Week 10_Reverse Engineering(1)

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MIET2012 
1 
Lecture 10: Reverse Engineering and 
Intellectual Property 
MIET2093 
Computer Aided Engineering 
 
by: 
Dr. Toh Yen Pang 
tohyen.pang@rmit.edu.au 
9925 6128 
B251.3.22 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 2 RMIT University©2015 
Teaching Schedule 
Teaching 
Week 
Lecture Topics Tutorial Topics Assessments/Tasks 
Week 10 Reverser 
Engineering 
3D scanning (AMP 
building 55, level 4) 
Quiz 3 
Week 11 Rapid Prototyping 3D printing (AMP 
building 55, level 4) 
Week 12 Summary & 
Revision 
Assembly Workbench Quiz 4 
Group Project submission 
Exam 
periods 
Final Exam (Saturday, 6th June 
2hrs 
10:00-13:00pm 
Building 56, level 4 PC labs 
83,85,86,89,90) 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 3 RMIT University©2015 
AMP (Week 10 – Week 11) 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 4 RMIT University©2015 
Quiz 3 (Week 10) 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 5 RMIT University©2015 
Quiz 3 (Balloon, BOM) 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 6 RMIT University©2015 
Quiz 4 
(Multi view, Section View, Dimension) 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 7 RMIT University©2015 
3D Printing (Week 11) 
3D Part.stl
Dimension < 30x30x30mm3
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 8 RMIT University©2015 
Quiz 5 (Exam Practice)- Week 12 
1 2 3 5 64 7 A3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
D
E
F
Connecting Rod Side 1
DESIGNED BY: DATE:
QUANTITY:
1 Off
CHECKED BY:
TPE
DATE:
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION SCALE:
1/1
SHEET:
DOCUMENT TITLE:GENERAL TOLERANCE
ISO 2768 - mK
LINEAR DIMENSIONS
0.5<t 3 0.1
3<t 6 0.1
6<t 30 0.2
30<t 120 0.3
120<t 400 0.5
ANGULAR DIMENSIONS
t 10 1°
10<t 50 ±30'
50<t 120 ±20'
120<t 400 ±10'
400<t ±5'
This drawing is our property; it can't be reproduced or communicated without our written agreement.
NEXT ASSY:
ESA-A001
DRAWING REVISION
DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVAL
SIGNATURE:
FINISH:
DOCUMENT TYPE:
Part Drawing
400<t 1000 0.8
1000<t 2000 1.2
(SHARP EDGES BROKEN
(GENERAL TOLERANCE ISO 2768 - mK
DRAWING NUMBER:
CRS1-P001
REVISION:
001
PROJECT:
...
1:2
Thierry Perret-Ellena 2014-05-21
01 1
ITEM REF QTY DESCRIPTION MATERIAL/DRAWING NO. REMARKS/SUPPLIER/CATALOG NO.
260
2
4
3
8
7R2x 7R2x 
BB
A
A
C
41
59
80R
80R
80R
72.31
3
6
1
8
135
116
Section view B-B
Scale: 1:2
41
38
40R
D
D
Section view A-A
Scale: 1:2
5R4x 
Detail C
Scale: 3:2
1
(
2
x
)
 
4
5
1 9
50.16
100.31
122x x1.75
Auxiliary view D
Scale: 1:2
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 9 RMIT University©2015 
1 2 3 5 64 7 A3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
D
E
F
DESIGNED BY:
Thierry Perret-Ellena
DATE:
2014-05-21
QUANTITY:
1 Off
CHECKED BY:
TPE
DATE:
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION SCALE:
1:2 1/1
SHEET:
DOCUMENT TITLE:GENERAL TOLERANCE
ISO 2768 - mK
LINEAR DIMENSIONS
0.5<t 3 0.1
3<t 6 0.1
6<t 30 0.2
30<t 120 0.3
120<t 400 0.5
ANGULAR DIMENSIONS
t 10 1°
10<t 50 ±30'
50<t 120 ±20'
120<t 400 ±10'
400<t ±5'
This drawing is our property; it can't be reproduced or communicated without our written agreement.
NEXT ASSY:
ESA-A001
DRAWING REVISION
DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVAL
SIGNATURE:
FINISH:
DOCUMENT TYPE:
Part Drawing
400<t 1000 0.8
1000<t 2000 1.2
(SHARP EDGES BROKEN
(GENERAL TOLERANCE ISO 2768 - mK
DRAWING NUMBER:REVISION:
001
PROJECT:
...
07 1 Ring
06 1 Crankshaft
05 2 Hexagon Head Cap Screw M12x45
04 1 Connecting Rod Side 2
03 1 Connecting Rod Side 1
02 1 Pin
01 1 Piston
ITEM REF QTY DESCRIPTION MATERIAL/DRAWING NO. REMARKS/SUPPLIER/CATALOG NO.
Engine Sub Assembly
Isometric view
Scale: 1:3
Isometric view
Scale: 1:3
01
02
03
04
05
06
07Quiz 5 (Exam Practice)- Week 12 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 10 RMIT University©2015 
Quiz 5 (Assembly, Save Management) 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 11 RMIT University©2015 
Course Experience Survey (CES) 
 •  email: to collect student feedback for improvement in learning and 
teaching
•  Individual student feedback remains confidential
•  Good teaching score (GTS) used for performance review of lecturers 
and tutors (> 70% required for undergraduate courses)
•  Eg. I am learning a lot of new skills in this course. Each question is 
measured against a 5 point scale ranging from ‘Strongly Disagree’ to 
‘Strongly Agree’.
•  Marking 1-3 (maybe / not sure) results in < 70% à we have failed your 
expectations for this course
•  Please give constructive feedback when criticising
•  Any constructive comments are welcome.
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 12 RMIT University©2015 
What aspects of this course are in 
most need of improvement? 
•  The inability to access the CATIA program at home makes studying difficult 
unless in the computer labs. 
•  More demonstrations in CATIA, additional lab time 
Examples from Sem 2 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 13 RMIT University©2015 
What are the best aspects of this 
course? 
•  Being able to visualize objects and 3D models as well as using Catia 
•  Tutorial class 
•  they best aspect of this course is working in a group and creating your 
own design using computer design software. 
Examples from Sem 2 
•  The project was challenging but yet very interesting to do. The tutorials 
were very useful especially since it is a 2.5hr session. 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 14 RMIT University©2015 
Overview 
•  Technologies and their applications in reverse engineering 
•  Reverse engineering methodology 
•  3D object shape acquisition 
•  Legality of reverse engineering 
•  Intellectual Property 
 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 15 RMIT University©2015 
What is Reverse Engineering?
Reverse engineering (RE) is a process of measuring, 
analyzing, and testing to reconstruct the mirror image of an 
object or retrieve a past event 
“Examining competitive or similar or prior products in great 
detail by dissecting them or literally taking them apart.” 
“Why would you want to do that?”
“How does it work?”
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 16 RMIT University©2015 
Reverse Eng’g vs. Eng’g Design (1/3)
RE has become a standard practice for engineers who need 
to replicate or repair a worn component when original data 
or specifications are unavailable.
RE focuses on assessment and analysis to reinvent the 
original parts, complementing realistic constraints with 
alternative engineering solutions
RE is a process by which a complex CAD model of a part 
can be constructed from point clouds scanned by various 3D 
scanners 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 17 RMIT University©2015 
Reverse Eng’g vs. Eng’g Design (2/3)
RE is a top-down reinvention process, while machine 
design is a bottom-up creation process
top-down bottom-up 
The advantage of top-down design is that much less rework is needed 
when design changes occur 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 18 RMIT University©2015 
Reverse Eng’g vs. Eng’g Design (3/3)
In the RE processan existing and sometimes worn-out part 
is measured and analyzed with proper methodology to re-
create a design drawing for future production.
In Engineering Design, the design drawing is first created 
from a new idea or innovation, and the production of the 
part follows.
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 19 RMIT University©2015 
Computer Aided (Reverse) Eng’g
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 20 RMIT University©2015 
Reasons for RE
There is inadequate documentation of the original design 
or never existed
The original manufacturer of a product no longer produces 
a product
The original manufacturer no longer exists, but a customer 
needs the product
To explore new avenues to improve product performance 
and features
To gain competitive benchmarking methods to understand 
competitor's products and develop better products
The original CAD model is not sufficient to support 
modifications or current manufacturing methods
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 21 RMIT University©2015 
 Why Need to move to 3D?
• Large holdings of legacy 2D drawings in most 
companies
• Need to redesign (or design new) parts based on older 
designs
• Need to manufacture spare parts using new machine 
tools that cannot use legacy data – improved logistic 
support
• Need to archive designs for future use
• Need to visualize 3D models for non-engineering use
• Virtual prototyping – engineering analysis
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 22 RMIT University©2015 
3D Object Shape Acquisition
Measurement or dissemble of the existing object or part 
 image data sensor (Laser scanning)
 medical imaging through CT and/or MRI
2D drawing
MIET2012 
Laser Scanning 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 24 RMIT University©2015 
Mechanical RE Steps 
Part 
NURBS Polygon 
Data 
Acquisition 
Point cloud 
CAD model 
Surface/Solid 
modeling 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 25 RMIT University©2015 
Surface and Solid Model 
Reconstruction
One of the first steps in reverse engineering is to reconstruct the 
subject of interest from the data obtained by three-dimensional 
(3D) scanners or a direct-contact probes. 
The process can be divided into four phases: 
•  data acquisition, 
•  polygonization, 
•  refinement, and 
•  model generation. 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 26 RMIT University©2015 
Scanning Instrument and Technology 
Advanced devices have been developed to image the three-
dimensional features of a physical object and translate them into 
a 3D model with high accuracy. 
Data can be obtained directly using a digitizer that is connected 
to a computer installed with reverse engineering software. 
The two most commonly used digitizing devices are probes and 
scanners. 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 27 RMIT University©2015 
Reconstruct of Scan Data 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 28 RMIT University©2015 
RE Aircraft A320
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 29 RMIT University©2015 
3D laser scanner
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 30 RMIT University©2015 
Reflective targets 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 31 RMIT University©2015 
Photogrammetry 
& Scan
Photography & 
Video
Hand Measurement2D Drawing
Modeling process
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 32 RMIT University©2015 
3D scanned surface (Point Cloud)
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 33 RMIT University©2015 
Mesh Reconstruction
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 34 RMIT University©2015 
Surface Fitting
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 35 RMIT University©2015 
VS 
 
3D Model Construction Methods 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 36 RMIT University©2015 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 37 RMIT University©2015 
Legality of RE
Reverse engineering is used to duplicate the original 
design, or to create a new model that improves an existing 
product 
The legality of reverse engineering by an individual to 
understand the design and functionality of an invention has 
rarely been challenged, as long as it is used for: 
•  learning, 
•  changing or repairing a product, 
•  providing a related service, 
•  developing a compatible product, 
•  creating a clone of the product, and 
•  improving the product 
 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 38 RMIT University©2015 
What is Intellectual Property?
Intellectual property (IP) is: 
•  A product or creation of the mind or intellect
•  An asset that can be protected under law
•  An asset that can be bought, sold and licensed
•  An asset that can attract grants and funding to help 
finance a business, research or commercialisation
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 39 RMIT University©2015 
What are Intellectual Property Rights?
Rights available to protect your knowledge and the 
products of your knowledge from unauthorized use by 
others 
Rights that are the legal basis for providing a business with 
sustainable competitive advantage 
 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 40 RMIT University©2015 
Common Forms of IP rights
Trade Secrets/Confidential information 
Copyright-original literary & artistic works, design 
drawings, code 
Registered Designs – protect visual appearance of a 
product 
Trade Marks – a sign used to indicate trade origin of good 
or services 
Patents – protect inventions (the way things work) 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 41 RMIT University©2015 
Is RE unethical?
Does RE infringe on others work (or ideas)?
Copyright Protection 
Patent Protection 
Chinese Knockoff iPad Apple iPad 
There are two basic legalities associated with reverse engineering:
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 42 RMIT University©2015 
Copyright
Copyrights protect an expression fixed in a tangible 
medium, such as writing, painting, or sculpting. 
All works are automatically given copyright protection the 
moment they are created 
Protects the original expression of ideas - not the ideas 
themselves 
Does not protect against independent creation of similar 
expressions based on the same idea 
Protects against the unauthorised copying, reproduction or 
publication of the whole work or a “substantial part” 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 43 RMIT University©2015 
Works Protected by Copyright
Literary works – traditional printed or written works (e.g. 
books, letters, emails), as well as tables, databases and 
computer programs 
Artistic works – paintings, sculpture, drawings, 
photographs, buildings, works of artistic craftsmanship 
Dramatic works – plays, dances, mime, film scripts 
Musical works – songs, musical arrangements, fixed 
combination of noises 
Other subject matter - sound recordings, films, broadcasts, 
published editions of works 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 44 RMIT University©2015 
Copyrights & RE
Copyrights protect the author’s right to reproduce, prepare 
derivatives of, distribute or display publicly, and perform 
publicly his or her works. 
Are you infringing of the copyright laws when reverse 
engineer the hood of a truck? 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering45 RMIT University©2015 
What is a Design Registration?
Can protect features of: 
> shape & configuration (3D features) 
> pattern & ornamentation (2D features) 
A design registration protects the overall appearance of a 
product. 
Does not protect aspects of function or construction 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 46 RMIT University©2015 
http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/ 
Copyright−Design Overlap
Copyright can be lost if: 
•  you register a three-dimensional design; and/or 
•  a design is industrially applied 
So if you create a three-dimensional work that you intend 
to use for industrial purposes you will need to apply for 
design protection. 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 47 RMIT University©2015 
Patent (1/3)
Patents protect new, useful, and non-obvious inventions. 
Patent rights are territorial, with An exclusive monopoly 
right of up to 20 years. 
Patent is governed by laws, regulations, policies, and 
procedures. 
An invention will be in the public domain when the 
patent’s term expires 
The patent ownership may be transferred through 
employment agreement, and/or by an express assignment, 
wherein ownership is. 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 48 RMIT University©2015 
Exploiting the invention includes: 
•  manufacturing a patented product 
•  using a patented process 
•  importing a patented product 
•  offering a patented product for sale or hire 
Gives the patent owner the exclusive right to exclude 
others from exploiting the patented invention during the 
term of the patent 
Patent (2/3)
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 49 RMIT University©2015 
Patent (3/3)
The patent application is a long and complex legal endeavor 
requiring thorough examination and public disclosure. 
The patent application fees and maintenance costs can also be 
expensive 
An individual must file a patent application in each country in 
which he or she would like to secure patent protection. 
Therefore, multiple patent applications to several countries are 
usually required to have proper international protection 
coverage 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 50 RMIT University©2015 
Patentable Subject Matter 
Patentable: 
> Devices, products, apparatus 
> Processes, systems, methods 
Not patentable: 
> Discoveries (electricity, gravity, etc) 
 > Ideas 
> Schemes 
> Plans 
> Formulae 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 51 RMIT University©2015 
Electricity as an Example 
ý Discovery 
 > electricity 
þ Process 
> passing an electric current through a filament to 
generate light 
 
þ Product 
> light bulb 
 
þ Method 
> using light from a bulb to adjust climactic conditions causing 
plants to flower out of season 
 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 52 RMIT University©2015 
What is a Patentable Invention? 
Novelty 
> Has it already been described in any publicly available 
written or oral disclosure or act? 
Inventive Step 
> When compared with one or more “prior art” disclosures, 
would the invention be considered “obvious” to a person 
skilled in the art? 
Usefulness 
> Does the invention have a specific, substantial and credible 
use? 
Industrial applicability 
> Can it be made or used in industry? 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 53 RMIT University©2015 
Technical Drawing & Patent
A comprehensive engineering drawing in a utility patent on 
a mechanical part is vitally essential. 
Omission of a drawing may cause a patent application to 
be considered incomplete. 
The lack of detailed drawings may impede the patent from 
obtaining protection against a reverse engineered part 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 54 RMIT University©2015 
Example Technical Drawing & 
Patent
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 55 RMIT University©2015 
How is RE implemented legally?
RE is a valid practice
But… it must be done with care! 
Learning from others: OK 
Learning why others did something can give rise to a 
better understanding and improve your own product 
beyond that initial question 
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 56 RMIT University©2015 
Revision 
1) What is the definition of reverse engineering in terms of 
mechanical systems?
2) List three reasons to reverse engineer something.
3) What is Intellectual Property
4) In patent law, what characteristics the invention must in order 
to be considered patentable?
5) What does copyright law protect?
School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 57 RMIT University©2015 
References 
•  Umesh Chandra Pati, 3-D surface geometry and reconstruction 
[electronic resource] : developing concepts and applications, 
Hershey, Pa. : IGI Global (701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, 
Pennsylvania) 2012.
•  Wego Wang, Reverse Engineering, Technology of Reinvention, 
CRC Press 2010
•  http://www.aeromech.usyd.edu.au/people/academic/qingli/
AMME4981.htm