3 LEUKEMIA

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LEUKEMIA
	
	LEUKEMIA vs LYMPHOMA
	
	HEMATOLOGICAL CANCER
	LEUKEMIA
	→ malignant disease blood cells
→ cell undergoes genetic mutation
→ accumulation of neoplastic cells in the bone marrow that replace normal healthy blood cells
→ normal cells decrease; neoplastic stimulus is greater
	LYMPHOMA
(Hodgkin's disease)
	→ cancer originating in the lymphatic system (spleen, lymph nodes, ganglia, thymus…)
→ spreads neatly to lymph nodes via lymphatics
→ can lead to metastasis
	MYELOMA
	→ tumor that originates from the plasma cell (Lb → plasma cell → antibody)
→ abnormal plasma cells multiply rapidly compromising the production of other blood cells
 
	SOLID vs NON-SOLID TUMOR
	SOLID TUMOR
	NON-SOLID TUMOR
(hematological)
	→ abnormal growth of cells in a tissue
→ benign or malignant
→ tissue + cohesive cells = solid tumor when there is uncontrolled proliferation
	→ originating from the hematopoietic system
→ affect the bone marrow or lymphatic system
→ all evil
→ cells are free, not cohesive
→ circulate throughout the body
→ no tracing scheme
→ may have solid manifestation = lymph node growth
	ACUTE VS CHRONIC LEUKEMIA
	CHRONIC LEUKEMIA
	ACUTE LEUKEMIA
	→ hematopoiesis is not impaired
→ impairment at the end of cell maturation
→ predominance of mature neoplastic cells
→ slow progression
→ diagnosis in routine examination normally
	→ malignant transformation into hematopoiesis stem cells
→ predominance of immature neoplastic cells (blasts) = bone marrow failure (MI)
→ IM because of accumulation of blasts
→ more aggressive
→ high production speed
→ decreased apoptosis
→ block cell differentiation
	ACUTE VS CHRONIC LEUKEMIA
	CHRONIC LEUKEMIA
	ACUTE LEUKEMIA
	→ hematopoiesis is not impaired
→ impairment at the end of cell maturation
→ predominance of mature neoplastic cells
→ slow progression
→ diagnosis in routine examination normally
	→ malignant transformation into hematopoiesis stem cells
→ predominance of immature neoplastic cells (blasts) = bone marrow failure (MI)
→ IM because of accumulation of blasts
→ more aggressive
→ high production speed
→ decreased apoptosis
→ block cell differentiation
	LEFT SHIFT x LEUKEMOID REACTION
	LEFT SHIFT
	LEUKEMOID REACTION
*reaction that mimics leukemia*
	→ = maturational deviation
→ large number of rods (=young neutrophils) or younger cells of the granulocytic series
→ rods in leukocytosis = good reaction to inflammation
→ - rod than neutrophil = bone marrow failing to release enough mature cells
	→ non-leukemic body response
→ increased leukocytes
→ very high leukocyte values ​​(generally greater than 30-50,000/mm3)
→ at first → thinking about leukemia
→ has escalation, leukemia does not
leukemia = *scaling break
*respect hierarchy and amount of granulocyte production
→ subsequent tests show a secondary reaction to the infection
	CYTOGENETIC EXAMINATION
	Analyzes the chromosomes, looking for chromosomal alterations.
	IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
	Allows the detection of specific antigens in tissue samples or infectious agents.
	MYELGRAM
	Bone marrow liquid aspiration.
	BONE MARROW BIOPSY
	Removal of a portion of bone and marrow through a thick needle.
	BLOOD COUNT
	Analyzes specific information about types and amounts of blood components (RBCs, WBCs, Platelets).
	HEMATOSCOPY
	It's part of the blood count. It confronts the data with the microscopic evaluation.
	CYTOCHEMISTRY
	Cell chemical staining. .
MYELGRAM → acute x chronic
IMMUNOPHENOTYPING → myeloid x lymphoid (by expressed markers)
HEMOGRAM → MYELGRAM → IMMUNOPHENOTYPING
ALL → children
LLC → seniors
LMA → adults
LMC → all ages; 40 - 60 years