MySQL 5 6 Reference Manual0aIncluding MySQL Cluster NDB 7 3 Reference Guide

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MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual
Including MySQL Cluster NDB 7.3 Reference Guide
MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual: Including MySQL Cluster NDB 7.3 Reference
Guide
Abstract
This is the MySQL™ Reference Manual. It documents MySQL 5.6 through 5.6.16, as well as MySQL Cluster releases
based on version 7.3 of NDBCLUSTER through 5.6.14-ndb-7.3.4.
MySQL 5.6 features. This manual describes features that are not included in every edition of MySQL 5.6; such
features may not be included in the edition of MySQL 5.6 licensed to you. If you have any questions about the
features included in your edition of MySQL 5.6, refer to your MySQL 5.6 license agreement or contact your Oracle
sales representative.
For release notes detailing the changes in each release, see the MySQL 5.6 Release Notes.
For legal information, see the Legal Notices.
Document generated on: 2013-11-24 (revision: 36799)
General Administrators MySQL
Enterprise
Developers &
Functionality
Connectors &
APIs
HA/Scalability
Tutorial Installation &
Upgrades
MySQL Enterprise
Edition
MySQL
Workbench
Connectors and
APIs
» HA/Scalability
Guide
Server
Administration
MySQL Yum
Repository
MySQL Enterprise
Monitor
Globalization Connector/J MySQL and
DRBD
SQL Syntax » MySQL Installer MySQL Enterprise
Backup
Optimization Connector/ODBC memcached
Storage Engines » Security MySQL Enterprise
Security
Functions and
Operators
Connector/Net memcached with
InnoDB
Server Option /
Variable
Reference
» Startup /
Shutdown
MySQL Enterprise
Audit
Views and Stored
Programs
Connector/Python MySQL and
Virtualization
» Release Notes » Backup and
Recovery
Overview
MySQL Thread
Pool
Partitioning PHP MySQL Proxy
» MySQL Version
Reference
» MySQL Utilities Precision Math C API Replication
FAQs » Linux/Unix
Platform Guide
 Information
Schema
Connector/C Semisynchronous
Replication
 » Windows
Platform Guide
 Performance
Schema
Connector/C++ 
 » Mac OS X
Platform Guide
 Spatial Extensions » MySQL for
Excel
 
 » Solaris Platform
Guide
 Restrictions and
Limitations
 
 » Building from
Source
 
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.6/en/
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/workbench/en/wb-intro.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/workbench/en/wb-intro.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-ha-scalability/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-ha-scalability/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-installer/en/
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-security-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-startstop-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-startstop-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.6/en/
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-backup-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-backup-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-backup-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysqld-version-reference/en/
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysqld-version-reference/en/
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/workbench/en/mysql-utilities.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-linuxunix-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-linuxunix-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-windows-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-windows-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-macosx-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-macosx-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-for-excel/en/
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-for-excel/en/
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-solaris-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-solaris-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-sourcebuild-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-sourcebuild-excerpt/5.6/en/index.html
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Table of Contents
Preface and Legal Notices ............................................................................................................... xxv
1 General Information ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 About This Manual ............................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Typographical and Syntax Conventions ................................................................................. 3
1.3 Overview of the MySQL Database Management System ........................................................ 4
1.3.1 What is MySQL? ....................................................................................................... 4
1.3.2 The Main Features of MySQL .................................................................................... 6
1.3.3 History of MySQL ...................................................................................................... 9
1.4 What Is New in MySQL 5.6 .................................................................................................. 9
1.5 MySQL Development History .............................................................................................. 19
1.6 MySQL Information Sources ................................................................................................ 20
1.6.1 MySQL Mailing Lists ................................................................................................ 20
1.6.2 MySQL Community Support at the MySQL Forums ................................................... 22
1.6.3 MySQL Community Support on Internet Relay Chat (IRC) .......................................... 23
1.6.4 MySQL Enterprise .................................................................................................... 23
1.7 How to Report Bugs or Problems ........................................................................................ 23
1.8 MySQL Standards Compliance ............................................................................................ 28
1.8.1 What Standards MySQL Follows .............................................................................. 28
1.8.2 Selecting SQL Modes .............................................................................................. 29
1.8.3 Running MySQL in ANSI Mode ................................................................................ 29
1.8.4 MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL ........................................................................ 29
1.8.5 MySQL Differences from Standard SQL .................................................................... 32
1.8.6 How MySQL Deals with Constraints .......................................................................... 36
1.9 Credits ............................................................................................................................... 41
1.9.1 Contributors to MySQL ............................................................................................. 41
1.9.2 Documenters and translators .................................................................................... 45
1.9.3 Packages that support MySQL ................................................................................. 47
1.9.4 Tools that were used to create MySQL ..................................................................... 47
1.9.5 Supporters of MySQL ............................................................................................... 48
2 Installing and Upgrading MySQL .................................................................................................... 49
2.1 General Installation Guidance .............................................................................................. 51
2.1.1 Operating Systems Supported by MySQL Community Server ..................................... 52
2.1.2 Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install ........................................................... 53
2.1.3 How to Get MySQL .................................................................................................. 56
2.1.4 Verifying PackageIntegrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG .................................... 56
2.1.5 Installation Layouts .................................................................................................. 65
2.1.6 Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics ..................................................................... 65
2.2 Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries ........................................................ 65
2.3 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows .............................................................................. 68
2.3.1 MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft Windows ...................................................... 70
2.3.2 Choosing An Installation Package ............................................................................. 70
2.3.3 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using MySQL Installer .................................. 71
2.3.4 MySQL Notifier for Microsoft Windows ...................................................................... 89
2.3.5 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using a noinstall Zip Archive .................. 100
2.3.6 Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL Server Installation .............................. 108
2.3.7 Upgrading MySQL on Windows .............................................................................. 110
2.3.8 Windows Postinstallation Procedures ...................................................................... 111
2.4 Installing MySQL on Mac OS X ......................................................................................... 113
2.4.1 General Notes on Installing MySQL on Mac OS X ................................................... 113
2.4.2 Installing MySQL on Mac OS X Using Native Packages ........................................... 115
2.4.3 Installing the MySQL Startup Item ........................................................................... 117
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2.4.4 Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane .................................................... 120
2.4.5 Using the Bundled MySQL on Mac OS X Server ..................................................... 122
2.5 Installing MySQL on Linux ................................................................................................. 123
2.5.1 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL Yum Repository .................................. 123
2.5.2 Replacing a Third-Party Distribution of MySQL Using the MySQL Yum Repository ...... 127
2.5.3 Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages .................................................... 129
2.5.4 Installing MySQL on Linux Using Debian Packages ................................................. 134
2.5.5 Installing MySQL on Linux Using Native Package Managers ..................................... 134
2.6 Installing MySQL on Solaris and OpenSolaris ..................................................................... 138
2.6.1 Installing MySQL on Solaris Using a Solaris PKG .................................................... 139
2.6.2 Installing MySQL on OpenSolaris Using IPS ............................................................ 140
2.7 Installing MySQL on HP-UX .............................................................................................. 141
2.7.1 General Notes on Installing MySQL on HP-UX ........................................................ 142
2.7.2 Installing MySQL on HP-UX Using DEPOT Packages .............................................. 142
2.8 Installing MySQL on FreeBSD ........................................................................................... 143
2.9 Installing MySQL from Source ........................................................................................... 144
2.9.1 MySQL Layout for Source Installation ..................................................................... 145
2.9.2 Installing MySQL Using a Standard Source Distribution ............................................ 146
2.9.3 Installing MySQL Using a Development Source Tree ............................................... 150
2.9.4 MySQL Source-Configuration Options ..................................................................... 151
2.9.5 Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL ................................................................ 163
2.9.6 MySQL Configuration and Third-Party Tools ............................................................ 165
2.10 Postinstallation Setup and Testing ................................................................................... 165
2.10.1 Postinstallation Procedures for Unix-like Systems .................................................. 165
2.10.2 Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts ..................................................................... 177
2.11 Upgrading or Downgrading MySQL .................................................................................. 181
2.11.1 Upgrading MySQL ................................................................................................ 182
2.11.2 Downgrading MySQL ............................................................................................ 191
2.11.3 Checking Whether Tables or Indexes Must Be Rebuilt ........................................... 193
2.11.4 Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes ............................................................ 195
2.11.5 Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine .................................................... 196
2.12 Environment Variables .................................................................................................... 197
2.13 Perl Installation Notes ..................................................................................................... 199
2.13.1 Installing Perl on Unix .......................................................................................... 199
2.13.2 Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows .................................................................. 200
2.13.3 Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface ........................................................... 201
3 Tutorial ........................................................................................................................................ 203
3.1 Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server .............................................................. 203
3.2 Entering Queries ............................................................................................................... 204
3.3 Creating and Using a Database ......................................................................................... 207
3.3.1 Creating and Selecting a Database ......................................................................... 209
3.3.2 Creating a Table .................................................................................................... 209
3.3.3 Loading Data into a Table ...................................................................................... 211
3.3.4 Retrieving Information from a Table ........................................................................ 212
3.4 Getting Information About Databases and Tables ............................................................... 226
3.5 Using mysql in Batch Mode ............................................................................................. 227
3.6 Examples of Common Queries .......................................................................................... 228
3.6.1 The Maximum Value for a Column .......................................................................... 229
3.6.2 The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column ............................................... 229
3.6.3 Maximum of Column per Group .............................................................................. 230
3.6.4 The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Column ............................ 230
3.6.5 Using User-Defined Variables................................................................................. 231
3.6.6 Using Foreign Keys ................................................................................................ 231
3.6.7 Searching on Two Keys ......................................................................................... 233
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3.6.8 Calculating Visits Per Day ...................................................................................... 233
3.6.9 Using AUTO_INCREMENT ........................................................................................ 234
3.7 Using MySQL with Apache ................................................................................................ 236
4 MySQL Programs ........................................................................................................................ 237
4.1 Overview of MySQL Programs .......................................................................................... 238
4.2 Using MySQL Programs .................................................................................................... 242
4.2.1 Invoking MySQL Programs ..................................................................................... 242
4.2.2 Connecting to the MySQL Server ............................................................................ 243
4.2.3 Specifying Program Options ................................................................................... 247
4.2.4 Setting Environment Variables ................................................................................ 260
4.3 MySQL Server and Server-Startup Programs ..................................................................... 262
4.3.1 mysqld — The MySQL Server ............................................................................... 262
4.3.2 mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script ...................................................... 262
4.3.3 mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script ..................................................... 267
4.3.4 mysqld_multi — Manage Multiple MySQL Servers ............................................... 268
4.4 MySQL Installation-Related Programs ................................................................................ 272
4.4.1 comp_err — Compile MySQL Error Message File .................................................. 272
4.4.2 mysqlbug — Generate Bug Report ........................................................................ 273
4.4.3 mysql_install_db — Initialize MySQL Data Directory ......................................... 274
4.4.4 mysql_plugin — Configure MySQL Server Plugins ............................................... 276
4.4.5 mysql_secure_installation — Improve MySQL Installation Security ................ 278
4.4.6 mysql_tzinfo_to_sql — Load the Time Zone Tables ......................................... 279
4.4.7 mysql_upgrade — Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables ......................................... 279
4.5 MySQL Client Programs .................................................................................................... 283
4.5.1 mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Tool ............................................................ 283
4.5.2 mysqladmin — Client for Administering a MySQL Server ........................................ 307
4.5.3 mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance Program ...................................................... 315
4.5.4 mysqldump — A Database Backup Program .......................................................... 322
4.5.5 mysqlimport — A Data Import Program ............................................................... 341
4.5.6 mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information ............................ 347
4.5.7 mysqlslap — Load Emulation Client ..................................................................... 351
4.6 MySQL Administrative and Utility Programs ....................................................................... 358
4.6.1 innochecksum — Offline InnoDB File Checksum Utility .......................................... 358
4.6.2 myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information .......................................... 359
4.6.3 myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility ................................................... 360
4.6.4 myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents .................................................. 377
4.6.5 myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables ........................ 378
4.6.6 mysql_config_editor — MySQL Configuration Utility ......................................... 385
4.6.7 mysqlaccess — Client for Checking Access Privileges .......................................... 391
4.6.8 mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files .......................................... 393
4.6.9 mysqldumpslow — Summarize Slow Query Log Files ............................................ 413
4.6.10 mysqlhotcopy — A Database Backup Program ................................................... 415
4.6.11 mysql_convert_table_format — Convert Tables to Use a Given Storage
Engine ............................................................................................................................ 418
4.6.12 mysql_find_rows — Extract SQL Statements from Files ..................................... 419
4.6.13 mysql_fix_extensions — Normalize Table File Name Extensions ..................... 420
4.6.14 mysql_setpermission — Interactively Set Permissions in Grant Tables .............. 420
4.6.15 mysql_waitpid — Kill Process and Wait for Its Termination ................................ 421
4.6.16 mysql_zap — Kill Processes That Match a Pattern .............................................. 422
4.7 MySQL Program Development Utilities .............................................................................. 422
4.7.1 msql2mysql — Convert mSQL Programs for Use with MySQL ................................ 422
4.7.2 mysql_config — Display Options for Compiling Clients ......................................... 423
4.7.3 my_print_defaults — Display Options from Option Files .................................... 424
4.7.4 resolve_stack_dump — Resolve Numeric Stack Trace Dump to Symbols ............. 425
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4.8 Miscellaneous Programs ................................................................................................... 426
4.8.1 perror — Explain Error Codes ............................................................................. 426
4.8.2 replace — A String-Replacement Utility ................................................................ 427
4.8.3 resolveip — Resolve Host name to IP Address or Vice Versa ............................... 427
5 MySQL Server Administration ...................................................................................................... 429
5.1 The MySQL Server ........................................................................................................... 430
5.1.1 Server Option and Variable Reference .................................................................... 430
5.1.2 Server Configuration Defaults ................................................................................. 466
5.1.3 Server Command Options ...................................................................................... 469
5.1.4 Server System Variables ........................................................................................ 506
5.1.5 Using System Variables ......................................................................................... 631
5.1.6 Server Status Variables .......................................................................................... 646
5.1.7 Server SQL Modes ................................................................................................ 675
5.1.8 Server Plugins .......................................................................................................683
5.1.9 IPv6 Support .......................................................................................................... 687
5.1.10 Server-Side Help .................................................................................................. 692
5.1.11 Server Response to Signals ................................................................................. 692
5.1.12 The Shutdown Process ......................................................................................... 693
5.2 MySQL Server Logs ......................................................................................................... 694
5.2.1 Selecting General Query and Slow Query Log Output Destinations ........................... 695
5.2.2 The Error Log ........................................................................................................ 697
5.2.3 The General Query Log .......................................................................................... 698
5.2.4 The Binary Log ...................................................................................................... 700
5.2.5 The Slow Query Log .............................................................................................. 711
5.2.6 Server Log Maintenance ......................................................................................... 713
5.3 Running Multiple MySQL Instances on One Machine .......................................................... 714
5.3.1 Setting Up Multiple Data Directories ........................................................................ 716
5.3.2 Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Windows ...................................................... 717
5.3.3 Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Unix ............................................................ 720
5.3.4 Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment .......................................... 721
5.4 Tracing mysqld Using DTrace .......................................................................................... 722
5.4.1 mysqld DTrace Probe Reference ........................................................................... 723
6 Security ....................................................................................................................................... 741
6.1 General Security Issues .................................................................................................... 742
6.1.1 Security Guidelines ................................................................................................ 742
6.1.2 Keeping Passwords Secure .................................................................................... 743
6.1.3 Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers ................................................................ 757
6.1.4 Security-Related mysqld Options and Variables ...................................................... 759
6.1.5 How to Run MySQL as a Normal User .................................................................... 760
6.1.6 Security Issues with LOAD DATA LOCAL ................................................................ 760
6.1.7 Client Programming Security Guidelines .................................................................. 761
6.2 The MySQL Access Privilege System ................................................................................ 762
6.2.1 Privileges Provided by MySQL ................................................................................ 764
6.2.2 Privilege System Grant Tables ................................................................................ 768
6.2.3 Specifying Account Names ..................................................................................... 774
6.2.4 Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification ..................................................... 776
6.2.5 Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification ......................................................... 779
6.2.6 When Privilege Changes Take Effect ...................................................................... 780
6.2.7 Causes of Access-Denied Errors ............................................................................ 781
6.3 MySQL User Account Management ................................................................................... 786
6.3.1 User Names and Passwords .................................................................................. 786
6.3.2 Adding User Accounts ............................................................................................ 788
6.3.3 Removing User Accounts ....................................................................................... 792
6.3.4 Setting Account Resource Limits ............................................................................. 792
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6.3.5 Assigning Account Passwords ................................................................................ 794
6.3.6 Password Expiration and Sandbox Mode ................................................................ 796
6.3.7 Pluggable Authentication ........................................................................................ 798
6.3.8 Proxy Users ........................................................................................................... 820
6.3.9 Using SSL for Secure Connections ......................................................................... 823
6.3.10 Connecting to MySQL Remotely from Windows with SSH ....................................... 835
6.3.11 MySQL Enterprise Audit Log Plugin ...................................................................... 836
6.3.12 SQL-Based MySQL Account Activity Auditing ........................................................ 853
7 Backup and Recovery .................................................................................................................. 857
7.1 Backup and Recovery Types ............................................................................................. 858
7.2 Database Backup Methods ................................................................................................ 861
7.3 Example Backup and Recovery Strategy ........................................................................... 863
7.3.1 Establishing a Backup Policy .................................................................................. 864
7.3.2 Using Backups for Recovery ................................................................................... 866
7.3.3 Backup Strategy Summary ..................................................................................... 866
7.4 Using mysqldump for Backups ......................................................................................... 867
7.4.1 Dumping Data in SQL Format with mysqldump ....................................................... 867
7.4.2 Reloading SQL-Format Backups ............................................................................. 868
7.4.3 Dumping Data in Delimited-Text Format with mysqldump ........................................ 869
7.4.4 Reloading Delimited-Text Format Backups .............................................................. 870
7.4.5 mysqldump Tips .................................................................................................... 871
7.5 Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery Using the Binary Log ................................................ 873
7.5.1 Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Times ............................................................. 874
7.5.2 Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Positions ......................................................... 875
7.6 MyISAM Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery ............................................................... 875
7.6.1 Using myisamchk for Crash Recovery .................................................................... 876
7.6.2 How to Check MyISAM Tables for Errors .................................................................877
7.6.3 How to Repair MyISAM Tables ............................................................................... 877
7.6.4 MyISAM Table Optimization .................................................................................... 880
7.6.5 Setting Up a MyISAM Table Maintenance Schedule ................................................. 881
8 Optimization ................................................................................................................................ 883
8.1 Optimization Overview ....................................................................................................... 884
8.2 Optimizing SQL Statements .............................................................................................. 885
8.2.1 Optimizing SELECT Statements .............................................................................. 886
8.2.2 Optimizing DML Statements ................................................................................... 934
8.2.3 Optimizing Database Privileges ............................................................................... 936
8.2.4 Optimizing INFORMATION_SCHEMA Queries ............................................................ 936
8.2.5 Other Optimization Tips .......................................................................................... 941
8.3 Optimization and Indexes .................................................................................................. 944
8.3.1 How MySQL Uses Indexes ..................................................................................... 944
8.3.2 Using Primary Keys ............................................................................................... 945
8.3.3 Using Foreign Keys ................................................................................................ 945
8.3.4 Column Indexes ..................................................................................................... 945
8.3.5 Multiple-Column Indexes ........................................................................................ 947
8.3.6 Verifying Index Usage ............................................................................................ 948
8.3.7 InnoDB and MyISAM Index Statistics Collection ...................................................... 948
8.3.8 Comparison of B-Tree and Hash Indexes ................................................................ 950
8.4 Optimizing Database Structure .......................................................................................... 951
8.4.1 Optimizing Data Size .............................................................................................. 951
8.4.2 Optimizing MySQL Data Types ............................................................................... 953
8.4.3 Optimizing for Many Tables .................................................................................... 955
8.4.4 How MySQL Uses Internal Temporary Tables ......................................................... 956
8.5 Optimizing for InnoDB Tables ........................................................................................... 957
8.5.1 Optimizing Storage Layout for InnoDB Tables ......................................................... 957
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8.5.2 Optimizing InnoDB Transaction Management .......................................................... 958
8.5.3 Optimizing InnoDB Logging ................................................................................... 959
8.5.4 Bulk Data Loading for InnoDB Tables .................................................................... 959
8.5.5 Optimizing InnoDB Queries .................................................................................... 961
8.5.6 Optimizing InnoDB DDL Operations ....................................................................... 961
8.5.7 Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O ................................................................................... 961
8.5.8 Optimizing InnoDB Configuration Variables ............................................................. 963
8.5.9 Optimizing InnoDB for Systems with Many Tables ................................................... 964
8.6 Optimizing for MyISAM Tables ........................................................................................... 964
8.6.1 Optimizing MyISAM Queries .................................................................................... 964
8.6.2 Bulk Data Loading for MyISAM Tables .................................................................... 966
8.6.3 Speed of REPAIR TABLE Statements .................................................................... 967
8.7 Optimizing for MEMORY Tables ........................................................................................... 969
8.8 Understanding the Query Execution Plan ........................................................................... 969
8.8.1 Optimizing Queries with EXPLAIN ........................................................................... 969
8.8.2 EXPLAIN Output Format ........................................................................................ 970
8.8.3 EXPLAIN EXTENDED Output Format ...................................................................... 982
8.8.4 Estimating Query Performance ............................................................................... 984
8.8.5 Controlling the Query Optimizer .............................................................................. 985
8.9 Buffering and Caching ....................................................................................................... 988
8.9.1 The InnoDB Buffer Pool ........................................................................................ 988
8.9.2 The MyISAM Key Cache ......................................................................................... 991
8.9.3 The MySQL Query Cache ...................................................................................... 995
8.9.4 Caching of Prepared Statements and Stored Programs .......................................... 1002
8.10 Optimizing Locking Operations ....................................................................................... 1003
8.10.1 Internal Locking Methods .................................................................................... 1004
8.10.2 Table Locking Issues .......................................................................................... 1006
8.10.3 Concurrent Inserts .............................................................................................. 1007
8.10.4 Metadata Locking ............................................................................................... 1008
8.10.5 External Locking ................................................................................................. 1008
8.11 Optimizing the MySQL Server ........................................................................................ 1010
8.11.1 System Factors and Startup Parameter Tuning .................................................... 1010
8.11.2 Tuning Server Parameters .................................................................................. 1010
8.11.3 Optimizing Disk I/O ............................................................................................. 1019
8.11.4 Optimizing Memory Use ...................................................................................... 1023
8.11.5 Optimizing Network Use ..................................................................................... 1026
8.11.6 The Thread Pool Plugin ...................................................................................... 1029
8.12 Measuring Performance (Benchmarking) ........................................................................ 1034
8.12.1 Measuring the Speed of Expressions and Functions .............................................1035
8.12.2 The MySQL Benchmark Suite ............................................................................. 1035
8.12.3 Using Your Own Benchmarks ............................................................................. 1036
8.12.4 Measuring Performance with performance_schema .......................................... 1037
8.12.5 Examining Thread Information ............................................................................. 1037
9 Language Structure ................................................................................................................... 1053
9.1 Literal Values .................................................................................................................. 1053
9.1.1 String Literals ....................................................................................................... 1053
9.1.2 Number Literals .................................................................................................... 1056
9.1.3 Date and Time Literals ......................................................................................... 1056
9.1.4 Hexadecimal Literals ............................................................................................ 1058
9.1.5 Boolean Literals ................................................................................................... 1059
9.1.6 Bit-Field Literals ................................................................................................... 1059
9.1.7 NULL Values ........................................................................................................ 1060
9.2 Schema Object Names ................................................................................................... 1060
9.2.1 Identifier Qualifiers ............................................................................................... 1062
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9.2.2 Identifier Case Sensitivity ...................................................................................... 1062
9.2.3 Mapping of Identifiers to File Names ..................................................................... 1065
9.2.4 Function Name Parsing and Resolution ................................................................. 1067
9.3 Reserved Words ............................................................................................................. 1070
9.4 User-Defined Variables .................................................................................................... 1073
9.5 Expression Syntax .......................................................................................................... 1076
9.6 Comment Syntax ............................................................................................................ 1078
10 Globalization ............................................................................................................................ 1081
10.1 Character Set Support ................................................................................................... 1081
10.1.1 Character Sets and Collations in General ............................................................ 1082
10.1.2 Character Sets and Collations in MySQL ............................................................. 1083
10.1.3 Specifying Character Sets and Collations ............................................................ 1084
10.1.4 Connection Character Sets and Collations ........................................................... 1091
10.1.5 Configuring the Character Set and Collation for Applications ................................. 1094
10.1.6 Character Set for Error Messages ....................................................................... 1096
10.1.7 Collation Issues .................................................................................................. 1097
10.1.8 String Repertoire ................................................................................................ 1106
10.1.9 Operations Affected by Character Set Support ..................................................... 1108
10.1.10 Unicode Support ............................................................................................... 1111
10.1.11 Upgrading from Previous to Current Unicode Support ......................................... 1116
10.1.12 UTF-8 for Metadata .......................................................................................... 1118
10.1.13 Column Character Set Conversion ..................................................................... 1119
10.1.14 Character Sets and Collations That MySQL Supports ......................................... 1120
10.2 Setting the Error Message Language ............................................................................. 1134
10.3 Adding a Character Set ................................................................................................. 1135
10.3.1 Character Definition Arrays ................................................................................. 1137
10.3.2 String Collating Support for Complex Character Sets ............................................ 1138
10.3.3 Multi-Byte Character Support for Complex Character Sets .................................... 1138
10.4 Adding a Collation to a Character Set ............................................................................ 1138
10.4.1 Collation Implementation Types ........................................................................... 1140
10.4.2 Choosing a Collation ID ...................................................................................... 1143
10.4.3 Adding a Simple Collation to an 8-Bit Character Set ............................................. 1144
10.4.4 Adding a UCA Collation to a Unicode Character Set ............................................. 1145
10.5 Character Set Configuration ........................................................................................... 1152
10.6 MySQL Server Time Zone Support ................................................................................ 1153
10.6.1 Staying Current with Time Zone Changes ............................................................ 1155
10.6.2 Time Zone Leap Second Support ........................................................................ 1157
10.7 MySQL Server Locale Support ....................................................................................... 1158
11 Data Types .............................................................................................................................. 1161
11.1 Data Type Overview ...................................................................................................... 1162
11.1.1 Numeric Type Overview ...................................................................................... 1162
11.1.2 Date and Time Type Overview ............................................................................ 1165
11.1.3 String Type Overview ......................................................................................... 1168
11.2 Numeric Types .............................................................................................................. 1171
11.2.1 Integer Types (Exact Value) - INTEGER, INT, SMALLINT, TINYINT, MEDIUMINT,
BIGINT ........................................................................................................................ 1172
11.2.2 Fixed-Point Types (Exact Value) - DECIMAL, NUMERIC ......................................... 1172
11.2.3 Floating-Point Types (Approximate Value) - FLOAT, DOUBLE ................................. 1173
11.2.4 Bit-Value Type - BIT .......................................................................................... 1173
11.2.5 Numeric Type Attributes ..................................................................................... 1173
11.2.6 Out-of-Range and Overflow Handling ..................................................................1174
11.3 Date and Time Types .................................................................................................... 1176
11.3.1 The DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP Types .................................................... 1177
11.3.2 The TIME Type .................................................................................................. 1178
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11.3.3 The YEAR Type .................................................................................................. 1179
11.3.4 YEAR(2) Limitations and Migrating to YEAR(4) .................................................. 1180
11.3.5 Automatic Initialization and Updating for TIMESTAMP and DATETIME .................... 1182
11.3.6 Fractional Seconds in Time Values ..................................................................... 1186
11.3.7 Conversion Between Date and Time Types ......................................................... 1187
11.3.8 Two-Digit Years in Dates .................................................................................... 1189
11.4 String Types ................................................................................................................. 1189
11.4.1 The CHAR and VARCHAR Types ........................................................................... 1189
11.4.2 The BINARY and VARBINARY Types ................................................................... 1191
11.4.3 The BLOB and TEXT Types ................................................................................. 1192
11.4.4 The ENUM Type .................................................................................................. 1194
11.4.5 The SET Type .................................................................................................... 1197
11.5 Data Type Default Values .............................................................................................. 1199
11.6 Data Type Storage Requirements .................................................................................. 1200
11.7 Choosing the Right Type for a Column .......................................................................... 1204
11.8 Using Data Types from Other Database Engines ............................................................ 1204
12 Functions and Operators .......................................................................................................... 1207
12.1 Function and Operator Reference .................................................................................. 1208
12.2 Type Conversion in Expression Evaluation ..................................................................... 1216
12.3 Operators ...................................................................................................................... 1219
12.3.1 Operator Precedence .......................................................................................... 1220
12.3.2 Comparison Functions and Operators .................................................................. 1221
12.3.3 Logical Operators ............................................................................................... 1226
12.3.4 Assignment Operators ........................................................................................ 1228
12.4 Control Flow Functions .................................................................................................. 1230
12.5 String Functions ............................................................................................................ 1232
12.5.1 String Comparison Functions .............................................................................. 1248
12.5.2 Regular Expressions ........................................................................................... 1251
12.6 Numeric Functions and Operators .................................................................................. 1257
12.6.1 Arithmetic Operators ........................................................................................... 1258
12.6.2 Mathematical Functions ...................................................................................... 1260
12.7 Date and Time Functions .............................................................................................. 1269
12.8 What Calendar Is Used By MySQL? .............................................................................. 1292
12.9 Full-Text Search Functions ............................................................................................ 1292
12.9.1 Natural Language Full-Text Searches .................................................................. 1294
12.9.2 Boolean Full-Text Searches ................................................................................ 1297
12.9.3 Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion ............................................................ 1300
12.9.4 Full-Text Stopwords ............................................................................................ 1300
12.9.5 Full-Text Restrictions .......................................................................................... 1304
12.9.6 Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search .................................................................. 1305
12.9.7 Adding a Collation for Full-Text Indexing .............................................................. 1307
12.10 Cast Functions and Operators ..................................................................................... 1308
12.11 XML Functions ............................................................................................................ 1311
12.12 Bit Functions ............................................................................................................... 1323
12.13 Encryption and Compression Functions ........................................................................ 1325
12.14 Information Functions .................................................................................................. 1332
12.15 GTID Functions ........................................................................................................... 1341
12.16 Miscellaneous Functions .............................................................................................. 1343
12.17 Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY Clauses .............................................. 1350
12.17.1 GROUP BY (Aggregate) Functions ..................................................................... 1350
12.17.2 GROUP BY Modifiers ........................................................................................ 1355
12.17.3 MySQL Extensions to GROUP BY ...................................................................... 1358
12.18 Spatial Extensions ....................................................................................................... 1359
12.18.1 Introduction to MySQL Spatial Support .............................................................. 1360
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12.18.2 The OpenGIS Geometry Model ......................................................................... 1360
12.18.3 Supported Spatial Data Formats ........................................................................ 1366
12.18.4 Creating a Spatially Enabled MySQL Database .................................................. 1368
12.18.5 Spatial Analysis Functions ................................................................................ 1373
12.18.6 Optimizing Spatial Analysis ............................................................................... 1385
12.18.7 MySQL Conformance and Compatibility ............................................................. 1388
12.19 Precision Math ............................................................................................................ 1388
12.19.1 Types of Numeric Values ..................................................................................1389
12.19.2 DECIMAL Data Type Changes ........................................................................... 1389
12.19.3 Expression Handling ......................................................................................... 1390
12.19.4 Rounding Behavior ........................................................................................... 1392
12.19.5 Precision Math Examples .................................................................................. 1393
13 SQL Statement Syntax ............................................................................................................. 1399
13.1 Data Definition Statements ............................................................................................ 1400
13.1.1 ALTER DATABASE Syntax .................................................................................. 1400
13.1.2 ALTER EVENT Syntax ........................................................................................ 1401
13.1.3 ALTER LOGFILE GROUP Syntax ....................................................................... 1403
13.1.4 ALTER FUNCTION Syntax .................................................................................. 1404
13.1.5 ALTER PROCEDURE Syntax ................................................................................ 1405
13.1.6 ALTER SERVER Syntax ...................................................................................... 1405
13.1.7 ALTER TABLE Syntax ........................................................................................ 1405
13.1.8 ALTER TABLESPACE Syntax .............................................................................. 1426
13.1.9 ALTER VIEW Syntax .......................................................................................... 1428
13.1.10 CREATE DATABASE Syntax .............................................................................. 1428
13.1.11 CREATE EVENT Syntax .................................................................................... 1428
13.1.12 CREATE FUNCTION Syntax .............................................................................. 1433
13.1.13 CREATE INDEX Syntax .................................................................................... 1434
13.1.14 CREATE LOGFILE GROUP Syntax .................................................................... 1437
13.1.15 CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION Syntax ....................................... 1439
13.1.16 CREATE SERVER Syntax .................................................................................. 1444
13.1.17 CREATE TABLE Syntax .................................................................................... 1445
13.1.18 CREATE TABLESPACE Syntax .......................................................................... 1475
13.1.19 CREATE TRIGGER Syntax ................................................................................ 1477
13.1.20 CREATE VIEW Syntax ...................................................................................... 1479
13.1.21 DROP DATABASE Syntax .................................................................................. 1483
13.1.22 DROP EVENT Syntax ........................................................................................ 1484
13.1.23 DROP FUNCTION Syntax .................................................................................. 1484
13.1.24 DROP INDEX Syntax ........................................................................................ 1485
13.1.25 DROP LOGFILE GROUP Syntax ........................................................................ 1485
13.1.26 DROP PROCEDURE and DROP FUNCTION Syntax .............................................. 1486
13.1.27 DROP SERVER Syntax ...................................................................................... 1486
13.1.28 DROP TABLE Syntax ........................................................................................ 1486
13.1.29 DROP TABLESPACE Syntax .............................................................................. 1487
13.1.30 DROP TRIGGER Syntax .................................................................................... 1487
13.1.31 DROP VIEW Syntax .......................................................................................... 1487
13.1.32 RENAME TABLE Syntax .................................................................................... 1488
13.1.33 TRUNCATE TABLE Syntax ................................................................................ 1489
13.2 Data Manipulation Statements ....................................................................................... 1489
13.2.1 CALL Syntax ...................................................................................................... 1489
13.2.2 DELETE Syntax .................................................................................................. 1491
13.2.3 DO Syntax .......................................................................................................... 1496
13.2.4 HANDLER Syntax ................................................................................................ 1496
13.2.5 INSERT Syntax .................................................................................................. 1498
13.2.6 LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax ............................................................................. 1506
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13.2.7 LOAD XML Syntax .............................................................................................. 1516
13.2.8 REPLACE Syntax ................................................................................................ 1522
13.2.9 SELECT Syntax .................................................................................................. 1524
13.2.10 Subquery Syntax .............................................................................................. 1544
13.2.11 UPDATE Syntax ................................................................................................ 1556
13.3 MySQL Transactional and Locking Statements ............................................................... 1558
13.3.1 START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Syntax ...................................... 1559
13.3.2 Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back ............................................................. 1561
13.3.3 Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit .......................................................... 1562
13.3.4 SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, and RELEASE SAVEPOINT Syntax ....... 1563
13.3.5 LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES Syntax ...................................................... 1564
13.3.6 SET TRANSACTION Syntax ................................................................................ 1570
13.3.7 XA Transactions ................................................................................................. 1572
13.4 Replication Statements .................................................................................................. 1576
13.4.1 SQL Statements for Controlling Master Servers ................................................... 1576
13.4.2 SQL Statements for Controlling Slave Servers ..................................................... 1579
13.5 SQL Syntax for Prepared Statements ............................................................................. 1589
13.5.1 PREPARE Syntax ................................................................................................ 1593
13.5.2 EXECUTE Syntax ................................................................................................ 1593
13.5.3 DEALLOCATE PREPARE Syntax .......................................................................... 1594
13.6 MySQL Compound-Statement Syntax ............................................................................ 1594
13.6.1 BEGIN ... END Compound-Statement Syntax ...................................................1594
13.6.2 Statement Label Syntax ...................................................................................... 1595
13.6.3 DECLARE Syntax ................................................................................................ 1596
13.6.4 Variables in Stored Programs ............................................................................. 1596
13.6.5 Flow Control Statements ..................................................................................... 1598
13.6.6 Cursors .............................................................................................................. 1602
13.6.7 Condition Handling ............................................................................................. 1604
13.7 Database Administration Statements .............................................................................. 1629
13.7.1 Account Management Statements ....................................................................... 1629
13.7.2 Table Maintenance Statements ........................................................................... 1645
13.7.3 Plugin and User-Defined Function Statements ..................................................... 1654
13.7.4 SET Syntax ........................................................................................................ 1657
13.7.5 SHOW Syntax ...................................................................................................... 1660
13.7.6 Other Administrative Statements ......................................................................... 1704
13.8 MySQL Utility Statements .............................................................................................. 1713
13.8.1 DESCRIBE Syntax .............................................................................................. 1713
13.8.2 EXPLAIN Syntax ................................................................................................ 1713
13.8.3 HELP Syntax ...................................................................................................... 1714
13.8.4 USE Syntax ........................................................................................................ 1717
14 Storage Engines ...................................................................................................................... 1719
14.1 Setting the Storage Engine ............................................................................................ 1723
14.2 The InnoDB Storage Engine ......................................................................................... 1724
14.2.1 Introduction to InnoDB ....................................................................................... 1724
14.2.2 InnoDB Concepts and Architecture ..................................................................... 1729
14.2.3 InnoDB Features for Flexibility, Ease of Use and Reliability .................................. 1750
14.2.4 InnoDB Configuration ......................................................................................... 1757
14.2.5 InnoDB Administration ....................................................................................... 1761
14.2.6 InnoDB Tablespace Management ....................................................................... 1762
14.2.7 InnoDB Table Management ................................................................................ 1774
14.2.8 InnoDB Compressed Tables .............................................................................. 1793
14.2.9 InnoDB File-Format Management ....................................................................... 1805
14.2.10 InnoDB Row Storage and Row Formats ............................................................ 1811
14.2.11 InnoDB Disk I/O and File Space Management ................................................... 1812
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14.2.12 InnoDB and Online DDL .................................................................................. 1815
14.2.13 InnoDB Performance Tuning ............................................................................ 1850
14.2.14 InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables .................................................. 1892
14.2.15 InnoDB Backup and Recovery .......................................................................... 1961
14.2.16 InnoDB and MySQL Replication ....................................................................... 1963
14.2.17 InnoDB Integration with memcached ................................................................. 1965
14.2.18 InnoDB Troubleshooting ................................................................................... 1996
14.3 The MyISAM Storage Engine ......................................................................................... 2004
14.3.1 MyISAM Startup Options ..................................................................................... 2006
14.3.2 Space Needed for Keys ...................................................................................... 2008
14.3.3 MyISAM Table Storage Formats .......................................................................... 2008
14.3.4 MyISAM Table Problems ..................................................................................... 2011
14.4 The MEMORY Storage Engine ......................................................................................... 2012
14.5 The CSV Storage Engine ............................................................................................... 2016
14.5.1 Repairing and Checking CSV Tables ................................................................... 2017
14.5.2 CSV Limitations .................................................................................................. 2018
14.6 The ARCHIVE Storage Engine ....................................................................................... 2018
14.7 The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine ................................................................................... 2019
14.8 The MERGE Storage Engine ........................................................................................... 2022
14.8.1 MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages ...................................................... 2024
14.8.2 MERGE Table Problems ....................................................................................... 2025
14.9 The FEDERATED Storage Engine ................................................................................... 2027
14.9.1 FEDERATED Storage Engine Overview ................................................................ 2027
14.9.2 How to Create FEDERATED Tables ...................................................................... 2028
14.9.3 FEDERATED Storage Engine Notes and Tips ........................................................ 2031
14.9.4 FEDERATED Storage Engine Resources .............................................................. 2032
14.10 The EXAMPLE Storage Engine ..................................................................................... 2032
14.11 Other Storage Engines ................................................................................................ 2033
14.12 Overview of MySQL Storage Engine Architecture .......................................................... 2033
14.12.1 Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture .............................................................. 2034
14.12.2 The Common Database Server Layer ................................................................ 2034
15 High Availability and Scalability ................................................................................................ 2037
15.1 Oracle VM Template for MySQL Enterprise Edition ......................................................... 2040
15.2 Overview of MySQL with DRBD/Pacemaker/Corosync/Oracle Linux ................................. 2041
15.3 Overview of MySQL with WindowsFailover Clustering .................................................... 2043
15.4 Using MySQL within an Amazon EC2 Instance ............................................................... 2045
15.4.1 Setting Up MySQL on an EC2 AMI ..................................................................... 2046
15.4.2 EC2 Instance Limitations .................................................................................... 2047
15.4.3 Deploying a MySQL Database Using EC2 ........................................................... 2047
15.5 Using ZFS Replication ................................................................................................... 2050
15.5.1 Using ZFS for File System Replication ................................................................ 2052
15.5.2 Configuring MySQL for ZFS Replication .............................................................. 2053
15.5.3 Handling MySQL Recovery with ZFS ................................................................... 2053
15.6 Using MySQL with memcached ..................................................................................... 2054
15.6.1 Installing memcached ......................................................................................... 2055
15.6.2 Using memcached .............................................................................................. 2056
15.6.3 Developing a memcached Application .................................................................. 2076
15.6.4 Getting memcached Statistics ............................................................................. 2102
15.6.5 memcached FAQ ................................................................................................ 2111
15.7 MySQL Proxy ................................................................................................................ 2114
15.7.1 MySQL Proxy Supported Platforms ..................................................................... 2115
15.7.2 Installing MySQL Proxy ....................................................................................... 2115
15.7.3 MySQL Proxy Command Options ........................................................................ 2119
15.7.4 MySQL Proxy Scripting ....................................................................................... 2129
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15.7.5 Using MySQL Proxy ........................................................................................... 2144
15.7.6 MySQL Proxy FAQ ............................................................................................. 2150
16 Replication ............................................................................................................................... 2155
16.1 Replication Configuration ............................................................................................... 2156
16.1.1 How to Set Up Replication .................................................................................. 2157
16.1.2 Replication Formats ............................................................................................ 2167
16.1.3 Replication with Global Transaction Identifiers ...................................................... 2174
16.1.4 Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables ......................................... 2182
16.1.5 Common Replication Administration Tasks .......................................................... 2257
16.2 Replication Implementation ............................................................................................ 2260
16.2.1 Replication Implementation Details ...................................................................... 2261
16.2.2 Replication Relay and Status Logs ...................................................................... 2262
16.2.3 How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules ................................................ 2268
16.3 Replication Solutions ..................................................................................................... 2275
16.3.1 Using Replication for Backups ............................................................................. 2276
16.3.2 Using Replication with Different Master and Slave Storage Engines ....................... 2279
16.3.3 Using Replication for Scale-Out ........................................................................... 2281
16.3.4 Replicating Different Databases to Different Slaves .............................................. 2282
16.3.5 Improving Replication Performance ..................................................................... 2283
16.3.6 Switching Masters During Failover ....................................................................... 2284
16.3.7 Setting Up Replication Using SSL ....................................................................... 2286
16.3.8 Semisynchronous Replication .............................................................................. 2288
16.3.9 Delayed Replication ............................................................................................ 2293
16.4 Replication Notes and Tips ............................................................................................ 2294
16.4.1 Replication Features and Issues ......................................................................... 2294
16.4.2 Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions ............................................. 2318
16.4.3 Upgrading a Replication Setup ............................................................................ 2319
16.4.4 Troubleshooting Replication ................................................................................ 2321
16.4.5 How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems ....................................................... 2322
17 MySQL Cluster NDB 7.3 .......................................................................................................... 2325
17.1 MySQL Cluster Overview .............................................................................................. 2328
17.1.1 MySQL Cluster Core Concepts ........................................................................... 2330
17.1.2 MySQL Cluster Nodes, Node Groups, Replicas, and Partitions .............................. 2333
17.1.3 MySQL Cluster Hardware, Software, and Networking Requirements ...................... 2336
17.1.4 MySQL Cluster Development History ................................................................... 2338
17.1.5 MySQL Server Using InnoDB Compared with MySQL Cluster .............................. 2338
17.1.6 Known Limitations of MySQL Cluster ................................................................... 2341
17.2 MySQL Cluster Installation ............................................................................................ 2350
17.2.1 The MySQL Cluster Auto-Installer ....................................................................... 2353
17.2.2 Installation of MySQL Cluster on Linux ................................................................ 2369
17.2.3 Installing MySQL Cluster on Windows ................................................................. 2375
17.2.4 Initial Configuration of MySQL Cluster ................................................................. 2384
17.2.5 Initial Startup of MySQL Cluster .......................................................................... 2386
17.2.6 MySQL Cluster Example with Tables and Data .................................................... 2387
17.2.7 Safe Shutdown and Restart of MySQL Cluster ..................................................... 2391
17.2.8 Upgrading and Downgrading MySQL Cluster NDB 7.3 .......................................... 2392
17.3 Configuration of MySQL Cluster NDB 7.3 ....................................................................... 2392
17.3.1 Quick Test Setup of MySQL Cluster ....................................................................