TIPOS DE MONOGRAFIAS

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3 DOS DIVERSOS TIPOS DE MONOGRAFIA E SUAS ESPECIFICIDADES
!∀#∀∃%&∋(&)∗+%,−(.&)/)∃0#1%∀)2+1)&341%∃&)−(51%6&6)167/.(168)−(∋1%1#.(&−&6)
1#9%1)6()7∀%).%(9/%(∀68).∀:∀)&)#&9+%1;&)−∀).+%6∀)&)2+1)5(#.+3&−&68)∀)%(∃∀%)&5&3(&9(5∀8)
& ) 7%∀∋+#−(−&−1 ) −& ) &4∀%−&∃1:8 ) 19.< ) =66(:8 ) 1>(691: ) −(51%6&6 ) 167/.(16 ) −1)
:∀#∀∃%&∋(&6)1)#13&6)61:7%1)&3∃+/:)169&%?)−14%+≅&−∀)6∀4%1)∋∀#9168)%1&3(;&#−∀)+:&)
(#5169(∃&≅Α∀)1)%1∃(69%&#−∀)6+&).&:(#Β&−&8)(:7%166Χ16)1).∀#.3+6Χ16<)
3.1 O Artigo Científico
∆:)2+1)7161)&3∃+#6)1#91#−&:)9%&9&%Ε61)−1)6(#Φ#(:∀68)#Α∀)7∀−1:)∀6)&%9(∃∀6)
.(1#9,∋(.∀6 ) 61% ) .∀#∋+#−(−∀6 ) .∀: ) ∀6 )!∀!#∃%8 ) 9&:4/: ) .Β&:&−∀6 ) −1 ) Γ%&4&3Β∀6)
=.&−0:(.∀68 ) +:& ) 51; ) 2+1 ) 16916 ) #&−& ) :&(6 ) 6Α∀ ) −∀ ) 2+1 ) Η:(#(:∀#∀∃%&∋(&6Ι8)
1#2+&#9∀)&2+1316)1#.Β1:Ε61)−1)%(∃∀%(6:∀68 ) ϑ?)2+1)−169(#&:Ε61)Κ)7+43(.&≅Α∀< )=)
=ΛΜΓ8 ) &9%&5/6 ) −& )ΜΛΝ ) ΟΠΘΘ8 ) 1: ) 6+& ) &391%&≅Α∀ ) −1 ) ΘΠΠΡ8 ) %1∃%∀+ ) ∀6 )=%9(∃∀6)
Σ(1#9,∋(.∀6< ) Τ&%& ) ∀& !∀!#∃8 ) +9(3(;&:Ε61 ) &6 ) %1∃%&6 ) ∃1%&(6 ) −1 ) :∀#∀∃%&∋(&68 ) .∀:)
&3∃+:&6)∋31>(4(3(;&≅Χ168)−1)&.∀%−∀).∀:)&)Υ#69(9+(≅Α∀)2+1)∀)%12+1%8)ϑ?)2+1)&(#−&)#Α∀)
∋∀()7∀#9+&3:1#91)%1∃%&−∀)ς51%)&)61∃+(%Ω<
Ξ)Ψ+%&69/ )ΖΘ) 2+1:)9%&;)61+).∀#.1(9∀[ )ΗΞ)&)7&%91 )−1)+:&)7+43(.&≅Α∀ ).∀:)
&+9∀%(& )−1.3&%&−&8 ) 2+1 ) &7%161#9&8 )−(6.+91 ) (−/(&68 ):/9∀−∀68 ) 9/.#(.&68 ) 7%∀.166∀6 )1)
%16+39&−∀6)#&6)−(51%6&6)?%1&6)−∀).∀#Β1.(:1#9∀Ι<
Λ&6(.&:1#918)7%169&Ε61)Κ)7+43(.&≅Α∀)1:)%15(69&6)1∴∀+)71%(]−(.∀6)−1).&%?91%)
.(1#9,∋(.∀<)⊥+&6).&%&.91%,69(.&6)1661#.(&(6)6Α∀ΖΡ[)
&Ω)7+43(.&≅Α∀)1:)%15(69&6)1)71%(]−(.∀6)1671.(&3(;&−∀6_
4Ω)&7%161#9&:)%16+39&−∀6)∀49(−∀6)1:)169+−∀68)7162+(6&6)∀+)&#?3(616_
.Ω ) 71%:(91: ) &∀ ) 31(9∀%8 ) −&−& ) & ) .∀:7319+−18 ) ∀4ϑ19(5(−&−1 ) 1 ) 6,#91618 ) ∀)
.∀#Β1.(:1#9∀)−(%19∀)−&):&9/%(&)1)%1719(≅Α∀)−&)7162+(6&_
−Ω ) 6Α∀ ) −∀.+:1#9∀6 ) ∋∀%:&(68 ) 2+1 ) 7∀66+1: ) #∀%:&6 ) 7%]7%(&6 ) 7&%& ) 6+&)
.∀#∋1.≅Α∀<
1)∋∀%:&)∃1%&38)∀6)131:1#9∀6)−∀6)&%9(∃∀6).(1#9,∋(.∀6)∀%∃&#(;&:Ε61)#∀6)9%06)
9%&−(.(∀#&(6 ) ∃%+7∀6 ) −1 ) 131:1#9∀6 ) 9&:4/: ) +9(3(;&−∀6 ) 7&%& ) ∀%∃&#(;&≅Α∀ ) −&6)
:∀#∀∃%&∋(&6 ) 1: ) ∃1%&38 ) & ) 6&41%[ ) 7%/Ε91>9+&(68 ) 91>9+&(6 ) 1 ) 7]6Ε91>9+&(6< )=)=ΛΜΓ)
6(31#.(&)6∀4%1)6+&)1>91#6Α∀8 )∀7(#&#−∀)∀6)&+9∀%16)7∀%)&3∃∀)1:)9∀%#∀)−1)αΠ)&)αβ)
7?∃(#&6< ) χ ) &%9(∃∀ ) .(1#9,∋(.∀ ) / ) 16.%(9∀ ) 1: ) 91>9∀ ) δ#(.∀8 ) 61: ) #∀5&6 ) 7?∃(#&68)
612ε1#.(&−&:1#918 ) 7∀−1#−∀ ) 61% ) −(5(−(−∀ ) 1 ) 6+4−(5(−(−∀ ) 2+&#9&6 ) 51;16 ) ∋∀%)
#1.166?%(∀)ς−16−1)2+1)#Α∀)61)+39%&7&661)&)%1∃%&)2+(#?%(&Ω<)∆#9%1)+:)(91:)1)∀+9%∀)
(#61%(% ) &71#&6 ) +:& ) 3(#Β& ) 1: )4%&#.∀ ) ς167&≅∀ ) α8βΩ< )ΜΑ∀ ) .∀:7∀%9&%? ) &#1>∀6 ) ∀+)
&70#−(.168)1)151#9+&(6)∃%?∋(.∀68)9&413&6)∀+)(3+69%&≅Χ16)7∀−1%Α∀)61%)(#61%(−∀68)−16−1)
ΖΘ )ΨφΝ=⊥ΓΞ8)Τ1−%∀)=+∃+69∀<)!∀#∃%&∋()∗+,∗%&∋−%#%∋∀∋(#%.%/0∀∋1,2+345,∗∀<)7<)Θαβ<
ΖΡ )ΨφΝ=⊥ΓΞ8)Τ1−%∀)=+∃+69∀<)!∀#∃%&∋()∗+,∗%&∋−%#%∋∀∋(#%.%/0∀∋1,2+345,∗∀<)7<)ΘαΟ<
71
!∀#∃%&∋(%!∀)∋∗+,(−!∀%∃.∀.(%/0∗(1%
!∀#∃%∀&∋∃(∀%&)∃#∗+,−
,1∀#∗1)∃/1∀,∃∀#∃%&∋(%!∀2∀3!4−!
567∀78∀96:9∀;7<7=>:9∀97∀?≅99:∀>Α9?≅Β∀>7∀>:>≅9∀96ΧΑ∆Α7=Ε79∀Φ∀96:∀Α>7=ΕΑΧΑ∆:ΓΗ≅∀7∀
7;6∆Α>:ΓΗ≅Ι ∀ ϑ:∆7 ∀ :≅ ∀ 79?:Γ≅ ∀ 7ΚΕΒ78:87=Ε7 ∀ Β7>6ΛΑ>≅Μ ∀ :∆≅=97;Ν:Ο97 ∀ 567 ∀ ≅6ΕΒ:9∀
Β7Χ7ΒΠ=∆Α:9∀Θ>≅∆687=Ε:Α9Μ ∀?≅Β∀7Κ78?;≅Ρ∀97Σ:8∀Α>7=ΕΑΧΑ∆:>:9∀:?7=:9∀=:9∀=≅Ε:9∀>7∀
Β≅>:?ΤΜ∀>7ΑΚ:=>≅Ο97∀:9∀;Α9Ε:<7=9∀>≅∀ΧΑ=:;∀>≅∀>≅∆687=Ε≅∀:?7=:9∀?:Β:∀:9∀Β7Χ7ΒΠ=∆Α:9∀
>7∀ΕΑ?≅∀ΥΑΥ;Α≅<ΒςΧΑ∆≅Ι
!99Α8Μ∀68∀!ΒΕΑ<≅∀−Α7=ΕΩΧΑ∆≅∀97∀≅Β<:=ΑΛ:ΒΑ:∀>:∀97<6Α=Ε7∀Χ≅Β8:Ξ∀
:Ρ∀/ΩΕ6;≅∀7∀%6ΥΕΩΕ6;≅∀Θ97∀Ν≅6Ψ7ΒΡ∀
ΥΡ∀4≅87∀>≅∀!6Ε≅ΒΜ∀:;Α=Ν:>≅∀:∀>ΑΒ7ΑΕ:∀7∀∆Ν:8:>:∀?:Β:∀=≅Ε:∀>7∀Β≅>:?ΤΜ∀≅=>7∀
∆≅=9Ε:ΒΗ≅∀96:9∀∆Β7>7=∆Α:Α9∀Υς9Α∆:9∀ΘΕΑΕ6;:ΓΗ≅Μ∀∆:Β<≅Μ∀ Α=9ΕΑΕ6ΑΓΗ≅∀:∀567∀?7ΒΕ7=∆7∀7∀
7=>7Β7Γ≅∀7;7ΕΒΖ=Α∆≅Ρ
∆Ρ∀∗7968≅∀78∀?≅ΒΕ6<6Π9∀Θ[∴∴∀:∀]⊥∴∀?:;:ΨΒ:9Ρ∀7∀#:;:ΨΒ:9Ο−Ν:Ψ7∀Θ_∀:∀⊥Ρ
>Ρ ∀ ∗7968≅ ∀ 78 ∀ Α>Α≅8: ∀ 79ΕΒ:=<7ΑΒ≅Μ ∀ ?Β7Χ7Β7=Ε787=Ε7 ∀ Α=<;Π9 ∀ Θ[∴∴ ∀ : ∀ ]⊥∴∀
?:;:ΨΒ:9Μ∀78∀ΑΕς;Α∆≅Ρ∀7∀#:;:ΨΒ:9Ο−Ν:Ψ7∀Θ:9∀8798:9Μ∀8:9∀=≅∀Α>Α≅8:∀79ΕΒ:=<7ΑΒ≅Ρ
7Ρ∀(=ΕΒ≅>6ΓΗ≅
ΧΡ∀,797=Ψ≅;ΨΑ87=Ε≅
<Ρ∀−≅=∆;69Η≅
ΝΡ∀∗7Χ7ΒΠ=∆Α:9∀3ΑΥ;Α≅<ΒςΧΑ∆:9
ΑΡ∀1ΥΒ:9∀−≅=96;Ε:>:9
3.2 Paper ou Trabalho Acadêmico
1∀ !∀!#∃∀ Τ ∀ 68: ∀ Α=Ψ7=ΓΗ≅ ∀ :∆:>Π8Α∆:Μ ∀ ΧΒ6Ε≅ ∀ >≅ ∀ ∆≅9Ε687Ι ∀∋ΕΑ;ΑΛ:>≅ ∀ ∆≅8≅∀
7;787=Ε≅∀>7∀:Ψ:;Α:ΓΗ≅∀78∀>Α9∆Α?;Α=:9∀7∀8>6;≅9∀>7∀∆6Β9≅9∀>7∀?9Ο<Β:>6:ΓΗ≅Μ∀Ε78∀
<:=Ν≅∀79?:Γ≅∀∆:>:∀Ψ7Λ∀8:Α≅Β∀=≅9∀∆6Β9≅9∀>7∀<Β:>6:ΓΗ≅Ι
,ΑΨ7Β<Α=>≅∀>7∀:;<6=9∀:6Ε≅Β79Μ∀7=Ε7=>7Ο97∀567∀?:Β:∀≅∀∆Ν:8:>≅∀!∀!#∃ %:Α=>:∀
=Η≅∀Νς∀Β7<Β:87=Ε≅∀?Β7∆Α9≅∀?Β7ΨΑ9Ε≅∀?7;:∀!34/Ι∀(<6:;ςΟ;≅∀:≅∀:ΒΕΑ<≅∀∆Α7=ΕΩΧΑ∆≅∀Τ∀?≅Β∀
>78:Α9∀9Α8?;ΒΑ≅Μ∀68:∀Ψ7Λ∀567∀≅∀!∀!#∃Μ∀78∀96:∀≅ΒΑ<78Μ∀Τ∀68∀ΕΒ:Υ:;Ν≅∀:∆:>Π8Α∆≅Μ∀
∆≅8∀ΧΑ=:;Α>:>7∀Α87>Α:Ε:∀:Ψ:;Α:ΕΑΨ:∀7∀=Η≅∀?:Β:∀ΧΑ=9∀>7∀?6Υ;Α∆:ΓΗ≅Μ∀97=>≅∀79Ε:∀68:∀
?≅99ΩΨ7;∀∆≅=975αΠ=∆Α:Μ ∀Τ∀Υ78∀Ψ7Β>:>7Μ∀8:9∀=Η≅∀96:∀ΧΑ=:;Α>:>7∀?ΒΑ87ΑΒ:Ι∀!99Α8Μ∀
>7Ψ7∀≅ ∀!∀!#∃ %97<6ΑΒ ∀:9 ∀Β7<Β:9∀>:∀!34/∀?:Β:∀:9∀8≅=≅<Β:ΧΑ:9Μ ∀68:∀Ψ7Λ∀567∀97∀
:99787;Ν: ∀ 86ΑΕ≅ ∀ Φ9 ∀ 8798:9Μ ∀ >7Ψ7=>≅ ∀ Ε7Β ∀ ∆:?:Μ ∀ Χ≅;Ν: ∀ >7 ∀ Β≅9Ε≅Μ ∀ ;Α9Ε:<78∀
ΥΑΥ;Α≅<ΒςΧΑ∆:Μ∀7Ε∆Ι
%6:9∀?ΒΑ=∆Α?:Α9∀>ΑΧ7Β7=Γ:9∀56:=Ε≅∀:≅9∀>78:Α9∀ΕΑ?≅9∀>7∀8≅=≅<Β:ΧΑ:9∀79ΕΗ≅∀=≅9∀
∆ΒΑΕΤΒΑ≅9∀56:=ΕΑΟ56:;ΑΕ:ΕΑΨ≅9Μ∀Α9Ε≅∀ΤΜ∀87=≅9∀Χ≅;Ν:9Μ∀≅ΥΣ7Ε≅∀>7∀79Ε6>≅∀8:Α9∀∆≅=∆Α9≅∀7∀
9Α8?;79Μ ∀?Β?ΒΑ≅∀>7∀ Χ7∆Ν:87=Ε≅9 ∀:Ψ:;Α:ΕΑΨ≅9 ∀?:Β∆Α:Α9 ∀≅6∀:ΕΤ ∀8798≅∀ ΧΑ=:Α9Μ ∀8:9∀
978?Β7∀>7∀>Α9∆Α?;Α=:9∀≅6∀8>6;≅9Ι
,79Ε:ΒΕ7Μ∀:Χ≅Β:∀:9∀Β7<Β:9∀=≅Β8:Α9∀>:∀!34/∀:?;Α∆ςΨ7Α9∀:≅9∀!∀!#∃&%Θ8:Β<7=9Μ∀
Ε:8:=Ν≅∀>:∀Χ≅=Ε7Μ∀∆ΑΕ:Γβ79Μ∀7Ε∆ΙΡΜ∀ΨΠΟ97∀567∀≅9∀8798≅9∀=≅Β8:;87=Ε7∀ΕΠ8∀78∀Ε≅Β=≅∀
72
!∀#∃%∀&∋∃(∀%&)∃#∗+,−
!∀#∃%&∋(%!∀)∋∗+,(−!∀%∃.∀.(%/0∗(1%
,1∀#∗1)∃/1∀,∃∀#∃%&∋(%!∀2∀3!4−!
56∀78∀9∀:;∀<=>?≅9ΑΒ∀Χ∆≅Ε959Α∀9∀<9ΦΕ?Φ∀59∀Γ∆ΗΙ9∀56∀Φ∆ΑΕ∆∀6∀ϑΚ6Β∀<∆Φ∀Ε6Φ6Λ∀Ε6Λ9∀ΛΚ?Ε∆∀
56Η?Λ?Ε95∆Β ∀≅Μ∆∀Α6∀6Α<Φ9?9Λ∀6Λ∀Χ9<ΝΕΚΗ∆ΑΒ ∀Λ9Α∀∆Φ>9≅?Ο9ΛΠΑ6∀6Λ∀?Ε6Λ∀Θ≅?Χ∆Β ∀Α6∀
≅6Χ6ΑΑ=Φ?∆Β∀ΛΚΗΕ?<9ΦΕ?5∆∀6Λ∀ΑΚΡ?Ε6≅ΑΣ
∀%Μ∆∀6Η6Λ6≅Ε∆Α∀5∆Α∀!∀!#∃%Β∀6≅ΕΜ∆Τ∀
9Υ∀−9<9∀
ΡΥ∀ς∆ΗΙ9∀56∀∗∆ΑΕ∆∀ΩΑ6Λ∀?≅5?Χ9ΞΜ∆∀56∀∆Φ?6≅Ε95∆ΦΥ
ΧΥ∀∗6ΑΚΛ∆∀6Λ∀<∆ΦΕΚ>ΚΨΑ
5Υ∀%ΚΛ=Φ?∆
6Υ∀(≅ΕΦ∆5ΚΞΜ∆
ΓΥ∀,6Α6≅Ζ∆ΗΖ?Λ6≅Ε∆∀5∆∀/Φ9Ρ9ΗΙ∆∀Ω6Λ∀Ε[<?Χ∆ΑΥ
>Υ∀−∆≅ΧΗΚΑΜ∆
ΙΥ∀∗6Γ6ΦΨ≅Χ?9Α∀3?ΡΗ?∆>Φ=Γ?Χ9Α∴1ΡΦ9Α∀−∆≅ΑΚΗΕ959Α
3.3 Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso – TCC
49∀>Φ95Κ9ΞΜ∆Β∀<∆Φ∀Γ∆ΦΞ9∀59Α∀,?Φ6ΕΦ?Ο6Α∀−ΚΦΦ?ΧΚΗ9Φ6Α∀5∆∀.∃−Β∀∆∀9Χ95ΨΛ?Χ∆∀
6ΑΕ= ∀ ∆ΡΦ?>95∆ ∀ 9 ∀ Φ69Η?Ο9Φ ∀ ΚΛ∀ ΕΦ9Ρ9ΗΙ∆ ∀ Γ?≅9Η ∀ ?≅Ζ6ΑΕ?>9Ε?Ζ∆Β ∀ 56Γ6≅56≅5∆Π∆ ∀ <6Φ9≅Ε6∀
Ρ9≅Χ9∀9Ζ9Η?95∆Φ9Σ∀46≅ΙΚΛ9∀∆ΚΕΦ9∀Φ6Γ6ΦΨ≅Χ?9∀Α6∀Ζ6Φ?Γ?Χ9∀≅6ΑΑ6∀Α6≅Ε?5∆Β∀ϑΚ6Φ∀≅∆∀ϑΚ6∀
Ε∆Χ9 ∀9∆ ∀ ΕΦ9Ρ9ΗΙ∆∀6Λ∀Α?Β ∀ϑΚ6Φ ∀≅∆∀ϑΚ6 ∀5?Ο ∀Χ∆Λ∀9∀Ρ9≅Χ9Β ∀∆Κ∀Α6]9Β ∀≅Μ∆∀Ι=∀ Η?Λ?Ε6Α∀
∆Ρ]6Ε?Ζ∆Α∀ϑΚ9≅Ε∆∀9∆∀≅ΘΛ6Φ∆∀56∀<=>?≅9Α∀∆Κ∀<6ΦΓ?Η∀5∆∀ΕΦ9Ρ9ΗΙ∆∀ΩΑ?Λ?Η9Φ∀9∀ΚΛ∀9ΦΕ?>∆∀
Χ?6≅ΕΝΓ?Χ∆⊥ ∀∗6Η9Ε[Φ?∆ ∀ 56 ∀ <6ΑϑΚ?Α9 ∀ 56 ∀ Χ9Λ<∆⊥ ∀ #6ΑϑΚ?Α9 ∀ Ρ?ΡΗ?∆>Φ=Γ?Χ9⊥Υ ∀ 6 ∀ΛΚ?Ε∆∀
Λ6≅∆Α∀Α∆ΡΦ6∀9∀Χ∆Λ<∆Α?ΞΜ∆∀59∀Ρ9≅Χ9∀ΩϑΚ9≅Ε∆Α∀6Η6Λ6≅Ε∆Α⊥∀1∀∆Φ?6≅Ε95∆Φ∀<9ΦΕ?Χ?<9Β∀
∆Κ∀≅Μ∆⊥ΥΣ∀_6Φ?Γ?Χ9ΠΑ6∀Χ∆Λ∆∀Χ∆ΑΕΚΛ6?Φ∆∀6≅ΕΦ6∀∆Α∀ΧΚΦΑ∆Α∀]ΚΦΝ5?Χ∆Α∀ϑΚ6∀∆∀/Φ9Ρ9ΗΙ∆∀56∀
−∆≅ΧΗΚΑΜ∆∀56∀−ΚΦΑ∆∀Ε6≅Ι9∀ΚΛ9∀6Ε6≅ΑΜ∆∀9<Φ∆?Λ959∀56∀8;∀9∀7;;∀<=>?≅9Α∀ΩΛΝ≅?Λ∆∀
6∀Λ=?Λ∆Υ ∀6 ∀ϑΚ6∀9ΕΦ9ΖαΑ ∀56Η6 ∀∆∀9Χ95ΨΛ?Χ∆∀56Λ∆≅ΑΕΦ6 ∀<∆ΑΑΚ?Φ ∀Ι9Ρ?Η?5956Α ∀<9Φ9∀
ΓΦ6ϑβ6≅Ε9Φ∀6∀?≅Ε6Φ<Φ6Ε9Φ∀Γ∆≅Ε6Α∀]ΚΦΝ5?Χ9ΑΒ∀9Φ>ΚΛ6≅Ε9≅5∆∀56∀Γ∆ΦΛ9∀6ΑΧΦ?Ε9∀6∀∆Φ9Η∀ΑΚ9Α∀
Χ∆≅ΑΕ9Ε9Ξχ6ΑΣ ∀!Χ∆≅Α6ΗΙ9ΠΑ6Β ∀ Γ9Χ6 ∀ δ ∀ Φ6Η9Ε?Ζ9 ∀ 9ΚΕ∆≅∆Λ?9 ∀ 6ΑΕ6≅5?59 ∀ 9∆Α ∀ ΧΚΦΑ∆Α ∀ 56∀
,?Φ6?Ε∆∀≅6ΑΕ6∀<9ΦΕ?ΧΚΗ9ΦΒ∀ϑΚ6∀∆∀9Χ95ΨΛ?Χ∆∀Χ∆≅ΑΚΗΕ6∀∆∀%6Ε∆Φ∀56∀.∆≅∆>Φ9Γ?9Α∀56∀ΑΚ9∀
Γ9ΧΚΗ5956 ∀ ∆Κ ∀ ΧΚΦΑ∆Β ∀ Χ∆Λ ∀ ∆ ∀ Γ?Ε∆ ∀ 56 ∀ Χ?6≅Ε?Γ?Χ9ΦΠΑ6 ∀ 9Χ6ΦΧ9 ∀ 5∆Α ∀ ΧΦ?ΕαΦ?∆Α ∀ ϑΚ9≅Ε?Π
ϑΚ9Η?Ε9Ε?Ζ∆Α∀6?>?5∆Α∀<9Φ9∀ΑΚ9∀Λ∆≅∆>Φ9Γ?9Σ
_?9∀56∀Φ6>Φ9Β∀∆Α∀/Φ9Ρ9ΗΙ∆Α∀56∀−∆≅ΧΗΚΑΜ∆∀56∀−ΚΦΑ∆∀59∀εΦ95Κ9ΞΜ∆∀≅Μ∆∀Γ?Χ9Λ∀
9ΦϑΚ?Ζ95∆Α ∀≅9 ∀ Ρ?ΡΗ?∆Ε6Χ9 ∀ ?≅ΑΕ?ΕΚΧ?∆≅9ΗΒ ∀ Ε9Λ<∆ΚΧ∆ ∀ ΑΜ∆ ∀5?Α<∆≅?Ρ?Η?Ο95∆Α ∀ 6Λ∀Λ6?∆∀
5?>?Ε9ΗΒ∀<∆Φ∀?ΑΑ∆∀56Α≅6Χ6ΑΑ=Φ?9∀9∀Γ6?ΕΚΦ9∀59∀Γ?ΧΙ9∀Χ9Ε9Η∆>Φ=Γ?Χ9∀6∀59∀Η∆ΛΡ959Σ∀
%Μ∆∀6Η6Λ6≅Ε∆Α∀5∆Α∀/Φ9Ρ9ΗΙ∆Α∀56∀−∆≅ΧΗΚΑΜ∆∀56∀−ΚΦΑ∆Β∀≅9∀∆Φ56Λ∀5?Ε959∀<6Η9∀
!34/Β∀∆Α∀Α6>Κ?≅Ε6ΑφφΤ∀
9Υ∀−9<9∀
φφ ∀1Α∀9ΑΕ6Φ?ΑΧ∆Α∀?≅5?Χ9Λ∀?Ε6≅Α∀Γ9ΧΚΗΕ9Ε?Ζ∆Α∀Ω565?Χ9Ε[Φ?9ΑΒ∀9>Φ956Χ?Λ6≅Ε∆ΑΒ∀6<Ν>Φ9Γ6Υ∀∆Κ∀≅6Χ6ΑΑ=Φ?∆ΑΒ∀Α6∀∆Χ∆ΦΦ6Φ∀
Γ9Ε∆∀]ΚΑΕ?Γ?Χ95∆Φ∀ΩΗ?ΑΕ9ΑΒ∀9<Ψ≅5?Χ6ΑΒ∀9≅6∆ΑΥΣ
73
!∀#∃%&∋(%!∀)∋∗+,(−!∀%∃.∀.(%/0∗(1%
!∀#∃%∀&∋∃(∀%&)∃#∗+,−
,1∀#∗1)∃/1∀,∃∀#∃%&∋(%!∀2∀3!4−!
56∀789:;∀<=∀∗8>?8∀
≅6∀/=ΑΒ8Χ789:;∀<=∀!∆Α8Ε;ΦΓ8
<6∀,=<Η≅;?ΙΑΗ;>ϑ
=6∀!ΚΑ;<=≅ΗΒ=Λ?8>ϑ
Μ6∀∃∆ΝΚΑ;Μ=ϑ
Κ6∀∗=>ΟΒ8∀=Β∀∆8Α?ΟΚΟΠ>
:6∀∗=>ΟΒ8∀=Β∀Η<Η8Β;∀=>?Α;ΛΚ=ΗΑ8
Η6∀ΘΗ>?;>ϑ
Ρ6∀%ΟΒΣΑΗ8
Τ6∀(Λ?Α8<ΟΦΓ8
96∀,=>=ΛΕ89ΕΗΒ=Λ?8∀<8∀/Α;5;9:8∀Υ≅;∆Ν?Ο98>6Β6∀−8Λ≅9Ο>Γ8
Λ6∀∗=Μ=ΑΠΛ≅Η;>∀3Η59Η8ΚΑΣΜΗ≅;>Χ15Α;>∀−8Λ>Ο9?;<;>
86∀!∆ΠΛ<Η≅=>Χ!Λ=ς8>ϑ
3.4 Monografia de Especialização
4;∀Β8Λ8ΚΑ;ΜΗ;∀<=∀=>∆=≅Η;9ΗΩ;ΦΓ8Ξ∀;>∀=ςΗΚΠΛ≅Η;>∀;Ε;9Η;?ΗΕ;>∀<8>∀/Α;5;9:8>∀<=∀
−8Λ≅9Ο>Γ8 ∀ <= ∀ −ΟΑ>8 ∀ >Γ8 ∀ ∆Α=>>Ο∆8>?8>Ψ ∀ #;Α?=Ζ>= ∀ <=9;>Ξ ∀ ∆8Α?;Λ?8Ξ ∀ ;ΚΑ=Κ;Λ<8Ζ>=∀
8Ο?Α;>Ξ∀=>?;>Ξ ∀>ΗΒΞ∀Μ8≅8∀<=∀;Ε;9Η;ΦΓ8∀Λ;∀=>∆=≅Η;9ΗΩ;ΦΓ8Ψ ∀−8Β8∀8∀Λ8Β=∀ΗΛ<Η≅;Ξ∀8∀
≅ΟΑ>8∀[∀<=>?ΗΛ;<8∀;∀∆Α8ΜΗ>>Η8Λ;Η>∀∴Ο=∀<=>=Ρ;Β∀=>∆=≅Η;9ΗΩ;ΑΖ>=∀=Β∀;9ΚΟΒ;∀ΣΑ=;∀<8∀
<ΗΑ=Η?8Ξ ∀ ;?Ο;9ΗΩ;Α ∀ = ∀;∆Α8ΜΟΛ<;Α ∀ >=Ο ∀ Μ;Ω=Α ∀ ΡΟΑΝ<Η≅8Ξ ∀ ; ∀∆;Α?ΗΑ ∀<8 ∀=>?Ο<8∀= ∀ Α=Μ9=ςΓ8∀
;∆Α8ΜΟΛ<;<8>∀=∀Μ8≅;<8>Ψ∀1>∀;9ΟΛ8>∀<8>∀≅ΟΑ>8>∀<=∀=>∆=≅Η;9ΗΩ;ΦΓ8∀>Γ8∀∆Α8ΜΗ>>Η8Λ;Η>∀
ΡΟΑΝ<Η≅8>Ξ∀∆8Α?;Λ?8∀=∀ΕΗ;∀<=∀Α=ΚΑ;Ψ∀!9Η;<8∀;8∀Α=?Α8∀=ς∆8>?8Ξ∀8∀≅ΟΑ>8∀<=∀=>∆=≅Η;9ΗΩ;ΦΓ8∀
∆8>>ΟΗ∀ΟΒ∀≅;ΑΣ?=Α∀ΒΟΗ?8∀Β=Λ8>∀?=ΙΑΗ≅8∀<8∀∴Ο=∀8>∀8Ο?Α8>∀ΛΝΕ=Η>∀Α=ΚΑ;<8>∀<8∀=Λ>ΗΛ8∀
ΡΟΑΝ<Η≅8Ξ∀Μ;Ω=Λ<8∀≅8Β∀∴Ο=∀>=∀?=Λ:;∀ΟΒ;∀Β8Λ8ΚΑ;ΜΗ;∀!∀#∃%&∋&(#!Ψ
!∀Β8Λ8ΚΑ;ΜΗ;∀<=∀=>∆=≅Η;9ΗΩ;ΦΓ8∀?=ΑΣ ∀∆=ΑΜΗ9∀∆ΑΣ?Η≅8ΖΑ=Μ9=ςΗΕ8Ξ∀ΟΒ;∀Ε=Ω∀∴Ο=∀
=9;58Α;<;∀∆8Α∀∆Α8ΜΗ>>Η8Λ;9∀∴Ο=∀5Ο>≅;∀;∆=ΑΜ=ΗΦ8;Β=Λ?8Ψ∀4Γ8∀>=ΑΣ∀ΟΒ;∀Β8Λ8ΚΑ;ΜΗ;∀
:Η>?ΙΑΗ≅; ∀ 8Ο ∀ ΜΗ98>ΙΜΗ≅;Ξ ∀ ∆ΟΑ;Β=Λ?=Ψ ∀/Α;ΑΣ ∀ ?;Η> ∀ =9=Β=Λ?8>Ξ ∀ ∴Ο;Λ<8 ∀ΒΟΗ?8Ξ ∀ ≅8Β8∀
Β[?8<8>∀<=∀∆Α8≅=<ΗΒ=Λ?8∀∆;Α;∀ΟΒ;∀Β=9:8Α∀;∆Α=≅Η;ΦΓ8∀<;∀Α=;9Η<;<=∀=Ξ∀8∀∴Ο=∀>=∀
=>∆=Α;Ξ ∀ΟΒ∀<Η;ΚΛΙ>?Η≅8 ∀≅8Β∀8 ∀=ΛΜΑ=Λ?;Β=Λ?8 ∀<8> ∀∆Α859=Β;>∀= ∀;∆Α=>=Λ?;ΦΓ8 ∀<=∀
Α=>∆8>?;>Ξ∀∆Α8ΚΛΙ>?Η≅8>∀=Χ8Ο∀;9?=ΑΛ;?ΗΕ;>Ξ∀ΒΟΗ?8∀5=Β∀;ΑΚΟΒ=Λ?;<;>Ψ∀
∋Β; ∀Β8Λ8ΚΑ;ΜΗ; ∀<= ∀ =>∆=≅Η;9ΗΩ;ΦΓ8Ξ ∀Λ8ΑΒ;9Β=Λ?=Ξ ∀ ∆8>>ΟΗΑΣ ∀ <= ∀]⊥ ∀ ; ∀ _⊥∀
∆ΣΚΗΛ;> ∀ ΥΒΝΛΗΒ8 ∀ = ∀ΒΣςΗΒ8Ξ ∀ ≅8Λ?;<;> ∀ <; ∀ Μ89:; ∀ <= ∀ Α8>?8 ∀ = ∀ ΗΛ≅9ΟΗΛ<8 ∀ 9Η>?;Κ=Λ>∀
5Η59Η8ΚΑΣΜΗ≅;>6Ψ∀!?=Λ?;Α∀∆;Α;∀ΛαΒ=Α8>∀=ς;?8>∀=Ε=Λ?Ο;9Β=Λ?=∀<Η?;<8>∀∆=9;∀ΗΛ>?Η?ΟΗΦΓ8∀
=∀∴Ο=∀≅8Λ>?;ΑΓ8∀<8∀∆Α8Ρ=?8∀∆=<;ΚΙΚΗ≅8∀<8∀≅ΟΑ>8Ψ∀!∆=Λ;>∀>=∀;∀ΗΛ>?Η?ΟΗΦΓ8∀?ΗΕ=Α∀∆8Α∀
∆89Ν?Η≅;∀;∀<Η>∆8ΛΗ5Η9ΗΩ;ΦΓ8∀<;>∀Β8Λ8ΚΑ;ΜΗ;>∀=Β∀>Ο;∀5Η59Η8?=≅;∀=Χ8Ο∀)&∗!#+&∀[∀∴Ο=∀>=∀
?8ΑΛ;ΑΓ8∀85ΑΗΚ;?ΙΑΗ;>∀;∀ΜΗ≅:;∀≅;?;98ΚΑΣΜΗ≅;∀=∀;∀98Β5;<;Ψ∀
74
!∀#∃%∀&∋∃(∀%&)∃#∗+,−
!∀#∃%&∋(%!∀)∋∗+,(−!∀%∃.∀.(%/0∗(1%
,1∀#∗1)∃/1∀,∃∀#∃%&∋(%!∀2∀3!4−!
4567897∀:;7∀<=5∀>?≅∀6ΑΒΧ∆Β≅∀ΕΦ7ΓΗ9=5∀:;Α<65∀Ι∀ΧΑ<ϑΑ∀Κ7∀ΑΓΑΛΗΑΜ=5∀ΕΑΦΑ∀Α9∀
Β5<5ΝΦΑΟΗΑ9∀Κ7∀79Ε7ϑΗΑΛΗΠΑΜ=5≅∀Φ7ϑ5Β7<ΚΑ<Κ5897∀Α∀ϑ5<9;Λ6Α∀Α5∀ΕΦ5Θ765∀Ε7ΚΑΝΡΝΗϑ5∀
Κ5∀Φ79Ε7ϑ6ΗΓ5 ∀ϑ;Φ95∀ΕΑΦΑ∀ϑΗΣ<ϑΗΑ ∀Αϑ7ΦϑΑ∀Κ5∀6ΦΑΧΑΛ>5∀Κ7∀ΟΗ<ΑΛΗΠΑΜ=5∀7 ∀9;Α∀Ο5ΦΒΑ∀
ΑΓΑΛΗΑ6ΗΓΑΤ
19∀7Λ7Β7<659∀ΚΑ∀.5<5ΝΦΑΟΗΑ∀Κ7∀∃9Ε7ϑΗΑΛΗΠΑΜ=5≅∀Ε5Φ6Α<65≅∀9=5Υ
Ας∀−ΑΕΑ∀
Χς∀Ω5Λ>Α∀Κ7∀∗5965∀Ξ7Β∀97;∀Γ7Φ95Υ∀ΩΗϑ>Α∀−Α6ΑΛ5ΝΦ?ΟΗϑΑςΨΖ
ϑς∀/7ΦΒ5[Ω5Λ>Α∀Κ7∀!ΕΦ5ΓΑΜ=5
Κς∀,7ΚΗϑΑ6ΡΦΗΑ9∴
7ς∀!ΝΦΑΚ7ϑΗΒ7<659∴
Ος∀∃Ε]ΝΦΑΟ7∴
Νς∀∗79;Β5∀7Β∀Ε5Φ6;Ν;Σ9
>ς∀∗79;Β5∀7Β∀ΗΚΗ5ΒΑ∀796ΦΑ<Ν7ΗΦ5
Ης∀⊥Η96Α9∴
Θς∀%;Β?ΦΗ5
_ς∀(<6Φ5Κ;Μ=5
Λς∀,797<Γ5ΛΓΗΒ7<65∀Κ5∀/ΦΑΧΑΛ>5∀ΞϑΑΕ]6;Λ59ς
Βς∀−5<ϑΛ;9=5
<ς∀∗7Ο7ΦΣ<ϑΗΑ9∀3ΗΧΛΗ5ΝΦ?ΟΗϑΑ9[1ΧΦΑ9∀−5<9;Λ6ΑΚΑ9
5ς∀!ΕΣ<ΚΗϑ79[!<759∴
3.5 Dissertação de Mestrado
!∀ΚΗ997Φ6ΑΜ=5 ∀Κ7∀Β796ΦΑΚ5 ∀∆ ∀ Φ7:;Η9Η65 ∀ ΟΗ<ΑΛ ∀<59 ∀ϑ;Φ959 ∀Κ7∀ΕΡ98ΝΦΑΚ;ΑΜ=5∀
!∀#∃%∀&∋!()!∗≅∀<]Γ7Λ∀Β796ΦΑΚ5Τ∀%;Α∀9;Ε7ΦΑΜ=5∀Ξϑ;Β;ΛΑΚΑ∀ϑ5Β∀59∀Κ7ΒΑΗ9∀Φ7:;Η9Η659∀
Κ5∀ϑ;Φ95ς∀ϑ5<Ο7Φ7∀Α5∀97;∀Α;65Φ∀5∀6]6;Λ5∀Κ7∀.796Φ7∀7Β∀,ΗΦ7Η65Τ∀4=5∀ΦΑΦ5≅∀>?∀:;7Β∀
ΚΗΝΑ∀97Φ∀Β;Η65∀6Σ<;7∀Α∀ΚΗΟ7Φ7<ΜΑ∀7<6Φ7∀Α∀ΚΗ997Φ6ΑΜ=5∀Κ7∀Β796ΦΑΚ5∀7∀Α∀6797∀Κ5;65ΦΑΛ≅∀
<=5 ∀ 97Β ∀ ΦΑΠ=5≅ ∀ ;ΒΑ ∀ Γ7Π ∀ :;7≅ ∀ <Α ∀ ΕΦ?6ΗϑΑ≅ ∀ 97 ∀ ΓΣ7Β ∀ ΚΗΓ7Φ9Α9 ∀ ΚΗ997Φ6ΑΜα79 ∀ :;7∀
Ε5Κ7ΦΗΑΒ∀97Φ∀67979∀7∀ΓΗϑ78Γ7Φ9ΑΤ∀
%5ΧΦΗ<>5Ψβ≅∀ϑΗ6Α<Κ5∀%7Γ7ΦΗ<5≅∀ΑΕ5<6Α∀:;7Υ
!∀ΚΗΟ7Φ7<ΜΑ∀Η<67Λ7ϑ6;ΑΛ ∀χΚΑ∀ΚΗ997Φ6ΑΜ=5∀Κ7∀Β796ΦΑΚ5δ∀7Β∀Φ7ΛΑΜ=5∀Ι∀6797∀Κ7∀
Κ5;65ΦΑΚ5 ∀ 796? ∀ <5 ∀ ϑΑΦ?67Φ ∀ Κ7 ∀ 5ΦΗΝΗ<ΑΛΗΚΑΚ7 ∀ Κ5 ∀ 6ΦΑΧΑΛ>5Τ ∀/ΦΑ6Α<Κ5897 ∀ Κ7 ∀ ;Β∀
6ΦΑΧΑΛ>5 ∀ΑΗ<ΚΑ ∀ΓΗ<ϑ;ΛΑΚ5∀Α∀;ΒΑ∀ΟΑ97∀Κ7∀ Η<ΗϑΗΑΜ=5∀Ι∀ϑΗΣ<ϑΗΑ≅ ∀Κ7∀;Β∀77Φϑ]ϑΗ5∀
ΚΗΦ76ΑΒ7<67 ∀ 5ΦΗ7<6ΑΚ5≅ ∀ ΕΦΗΒ7ΗΦΑ ∀ ΒΑ<ΗΟ796ΑΜ=5 ∀ Κ7 ∀ ;Β ∀ 6ΦΑΧΑΛ>5 ∀ Ε7995ΑΛ ∀ Κ7∀
ΨΖ ∀!99ΗΒ∀ϑ5Β5∀Α∀⊥5ΒΧΑΚΑ≅∀Α∀ΩΗϑ>Α∀−Α6ΑΛ5ΝΦ?ΟΗϑΑ∀∆∀7Λ7Β7<65∀5ΧΦΗΝΑ6ΡΦΗ5∀ΑΕ7<Α9∀7Β∀,Η997Φ6ΑΜα79∀7∀/7979Τ
Ψβ ∀ %13∗(4ε1≅∀)59∆∀φΗΛ95< ∀Ω7ΦΦ7ΗΦΑΤ∀∋./012/3&.4&!25.267&.&(.839:7&83&;7<7=53>23&?15≅82Α3+∀ #5Φ65∀
!Λ7ΝΦ7Υ∀ΩΑΧΦΗ9≅∀γηηιΤ∀ΕΤϕγΤ
75
!∀#∃%&∋(%!∀)∋∗+,(−!∀%∃.∀.(%/0∗(1%
!∀#∃%∀&∋∃(∀%&)∃#∗+,−
,1∀#∗1)∃/1∀,∃∀#∃%&∋(%!∀2∀3!4−!
56789:7;< ∀ =>? ∀ 76 ∀ 5?≅6 ∀ 6Α:Β:Χ ∀ ≅; ∀≅:776Χ∆;Ε>? ∀≅6 ∀Φ67∆Χ;≅? ∀? ∀Φ67Φ?∀=ΓΗ6Ι ∀ ≅6∀
?Χ:Β:=;Ι:≅;≅6 ∀ 6 ∀ ? ∀ Φ67Φ? ∀ ;Ιϑ;=ϑ6 ∀ ≅6 ∀ ϑ?=∆Χ:Κ9:Ε>? ∀ ;? ∀ 5Χ?ΒΧ677? ∀ 6∀
≅676=Η?ΙΗ:Φ6=∆?∀≅;∀ϑ:Λ=ϑ:;∀6Φ∀8967∆>?Μ
19∀76Ν;<∀;∀≅:776Χ∆;Ε>?∀≅6∀Φ67∆Χ;≅?∀=>?∀5?779:∀?∀ϑ?Φ5Χ?Φ:77?∀≅6∀Κ97ϑ;∀≅;∀
?Χ:Β:=;Ι:≅;≅6 ∀ ∆6ΦΟ∆:ϑ;< ∀ ∆;Φ5?9ϑ? ∀ 6Α:Β6 ∀ ≅6 ∀ 769 ∀ ;9∆?Χ ∀ 6Α∆Χ6Φ; ∀ 5Χ?Π9=≅:≅;≅6∀
ϑ:6=∆ΓΠ:ϑ;Μ ∀.;7 ∀ ? ∀ Χ:Β?Χ ∀ ϑ:6=∆ΓΠ:ϑ?< ∀ 67∆6 ∀ 7:Φ ∀ ΙΘ6 ∀ Ρ ∀ :=6Χ6=∆6< ∀ 6:7 ∀ 896 ∀ 6Α6ΧϑΓϑ:?∀
:=Η67∆:Β;∆:Η?Μ
Σ6Χ:Π:ϑ;ΦΤ76< ∀;∆9;ΙΦ6=∆6∀6 ∀=?∀3Χ;7:Ι< ∀≅:776Χ∆;ΕΥ67 ∀≅6∀Φ67∆Χ;≅? ∀ϑ?Φ∀9Φ;∀
ΦΡ≅:; ∀ ≅6 ∀ ςΩΞ ∀ ; ∀ ΨΞΞ ∀ 5ΟΒ:=;7 ∀ ΖΦΓ=:Φ? ∀ 6 ∀ ΦΟΑ:Φ?[< ∀ 76Φ5Χ6 ∀ ≅656=≅6=≅? ∀ 67∆;∀
Ι:Φ:∆;Ε>? ∀≅? ∀67Β?∆;Φ6=∆? ∀ Ζ?9 ∀ =>?[ ∀≅; ∀5Χ?5?7∆; ∀ ≅; ∀56789:7;< ∀ ? ∀896 ∀ ∴ ∀ 79; ∀Η6]∀
≅656=≅6ΧΟ ∀ ≅; ∀ ?ϑ?ΧΧΛ=ϑ:;⊥7956Χ;Ε>? ∀ ≅6 ∀ ≅:Η6Χ7?7 ∀ Π;∆?Χ67 ∀ Ζ≅6Ι:Φ:∆;Ε>? ∀ ∆6ΦΟ∆:ϑ;<∀
≅:75?=:Κ:Ι:≅;≅6∀≅6∀Φ;∆6Χ:;:7<∀6∆ϑΜ[Μ
!∀ ≅:776Χ∆;Ε>?< ∀ 6Φ ∀ 79; ∀ Η6Χ7>? ∀ Π:=;Ι< ∀ Π:ϑ;ΧΟ ∀ ≅:75?=ΓΗ6Ι ∀ 5;Χ; ∀ ϑ?=79Ι∆;7 ∀ ≅;∀
ϑ?Φ9=:≅;≅6∀6Φ∀Β6Χ;Ι<∀=?∆?Χ:;Φ6=∆6∀;ϑ;≅ΛΦ:ϑ?ΤΝ9ΧΓ≅:ϑ;<∀∆;=∆?∀=;∀Κ:ΚΙ:?∆6ϑ;∀89;=∆?∀
=?∀!∀#∃%&∀∀≅;∀:=7∆:∆9:Ε>?<∀5?Χ∀:7∆?∀=6ϑ677ΟΧ:;7∀;∀Π:ϑΘ;∀ϑ;∆;Ι?ΒΧΟΠ:ϑ;∀6∀;∀Ι?ΦΚ;≅;Μ∀17∀
6Ι6Φ6=∆?7∀≅;∀,:776Χ∆;Ε>?∀≅6∀.67∆Χ;≅?∀7>?∀?7∀76Β9:=∆67_
;[∀−;5;∀
Κ[∀?ΦΚ;≅;
ϑ[∀α?ΙΘ;∀≅6∀∗?7∆?∀Ζ6Φ∀769∀Η6Χ7?_∀α:ϑΘ;∀−;∆;Ι?ΒΧΟΠ:ϑ;[
≅[∀/6ΧΦ?⊥α?ΙΘ;∀≅6∀!5Χ?Η;Ε>?
6[∀,6≅:ϑ;∆βΧ:;7χ
Π[∀!ΒΧ;≅6ϑ:Φ6=∆?7χ
Β[∀∃5ΓΒΧ;Π6χ
Θ[∀∗679Φ?∀6Φ∀5?Χ∆9Β9Λ7
:[∀∗679Φ?∀6Φ∀:≅:?Φ;∀67∆Χ;=Β6:Χ?
Ν[∀:7∆;7∀χ
δ[∀%9ΦΟΧ:?
Ι[∀(=∆Χ?≅9Ε>?
Φ[∀,676=Η?ΙΗ:Φ6=∆?∀≅?∀/Χ;Κ;ΙΘ?∀Ζϑ;5Γ∆9Ι?7[
=[∀−?=ϑΙ97>?
?[∀∗6Π6ΧΛ=ϑ:;7∀3:ΚΙ:?ΒΧΟΠ:ϑ;7⊥1ΚΧ;7∀−?=79Ι∆;≅;7
5[∀!5Λ=≅:ϑ67⊥!=6Α?7χ
3.6 Tese de Doutorado
76
!∀#∃%∀&∋∃(∀%&)∃#∗+,−
!∀#∃%&∋(%!∀)∋∗+,(−!∀%∃.∀.(%/0∗(1%
,1∀#∗1)∃/1∀,∃∀#∃%&∋(%!∀2∀3!4−!
−567898∀:5∀;8<∀:<=59∀5∀=>=<?5∀≅8∀,5<=59∀8Α∀,Β98Β=5Χ∀86∆899:6≅5∀:∀?56Ε:∀8∀
∆:6;:=ΒΦ:∀∆:ΑΒ6Γ:≅:∀≅8∀<Α∀∆<9;5∀≅8∀,5<=59:≅5∀8Α∀,Β98Β=5Η∀!∀8?:Ι59:ϑΚ5∀≅8∀<Α:∀
=8;8∀≅5<=59:?Χ∀8Α∀=8ΑΛ5;∀≅8∀∆5ΑΛ?8ΜΒ≅:≅8Χ∀≅Β6:ΑΒ∆Β≅:≅8∀8Μ=98Α:∀8∀ΦΒ;Κ5∀Γ5?>;=Β∆:Χ∀
Φ89:Α86=8∀=9:≅<ΝΟ;8∀8Α∀≅8;:7Β5∀≅8∀Ε9:6≅8∀Π<Β?:=8Η
!Β6≅:∀6:∀=86=:=ΒΦ:∀≅8∀≅8;7:Ν89∀8Φ86=<:?∀∆567<;Κ5∀86=98∀≅Β;;89=:ϑΘ8;∀8∀=8;8;Χ∀
%5Ι9Β6Γ5ΡΣΧ∀Β6Φ5∆:6≅5∀Λ:?:Φ9:;∀≅8∀%8Φ89Β65Χ∀:Λ56=:∀Π<8Τ
ΥΗΗΗς ∀8ΜΒΕ8Ο;8∀≅:∀ =8;8 ∀≅8∀≅5<=59:≅5∀∆56=9ΒΙ<ΒϑΚ5∀;<7Β∆Β86=8Α86=8∀59ΒΕΒ6:?∀:∀
98;Λ8Β=5 ∀≅5∀ =8Α:∀Λ8;Π<Β;:≅5Η ∀∃?: ∀≅8Φ8 ∀98Λ98;86=:9 ∀<Α∀Λ95Ε98;;5 ∀Λ:9: ∀: ∀Ω98:∀
∆Β86=>7Β∆:∀8Α∀Π<8∀;8∀;Β=<:Η∀,8Φ8∀7:Ν89∀∆98;∆89∀:∀∆ΒΞ6∆Β:Η∀&<:?Π<89∀Π<8∀;8Ψ:Α∀:;∀
=Ζ∆6Β∆:;∀≅8∀Λ8;Π<Β;:∀:Λ?Β∆:≅:;Χ∀:∀=8;8∀ΦΒ;:∀:∀≅8Α56;=9:9∀:9Ε<Α86=:6≅5∀8∀:∀=9:Ν89∀
<Α:∀∆56=9ΒΙ<ΒϑΚ5∀65Φ:∀98?:=ΒΦ:∀:5∀=8Α:∀:Ι59≅:≅5Η∀
%8Ε<8∀5∀:<=59Ρ[Χ∀:Ε59:∀∆Β=:6≅5∀∴8Β=8Τ∀]Υ:∀=8;8ς∀∆5Α5∀=9:Ι:?Γ5∀;<Λ?8Α86=:9Χ∀8∀
≅8 ∀ ∆89=: ∀ 759Α: ∀ ∆5ΑΛ?8Α86=:9Χ ∀ Φ:Β ∀ :?ΖΑ ∀ ≅: ∀ Λ<9: ∀ :6Ω?Β;8 ∀ ≅5; ∀ ≅:≅5; ∀ 8 ∀ 98≅<6≅:∀
Β68Μ59:Φ8?Α86=8∀6:∀:Λ98;86=:ϑΚ5∀≅8∀<Α:∀65Φ:∀=859Β:Χ∀≅8;∆56Γ8∆Β≅:∀8∀Β6=8Β9:Α86=8∀
65Φ:∀≅5∀Π<8∀;8∀Λ95≅<ΝΒ<∀:=Ζ∀86=Κ5⊥Η∀
∃Α ∀ ;<Α:Χ ∀ <Α: ∀ =8;8 ∀ ≅5<=59:? ∀ Λ5;;<Β ∀ ∆5Α5 ∀ ∆5ΑΛ95ΑΒ;;5 ∀ ∆86=9:? ∀ :∀
59ΒΕΒ6:?Β≅:≅8 ∀≅5∀8675Π<8∀ =8ΑΩ=Β∆5 ∀8?8Β=5_ ∀ 98759ϑ:6≅5Ο;8Χ ∀6Κ5∀;8∀Ι<;∆:∀<Α∀ =8Α:∀
59ΒΕΒ6:?∀;8∀8;=8∀8ΜΒ;=Β9Χ∀Α<Β=5∀Α8?Γ59αΧ∀Α:;∀;ΒΑ∀<Α∀5?Γ:9∀59ΒΕΒ6:?∀;5Ι98∀5∀=8Α:Η
!=<:?Α86=8Χ ∀Α8;Α5∀ :; ∀ =8;8; ∀≅5<=59:Β; ∀ 8;=Κ5 ∀ ;<∆<ΑΙΒ6≅5 ∀β ∀5ΙΨ8=ΒΦΒ≅:≅8Χ∀
∆5Α∀=8Μ=5;∀Α<Β=5∀Α:Β;∀86Μ<=5;∀8∀≅Β98=5;Χ∀5∀Π<8∀;8∀Λ89∆8Ι8∀=:ΑΙΖΑ∀8Α∀;<:;∀65=:;∀
≅8∀95≅:ΛΖΗ
!;;ΒΑΧ∀:5∀Α865;∀6:∀Α:Β59Β:∀≅5;∀∆<9;5;∀≅8∀,5<=59:≅5∀8Α∀,Β98Β=5∀≅5∀39:;Β?Χ∀
5∀≅5<=59:6≅5∀Λ5;;<Β∀:?Ε<6;∀≅8Φ898;∀Π<8∀∆5998;Λ56≅89Κ5∀β;∀8ΜΛ8∆=:=ΒΦ:;∀Α>6ΒΑ:;∀
≅:∀Ι:6∆:∀:Φ:?Β:≅59:Χ∀86=98∀8?8;∀8;=Ω∀5∀≅8∀≅8;∆5Ι9Β9∀8∀∆56=9ΒΙ<Β9∀∆5Α∀:?Ε5∀65Φ5∀Λ:9:∀
: ∀ ∆ΒΞ6∆Β: ∀ Ψ<9>≅Β∆:Χ ∀ Ι<;∆:6≅5 ∀ 8;Ε5=:9 ∀ : ∀ :Ι59≅:Ε8Α ∀≅87Β6Β≅: ∀ 8Α ∀ ;8< ∀ Λ95Ψ8=5 ∀ ≅8∀
Λ8;Π<Β;:∀8Α∀<Α∀8;Λ:ϑ5∀98?:=ΒΦ:Α86=8∀∆<9=5∀ 7:?:Ο;8∀:=<:?Α86=8∀8Α∀=8;8; ∀≅8∀65∀
ΑΩΜΒΑ5∀χδε∀ΛΩΕΒ6:;αΗ
φΩ∀8ΜΒΕΞ6∆Β:∀≅8∀≅Β;Λ56ΒΙΒ?ΒΝ:ϑΚ5∀≅:∀=8;8Χ∀8Α∀;<:∀Φ89;Κ5∀≅87Β6Β=ΒΦ:∀5<∀;8Ψ:Χ∀
ΨΩ∀∆5Α∀:;∀:?=89:ϑΘ8;∀8∀∆5998ϑΘ8;∀;<Ε89Β≅:;∀Λ8?:∀Ι:6∆:αΧ∀=:6=5∀6:∀ΙΒΙ?Β5=8∆:∀Π<:6=5∀
65 ∀!∀#∃%&∀∀ ≅: ∀ Β6;=Β=<ΒϑΚ5 ∀ 68;=8 ∀ γ?=ΒΑ5 ∀ ∆:;5Χ ∀ :5 ∀ Α865; ∀ ≅8 ∀ ;8<; ∀ 8?8Α86=5;∀
8;;86∆Β:Β;Τ∀∆:Λ:Χ∀75?Γ:∀≅8∀95;=5Χ ∀98;<Α5∀8Α∀Λ59=<Ε<Ξ;∀8∀8Α∀Β≅Β5Α:∀8;=9:6Ε8Β95Χ∀
?Β;=:;Χ ∀ ;<ΑΩ9Β5Χ∀ Β6=95≅<ϑΚ5Χ ∀ ∆56∆?<;Κ5Χ ∀ 98789Ξ6∆Β:; ∀ ΙΒΙ?Β5Ε9Ω7Β∆:; ∀ 8 ∀ 5Ι9:;∀
∆56;<?=:≅:;αΧ∀Λ59∀Β;=5∀68∆8;;Ω9Β:;∀:∀7Β∆Γ:∀∆:=:?5Ε9Ω7Β∆:∀8∀:∀?5ΑΙ:≅:Η∀∋Α:∀=8;8∀=8Α∀
;8<;∀8?8Α86=5;∀59Ε:6ΒΝ:≅5;∀≅:∀;8Ε<Β6=8∀759Α:Τ∀
:α∀−:Λ:∀
Ια∀∴5ΑΙ:≅:
∆α∀η5?Γ:∀≅8∀∗5;=5∀8Α∀;8<∀Φ89;5Τ∀ηΒ∆Γ:∀−:=:?5Ε9Ω7Β∆:α
ΡΣ ∀%13∗(4φ1Χ∀)5;Ζ∀ιΒ?;56∀η8998Β9:Η∀∋./012/3&.4&!25.267&.&(.839:7&83&;7<7=53>23&?15≅82Α3∋ΛΗϕ[Η
Ρ[ ∀%13∗(4φ1Χ∀)5;Ζ∀ιΒ?;56∀η8998Β9:Η∀∋./012/3&.4&!25.267&.&(.839:7&83&;7<7=53>23&?15≅82Α3∋ΛΗϕ[Η
77
!∀#∃%&∋(%!∀)∋∗+,(−!∀%∃.∀.(%/0∗(1%
!∀#∃%∀&∋∃(∀%&)∃#∗+,−
,1∀#∗1)∃/1∀,∃∀#∃%&∋(%!∀2∀3!4−!
56∀/789:;<:=>?∀57∀!≅8:Α?ΒΧ:
76∀,75∆Ε?ΦΓ8∆?ΗΙ
ϑ6∀!Κ8?57Ε∆97ΛΦ:ΗΙ
Κ6∀∃≅ΜΚ8?ϑ7Ι
>6∀∗7ΗΝ9:∀79∀≅:8ΦΝΚΝΟΗ
∆6∀∗7ΗΝ9:∀79∀∆5∆:9?∀7ΗΦ8?ΛΚ7∆8:
Π6∀Θ∆ΗΦ?Η∀Ι
Ρ6∀%Ν9Σ8∆:
=6∀(ΛΦ8:5ΝΒΧ:
96∀,7Η7ΛΑ:=Α∆97ΛΦ:∀5:∀/8?Τ?=>:∀ΥΕ?≅ΜΦΝ=:Η6
Λ6∀−:ΛΕ=ΝΗΧ:
:6∀∗7ϑ78ΟΛΕ∆?Η∀3∆Τ=∆:Κ8Σϑ∆Ε?Η;1Τ8?Η∀−:ΛΗΝ=Φ?5?Η
≅6∀!≅ΟΛ5∆Ε7Η;!Λ7ς:ΗΙ
78