Albuquerque et al 2007

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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114 (2007) 325–354
Medicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation of NE Brazil:
A quantitative approach
Ulysses Paulino de Albuquerque ∗, Patrı́cia Muniz de Medeiros, Alyson Luiz S. de Almeida,
Júlio Marcelino Monteiro, Ernani Machado de Freitas Lins Neto, Joabe Gomes de Melo,
Janaina Patrı́cia dos Santos
Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Biologia, Área de Botânica, Laboratório de Etnobotânica Aplicada,
Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-030, Brazil
Received 13 March 2007; received in revised form 1 August 2007; accepted 10 August 2007
Available online 19 August 2007
bstract
The caatinga (semi-arid vegetation) is a Brazilian biome with a significant but poorly studied biodiversity closely associated with a diverse cultural
eritage. The present work focused on analyzing published information available concerning medicinal plants used by traditional communities.
e sought to contribute to future phytochemical and pharmacological investigations by documenting the therapeutic uses of native caatinga plants
ithin the aims of modern ethnopharmacological research. Twenty-one published works cited a total of 389 plant species used by indigenous
nd rural communities in northeastern Brazil for medicinal purposes. The relative importance index (RI) of each species in these inventories
as calculated, and information concerning the plant’s local status (spontaneous or cultivated), distribution, and habit was recorded. Of the
75 spontaneous (non-cultivated) species cited, 15.3% were endemic to the caatinga. A statistical relationship was verified between the relative
mportance of the species and their endemic status (p < 0.05). Herbaceous plants were more numerous (169) than trees (90) or shrubs and sub-shrubs
130) at a statistically significant level (p < 0.05). A survey of published information on the phytochemical and pharmacological status of the plants
emonstrating the highest RI supported the veracity of their attributed folk uses.
2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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eywords: Ethnobotany; Ethnopharmacology; Medical ethnobotany; Local kno
. Introduction
.1. Biological and cultural diversity of caatinga
Brazil not only has one of the world’s highest levels of bio-
iversity but also it has an enormous cultural diversity and an
s yet under-used repertoire of plants with potential economic
alue. However, detailed studies are still needed concerning
hese botanical resources and the impact that intensive use might
ave on their availability (see Araújo et al., 2007). In the case
f medicinal plants, it is important to know as much as possi-
Abbreviations: NE, northeastern; RI, relative importance; CAPES,
oordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nı́vel Superior (“Program of
rofessional Advancement”); CNIP, Centro Nordestino de Informações sobre
lantas (“Northeastern Center for Plant Information”)
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: upa@db.ufrpe.br (U.P. Albuquerque).
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378-8741/$ – see front matter © 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
oi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.017
ge
le about their local use in order to help assure their rational
xploitation (Filho and Sor, 1997).
Northeastern Brazil hosts many different ethnic communities,
ncluding those composed of native Amerindians and “Quilom-
olas” (descendants of Afro-Brazilian slaves living in upcountry
ideouts called quilombos). The indigenous Amerindian pop-
lation of northeastern Brazil is estimated at about 20,000
ndividuals (Athias and Machado, 2001), distributed among
pproximately 35 ethnic groups (Socioambiental, consulted on
ay, 2007) struggling to retain their cultural identity and the
ossession of their native lands. Among these groups, the Fulni-
ˆ (of Pernambuco State), have been able to conserve much of
heir traditional culture, including their native language. In spite
f the notable diversity of these tribes, few ethnobotanists have
orked with them (e.g. Mota, 1987; Silva and Andrade, 1998;
homas, 2001; Silva, 2003). On the other hand, the use of natural
esources by rural communities in this region has been examined
n greater depth. These communities practice subsistence agri-
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26 U.P. Albuquerque et al. / Journal of
ulture, cattle ranching, and harvest both woody and non-woody
orest products, sometimes associated with agroforest systems
e.g. Albuquerque et al., 2005a,b; Florentino et al., 2007).
The caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation is a highly threatened
iome covering a vast area in northeastern Brazil, and is the
ource of many little studied natural resources (Albuquerque
nd Andrade, 2002a,b; Araújo et al., 2007). Many medici-
al plants species from the caatinga are widely known and
sed in folk medicine and for commercial manufacturing
f phytotherapeutic products, including: Myracrodruon urun-
euva Allemão, Amburana cearensis (Arr. Cam.) A.C. Smith.,
rythrina velutina Willd., Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Bre-
an var. cebil (Griseb) Altschul, and Sideroxylon obtusifolium
Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn. (Almeida and Albuquerque, 2002;
lbuquerque et al., 2007). Few ethnobotanical and pharmaco-
ogical studies have been undertaken in this region, however, in
pite of the great cultural and biological diversity to be found
here. This situation is now slowly evolving as more studies
ecome focused along the lines of modern ethnobotanical inves-
igation (see Almeida et al., 2005; Monteiro et al., 2006a).
n light of growing human pressure on the caatinga biome,
eflected in an extractivist model of use, there is a great need
o examine the biodiversity of this region and develop viable
trategies of conservation and sustainable use.
.2. Medicinal plants and ethnobotanical investigation
Popular interest in the use of medicinal plants has grown
onsiderably in the second half of the 20th century, and studies
n the chemistry and pharmacology of natural products (Matos,
996) from many parts of the world (including NE Brazil) have
esulted in increasing concern about the potential loss of biodi-
ersity and the necessity of guaranteeing the sustainable use of
atural resources.
Few studies have been designed to test hypothesis related to
he knowledge and use of medicinal plants. Most studies sur-
ey specific local communities to examine patterns of use and
election of folk medicines, the transmission and erosion of folk
nowledge, and the influence of economic and social variables
n plant use (Almeida et al., 2005; Reyes-Garcı́a et al., 2005,
006; Estomba et al., 2006; Albuquerque, 2006; Albuquerque
nd Oliveira, 2007). Few studies have yet adopted investiga-
ions on larger geographical scales (e.g. Silva and Albuquerque,
005), or dealt with larger databases with more analytical power
see Stepp and Moerman, 2001; Stepp, 2004). Investigators with
ccess to reasonably complete databases can often effectively
nd rapidly address practical questions.
We focused on analyzing published information available
oncerning medicinal plants used by traditional communities
n the caatinga region of northeastern Brazil. The study was
nitially directed towards addressing a central question that sub-
equently opened numerous others lines of investigation: what
actors influence the relative importance of caatinga plants used
or medicinal purposes? To this end we used a relatively simple
easure of relative importance based on a proposal by Bennett
nd Prance (2000) that was developed primarily for measuring
he usefulness of medicinal plants. Interpretations based on this
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pharmacology 114 (2007) 325–354
echnique must be considered with a certain degree of caution
e.g. Albuquerqueet al., 2006). The advantage of this technique,
owever, is based on the fact that it is possible to use previously
ublished data, without the necessity of additional field inter-
iews. According to Albuquerque et al. (2006), this technique
as been used to identify important plants in a given culture (e.g.
anni and Bastien, 2004), to compare the use of plants at differ-
nt times (Janni and Bastien, 2000; Albuquerque et al., 2007),
nd to test hypotheses concerning the use and selection of useful
lants (Almeida et al., 2005).
The present work takes a relatively large-scale view intended
o contribute to the identification of caatinga resources with
otential medicinal applications that have been previously cited
n the scientific literature. As such, and starting with the central
uestion presented earlier, we will address the following points:
s the relative importance of a given species related to its local
tatus (spontaneous or cultivated), distribution, endemism, or
rowth habit? Additionally, we sought to contribute to future
hytochemical and pharmacological investigations by docu-
enting the therapeutic uses of native caatinga plants within the
ims of modern ethnopharmacological research (International
ociety for Ethnopharmacology, consulted on June, 2007).
The role of cultivated and exotic plants has been discussed by
any authors who have interpreted their diversity of uses in some
ultures as a sign of acculturation—while other workers have
ointed out that weeds and invasive plants have taken on impor-
ant roles in traditional pharmacopeias throughout the world
Stepp, 2004) and they have examined plant use in the light of
cological and biochemical factors. Independent of these more
pecific questions, we believe that the native and/or endemic
aatinga plants will be seen to be especially important as mea-
ured by their relative importance (as used here), in light of
he peculiarities of our study area (caatinga vegetation) and
he cultures found there (indigenous and rural communities). In
he same sense, we believe that the caatinga trees represent an
mportant component of the local therapeutic suite of practices,
nd that the strong seasonal nature of the caatinga climate is an
mportant regulatory factor in the relationship between people
nd plants in that region (e.g. Albuquerque, 2006)—favoring
hose resources that are continually available (such as tree bark
nd wood) and that are not strongly affected by the availability
f water resources.
. Materials and methods
.1. Data collection
A total of 21 studies (Sales and Lima, 1985; Agra et al.,
994; Baracho and Agra, 1995; Agra, 1996; Agra et al., 1996;
ocha and Agra, 1996; Cabral and Agra, 1998; Silva and
ndrade, 1998; Costa-Neto and Oliveira, 2000; Albuquerque
nd Andrade, 2002a; Almeida and Albuquerque, 2002; Silva,
003; Marinho, 2004; Trovão et al., 2004; Alcântara Júnior et
l., 2005; Lucena, 2005; Agra et al., 2006; Almeida et al., 2006;
ndrade et al., 2006; Lisboa et al., 2006; Silva et al., 2006) under-
aken between 1985 and 2006 in the Brazilian states of Alagoas,
ahia, Paraı́ba, Pernambuco and Sergipe supplied the informa-
U.P. Albuquerque et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114 (2007) 325–354 327
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Fig. 1. Map demonstrating the locations of the eth
ion analyzed (Fig. 1). Of the 21 studies examined, 19 surveyed
ural communities and two surveyed indigenous communities.
nly full text studies in which botanical material was care-
ully collected and documented were considered in this analysis.
ncluded in our survey were all published works indexed in the
pecialized literature (Biological Abstracts, Web of Science, and
cielo, all consulted until May, 2006) and the Brazilian Thesis
ank (CAPES: http://www.capes.gov.br, consulted until May,
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anical studies examined in this work (NE Brazil).
006). Although it is possible that some published works were
verlooked, we are confident that the publications consulted
ere representative of the scientific production of ethnobotani-
al studies carried out in the caatinga for the period under study;
hile the objective of our work was to examine the information
vailable and analyze it systematically, these individual works
an not be viewed as replicates in a strict statistical sense, but
ather a compilation of the useful caatinga species.
3 Ethno
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114 were cultivated. A total of 556 plant taxa were cited in the
28 U.P. Albuquerque et al. / Journal of
The following information was gathered from the studies ana-
yzed: scientific names, common names, plant parts utilized (the
lant parts utilized were not specified in some of the papers
xamined), and the indicated therapeutic uses. Species were
lassified as to their growth habit as trees, shrubs, sub-shrubs,
r herbaceous. If the plant habits assigned were not specified in
he original work, this information was obtained for the most
art from the “Centro Nordestino de Informações sobre Plan-
as” database (CNIP: http://www.cnip.org.br, consulted on May,
006), or with the help of specialists from Federal University
f Pernambuco (UFPE) and the Federal Rural University of
ernambuco (UFRPE). The term status in the text and tables
efers to plant classification as either a spontaneous or cultivated
pecies. We considered spontaneous species to be those that
aturally occur in the caatinga, without being cultivated—and
s such, this category includes both native and invasive plants.
ndemic species were considered those that naturally occur only
n the caatinga biome (according to Giulietti et al., 2002); cul-
ivated or spontaneous species that are not restricted only to
he caatinga region were considered non-endemic plants. Anal-
ses were performed only on plants identified to the species
evel, but all the plants cited in the 21 texts that were con-
ulted are listed in Table 1. Care was taken to employ only the
urrent scientific names and to identify synonyms; the latter
lways being substituted by the current accepted name as listed
n the databases of CNIP and the Missouri Botanical Garden
MOBOT: http://www.mobot.org).
Therapeutic uses were ordered according to body systems,
ollowing the World Health Organization classification (WHO,
006). This classification was occasionally subjective, however,
t is common to encounter significant imprecision in the local
edical terminology or in the therapeutic uses attributed to a
iven plant in ethnopharmacological and ethnobotanical studies
see Waller, 1993). As such, when a wide therapeutic indication
as encountered (e.g. “inflammations”), or when its etiology
as not sufficiently clear, it was included in the category of
fflictions and Pains not defined.
In order to examine the availability and occurrence of the
ative caatinga species with the greatest relative importance, the
istribution of these species was analyzed using phytosociologi-
al data from 16 published plant surveys undertaken in five states
n the caatinga region between 1969 and 2005 (Tavares et al.,
969a,b, 1974a,b; Drumond et al., 1982; Fonseca, 1991; Araújo
t al., 1995; Gomes, 1999; Andrade, 2000; Figueiredo, 2000;
emos and Rodal, 2002; Pereira et al., 2002; Alcoforado-Filho
t al., 2003; Costa, 2003; Nascimento et al., 2003; Albuquerque
t al., 2005a). Of these publications, only one (e.g. Albuquerque
t al., 2005a) was a phytosociological study associated with eth-
obotanical dada from the same locality (e.g. Albuquerque and
ndrade, 2002a). Four basic criteria were used to select these
nventory surveys: (1) the work was undertaken in a limited area
f caatinga; (2) the specimen inclusion criteria was a ground
evel stem diameter ≥ 3 cm; (3) the authors indicated the herbaria
n which the collected material was deposited; (4) at least 80%
f the material collected was identified to the species level.
peciesdistribution was classified as wide (high incidence in
he areas, I ≥ 80%), intermediate (20% < I < 80%), or restricted
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pharmacology 114 (2007) 325–354
I ≤ 20%) according to the criteria of Scudeller et al. (2001).
ata from both the phytopharmacological (or phytochemical)
nd the phytosociological surveys were subsequently compared.
.2. Data analysis
The relative importance index (adapted from Bennett and
rance, 2000) developed for measuring the use importance of
edicinal plants was calculated for all of the species with one
r more therapeutic indication. The use of this index assumes
hat the utilitarian potential of a given medicinal plant is being
easured (see Albuquerque et al., 2006), including its capac-
ty to treat more than one health problem, and it allows these
alculations to be performed using previously published data.
elative importance was calculated according to the following
ormula:
I = NCS + NP, NCS = NCSS
NSCSV
, NP = NPS
NPSV
here NCS is the number of body systems, NCSS the number
f body systems treated by a given species, NSCSV the total
umber of body systems treated by the most versatile species (the
ost versatile species are those that have the greatest number
f medicinal properties), NP the number of pharmacological
roperties, NPS the number of properties attributed to a species,
nd NPSV is the total number of properties attributed to the most
ersatile species.
The present study employed this index in quantitative
nalyses to test the hypothesis (using the Kruskal–Wallis non-
arametric test, see Sokal and Rholf, 1995) that RI can be
xplained by the plant’s habit or its status (spontaneous or
ultivated, endemic or non-endemic). The proportion of the
pontaneous vs. cultivated species, and the different habit
ypes were compared using the chi-square test (χ2). A bibli-
graphic search (phytochemical and pharmacological) of the
lants demonstrating the greatest relative importance was subse-
uently undertaken in the PUBMED (consulted on May, 2006).
. Results and discussion
.1. Medicinal plant richness
A total of 385 species of angiosperms included within 265
enera and 91 families were recorded (Table 1), as well as four
erns and clubmoss. Among the latter group, Selaginella con-
oluta stood out as a spontaneous species of the caatinga with
distribution range from the state of Piauı́ to Rio de Janeiro
Braga, 1960). The use of ferns in folk medicine in Brazil is
ittle documented (Barros and Andrade, 1997) and the reduced
umber of species cited may also be attributable to the fact that
he surveys analyzed concentrated on higher plants. Of all the
pecies catalogued, 275 were spontaneous in the caatinga, while
urveys, including plants that were identified only to the genus
evel, although this number may underestimate the real number
f medicinal species used by caatinga communities. The number
f medicinal plants cited in the publications analyzed varied
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Table 1
List of 556 medicinal taxa cited in 21 studies of the caatinga region of NE Brazil
Species Vernacular name Habit Status Part used Therapeutic indication RI
Acanthaceae
Ruellia asperula (Ness) Lindau Candeia, camará-candeia Sh Sp Fl, Le, Ro Bronchitis, respiratory distress, influenza, fever, uterine
inflammation
0.5
Ruellia sp. No data – – Fl, Le Expectorant 0.2
Agavaceae
Sansevieria sp. Espada-de-são-jorge – – No data No data
Alismataceae
Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Micheli Aguapé, chapéu-de-couro,
congonha-do-brejo
He Cu Le Diuretic, hepatic problems 0.3
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus spinosus L. Caruru-de-espinho He Sp Le, Ro Laxative, urinary afflictions, blenorrhea, emmolient 0.5
Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze Terramicina, benzetacil, acônito,
ervanço
He Sp Fl, Le, Ro Inflammations in general, helminthiasis, digestive problems,
cold, influenza, headache, diarrhea, expectorant, fever
0.8
Alternanthera pungens Humb. Periquito-de-espinho, carrapicho He Sp Ae, Fl Influenza, headache, fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain 0.6
Alternanthera tenella Colla Quebra-panela He Sp Le Diuretic, fever, antiseptic, influenza 0.5
Alternanthera sp. 1 Erva-branca – – Fl, Le Menstrual colic 0.2
Alternanthera sp. 2 No data – – Fl, Le Urinary retention, kidney stones, sedative 0.3
Celosia sp. Crista-de-peru – – No data No data
Euxolus viridis (L.) Moq. Caruru-miúdo He Sp Le, Wp Urinary afflictions, blenorrhea, hydropsy, Helminthiasis 0.5
Gomphrena demissa Mart. Capitãozinho He Sp Ro Inflammations in general, uterine problems, amenorrhea,
bronchitis, influenza, expectorant, increase female fertility
0.6
Gomphrena sp. Pepeta-branca – – No data No data
Gomphrena vaga Mart. Capitãozinho Sl Sp Le, Ro,
Wp
Toothache, asthma, allergy, inflammation of the ovaries 0.6
Amaryllidaceae
Habrantus sp. Cebola-branca – – St Pertussis 0.2
Amaryllis belladonna L. Cebola-braba He Cu St Pneumonia, bronchitis 0.2
Hippeastrum psittacinum (Ker Gawl.) Herb. Cebola branca He Cu Le Cough 0.2
Polianthes tuberosa L. Angélica He Cu St Otalgia 0.2
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium occidentale L. Cajú, cajueiro, caju-roxo Tr Sp Ba, Bs, Le Diarrhea, renal infection, heartburn, inflammation of female
organs, throat inflammation, tuberculosis, diabetes,
inflammations in general, blow, antiseptic
1.2
Anacardium sp. Cajueiro – – Le, Ba Gastritis 0.2
Mangifera indica L. Manga Tr Cu Le Back pain, bronchitis 0.3
Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão Aroeira Tr Sp St, Ba, Bs,
Le, Ro
Inflammations in general, pains in general, infections in
general, blow, injury, vaginal discharge, throat
inflammations, asthma, influenza, cough, tuberculosis,
bronchitis, heartburn, gastritis, back pain, odontalgia,
placental delivery, anemia, diphtheria, skin ulcers, uterine
inflammations, ovarian inflammation
2.0
Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. Baraúna, braúna Tr Sp St, Ba, Bs,
Le, Fr, Re
Fractures, inflammations in general, sexual impotence,
throat inflammation, cough, influenza, diarrhea
0.8
Schinus sp. Aroeira – – Ba Gastritis 0.2
330
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Table 1 (Continued)
Species Vernacular name Habit Status Part used Therapeutic indication RI
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Aroeira Tr Cu Ba Injury, inflammation of internal organs, gastritis, ulcer 0.5
Spondias mombin L. Cajazeira Tr Cu Le Conjunctivitis 0.2
Spondias purpurea L. Seriguela Tr Cu Ba, Le Colic, diarrhea, headache 0.4
Spondias tuberosa Arrudaa Imbu, umbuzeiro, umbu Tr Sp Ba, Bs, Le,
Fr, Ro, Re
Conjunctivitis, ophtalmia, venereal diseases, digestive
problems, colic, diarrhea, diabetes, menstrual disturbances,
placental delivery, renal infection, throat afflictions,
antiemetic, tonic
1.4
Annonaceae
Annona muricata L. Graviola Tr Cu Le Renal problems 0.2
Annona squamosa L. Pinha Sh Cu Le, Se Migraine, hypertension, skin problems, back pain 0.6
Rolliniopsis leptopetala (R.E. Fr) Saff.a Pinha-brava Sh Sp Ba Tumors, inflammations in general, digestive 0.4
Apiaceae
Anethum graveolens L. Endro He Cu Fl Stomach ache 0.2
Cuminum cyminum L. Cominho He Cu Fr Rabies 0.2
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Endro, erva-doce He Cu Le, Fr Flatulence, colic in children 0.3
Pimpinella anisum L. Erva-doce He Cu Le, Se Colic, diarrhea, constipation, intestinal infections 0.5
Apocynaceae
Allamanda blanchetti A. DC.a Sete-patacas-roxas, jasminho Sh Sp Fl, La, Le,
Wp
Cardiac problems, hypertension, laxative, emetic, cathartic 0.4
Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart.a Pereiro Tr Sp Ba, Bs, Fl Stomach ache, colic, itching, cardiac problems, urinary
afflictions, dermatitis, calmative
0.8
Mandevilla tenuifolia (J.C. Mikan) Woodson Flor-de-santo-antonio He Sp Fl, Le Cardiac problems 0.2
Marsdenia mollissima E. Fourn. Maria-da-costa Sl Sp Ro Amenorrhea 0.2
Skytanthus hancorniifolius (A. DC.) Miers. No data Sl Sp Bs, Fl, Le Insomnia, hypertension, cardiac problems, respiratory
distress, influenza, calmative
0.7
Araceae
Anthurium affine Schott. Folha-larga, palmeirão-brabo HeSp Fl, Le Diabetes, cardiac problems, influenza, blood thinner 0.5
Colocasia sp. Tangiroba – – No data No data
Dracontium sp. Milho-de-macaco – – Le, Ro Rheumatism 0.2
Pistia stratiotes L. Golfo He Sp Wp Diuretic 0.2
Arecaceae
Acrocomia intumescens Drude Macaı́ba Tr Cu No data No data
Cocos nucifera L. Coco Tr Cu En Undernutrition, diarrhea, digestive problems 0.3
Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc. Licurizeiro Tr Sp Fl, Fr Dysentery, cataract 0.3
Syagrus sp. Coco-catolé – – No data
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia brasiliensis Mart. ex Zucc. Jarrinha He Sp Fl, Le, Wp Menstrual colic, uterine inflammations 0.2
Aristolochia sp. Jarrinha – – Ae Erysipela 0.2
Asclepiadaceae
Calotropis procera (Willd.) R.Br. Algodão-brabo, algodão-de-seda Sh Sp Fl, Fr Intestinal problems, helminthiasis 0.3
Aspleniaceae
Asplenium formosum Willd. Avenca mirim He Sp Wp Odontalgia 0.2
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Asteraceae
Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Espinho de cigano, rapina,
espinho-de-judeu
He Sp Fl, Fr, Wp,
Ro
Dysentery, teething in children, intestinal problems,
helminthiasis, asthma, bronchitis, fever, hepatitis,
expectorant
0.8
Achillea millefolium L. Novalgina, mil-folhas He Sp Le Fever, pains in general, abscess, acne, skin problems,
headache, physical weakness, intoxication, injury,
stomachic, antispasmodic, depurative
1.2
Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. Agrião He Sp Fl, Le, Se Caries, asthma, inflammations in general, injury, hair loss,
stomachic, depurative, tonic, expectorant
1.0
Ageratum conyzoides L. No data He Sp No data No data
Argyrovernonia harley (H. Rob.) Macheish.a Moricica He Sp Le e Ro Gastritis, ulcer 0.2
Artemisia sp. 1 Anador – – Le Pains in general, cough, fever 0.3
Artemisia sp. 2 Anador – – Le Pains in general 0.2
Artemisia sp. 3 Artemı́sia – – Le Menstrual disturbances 0.2
Artemisia vulgaris L. Anador, losna He Sp Le Menstrual colic, indigestion, gastritis, emmenagogic 0.4
Baccharis sp. carqueja – – Le Gastritis, ulcer
Bidens pilosa L. Carrapicho-de-ovelha,
carrapicho-de-agulha
He Sp Le, Ro Back pain, hepatitis, renal inflammation, uterine
inflammation
0.2
Bidens sp. No data – – Fl, Le Inflammations in general 0.2
Calendula officinlis L. Calêndula He Cu Le Uterine inflammation 0.2
Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert Camomila He Cu No data No data
Conocliniopsis prasiifolia (DC.) R.M. King & H.
Rob.
Aleluia Sl Sp Ae Cold, influenza 0.2
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Agrião, perpétua-do-mato He Sp Le, Fl Asthma, skin ulcers 0.3
Egletes viscosa (L.) Less. Macela, macela-do-campo,
macela-da-terra
He Sp Fl, Le, Se Dysentery, diarrhea, heartburn, indigestion, amoebiasis,
flatulence, insomnia, calmative, hair tonic
0.9
Helianthus annuus L. Girassol He Cu Le, Se Weakness, thrombosis, fever, ulcer, nevralgy, injury,
contusion, epistaxis, inappetence, hypercholesterolemia,
emollient
1.3
Lactuca sativa L. Alface He Cu Le, Ro Insomnia, hypertension 0.3
Pectis elongata Kunth Alecrim-do-mato, alecrim-bravo,
cuminho-bravo
He Sp Le, Wp Influenza, colds, stomachic, hipotension 0.5
Pectis oligocephala (Gardner) Sch. Alecrim-do-mato He Sp Ae, Wp Influenza, colds, sinusitis, flatulence, hypertension 0.5
Pectis oligophylla Baker Alecrim-do-mato He Sp Le, Wp Influenza, colds, hipotension, stomachic 0.5
Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. Cravo-de-urubu, couvinha He Sp Le Fever, uterine inflammation, testicular inflammation 0.3
Pluchea sagittalis (Lam.) Cabrera Quitoco Sh Sp Le Amenorrhea, inflammations in general 0.3
Pluchea sp. Mar-de-cravo – – Fl, Le, Fr Hypertension, influenza, renal problems 0.4
Sonchus oleraceus L. Alface-do-mato, barbalha,
serralha-lisa
He Sp Le Cardiovascular problems, tonic, stomachic 0.4
Tagetes erecta L. Cravo-branco He Cu Fl Cardiac problems 0.2
Tagetes minuta L. Corai-bravo, cravo-de-viúva,
cravo-bravo
Sl Sp Le Fever, amenorrhea, helminthiasis, sedative 0.6
Verbesina macrophylla (Cass.) Blake Assa-peixe Sh Sp Fr, Se Kidney stones 0.2
Vernonia chalybaea Mart. ex DC. Balaio Sh Sp Le, Ro Hydropsy, gallbladder problems 0.3
Vernonia condensata Baker Alumã, alcachofra Sh Sp Le Stomach ache, digestive problems, muscular pain, hepatic
problems
0.5
Vernonia sp. Assa-peixe – – Le Cystitis 0.2
Wiborgia parviflora (Cav.) Kunth Botão-de-ouro, picão He Sp Wp Colds, influenza 0.2
Begoniaceae
Begonia reniformis Dryand. No data He Sp Fl Hypertension 0.2
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Bignoniaceae
Anemopaegma sp. Catuaba – – No data No data
Crescentia cujete L. Coité Tr Sp No data No data
Lundia cordata (Vell.) A. DC. Cipó de vaqueiro Sh Sp Ro Venereal diseases 0.2
Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth & Hook. f ex S.
Moore
Craibeira Tr Sp Ba, Bs, Le Uterine inflammation, helminthiasis, influenza, cold,
bronchitis, inflammations in general
0.7
Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.) Standl. Pau-d’arco-roxo, ipê-roxo Tr Sp Ba, Bs, Fl Ulcer, surgical infections, inflammations in general, uterine
inflammation, leucorrhea, cancer, tumors, gingivitis, cardiac
problems, antimicrobial, antiseptic
1.0
Tabebuia sp. 1 Pau-d’arco-branco – – No data No data
Tabebuia sp. 2 Pau-d’arco-roxo – – No data No data
Tabebuia sp. 3 Pau-d’arco – – Ba Tuberculosis, cancer, inflammations in general 0.4
Bixaceae
Bixa orellana L. Urucum Sh Cu Fr Hypertension 0.2
Bombacaceae
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Barriguda-branca Tr Sp No data No data
Chorisia glaziovii (O. Kuntze) E. Santos Barriguda-de-espinho, barriguda Tr Sp Bs, Fl, Le Cardiac problems, hypertension, influenza, bronchitis 0.4
Pseudobombax marginatum (A. St.-Hil., Juss. &
Cambess.) A. Robynsa
Embiratanha Tr Sp Ba Spinal inflammation 0.2
Boraginaceae
Cordia cf. tricotoma (Vell.) Anab. ex Stend Pau-de-morro Tr Sp Bs, Fl, Le Chronic wounds, hypertension 0.3
Cordia globosa (Jacq.) Kunth.a Chumbinho, moleque-duro Sh Sp Fl, Le Influenza, bleeding, throat inflammation 0.3
Cordia leucocephala Moric.a Piçarra, moleque-duro, nego-duro Sh Sp Ae, Bs, Fl,
Le, Wp
Bleeding, throat inflammation, rheumatism, indigestion,
arthritis, rickets, calmative, tonic
1.0
Cordia multispicata Cham. Chumbinho, maria-preta Sh Sp Ae, Fl, Le Bronchitis, helminthiasis, hypertension, rheumatism,
arthritis, rickets
0.8
Cordia sp. 1 Moleque-duro – – No data No data
Cordia sp. 2 Folha-larga – – Fl Hemorrhoids 0.2
Heliotropium angiospermum Murr. Crista-de-galo Sl Sp Fl, Le, Ro Cardiac problems, hypertension 0.2
Heliotropium indicum L. Crista-de-galo, fedegoso He Sp Le, Ae,
Wp, Ro
Foot swelling, influenza, cough, inflammations in general,
hepatic problems, conjunctivitis, renal problems, diuretic
1.0
Tournefortia rubicunda Salzm. Canudeiro Sh Sp Le Pityriasis versicolor, itching 0.3
Brassicaceae
Brassica integrifolia (H. West) Rupr. Mostarda He Cu No data No data
Brassica oleracea L. Couve He Cu Le Gastritis, ulcer 0.2
Lepidium bonariense L. Agrião-bravo He Sp Le Anemia, tuberculosis, tonic 0.3
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Agrião He Cu Ba, Le Hepatic problems 0.2
Rorippa pumila (Camb.) A. Lima Agrião He Cu Le Cough, renal problems 0.3
Bromeliaceae
Aechmea lingulata (L.) Baker Caroá He Sp St, Fl Dandruff, hair loss 0.2
Ananas sativus Schult. & Schult. f. Abacaxi He Cu Fr Back pain, respiratory problems in general, influenza 0.3
Bromelia laciniosa Mart. ex Schult. f. Macambira He Sp Fl, Le, Fr,
Ro
Child colic, diarrhea, fever, jaundice, dandruff, hepatitis 0.6
Bromelia plumieri (E.Morren) L.B. Sm. Caroá, banana-de-raposa He Sp Fr Helminthiasis 0.2
Hohembergia sp. Gravatá-de-folha-roxa – – Fl, Le Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia 0.3
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Tillandsia loliacea Mart. ex Schult. Barba-de-bode He Sp Wp Uterine hemorrhage, ulcers 0.3
Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L. Barba-de-bode-pequeno,
barba-de-velho
He Sp Wp Rheumatism, ulcers, hemorrhoids, hemostatic 0.6
Tillandsia streptocarpa BakerBarba-de-bode-grande,
gravatá-do-ar
He Sp Wp Cardiac problems, laxative, emetic 0.3
Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. Samambaia,
samambaia-do-campo
He Sp Wp Sexual impotence 0.2
Burseraceae
Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gilletta Imburana, emburana,
emburana-de-cambão, umburana
Tr Sp St, Ba, Fl,
Le, La
Renal problems, influenza, cough, bronchitis, dysphonia,
inflammations in general, odontalgia, colic, diarrhea,
antiemetic, tonic, healing
1.2
Cactaceae
Arrojadoa rhodantha (Guerke) Br. et Rosea Rabo-de-raposa He Sp Cd, Ro Gastritis, cardiac problems, diseases of the spleen 0.4
Cereus hildmannianus K. Schum. Mandacaru-de-três-quinas Sh Sp Cd Lithiasis 0.2
Cereus jamacaru DC.a Mandacaru, babão Tr Sp Cd, Fr, Ro Renal problems, hepatic problems, respiratory problems,
influenza, cough, bronchitis, ulcers, constipation,
hypertension, rheumatism, enteritis, fever, expectorant,
antiemetic, “quentura”, syphilis, spinal problems, urethral
problems, injury, diuretic
1.7
Harrisia adscendens (Gürke) Britton & Rosea Rabo-de-raposa Sh Sp Ro “Quentura”, renal problems, odontalgia 0.4
Melocactus bahiensis (Britton & Rose) Luetzelb.a Coroa-de-frade Sl Sp Cd Cough, influenza 0.2
Melocactus ernestii Vaupela Coroa-de-frade Sl Sp Cd Cough, bronchitis, diphtheria 0.4
Melocactus sp. Coroa-de-frade – – No data No data
Melocactus zehntneri (Britton & Rose) Luetzelb.a Coroa-de-frade Sl Sp Cd Helminthiasis, hemorrhoid, cough, bronchitis, physical
weakness, influenza, colic, intestinal problems, “seasonal
diseases”
0.9
Opuntia palmadora Britton & Rosea Quipá, palmatória Sh Sp Cd, Ro Asthma, helminthiasis, inflammations in general,
“quentura”, urethral problems
0.6
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Palma-de-gato Sh Cu Mu “Quentura”, vaginal inflammation, urinary infection,
stomach ache, rheumatism, constipation, choking, uterine
inflammation, dysentery
0.8
Pilosocereus gounellei (Weber) Byl. Et Rowl.a Xique-xique Sh Sp Cd, Fl, Ro Hydropsy, prostate inflammation, jaundice, glucose
lowering, injury
0.6
Pilosocereus piauhyensis (Gürke) Byles & G.D.
Rowleya
Facheiro Sh Sp Ro No data
Pilosocereus tuberculatus (Werdem.) Byl. et Rowl.a Caxacubri Sh Sp Cd Renal infection 0.2
Caesalpiniaceae
Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong.) Steud. Mororó, pata-de-vaca Tr Sp St, Ba, Bs,
Fl, Le, Se
Diabetes, spinal problems, cough, throat inflammation,
influenza, dysphonia, asthma, inflammations in general,
blood thinner, depurative, rheumatism, migraine, nervous
disturbances, inappetence, helminthiasis, expectorant,
calmative, tonic
1.7
Bauhinia sp. 1 Mororó – – Ba Cough
Bauhinia sp. 2 Mororó – – No data No data
Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. Jucá, pau-ferro Tr Sp Ba, Bs, Fl,
Fr, Se
Blow, throat afflictions, bronchitis, anemia, swelling, back
pain, injury, labyrinthitis, renal problems, inflammations in
general, stress, fatigue
1.2
Caesalpinia microphylla Mart.a Catingueira-rasteira Sh Sp Bs, Le Sexual impotence, rheumatism 0.3
Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. Sw. Maravilha Sh Cu Fl, Le Gastritis 0.2
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Species Vernacular name Habit Status Part used Therapeutic indication RI
Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul.a Catingueira, catingueira-rasteira Tr Sp St, Ba, Fl,
Le, Ro
Cough, bronchitis, respiratory infection, influenza, asthma,
gastritis, colic, fever, heartburn, flatulence, diarrhea,
collision, injury, diabetes, aphrodisiac, stomach ache,
expectorant
1.4
Chamaecrista flexuosa (L.) Greene Capim-de-cobra Sl Sp Ro Renal inflammation 0.2
Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Pau-dóia Tr Sp Ba Pains in general, back pain 0.3
Copaifera sp. 1 Pau doia – – Ba, Re Injury, pains in general 0.3
Copaifera sp. 2 Copaı́ba – – No data No data
Hymenaea courbaril L. Jatobá Tr Sp Ba, Bs, Fr,
Le
Cough, bronchitis, influenza, weakness, anemia, prostate
ailments, gastritis
0.7
Hymenaea sp. 1 Jatobá – – No data No data
Hymenaea sp. 2 Jatobá – – Ba Pneumonia, cough, asthma 0.2
Hymenaea sp. 3 Jatobá – – Bs Gastritis, ulcer 0.2
Parkinsonia aculeata L. Turco Tr Sp Ba, Bs, Fl,
Ro, Se
Migraine, thrombosis, influenza, asthma, diabetes,
hypertension, fever, epilepsy, malaria, antiophidic
1.2
Peltogyne pauciflora Benth. Pau-de-morro, jatobá Tr Sp Fl, Le Flatulence, influenza, cough, calmative 0.5
Senna acutifolia (Delile) Batka Sene Sh Cu Le Constipation, obesity 0.3
Senna martiana (Benth.) H.S. Irwin & Barnebya Canafı́stula,
Canafı́stula-de-lajeiro, sena
Sh Sp Fl, Le Helminthiasis, cough, laxative 0.4
Senna obtusifolia (Vogel.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Fedegoso He Sp Le, Ro Ulcer 0.2
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Fedegoso, mata-pasto,
mangirioba
He Sp Le, Ro, Se Influenza, fever, dysphonia, cancer, gastritis, hemostatic,
tonic
0.9
Senna sp. 1 No data – – Le hepatic problems 0.2
Senna sp. 2 Feijão-brabo – – Fl, Le Cough 0.2
Senna spectabilis var. excelsa (Schrad.) H.S. Irwin &
Barneby
Canafı́stula Tr Sp Ba, Le, Se,
Ro
Influenza, colds, laxative, amenorrhea, antiemetic 0.5
Senna splendida (Vogel.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Feijão-brabo, canafı́stula Sh Sp St, Bs, Fl,
Le, Ro
Renal problems, bronchitis, rheumatism, migraine, stomach
ache, cardiac inflammation
0.9
Cannaceae
Canna indica L. Cana-da-ı́ndia He Cu No data No data
Capparaceae
Capparis flexuosa (L.) L.a Feijão-bravo, feijão-de-boi Tr Sp St, Ba, Fl,
Le, Fr
Cough, pneumonia, influenza, colds, digestive problems,
skin diseases, abdominal pain, rheumatism, antiophidic
1.0
Capparis frondosa Jacq. No data Sh Sp Ba Digestive problems 0.2
Capparis jacobinae Moric. ex Eichlera Icó-preto, icó-verdadeiro, incó Sh Sp St, Ba, Fl,
Le, Fr, Ro
Cough, pertussis, colds, digestive problems, skin diseases,
abdominal pain, intoxication, fever, diabetes, lung
inflammation, cardiac problems, Emmenagogic
1.5
Cleome diffusa Banks. ex DC. Mussambê-pequeno He Sp Fl, Le, Wp Expectorant, influenza, cough, bronchitis, asthma,
hypertension
0.5
Cleome sp. Mussambê – – Fl, Ro Cough 0.2
Cleome spinosa Jacq. Mussambê, mussambê-branco Sl Sp Fl, Le, Ro Asthma, influenza, bronchitis, cough, headache,
inflammations in general, flatulence, antiseptic, fever
0.8
Crateva tapia L. Trapiá Tr Sp Ba, Le, Fr Hypertension, breathing stimulant, smooth muscle relaxant
and stimulatant
0.4
Caprifoliaceae
Sambucus nigra L. Sabugueiro Sh Cu Fl Fever, measles, influenza 0.4
Sambucus sp. Sabugueiro – – No data No data
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Caricaceae
Carica papaya L. Mamoeiro, mamão Sh Cu Fl, Fr, La Indigestion, digestive problems, helminthiasis, warts, ticks 0.4
Caryocaraceae
Caryocar sp. Pequi – – No data No data
Celastraceae
Maytenus rigida Mart.a Bom-nome Tr Sp Ba, Bs, Fl,
Le, Ro
Renal problems, hepatic problems, pains in general,
rheumatism, sexual impotence, menstrual disturbances,
throat inflammation, asthma, cough, bronchitis, blow,
injury, anemia, circulation problems, cardiac problems,
inflammations in general, ovarian inflammation, ovarian
infection, skin ulcers, vaginal ulcers
1.9
Maytenus sp. 1 Bom-nome – – Le Renal problems 0.2
Maytenus sp. 2 Bom nome – – No data No data
Maytenus sp. 3 Espinheira-santa – – No data No data
Chenopodiaceae
Beta vulgaris L. Beterraba He Cu Ro Anemia, respiratory problems in general, influenza 0.3
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Mastruz He Cu Le, St, Wp Influenza, cough, bronchitis, tuberculosis, helminthiasis,
cancer, blow, digestive problems, headache, fever,
antimicrobial, expectorant, hematoma, gastritis, stomachic
1.4
Chrysobalanaceae
Licania rigida Benth.a Oiticica Tr Sp Ba, Le, Ro Inflammations in general, diabetes 0.3
Licania sp. Oiticica – – No data No data
Clusiaceae
Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Pers. Lacre Sh Cu No data No data
Cochlospermaceae
Cochlospermum sp. No data – – Bs, Le Pneumonia, uterine inflammation 0.3
Combretaceae
Combretum cf. duarteanum Cambess No data Sh Sp Fl, Le Expectorant 0.2
Combretum leprosum Mart. Mofumbo Sh Sp Ba, Bs, Le,
Fl, Ro
Bronchitis, influenza, cough, pertussis, sweating,
diphtheria,heartburn, calmative, hemostatic, expectorant
1.1
Combretum sp. No data – – St, Le Inflammations in general, tumors 0.3
Terminalia catappa L. Castanhola Tr Cu Se Gastritis 0.2
Terminalia sp. Amendoeira – – Le Back pain 0.2
Commelinaceae
Commelina cf. erecta L. Erva-de-santa-luzia He Sp Fl, Le, Ro Diabetes, rheumatism, ophthalmic diseases, hypertension,
conjunctivitis
0.6
Commelina nudiflora L. Marianinha He Sp Br Ophthalmic diseases 0.2
Convolvulaceae
Evolvulus gypsophiloides Moric. Sete-sangria He Sp Wp Influenza, fever, renal problems, cardiac problems 0.6
Evolvulus sp. 1 Cipó-amarrapé, erva-branca – – Fl, Le Calmative, stomach ache, hepatic problems 0.4
Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. Salsa, salsa-do-rio He Sp Ae, Le Dermatitis, scabies, syphilis, skin ulcers, external wounds 0.5
Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy)
D.F. Austin
Candudo-de-pito Sh Sp Le Laxative 0.2
Ipomoea hederifolia L. Flor-de-cardeal, primavera He Sp Ae, Le, Ro Dermatitis, rheumatism 0.3
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth Campainha, flor-de-são-joão He Sp Ro Laxative 0.2
Ipomea sp. 1 Algodão-preto – – Fl, Le Hepatic problems 0.2
Ipomea sp. 2 Cipó-cesto, batata-de-porco – – Fl, Le Hypertension, calmative, cardiac problems 0.3
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Ipomea sp. 3 No data – – Fl, Le Hypertension, calmative, cardiac problems 0.3
Jacquemontia sp. Cipó-amarrapé, erva-de-besta – – Fl, Le, Ro Bronchitis, renal problems 0.3
Operculina hamiltonii (G. Don) D.F. Austin & Staples Batata-de-purga He Sp Ro, Se Influenza, pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, cough,
cardiovascular problems, helminthiasis, rheumatism,
constipation, inappetence, digestive problems, hydropsy,
syphilis, amenorrhea, teething, inflammations in general,
laxative, flatulence
1.6
Operculina macrocarpa (L.) Urb. Batata-de-purga Sh Sp Ro, Re Flatulence, acne, furuncle, depurative, bronchitis, asthma,
cough, influenza, inappetence, helminthiasis, hemorrhoid,
constipation, rheumatism, inflammations in general,
laxative, flatulence
1.6
Operculina sp. 1 Batata-de-purga – – No data No data
Operculina sp. 2 Batata-de-purga – – Ro Laxative, odontalgia 0.2
Costaceae
Costus sp. 1 Cana-de-macaco – – No data No data
Costus sp. 2 Canela de viado – – Le Fever, diabetes, blood thinner 0.4
Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw. Cana-do-brejo He Cu Le Kidney stones 0.2
Costus spiralis (Jacq.) Roscoe Cana-do-brejo, cana-branca He Cu St, Le Renal problems, kidney stones, urinary afflictions 0.2
Crassulaceae
Bryophyllum pinnatum L. f. Oken Folha-da-costa He Cu Le Furuncle, influenza, expectorant, gastritis, ulcer 0.5
Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess. Pratudo, coirama He Cu Le Pains in general, ulcer, gastritis, inflammations in general,
injury, lung afflictions, asthma, kidney stones, emollient
1.0
Sedum rhodiola Torr. Brilhantina He Cu Le Diarrhea 0.2
Cucurbitaceae
Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh. Melancia He Cu Se Fever, headache 0.3
Cucurbita lagenaria L. Cabaceira He Sp Le Peripheral circulation problems 0.2
Cucurbita pepo L. Abóbora He Cu Se Helminthiasis 0.2
Luffa cylindrica M. Roem Maxixão He Sp Fr Gastritis, ulcer 0.2
Luffa operculata (L.) Cogn. Buchinha, cabacinha He Sp Fr Sinusitis, amenorrhea 0.3
Momordica charantia L. Melão-de-são-caetano,
melão-de-sabiá
He Sp Ae, Ba, Fl,
Fr, Le, Wp
Injury, STDs, lice, scabies, hemorrhoid, allergy, diabetes,
helminthiasis, rheumatism, diarrhea, dandruff
1.2
Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Chuchu He Cu No data No data
Wilbrandia sp. 1 Cabeça de nego – – Ba Cough, antiophidic 0.3
Wilbrandia sp. 2 Cabeça de nego – – No data No data
Cyatheaceae
Cyathea microdonta (Desv.) Pau-cardoso Sh Sp No data No data
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea sincorensis R. Knuth Salgueiro He Sp Fl, Le Renal problems, anemia, throat inflammation, stomach ache 0.6
Equisetaceae
Equisetum sp. Cavalinha – – Ae Anemia, indigestion 0.3
Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylum revolutum Mart. Araça-brabo Sh Sp Fl, Le Aphrodisiac, cardiac problems, hypertension 0.3
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Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha multicaulis Muell. Arg. Canela-de-nambu He Sp Bs Stroke, odontalgia, inflammations in general 0.4
Acalypha sp. Canela-de-nambu – – Ro STDs 0.2
Aleurites sp. Nogueira – – No data No data
Chamaesyce hyssopifolia (L.) Small. Porca-parideira He Sp Fl, Le, Ro Influenza, cough, gastritis, cardiac problems, placental
delivery
0.6
Chamaesyce sp. 1 Maria-preta – – Wp Diarrhea 0.2
Chamaesyce sp. 2 Sanquin – – Bn Allergy 0.2
Cnidoscolus infestus Pax & K. Hoffm. Urtiga-de-boi Sh Sp Ro Urinary afflictions, ovarian inflammation 0.2
Cnidoscolus obtusifolius Pohl. Favela, orelha-de-onça Sh Sp Fl, Le Cancer, hepatic problems, tumors, uterine inflammation 0.4
Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus (Müll. Arg.) Pax & L.
Hoffm.
Urtiga branca, favela Tr Sp St, Ba, Bs,
La, Ro
Hemorrhoid, renal problems, ophthalmic diseases, blow,
injury, fractures, warts, skin problems, eye cleansing,
urinary infection, uterine inflammation, ovarian
inflammation, prostate inflammation, inflammations in
general
1.3
Cnidoscolus sp. Urtiga de boi – – La Mycosis 0.2
Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur Urtiga-branca, cansanção, urtiga He Sp Ro Inflammations in general, appendicitis, prostate ailments,
rheumatism
0.6
Croton argyroglossum Baill. Velame-branco Tr Sp St, Ba, Le,
Ro
No data
Croton argyrophylloides Müll. Arg.a Angolinha, marmeleiro-branco,
sacatinga
Sh Sp Ba, Bs Stomach ache, diabetes, inflammations in general, venereal
diseases, blood thinner, back pain, intoxication, headache
1.1
Croton blanchetianus Baill. Marmeleiro Sh Sp St, Ba, Le,
Ro, Se
No data
Croton campestris A. St.-Hilla Velame Sh Sp Le, Ro Nasal congestion, influenza, bronchitis, throat afflictions,
intestinal problems, rheumatism, hemorrhoids, depurative
0.9
Croton glandulosus L. No data He Sp Fl, Le Epistaxis, sinusitis 0.2
Croton micans (Sw. Em.) Muell. Arg. Alecrim-de-vaqueiro Sh Sp Fl, Le Cardiac problems, influenza, calmative 0.4
Croton moritibensis Baill. Velame branco Sh Sp No data Injury, blood thinner 0.3
Croton rhamnifolius Willd. Pau-de-leite, velame Sh Sp St, Ba, Fl,
Le, Se
Influenza, cough, stomach ache, menstrual disturbances,
back pain, anemia, blood thinner, hypercholesterolemia,
depurative
1.1
Croton sonderianus Müll. Arg. Marmeleiro-preto, marmeleiro Tr Sp Ba Stomachic, antiemetic, diarrhea 0.2
Croton sp. 1 Velame branco – – Ro Intoxication 0.2
Croton sp. 2 Velame – – No data Headache 0.2
Croton sp. 3 Marmeleiro – – No data No data
Croton sp. 4 quebra-faca – – No data No data
Croton sp. 5 Marmeleiro – – No data No data
Euphorbia comosa Vell. Barbaça He Sp Fl, Le, Ro Bronchitis, menstrual colic, inflammations in general,
hepatic problems
0.5
Euphorbia phosphorea Mart. Avelós, pau-de-leite Sh Sp St, La Warts, blood thinner 0.3
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton Sanguinho He Sp La Warts 0.2
Euphorbia sp. Bredo-de-porco – – Ro Abdominal colic, intestinal infections 0.3
Jatropha curcas L. Pinhão-roxo, pinhão-bravo,
pinhão-manso
Tr Cu St, Le, La,
Se
Headache, bleeding, antiophidic 0.4
Jatropha gossypiifolia L. Pinhão-roxo Sh Cu La, Se Bleeding, constipation, depurative 0.4
Jatropha mollissima (Pohl.) Baill.a Pinhão-branco, pinhão-brabo,
pinhão-manso
Sh Sp St, Fl, Le,
Fr, La
Renal inflammation, inappetence, healing, antiophidic 0.5
Jatropha mutabilis (Pohl.) Baill.a Pinhão-de-seda Sh Sp Fl, Le Constipation, depurative 0.3
Jatropha ribifolia (Pohl.) Baill.a Pinhão-de-seda, pinhão-de-purga Sh Sp Fl, Le Diabetes, uterine inflammation, antiophidic 0.4
Jatropha sp. 1 Pinhão – – La Healing 0.2
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Species Vernacular name Habit Status Part used Therapeutic indication RI
Jatropha sp. 2 Pinhão-branco – – No data No data
Jatropha sp. 3 Pinhão – – Sa Bleeding 0.2
Manihot esculenta CrantzMandioca Tr Cu Le, La, Ro Warts, Brazilian pemphigus, diarrhea, gastritis, ulcers 0.5
Manihot glaziovii Muel. Arg.a Maniçoba Tr Sp Fl, Le Headache, renal problems, anemia, rheumatism 0.6
Maprounea guianensis (Aubl.) Pau leite Sh Sp Ba Injury, blood problems, antiabortive 0.4
Phyllanthus claussenii Müll. Arg. Quebra pedra da mata Sh Sp Ap Renal problems 0.2
Phyllanthus niruri L. Quebra-pedra He Sp Le, Wp,
Ro
Renal problems, inflammations in general, lithiasis 0.3
Ricinus communis L. Mamona, carrapateira Sh Sp Le, Se Hair loss, pains in general, influenza, constipation,
helminthiasis
0.7
Sebastiania jacobinensis (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg. Leiteiro Sh Sp St, Ba No data
Sebastiania sp. Araça-brabo – – St, Le Diarrhea, renal problems, bronchitis 0.4
Tragia cf. bahiensis Muell. Arg. Tamarina He Sp Wp Ulcers 0.2
Fabaceae
Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Sm. Cumaru, emburana-de-cheiro,
amburana
Tr Sp Ba, Bs, Fr,
Se
Tooth inflammation, colic, diarrhea, intestinal problems,
placental delivery, pains in general, headache, influenza,
cough, bronchitis, pertussis, sinusitis, asthma, heartburn,
genital inflammation, skin ulcers, urinary infection,
antiophidic, antispasmodic, expectorant, tonic
2.0
Andira sp. Angelim-amargoso – – Bs Blood thinner, hypertension 0.2
Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth Sucupira Tr Sp Ba Diarrhea 0.2
Cajanus sp. Feijão-gandu – – No data No data
Centrosema brasilianum (L.) Benth. Abre-caminho He Sp Wp Helminthiasis 0.2
Coumarouna odorata Aubl. Cumaru Tr Sp No data No data
Dioclea grandiflora Mart. ex Benth. Mucunã Sh Sp Fl, Le, Fr,
Ro
Umbilical hernia, prostate inflammation, influenza,
bronchitis, calmative
0.6
Dioclea sp. Mucunã – – Fl, Le, Fr Blood thinner, influenza, bronchitis, cardiac problems 0.4
Dioclea violacea Mart. ex Benth. Mucumã Tr Sp Se Stroke 0.2
Erythrina mulungu Mart. Mulungu Tr Sp Ba, Le Insomnia, anxiety 0.3
Erythrina velutina Willd. Mulungu Tr Sp Ba, Bs, Fl,
Fr, Se
Tooth inflammation, odontalgia, headache, fever, maternal
milk production, diabetes, hypertension, cough, bronchitis,
nervous disturbances, insomnia, hemorrhoids,
helminthiasis, calmative
1.5
Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. Anil Sh Sp Le, Ro Stomachic, diuretic 0.3
Indigofera sp. Anis-pequeno – – Fl, Le Kidney stones, sedative 0.3
Machaerium sp. Chifre de bode – – Ba Inflammations in general, renal problems, feminine hygiene 0.3
Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. Orelha-de-rato Sl Sp Fl, Le Stroke 0.2
Myroxylum peruiferum L. Bálsamo Tr Sp Ba Inflammations in general, headache, rheumatism, pains in
general, labyrinthitis
0.6
Myroxylum sp. Juduê – – Ba, Le Pains in general, cough 0.3
Zornia brasiliensis Vogel Urinária, urinana He Sp Wp Diuretic, venereal diseases 0.3
Zornia sp. Urinana – – No data Diuretic 0.2
Flacourtiaceae
Casearia sylvestris Sw. Caiubim Tr Sp Ba, Bs, Fl Venereal diseases, feminine hemorrhage 0.3
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Illiciaceae
Illicium verum Hook. f. Anis-estrelado Tr Cu No data No data
Iridaceae
Crocus sp. Açafrão – – No data No data
Lamiaceae
Aeollanthus suaveolens Mart. ex Spreng. Macassá He Cu No data No data
Hypenia salzmannii (Benth.) Harley canela-de-urubu, bambural He Sp Le Cough, influenza, colds, respiratory problems in general 0.3
Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. Sambacaita He Sp Ba, Fl, Le Uterine inflammation, gastritis, cough, placental delivery,
headache, healing, expectorant
0.9
Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. Alfazema-brava,
alfazema-de-caboclo, sambacaitá
Sl Sp Ae, Fl, Le,
Wp
Headache, odontalgia, amenorrhea, hepatalgia, hepatic
problems, flatulence, rheumatism, gastritis, ulcer, asthma,
cough, bronchitis
1.1
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Alfazema-brava,
alfavaca-caboclo,
alfazema-de-caboclo
Sl Sp Fl, Le, Se Digestive problems, menstrual colic, amenorrhea,
odontalgia, headache, fever, influenza, respiratory problems
in general, gout, eye cleansing
1.2
Leonotis nepetaefolia (L.) R. Br. Cordão-de-são-francisco,
cravinho
Sh Sp Fl, Le, Fr Menstrual colic, urinary retention, rheumatism,
inflammations in general, fever, cystitis, dysentery, calculus
of kidney, childbirth pains, paralysis, aphrodisiac, sedative,
stomachic, healing
1.4
Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R. Br. Cordão-de-são-francisco,
cordão-de-frade
He Sp Ae, Le, Ro Renal problems, rheumatism, inflammations in general,
nevralgy, sweating, flatulence, tonic, antispasmodic,
calmative
1.0
Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Vahl) Kuntze Bentônica-brava, hortelã-do-mato He Sp Le, Wp Cough, bronchitis, flatulence, fever, articular rheumatism,
antiophidic, stimulant, digestive
1.0
Melissia officinalis L. Erva-cidreira He Cu Le Calmative 0.2
Mentha arvensis L. Hotelã-vick, hortelã-do-brasil He Cu Le Influenza, nasal congestion 0.2
Mentha piperita L. Hortelã-pimenta, alevante He Cu Le Inflammations in general, headache, thrombosis, ulcer,
cardiac problems
0.6
Mentha pulegium L. Poejo He Cu Le Influenza 0.2
Mentha sp. 1 Hortelã da folha miúda – – Le Colic, cough, stroke 0.4
Mentha sp. 2 Hortelã-miúda – – No data No data
Mentha sp. 3 Hortelã da folha miúda – – Le Infant colic, helminthiasis, influenza, cough, hypertension,
stomach ache, diarrhea, expectorant
0.8
Mentha sp. 4 Hortelã – – Le Gastritis 0.2
Mentha x villosa Huds. Hortelã-miúdo, hortelã-rasteiro,
hortelã-amarga
He Cu Le, Se Bronchitis, helminthiasis, hepatic problems, indigestion 0.5
Ocimum basilicum L. Manjericão, manjericão-roxo Sl Cu Fl, Le, Rm Otalgia, bronchitis, cough, influenza, fever, tonsillitis,
gingivitis, diarrhea, headache, stomachic, antispasmodic,
diuretic, antiemetic
1.2
Ocimum campechianum Mill. Alfavaca, manjericão He Cu Le Fever, cough, digestive problems 0.4
Ocimum fluminense Vell. Alfavaca Sh Cu Le, Se Spots in vision, bronchitis, influenza 0.3
Ocimum gratissimum L. Alfavaca, alfavaca-branco, quioiô Sl Cu Fl, Le Digestive, flatulence, digestive problems, influenza, cough,
itching, expectorant, calming, stress, headache, fatigue
1.1
Ocimum minimum L. Manjericão-miúdo He Cu No data No data
Ocimum sp. 1 Mangerona – – Le Sinusitis, injury, inappetence, flatulence, rheumatism 0.7
Ocimum sp. 2 Alfavaca – – Le, Se Gastritis, ulcer
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Alfavaca He Cu Fl, Le Hypercholesterolemia, hypertension 0.3
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Hortelã da folha grande,
hortelã-graúdo, hortelã da folha
grossa
He Cu Le, Ae Otalgia, inflammations in general, cough, bronchitis,
tonsillitis, pneumonia, influenza, constipation, hepatic
problems, menstrual disturbances, dysphonia, stomachic,
helminthiasis
1.2
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Species Vernacular name Habit Status Part used Therapeutic indication RI
Plectranthus barbatus Andrews Hortelã-homem, falso-boldo,
boldo-comum, sete-dores
Sl Cu Le Digestive problems, renal problems, hepatic problems 0.3
Plectranthus sp. Hortelã – – Le Cough 0.2
Rhaphiodon echinus (Ness & Mart.) Schauer. Flor-de-urubu He Sp Le, Ro Uterine inflammation 0.2
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Alecrim, alecrim-de-jardim Sl Cu Le, Rm Menstrual disturbances, cough, influenza, asthma, colic,
fever, pains in general, flatulence, stomachic, intestinal
problems, hepatic problems, renal problems, injury,
rheumatism, sedative, antispasmodic, cardiotonic
1.6
Lauraceae
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume Canela Tr Cu Ba Colic, indigestion, calmative 0.4
Laurus nobilis L. Louro Sh Cu No data No data
Ocotea sp. Louro branco – – Ba Stomach ache 0.2
Persea americana Mill. Abacateiro, abacate Tr Cu Le Renal problems 0.2
Liliaceae
Allium ascalonicum L. Cebola-branca, cebolinha-branca He Cu St Constipation 0.2
Allium sativum L. Alho He Cu St Insect bites, dysphonia, constipation, digestive problems,
odontalgia, conjunctivitis, hypercholesterolemia, antibiotic,
influenza, throat afflictions
1.1
Aloe sp. 1 Babosa – – Le Gastritis 0.2
Aloe sp. 2 Babosa – – Le Gastritis, ulcer 0.2
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Babosa He Cu Le Hemorrhoid, heartburn,stomach problems, cancer,
dandruff, hair loss, contusion, rheumatism, injury,
helminthiasis, inflammations in general, emollient,
emmenagogic
1.5
Smilax sp. Cipó-de-japecanga – – Fl, Fr Chronic wounds 0.2
Loasaceae
Loasa palmata Spreng Urtiga-de-lajeiro He Sp Le Reduction of mammary glands and testicles 0.2
Loasa rupestris Gardner Urtiga-de-mocó, urtiga-branca He Sp Fl, Le, Ro Placental delivery, uterine inflammation, prostate
inflammation
0.3
Loganiaceae
Spigelia anthelmia L. Arapabaca, lombrigueira He Sp Wp Helminthiasis 0.2
Lorantaceae
Phoradendron sp. Exerco de passarinho – – Rm Asthma 0.2
Magnoliaceae
Illicium verum Hook. f. Aniz-estrelado Tr Cu Fr Constipation, teething 0.2
Malpighiaceae
Byrsonima cf. intermedia Juss. Pitombinha, cipó-de-rego Sh Cu Fl, Le Gallbladder stones, kidney stones, calculus in prostate,
indigestion, helminthiasis
0.5
Byrsonima sp. Murici – – Fl, Le Influenza, throat inflammation 0.2
Byrsonima gardneriana Juss. Murici Tr Sp Fl, Le, Fr Blood thinner, influenza, throat inflammation 0.3
Galphinia sp. No data – – Fl, Le, Fr Throat inflammation, bronchitis, dysphonia, urinary
retention, helminthiasis
0.5
Malpighia coccifera Reichard Acerola Sh Cu Le Influenza 0.2
Malpighia glabra L. Acerola Sh Cu Fr Influenza 0.2
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Malvaceae
Gaya aurea St. Hill.a No data Sh Sp Fl, Le Indigestion 0.2
Gossypium barbadense L. Algodão-graúdo Sh Cu Le Diuretic, jaundice 0.3
Gossypium herbaceum L. Algodão Sh Cu Fl, Le Hepatitis, childbirth pains, blow 0.4
Gossypium sp. Algodão-criolo – – No data No data
Herissantia tiubae (K. Schum.) Brizickya Lava-prato Sh Sp Fl, Le Influenza, fever 0.3
Sida carpinifolia L. Relógio-vasoura He Sp Le Emollient 0.2
Sida cordifolia L. Malva-amarela, mela-bode,
malva-branca, malva-veludo,
malvão
He Sp Le, Ro Renal inflammation, acne, cough, leucorrhea 0.5
Sida sp. 1 Barba-de-boi – – Fl, Le Digestive, stomach swelling 0.3
Sida sp. 2 Malva-branca – – Fl, Le Wound inflammation 0.2
Sida spinosa L. Malva-lanceta, malva-relógio Sl Sp Le, Wp Skin ulcers, hematoma, insect bites, asthma, influenza,
respiratory problems in general, emollient
0.6
Sidastrum micranthum (A. St.-Hil) Fryxell Malva-preta, guaxima Sl Sp Le, Wp Cough, pertussis, bronchitis, asthma, diphtheria, emollient 0.6
Urena lobata L. Malva-rosa Sl Sp No data No data
Marcgraviaceae
Norantea brasiliensis Choisy No data Tr Sp Fl, Le Cardiac problems 0.2
Meliaceae
Cedrela odorata L. Cedro Tr Sp St, Ba No data
Guarea sp. Jitó-branco – – No data No data
Melia azedarach L. Lı́rio Sh Cu Fl Influenza, hypertension 0.3
Menispermaceae
Cissampelos sympodialis Eichler Milona He Sp Le, Ro Influenza, asthma, lung infection, fever 0.4
Mimosaceae
Abarema cochliocarpos (Gomes) Barneby & Grimes Babatenã Tr Sp Ba Gastritis, ulcer 0.2
Acacia bahiensis Benth. Carará, angico-monjolo Tr Sp Bs, Fl Uterine inflammation, blood thinner, rheumatism, skin
problems, STDs
0.7
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Jurema-branca Tr Sp St No data
Acacia piauhiensis Benth.a Espinheiro Tr Sp Ba Venereal diseases, intoxication, back pain 0.4
Acacia sp. Espinheiro-branco – – Bs Uterine inflammation 0.2
Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan Angico, angico-de-caroço,
angico-branco
Tr Sp St, Ba, Bs,
Fl, Le, Fr
Anemia, cough, asthma, bronchitis, pertussis, lung
inflammation, influenza, constipation, inflammations in
general, cancer, blood thinner, blow, injury, scrophula,
diphtheria, fissures in foot, gastritis, expectorant
1.6
Chloroleucon sp. Arapiraca – – Bs, Fl Cardiac problems 0.2
Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong Timbaúba, orelha-de-negro Tr Sp Ba, Fr Inflammations in general, scabies 0.3
Mimosa arenosa (Willd.) Poir. Jurema Tr Sp Ba Asthma 0.2
Mimosa caesalpinifolia Benth.a Cascudo Tr Sp Bs, Fl Inflammations in general, hypertension 0.3
Mimosa ophtalmocentra Mart. ex Benth.a Jurema Sh Sp Ba Bronchitis, cough 0.2
Mimosa sp. 1 Jurema branca – – Le Pains in general, fever 0.2
Mimosa sp. 2 Jurema branca – – No data No data
Mimosa sp. 3 Jurema branca – – Bs, Fl Respiratory distress, influenza 0.2
Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. Jurema-preta, jurema Sh Sp Ba, Bs, Fl,
Le
Injury, odontalgia, inflammations in general, fever,
menstrual colic, headache, hypertension, bronchitis, cough
1.1
Mimosa verrucosa Benth. Jurema-lisa Sh Sp Bs Gastritis, ulcer 0.2
Parapiptadenia zehntneri (Harms) M.P. Lima & H.C.
Limaa
Angico-monjola, angico-branco Tr Sp Bs Influenza, uterine inflammation 0.3
Piptadenia rigida Benth. Angico Tr Sp Ba Asthma, bronchitis 0.2
Piptadenia sp. 1 Arranhento – – Bs, Fl, Le Calmative, hypertension 0.3
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Species Vernacular name Habit Status Part used Therapeutic indication RI
Piptadenia sp. 2 Angelim-verdadeiro – – Bs Gastritis 0.2
Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth.) Ducke Carcará, rasga-beiço Tr Sp Ba Inflammations in general 0.2
Pithecellobium diversifolium Benth. Corcarozeiro Tr Sp Bs Diabetes, bronchitis, uterine inflammation 0.4
Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Algaroba Sh Cu Le Skin problems 0.2
Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville Barbatimão, barbadenã Tr Sp Ba Throat inflammation, hemorrhoids 0.3
Stryphnodendron coriaceum Benth. Barbatimão Tr Sp Ba Inflammations in general, gonorrhea, uterine inflammation,
leucorrhea, injury, physical weakness
0.8
Stryphnodendron sp. 1 Barbatenom – – No data No data
Stryphnodendron sp. 2 Barbatimão – – Ba, Bs Gastritis 0.2
Monimiaceae
Peumus boldus Molina Boldo, boldo-do-chile He Cu Le Colic, stomach ache, laxative, hepatic problems 0.4
Moraceae
Artocarpus integrifolia L. f. Jaca Tr Cu Bs Back pain 0.2
Ficus sp. Figo – – No data No data
Musaceae
Musa paradisiaca L. Banana Sh Cu Le, Ro Cough, bronchitis, asthma, influenza, inflammations in
general, diarrhea, antiophidic
0.7
Musa sapientum L. Bananeira, banana-prata Sh Cu PSt, Sa Bleeding, inflammations in general, diarrhea 0.4
Myristicaceae
Myristica fragrans Houtt. Noz-moscada Tr Cu No data No data
Myrtaceae
Campomanesia sp. Batinga branca – – Ba, Le Injury 0.2
Eucalyptus globulus Labil. Eucalipto Tr Cu Le, Ro Fever, influenza, sinusitis 0.3
Eucalyptus sp. 1 Eucalipto – – Le Fever 0.2
Eucalyptus sp. 2 Eucalipto – – No data No data
Eucalyptus sp. 3 Eucalipto – – Le Fever, infections in general 0.3
Eugenia citrifolia Poiret. Araçá-verdadeiro Tr Cu Le Migraine, cardiac problems 0.3
Eugenia uniflora L. Pitanga Tr Cu Le Colic, diarrhea 0.3
Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) O. Berg Jaboticabeica Tr Sp Ba, Le Diarrhea 0.2
Myrciaria sp. Jaboticaba – – St, Ba, Bs,
Fl, Fr
No data
Psidium araca Raddi Araça Sh Sp Le Stomach ache 0.2
Psidium guajava L. Goiaba, goiabeira Tr Cu Fl, Le, Ro Stomach ache, dysentery, digestive problems, headache,
inflammations in general, gingivitis, throat afflictions
0.7
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry Cravo-da-ı́ndia, cravo-do-reino Tr Cu Ba, Fl, Le Odontalgia, cough, throat inflammation, halitosis, oral
problems
0.5
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Azeitona roxa Tr Cu Le Renal problems, diabetes 0.3
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia diffusa L. Pega-pinto, batata-de-porco He Sp Ro Inappetence, child enuresis, vaginal discharge, genital
inflammation, diarrhea, venereal diseases, cough, gastritis,
hepatic problems, diuretic
0.9
Guapira laxa (Netto) Furlan Piranha Sh Sp St, Ba, Le No data
Mirabilis jalapa L. Bonina Sl Cu Se Acne 0.2
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Pisonia sp. Piranha branca – – Ba Feminine hygiene after childbirth 0.2
Olacaceae
Ximenia americana L. Ameixa, ameixa de espinho Sh Sp Ba, Bs Injury, inflammations in general, back pain 0.4
Ximenia sp. Ameixa – – Ba Tuberculosis, menstrual disturbances, inflammations in
general, cancer
0.6
Oleaceae
Olea europaea L. Oliva Tr Cu Oi Burns 0.2
Onagraceae
Ludivigia sp. No data – – Fl, Fr Hepatic problems, stomach problems 0.2
Orchidaceae
Pleurothallis rubens Lind. Barba deSão Sim He Sp Fl Headache, fever 0.3
Vanilla palmarum (Salzm. ex Lindl.) Lindl. Banana-de-licurizeiro He Sp Le Skin problems 0.2
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis sp. 1 Umbuzeirinho – – Fl, Le, Ro Asthma, influenza, cough, constipation 0.4
Oxalis sp. 2 Azedinho – – Fl, Le, Ro Prostate inflammation, expectorant 0.3
Papaveraceae
Argemone mexicana L. Cardo santo, cadinho He Sp Le, La,
Wp, Ro,
Se
Herpes labialis, fever, influenza, asthma, tonsillitis,
bronchitis, pneumonia, uterine inflammation, ophthalmia,
thrombosis, scrophula, physical weakness, inflammations in
general, constipation, skin ulcers, cholagogue, laxative,
digestive, conjunctivitis
1.8
Passifloraceae
Passiflora foetida L. Maracujá-papoco,
maracujá-de-estralo, camapu
Tr Sp Fl, Le, Wp Cardiac problems, femininme inflammations, cough,
calmative, blenorrhea, hemorrhoids
0.7
Passiflora sp. Margarida – – Fl, Le Hypertension, calmative 0.3
Pedaliaceae
Sesamum orientale L. Gergelim-branco He Cu No data No data
Phytolaccaceae
Microtea sp. Agélica-rasteira – – Fl, Le, Ro Placenta delivery, calmative 0.3
Petiveria sp. Tipi – – Fl, Le Cardiac problems, calmative 0.3
Petiveria alliacea L. Tipim He Cu No data No data
Piperaceae
Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Favaquinha He Sp Le Inflammations in general, hypertension 0.3
Piper marginatum Jacq. Capeba Sh Sp No data No data
Piper nigrum L. Pimenta-do-reino He Cu Se Odontalgia, increase in uterine contraction rhythm 0.3
Plantaginaceae
Plantago major L. Tanchagem He Cu Le Throat inflammation 0.2
Plumbaginaceae
Plumbago scandens L. Folha-de-louco, louco Sh Sp Ba, Le,
Ro, Wp
Odontalgia, arthritis, sedative, warts 0.6
Plumbago sp. No data – – Fl, Le, Ro Colic, cystitis, stomach problems, sedative 0.6
Poaceae
Andropogon leucostachyus Kunth Capim-açu He Sp Le Depression, diuretic 0.3
Bambusa sp. Bambu – – No data No data
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Species Vernacular name Habit Status Part used Therapeutic indication RI
Coix lacryma-jobi L. Milagre He Sp Se Dyspnea 0.2
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Capim-santo, capim-caboclo He Cu Le, Wp Stomach ache, gastritis, ulcer, diarrhea, indigestion,
inappetence, colic, pains in general, hypertension,
insomnia, fever, cough, calmative, diuretic
1.4
Echinochloa colonum L. No data He Sp No data No data
Imperata brasiliensis Trin. Sapé He Sp No data No data
Imperata contracta (Kunth) Hitchc. No data He Sp No data No data
Oryza sativa L. Arroz He Cu Se Intestinal infections 0.2
Panicum sp. 1 Capim de frecha – – Le Hemostatic 0.2
Panicum sp. 2 Capim de frecha – – Le Hemostatic 0.2
Phalaris canariensis L. Alpiste He Cu Se Lithiasis, diuretic 0.3
Piresia leptophylla Soderstr. Acanfor de remédio He Cu Le, Wp Respiratory distress, renal problems, spinal problems 0.4
Zea mays L. Milho He Cu Sg, Se Enuresis, measles 0.3
Polygalaceae
Polygala gracilis Kunth Arrozinho He Sp Ro Blenorrhea, diuretic, emetic, expectorant 0.5
Polygala paniculata L. Arrozinho He Sp Ro Blenorrhea, antiophidic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant 0.6
Polygala sp. Pé-de-urubu, gelol – – Wp Blow, amenorrhea 0.3
Polypodiaceae
Microgramma vacciinifolia (Langsd. & Fich.) Copel. Salambaia He Sp Wp Swelling 0.2
Pontederiaceae
Eichhornia paniculata (Spreng.) Solms No data He Sp Le Hemorrhoid 0.2
Portulacaceae
Portulaca oleracea L. Beldroega-branca He Sp Le, Ae Constipation, diuretic 0.3
Portulaca sp. 1 Beldroega – – Ro Renal inflammation 0.2
Portulaca sp. 2 Beldroega, bico-de-urubu – – Ro Kidney stones, gallbladder stones 0.3
Portulaca sp. 3 Beldroega – – Fl, Ro Renal problems, ophthalmic diseases 0.3
Portulaca sp. 4 Beldroega – – Fl, Le, Ro Renal inflammation 0.2
Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaerth. Bredo He Sp Wp Prostate inflammation 0.2
Talinum sp. Bredo – – Ro Renal inflammation 0.2
Punicaceae
Punica granatum L. Romã Sh Cu Ba, Le Fr,
Se
Dysphonia, tonsillitis, throat inflammation, cataract,
feminine inflammations, conjunctivitis, stomachic
0.7
Rhamnaceae
Gouania latifolia Reissek No data Sh Sp Bs, Le Uterine inflammation, back pain 0.3
Ziziphus cotinifolia Reisseka Juazeiro Tr Sp Ba Teeth cleaning, dandruff 0.3
Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.a Juazeiro, Juá Tr Sp St, Ba, Bs,
Le, Fr, Ro
Teeth cleaning, dandruff, asthma, cough, influenza,
pneumonia, tuberculosis, bronchitis, constipation, throat
inflammation, indigestion, scabies, seborrhoeic dermatitis,
itching, skin problems, head injuries, healing, expectorant
1.3
Ziziphus sp. Juá – – No data No data
Rubiaceae
Borreria sp. Vassourinha-de-botão – – No data No data
Borreria verticillata (L.) G. Mey. Vassourinha-de-botão He Sp Ro, Wp Menstrual colic, cough, hemorrhoids, helminthiasis 0.6
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Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. Caninana Sh Sp Ro Venereal diseases, helps children walk 0.3
Coussarea sp. Tá branco – – Ba No data
Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) K. Schum. Quina-quina Tr Sp Ba, Le Fever, diabetes, blood thinner, influenza, cough, sinusitis,
inflammations in general
0.7
Emmeorhiza umbellata (Spreng) K. Schu. No data He Sp Fl, Fr Intoxication 0.2
Genipa americana L. Genipapo Tr Cu Ba Tortion, injury, luxations, hematoma 0.3
Guettarda angelica Mart. ex Müll. Arg.a Angélica-brava Tr Sp Ro Menstrual colic, constipation, fever 0.4
Guettarda sp. No data – – Fl, Le Stomach problems, inflammations in general 0.3
Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes Pepaconha Sl Sp Ro Influenza, cough, gastritis, teething 0.4
Richardia grandiflora (Cham. & Schltdl.) Steud. Ervanço He Sp Ro Helminthiasis 0.2
Richardia sp. Erva-de-besta – – Fl, Ro Constipation, bronchitis, throat inflammation, epistaxis,
rheumatism
0.5
Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) K. Schum. Genipapo, genipaparana,
jenipapim, jenipapo-bravo
Sh Sp Bs, Fl, Le,
Fr
Cough, tortion, cystitis, rheumatism, renal problems,
cardiac problems
0.8
Rutaceae
Citrus aurantium L. Laranja Tr Cu Fr, Le Fever, insomnia, calmative 0.4
Citrus limonum Risso Limão Tr Cu Fr, Le Conjunctivitis, inluenza 0.3
Citrus sp. 1 Laranja – – No data No data
Citrus sp. 2 Limão – – Fr Influenza 0.2
Pilocarpus sp. Jaborandi – – No data No data
Ruta graveolens L. Arruda, arruda macho Sl Cu Le Menstrual colic, headache, otalgia, conjunctivitis, arthritis,
nevralgy, helminthiasis, amenorrhea, antispasmodic,
digestive problems
1.3
Sapindaceae
Allophylus quercifolius (Mart.) Rasdlk. No data Sh Sp Fl, Le Ulcer 0.2
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Pratudo He Sp Wp Hepatic problems, rheumatism, diuretic, Emmenagogic,
tonic
0.6
Cardiospermum corindum L. Timbó He Sp Fl, Le, Fr Ulcer 0.2
Cardiospermum oliveirae Ferruci.a Cipó-cruapé, timbó He Sp St, Fl, Le Ulcer, placental delivery, infections in general, tumors 0.6
Paullinia cupana Kunth Guaraná Sh Cu No data No data
Sapindus saponaria L. Sabonete Tr Sp Ba Mycosis 0.2
Serjania comata Radlk. Ariu He Sp Ro Rheumatism 0.2
Serjania lethalis A. St.-Hil. Ariu Sh Sp Le Renal pain 0.2
Serjania sp. 1 Timbó – – Fl, Le Ovary inflammation, ulcer, abdominal colic, healing of
chronic tumors
0.6
Serjania sp. 2 Salgueiro – – Fl, Le Cancer 0.2
Sapotaceae
Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. &
Schult.) T.D. Penn.
Quixaba, quixabeira,
rompe-gibão
Tr Sp Ba, Bs Blow, pains in general, duodenal ulcer, gastritis, heartburn,
chronic inflammation, genital injury, ovarian inflammation,
adnexitis, colic, renal problems, cardiac problems, diabetes,
healing
1.2
Scrophulariaceae
Angelonia sp. 1 No data – – Ro Renal inflammation 0.2
Angelonia sp. 2 No data – – Fl, Le Inflammations in general 0.2
Angelonia sp. 3 No data – – Fl, Le Hypercholesterolemia 0.2
Scoparia dulcis L. Vassourinha,
vassourinha-de-nossa-senhora
He Sp Ae, Wp,
Ro
Tortion, bronchitis, influenza, cough, fever, inflammations
in general, uterine problems, helminthiasis, diabetes,
amenorrhea, emmenagogic
1.1
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Table 1 (Continued)
Species Vernacular name Habit Status Part used Therapeutic indicationRI
Stemodia maritima L. Meladinha He Sp Wp Insect repellent 0.2
Selaginellaceae
Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring Mão-de-sapo, mão-fechada,
jericó
He Sp Wp Cough, bleeding, amenorrhea, increases female fertility,
aphrodisiac, diuretic
0.7
Simaroubaceae
Simaba maiana Casar. Pratudo Sh Sp Le Inflammations in general, Blow 0.3
Smilacaceae
Smilax sp. 2 Japicanga de espinho – – No data Venereal diseases 0.2
Solanaceae
Brunfelsia hoppeana Benth. Manacá Sh Cu Ro Gonorrhea 0.2
Brunfelsia sp. Manancã – – No data No data
Capsicum baccatum L. Pimenta-malagueta He Cu Le Furuncle 0.2
Datura metel L. Zabumba-roxa Sl Sp Fl Asthma, sedative 0.3
Datura stramonium L. Zabumba, 3 babados,
zabumba-branca
He Sp Fl, Se Asthma, sedative 0.3
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Tomate-selvagem Sh Cu Fr Skin problems 0.2
Nicotiana glauca L. Fumo-bravo, charuto-do-rei Sh Sp Fl, Le Indigestion, uterine inflammation, asthma, migraine 0.6
Nicotiana tabacum L. Tabaco He Cu Le Nasal congestion 0.2
Physalis angulata L. Camapu Sl Sp Le, Wp Renal inflammation, bladder inflammation, spleen
inflammation, dermatitis, otitis, sedative
0.8
Physalis sp. Canapu – – No data No data
Solanum agrarium Sendtn. Melancia-da-praia, gogóia He Sp Wp, Ro Pleurisy, helminthiasis, inflammations in general, urinary
afflictions, prostate infection, prostate inflammation
0.7
Solanum americanum L. Erva moura, aguiraquia He Sp Fl, Le, Fr Ulcer, skin ulcers, insomnia, throat inflammation, blow 0.7
Solanum nigrum L. Pimenta-de-passarinho He Sp Fr Brazilian pemphigus 0.2
Solanum paniculatum L. Jurubeba, jurubeba-roxa Sh Sp Fl, Fr, Ro Gastritis, tuberculosis, anemia, inflammations in general,
hepatic problems, renal problems, stimulant, diuretic,
antiemetic
0.9
Solanum rhytidoandrum Sendtn. Jurubeba-branca Sh Sp Ro Hepatic problems 0.2
Solanum sp. 1 Gogoia – – Ro Constipation, urethritis 0.3
Solanum sp. 2 Jurubeba – – Ba Intestinal problems 0.2
Solanum sp. 3 Jurubeba – – St, Fl, Le Renal inflammation 0.2
Solanum sp. 4 Tomatinho-do-campo – – Fl, Le, Fr Renal problems 0.2
Solanum tuberosum L. Batatinha, batata-inglesa Sl Cu St Fever, headache, gastritis, ulcer 0.5
Sterculiaceae
Byttneria sp. No data – – Bs, Fl Influenza, asthma, diabetes, hypertension 0.5
Melochia pyramidata L. Malva-roxa He Sp Le Cough, bronchitis 0.2
Melochia sp. Malva-branca – – Fl, Le Influenza, hepatic problems 0.3
Melochia tomentosa L. Malva-vermelha He Sp Fl, Le Influenza, colds, bronchitis, lung inflammation 0.3
Waltheria americana L. Malva-branca He Sp Le Syphilis, cough, bronchitis 0.3
Waltheria sp. Malva-branca – – Fl, Le Wound inflammation 0.2
Turneraceae
Turnera sp. 1 Carobinha – – Ae Scabies 0.2
Turnera sp. 2 Flor-de-catenga, chanana – – Fl, Le Bronchitis, laxative 0.3
Turnera ulmifolia L. Chanana Sl Sp Ro, Le,
Wp
Cough, bronchitis, prostate ailments, amenorrhea, cancer,
inflammations in general, emollient, expectorant
0.9
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Urticaceae
Dendrocnide sp. Utiga – – Wp Ulcer 0.2
Velloziaceae
Xerophyta plicata (Mart.) Spreng. Canela de ema He Sp Le Inflammations in general, swelling 0.2
Verbenaceae
Lantana camara L. Chumbinho, camará Sh Sp St, Fl, Le,
Se
Cough, influenza, helminthiasis, headache, rheumatism,
emmenagogic, diuretic, expectorant
0.9
Lantana lilacina Desf. Camará Sl Sp Ae Influenza, fever 0.3
Lantana sp. Camará, chumbinho – – Fl, Le Influenza, asthma, bronchitis, cough, fever, diabetes,
hypertension, calmative
0.9
Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. Cidreira, erva-cidreira, melissa Sl Cu Ba, Le, St Diabetes, hypertension, colic, diarrhea, heartburn,
inappetence, fever, headache, anemia, cold, anticonceptive,
calmative, cardiac problems, gastritis
1.3
Lippia cf. pohliana Schauer Alecrim-de-boi Sh Sp Le Influenza 0.2
Lippia gracilis Schauera Alecrim-da-serra Sh Sp Le Influenza, cough, sinusitis, bronchitis, nasal congestion,
headache, jaundice, paralysis
0.7
Lippia microphylla Cham. Alecrim-pimenta Sl Sp Le Antiseptic, respiratory problems in general 0.3
Lippia sp. 1 Alecrim – – No data Cough 0.2
Lippia sp. 2 Alecrim – – Le Digestive problems 0.2
Lippia sp. 3 Alecrim de caboclo – – Le Influenza, sinusitis, cough, nasal congestion, pains in
general, headache, odontalgia, eliminate material after child
delivery, calmative, expectorant
1.1
Lippia sp. 4 Alecrim-de-vaqueiro – – Fl, Le Influenza, bronchitis, lung inflammation, pneumonia, throat
inflammation, constipation, cardiac problems, expectorant
0.7
Lippia sp. 5 Camarazinha – – St, Fl No data
Lippia sp. 6 Eva-cidreira – – St Digestive problems 0.2
Stachytarpheta elatior Schrad. ex Schult. Gervão Sh Sp Le Vitiligo, respiratory problems in general 0.3
Stachytarpheta sp. No data – – Wp Urinary retention, renal inflammation 0.2
Vitex gardneriana Schauer Jaramataia Sh Sp Ba, Le, Fr Cough, bronchitis, influenza, helminthiasis, renal problems,
gastritis, swelling, inflammations in general, halitosis
0.9
Violaceae
Hybanthus calceolaria (L.) Schulze-Menz Pepaconha, ipecacuanha He Sp Ro Cough, bronchitis, influenza, fever, amoebiasis,
emmenagogic, diarrhea
0.8
Vitaceae
Cissus bahiensis Lombardi No data He Sp Fl, Le Sexual impotence, rheumatism 0.3
Cissus coccinea (Baker) Mart. ex Planch. Parreira-brava He Sp Le Renal problems, skin ulcers 0.3
Cissus decidua Lombardi Embiratanha He Sp St, Fl, Le Cancer, uterine inflammation 0.3
Cissus erosa L. C. Rich. Cipó-parreiro He Sp Fl, Le Hepatic problems, female pains 0.3
Cissus simsiana Schult. & Schult. F. Cipó-parreira Sh Sp Fl, Le Constipation, hypertension, emetic 0.3
Cissus sp. Insulina – – No data No data
Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C. E. Jarvis Insulina He Sp Fl, Le, Fr Hepatic problems, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia 0.3
Zigophilaceae
Kallstroemia tribuloides (Mart.) Steud. No data He Sp Ro Cardiac problems 0.2
Zingiberaceae
Alpinia speciosa (Blume) D. Dietr. Colônia He Cu Le Migraine, cardiac problems, body ache, fever, hypertension,
headache, influenza, nasal congestion
0.8
Zingiber officinale Roscoe Gengibre He Cu St Gastritis 0.2
He, herb; Sl, shrublet; Sh, shrub; Tr, tree; Sp, spontaneous; Cu, cultivated; RI, relative importance; Le, leaf; Ro, root; Se, seed; Sa, sap; Fl, flower; Fr, fruit; La, latex; Re, resin; Ba, bark; Bs, bast; St, stem; Cd,
cladode; PSt, pseudostem; En, endosperm; Bn, branches; Br, bract; Oi, oil; Mu, mucilage, Sg, stigma; Wp, whole plant; Ap, all parts; Ae, aerial parts.
a Endemic species of the caatinga.
3 Ethno
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48 U.P. Albuquerque et al. / Journal of
rom 5 (Cabral and Agra, 1998, a study that considered only the
amily Capparaceae) to 187 (Almeida et al., 2006). The most
pecies rich families were: Euphorbiaceae (31 species), Aster-
ceae (26 spp.), Lamiaceae (23 spp.), Mimosaceae (17 spp.),
aesalpiniaceae (16 spp.), Solanaceae, Fabaceae (13 spp.), Cac-
aceae (11 spp.), Poaceae (10 spp.), Rubiaceae and Malvaceae
9 spp.). Most of these families are very common elements in the
aatinga biome, especially Euphorbiaceae and Cactaceae. The
amilies Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were predominantly rep-
esented in these studies by cultivated or spontaneous species
f wide distribution (often reported as invasive species). These
wo families are also found among the most representative taxa
n ethnobotanical studies developed in other Brazilian biomes,
uch as in the Atlantic Coastal Forest (Hanazaki et al., 2000; Di
tasi et al., 2002; Gazzaneo et al., 2005), the Cerrado (Amorozo,
002) and the Amazon forest (Rodrigues, 2006).
The most species-rich genera were Croton (nine species),
cimum, Senna, Solanum, Cissus (six spp. each), Mimosa and
atropha (five spp. each). The genus Croton was represented pre-
ominantly by native plants, while the species of Ocimum were
redominantly cultivated or weedy plants (see Albuquerque and
ndrade, 1998a,b).