da 
pergunta: “Have you 
seen that movie yet?”.
Pergunte aos estudantes quem ou o que costuma pro-
tagonizar os memes de que eles mais gostam. 
KOSTIDAKIS, Perry. The Evolution of Memes. Complex, Mar. 13, 2019. Available at: 
https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2019/03/evolution-of-memes/. Accessed on: May 14, 2020.
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