<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">O aproveitamento<span class="blank _0"></span> da energ<span class="blank _0"></span>ia e´olica (The wind <span class="blank _0"></span>energy resourc<span class="blank _0"></span>e) F.R. Martins<span class="blank _0"></span>1, R.A. Guarn<span class="blank _0"></span>ieri </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">e E.B. Pereira Institut<span class="blank _0"></span>o Nacional de <span class="blank _0"></span>Pesquisas Espaciais<span class="blank _0"></span>, Centro de Pr<span class="blank _0"></span>evis\u02dcao do Te<span class="blank _0"></span>mpo e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Estudos Clim´atic<span class="blank _0"></span>os, S\u02dcao Jos´e dos<span class="blank _0"></span> Campos, SP,<span class="blank _0"></span> Brasil Rec<span class="blank _0"></span>ebido em 16/8/<span class="blank _0"></span>2007; Revisad<span class="blank _0"></span>o em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">11/10/2007; Ac<span class="blank _0"></span>eito <span class="ff2">em 17/10<span class="blank _0"></span>/2007 Diversos es<span class="blank _0"></span>tudos r<span class="blank _0"></span>ealizados nos ´ulti<span class="blank _0"></span>mos anos t\u02c6e<span class="blank _0"></span>m </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y4 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">apontado as implica¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes e impa<span class="blank _0"></span>ctos s´ocio<span class="ff1">-ambient<span class="blank _0"></span>ais do consumo de <span class="blank _0"></span>energia.<span class="blank _0"></span> As fontes </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">renov´aveis de energi<span class="blank _0"></span>a s\u02dcao apresentad<span class="blank _0"></span>as como a pri<span class="blank _0"></span>ncipal alternati<span class="blank _0"></span>va para atend<span class="blank _0"></span>er as </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">demandas da socie<span class="ff2">dad<span class="blank _0"></span>e com rela¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcao `a qualidade <span class="blank _0"></span>e seguran¸ca d<span class="blank _0"></span>o atendiment<span class="blank _0"></span>o da demanda </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de eletricidade c<span class="blank _0"></span>om a redu<span class="blank _0"></span>¸c\u02dcao dos danos ambi<span class="blank _0"></span>entais dec<span class="blank _0"></span>orrentes do c<span class="blank _0"></span>onsumo de energia. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y8 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Este artigo apresen<span class="blank _0"></span>ta uma <span class="blank _0"></span>revis\u02dcao dos conceit<span class="blank _0"></span>os f´\u0131sicos r<span class="blank _0"></span>elacionados ao e<span class="blank _0"></span>mprego da en<span class="blank _0"></span>ergia </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cin´<span class="ff2 ws1">etica dos ven<span class="blank _0"></span>tos na gera¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao de eletricidade. In<span class="blank _0"></span>icialmente, <span class="blank _0"></span>o artigo descre<span class="blank _0"></span>ve a evolu¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">do aproveitament<span class="blank _0"></span>o da energ<span class="blank _0"></span>ia e´olica, incluindo dad<span class="blank _0"></span>os e informa¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes sobre a si<span class="blank _0"></span>tua¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yb ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">atual do uso desse r<span class="blank _0"></span>ecurso para g<span class="blank _0"></span>era¸c\u02dcao de en<span class="blank _0"></span>ergia el´etrica. O ar<span class="blank _0"></span>tigo ap<span class="ff1">resenta uma </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">descri¸c\u02dcao dos aspect<span class="blank _0"></span>os din\u02c6amicos<span class="blank _0"></span> dos ventos e<span class="blank _0"></span> circula¸c\u02dcao at<span class="blank _0"></span>mosf´erica na Terra, in<span class="blank _0"></span>cluindo </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yd ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">a descri¸c\u02dcao dos fat<span class="blank _0"></span>ores que influenciam<span class="blank _0"></span> a velocidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e e dire¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao dos ventos na<span class="blank _0"></span>s </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ye ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">proximidades da supe<span class="blank _0"></span>rf´\u0131cie de n<span class="blank _0"></span>osso planeta. A<span class="blank _0"></span> modelagem e pr<span class="blank _0"></span>evis\u02dcao dos ventos s\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">discutidas apresen<span class="blank _0"></span>tando os princip<span class="blank _0"></span>ais resultados obtid<span class="blank _0"></span>os com as m<span class="blank _0"></span>etodologias emprega<span class="blank _0"></span>das no </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y10 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Brasil. Os aspect<span class="blank _0"></span>os relacionados `a es<span class="blank _0"></span>timativa e pre<span class="blank _0"></span>vis\u02dcao da pot\u02c6en<span class="blank _0"></span>cia e´olica s\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao abordados </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y11 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ressaltando a impor<span class="blank _0"></span>t\u02c6ancia de uma<span class="blank _0"></span> base de dado<span class="blank _0"></span>s de <span class="ff1">vento de qualid<span class="blank _0"></span>ade para a </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y12 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">determina¸c\u02dcao da<span class="blank _0"></span> confiabilidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e dos resultados f<span class="blank _0"></span>ornecidos pelos m<span class="blank _0"></span>odelos num´e<span class="blank _0"></span>ricos. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y13 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Palavras-<span class="ff2 ws1">chave: energ<span class="blank _0"></span>ia e´o<span class="blank _0"></span>lica, circula¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o atmosf´erica, model<span class="blank _0"></span>os num´erico<span class="blank _0"></span>s, modelage<span class="blank _0"></span>m </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y14 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">atmosf´erica. Several<span class="blank _0"></span> studies hav<span class="blank _0"></span>e been point<span class="blank _0"></span>ed out the energy consumpti<span class="blank _0"></span>on imp<span class="blank _0"></span>lications and </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y15 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">impacts on envir<span class="blank _0"></span>onment and hu<span class="blank _0"></span>man society. Renewa<span class="blank _0"></span>ble sources of <span class="blank _0"></span>energy were<span class="blank _0"></span> identified as </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y16 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">the major alterna<span class="blank _0"></span>tive to assure the <span class="blank _0"></span>confidence and th<span class="blank _0"></span>e quality requ<span class="blank _0"></span>ired to fulfill <span class="blank _0"></span>the energy </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y17 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">demands from human<span class="blank _0"></span> society b<span class="blank _0"></span>y reducing the envir<span class="blank _0"></span>onmental i<span class="blank _0"></span>mpacts. This pap<span class="blank _0"></span>er presents<span class="blank _0"></span> a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y18 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">short review of <span class="blank _0"></span>knowledge an<span class="blank _0"></span>d technological ev<span class="blank _0"></span>olution related <span class="blank _0"></span>to conversion <span class="blank _0"></span>of wind energy<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y19 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">into electricity. Firs<span class="blank _0"></span>t of all, t<span class="blank _0"></span>he paper describ<span class="blank _0"></span>es the tim<span class="blank _0"></span>e evolution and th<span class="blank _0"></span>e presen<span class="blank _0"></span>t status of the </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">wind energy deplo<span class="blank _0"></span>yment. After that<span class="blank _0"></span>, a brief discussi<span class="blank _0"></span>on on atm<span class="blank _0"></span>ospheric circulati<span class="blank _0"></span>on is presented </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">including the main fa<span class="blank _0"></span>ctors that affec<span class="blank _0"></span>t the wind <span class="blank _0"></span>velocity and<span class="blank _0"></span> direction near the surf<span class="blank _0"></span>ace. The </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">wind energy asse<span class="blank _0"></span>ssment method<span class="blank _0"></span>ologies adopted in Br<span class="blank _0"></span>azil that uses<span class="blank _0"></span> regional cli<span class="blank _0"></span>mate models </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">and wind data acquired in<span class="blank _0"></span> g<span class="blank _0"></span>round sites spread thr<span class="blank _0"></span>oughout the<span class="blank _0"></span> Brazilian terri<span class="blank _0"></span>tory were </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">discussed. Finally, <span class="blank _0"></span>the issues relat<span class="blank _0"></span>ed to the wind<span class="blank _0"></span> power are depic<span class="blank _0"></span>ted and special a<span class="blank _0"></span>ttention is </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">given to the i<span class="blank _0"></span>mportance of d<span class="blank _0"></span>atabase reliability <span class="blank _0"></span>to the wind power plant d<span class="blank _0"></span>esign and </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y20 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">management. Ke<span class="blank _0"></span>ywords: wind<span class="blank _0"></span> energy, climate <span class="blank _0"></span>models, atmospheri<span class="blank _0"></span>c circulation. <span class="blank _0"></span>1. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y21 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Introdu¸c\u02dcao A qu<span class="blank _0"></span>est\u02dcao energ´etica<span class="blank _0"></span> ´e um dos t´opic<span class="blank _0"></span>os de maior i<span class="blank _0"></span>mport\u02c6ancia n<span class="blank _0"></span>a atualidade. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y22 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">A qualidade de vida<span class="blank _0"></span> de uma soci<span class="blank _0"></span>edade est´a<span class="blank _0"></span> intimame<span class="blank _0"></span>nte ligada ao seu consum<span class="blank _0"></span>o de energia. O </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y23 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">crescimento da d<span class="blank _0"></span>emanda en<span class="blank _0"></span>erg´etica mundial <span class="blank _0"></span>em raz\u02dcao da melh<span class="blank _0"></span>oria dos padr\u02dco<span class="blank _0"></span>es de vida nos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">pa´\u0131ses em desen<span class="blank _0"></span>volviment<span class="blank _0"></span>o traz a preocupa¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao com alguns aspe<span class="blank _0"></span>ctos essencia<span class="blank _0"></span>is para a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">pol´\u0131tica e planeja<span class="blank _0"></span>mento energ´etic<span class="blank _0"></span>o de todas as<span class="blank _0"></span> economia<span class="ff1">s emerg<span class="blank _0"></span>entes. Dentre <span class="blank _0"></span>eles, </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y26 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">podemos citar a segu<span class="blank _0"></span>ran¸ca no supri<span class="blank _0"></span>mento de energi<span class="blank _0"></span>a necess´aria para<span class="blank _0"></span> o desen<span class="blank _0"></span>volviment<span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y27 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">social e econ\u02c6<span class="blank _0"></span>omico de um <span class="blank _0"></span>pa´\u0131s e os custos a<span class="blank _0"></span>mbientais para at<span class="blank _0"></span>ender a esse aum<span class="blank _0"></span>ento no </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y28 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">consumo de energi<span class="blank _0"></span>a [1]. Nas ´ulti<span class="blank _0"></span>mas d´ecadas a<span class="blank _0"></span> seguran¸ca no supri<span class="blank _0"></span>mento de en<span class="blank _0"></span>ergia est´a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y29 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">associada `as perspec<span class="blank _0"></span>tivas <span class="blank _0"></span>de esgotamento das <span class="blank _0"></span>reservas de pe<span class="blank _0"></span>tr´oleo nas pr´<span class="blank _0"></span>oximas d´ecadas<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">[2, 3] e a ele<span class="blank _0"></span>va¸c\u02dcao dos pr<span class="blank _0"></span>e¸cos de merc<span class="blank _0"></span>ado dos com<span class="blank _0"></span>bust´\u0131veis f´osseis<span class="blank _0"></span> em conseq¨u<span class="blank _0"></span>\u02c6encia de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">problemas pol´\u0131tic<span class="blank _0"></span>os e sociais n<span class="blank _0"></span>as principais regi\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes produtoras. Fatores a<span class="blank _0"></span>mbientais ta<span class="blank _0"></span>mb´em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">podem reduzir a s<span class="blank _0"></span>eguran¸ca energ´e<span class="blank _0"></span>tica com<span class="blank _0"></span>o, por exempl<span class="blank _0"></span>o, a ocorr\u02c6encia<span class="blank _0"></span> de lon<span class="blank _0"></span>gos per´\u0131odos </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de estiagem que afe<span class="blank _0"></span>tam a produ<span class="blank _0"></span>tividade da bio<span class="blank _0"></span>massa e a gera¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao hidroel´etric<span class="blank _0"></span>a. A inser¸c\u02dcao </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de recursos co<span class="ff2">mple<span class="blank _0"></span>mentar<span class="blank _0"></span>es na matriz energ<span class="blank _0"></span>´etica de um pa´\u0131s<span class="blank _0"></span>, com a ado¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao de fontes </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">renov´aveis, dev<span class="blank _0"></span>e minimiza<span class="blank _0"></span>r os impactos causad<span class="blank _0"></span>os por crises in<span class="blank _0"></span>ternacionais que a<span class="blank _0"></span>fetam o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">mercado de c<span class="blank _0"></span>ombust´\u0131veis f´oss<span class="blank _0"></span>eis ou por instabil<span class="blank _0"></span>idades na 1E<span class="ff1">-mail: fernan<span class="blank _0"></span>do@dge.in<span class="blank _0"></span>pe.br. </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Copyr<span class="ff2 ws1">ight by the So<span class="blank _0"></span>ciedade Brasileira d<span class="blank _0"></span>e F´\u0131sica. Prin<span class="blank _0"></span>ted in Braz<span class="blank _0"></span>il. 1304<span class="ff1">-2 Martins et al. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">gera¸c\u02dcao hidr<span class="blank _0"></span>oel´etrica em ´<span class="blank _0"></span>epocas de estiag<span class="blank _0"></span>em [4<span class="ff1 ws0">-</span>6]. Em raz\u02dcao<span class="blank _0"></span> dos fatos expost<span class="blank _0"></span>os acima, a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">pesquisa cient´\u0131fica e<span class="blank _0"></span> o desenvolvi<span class="blank _0"></span>mento tecn<span class="blank _0"></span>ol´ogico v\u02c6em rec<span class="blank _0"></span>ebendo grande i<span class="ff1">ncentiv<span class="blank _0"></span>o em </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">todo o mundo, princip<span class="blank _0"></span>almente ap´<span class="blank _0"></span>os o ´ultimo rela<span class="blank _0"></span>t´orio do IPCC<span class="blank _0"></span> (Painel InterGo<span class="blank _0"></span>vernamental </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">para mudan¸cas Cli<span class="blank _0"></span>m´aticas) divulgad<span class="blank _0"></span>o em fever<span class="blank _0"></span>eiro de 2007 [<span class="blank _0"></span>7]. Dentre as f<span class="blank _0"></span>ontes energ´eticas<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y9 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\u201climpas\u201d \u2013<span class="ff1 ls1"> </span>fontes<span class="blank _0"></span> de energi<span class="blank _0"></span>a que n\u02dcao acarret<span class="blank _0"></span>am a emiss\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao <span class="ff1">de gases do efeit<span class="blank _0"></span>o estufa (GEE) <span class="ff2 ws0">\u2013</span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">a energia mec\u02c6a<span class="blank _0"></span>nica contid<span class="blank _0"></span>a no vento vem s<span class="blank _0"></span>e destacand<span class="blank _0"></span>o e demonstra potencial<span class="blank _0"></span> para </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">contribuir significati<span class="blank _0"></span>vamente no atend<span class="blank _0"></span>imento d<span class="blank _0"></span>os requisi<span class="blank _0"></span>tos necess´arios qu<span class="blank _0"></span>anto aos custos de<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">produ¸c\u02dcao, seguran<span class="blank _0"></span>¸ca de forneciment<span class="blank _0"></span>o e sustentabil<span class="blank _0"></span>idade ambiental [8]. A<span class="blank _0"></span> experi\u02c6<span class="blank _0"></span>encia dos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yd ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">pa´\u0131ses l´\u0131deres d<span class="blank _0"></span>o setor de gera¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao e´olica mostra q<span class="blank _0"></span>ue o r´apido d<span class="blank _0"></span>esenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ye ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">tecnologia e do<span class="blank _0"></span> mercado t\u02c6em grand<span class="blank _0"></span>es implica¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes s´ocioec<span class="blank _0"></span>on\u02c6omicas. A f<span class="blank _0"></span>orma¸c\u02dcao de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yf ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">recursos human<span class="blank _0"></span>os e a pesquisa cient´\u0131<span class="ff1">fica rec<span class="blank _0"></span>eberam i<span class="blank _0"></span>ncentivos com a fin<span class="blank _0"></span>alidade de dar o<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y10 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">suporte necess´ari<span class="blank _0"></span>o para a <span class="blank _0"></span>ind´ustria de energi<span class="blank _0"></span>a e´olica e<span class="blank _0"></span>m forma¸c\u02dcao. Na a<span class="blank _0"></span>tualidade, diversos<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y11 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">estudos apontam a<span class="blank _0"></span> gera¸c\u02dcao de<span class="blank _0"></span> emprego e o d<span class="blank _0"></span>om´\u0131nio da t<span class="blank _0"></span>ecnologia com<span class="blank _0"></span>o fatores t\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y12 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">importantes quan<span class="blank _0"></span>to `a pr<span class="ff2">eserva¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o ambiental e a se<span class="blank _0"></span>guran¸ca energ´eti<span class="blank _0"></span>ca dos p<span class="blank _0"></span>a´\u0131ses da </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y13 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">comunidade eur<span class="blank _0"></span>op´eia para a continu<span class="blank _0"></span>idade dos inve<span class="blank _0"></span>stimentos no apr<span class="blank _0"></span>oveitament<span class="blank _0"></span>o da energia </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y14 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">e´olica [9, 10]. No <span class="blank _0"></span>Brasil, a <span class="blank _0"></span>capacidade instalada <span class="blank _0"></span>ainda ´e muit<span class="blank _0"></span>o pequena quand<span class="blank _0"></span>o comparada </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y15 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">aos pa´\u0131ses l´\u0131deres <span class="blank _0"></span>em gera¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao e´olica. No entan<span class="blank _0"></span>to, pol´\u0131ticas de in<span class="blank _0"></span>centivos est<span class="blank _0"></span>\u02dcao </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y16 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">come¸cando a pr<span class="blank _0"></span>oduzir os p<span class="blank _0"></span>rimeiros resultados<span class="blank _0"></span> e esperase u<span class="blank _0"></span>m cresci<span class="blank _0"></span>mento da expl<span class="blank _0"></span>ora¸c\u02dcao </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y17 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">deste recurso nos pr´<span class="blank _0"></span>oximos anos. <span class="blank _0"></span>Para dar suporte a <span class="blank _0"></span>esse crescimen<span class="blank _0"></span>to, torna-se necess´ario a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y18 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">forma¸c\u02dcao de re<span class="blank _0"></span>cursos humanos e <span class="blank _0"></span>o desenvol<span class="blank _0"></span>vimento de pesqu<span class="blank _0"></span>isas cient´\u0131ficas<span class="blank _0"></span> de \u02c6ambito </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y19 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">nacional com <span class="blank _0"></span>o intuito de produz<span class="blank _0"></span>ir e disponibiliz<span class="blank _0"></span>ar informa¸c\u02dcoes c<span class="blank _0"></span>onfi´aveis sobr<span class="blank _0"></span>e a os </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">recursos e´olic<span class="blank _0"></span>os no territ´orio brasi<span class="blank _0"></span>leiro. Dentre<span class="blank _0"></span> os esfor¸cos <span class="blank _0"></span>mais recentes <span class="ff2">e dispon´\u0131v<span class="blank _0"></span>eis </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">publicamente, pod<span class="blank _0"></span>e-se citar o Atlas do<span class="blank _0"></span> Potencial E<span class="blank _0"></span>´olico Brasileiro<span class="blank _0"></span> [11] e a base d<span class="blank _0"></span>e dados do </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">projeto SONDA (<span class="blank _0"></span>www.cptec.inp<span class="blank _0"></span>e.br/sonda). Os result<span class="blank _0"></span>ados e produt<span class="blank _0"></span>os dessas pes<span class="blank _0"></span>quisas </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">demonstram o p<span class="blank _0"></span>otencial en<span class="blank _0"></span>erg´etico e a viabil<span class="blank _0"></span>idade econ\u02c6omica d<span class="blank _0"></span>e<span class="ff1"> projetos de </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">aproveitamento de<span class="blank _0"></span>sse recurso r<span class="blank _0"></span>enov´avel n<span class="blank _0"></span>o pa´\u0131s. Este artig<span class="blank _0"></span>o tem como <span class="blank _0"></span>objetivo descre<span class="blank _0"></span>ver </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1f ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">como os conceit<span class="blank _0"></span>os f´\u0131sicos relativ<span class="blank _0"></span>os `a din\u02c6ami<span class="blank _0"></span>ca da atmosfera s\u02dcao <span class="blank _0"></span>empregados<span class="blank _0"></span> para a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y20 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">avalia¸c\u02dcao da disponib<span class="blank _0"></span>ilidade do r<span class="blank _0"></span>ecurso energ<span class="blank _0"></span>´etico e´olico. <span class="blank _0"></span>O te<span class="ff1">xto apresenta, inicialment<span class="blank _0"></span>e, </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y21 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">um breve hist´<span class="blank _0"></span>orico da evolu¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao da tecnologia empr<span class="blank _0"></span>egada para apro<span class="blank _0"></span>veitament<span class="blank _0"></span>o da energia </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y22 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">e´olica e o status <span class="blank _0"></span>atual dess<span class="blank _0"></span>a fonte de energia n<span class="blank _0"></span>o cen´a<span class="blank _0"></span>rio mundial. O artig<span class="blank _0"></span>o discute, em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y23 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">seguida, os conceit<span class="blank _0"></span>os f´\u0131sicos en<span class="blank _0"></span>volvidos na de<span class="blank _0"></span>scri¸c\u02dcao dos movi<span class="blank _0"></span>mentos atmosf´<span class="blank _0"></span>ericos, na </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">modelagem e previ<span class="blank _0"></span>s\u02dcao de <span class="blank _0"></span>ventos. O text<span class="blank _0"></span>o aborda, sucin<span class="blank _0"></span>tamente, as bases<span class="blank _0"></span> de dados </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">dispon´\u0131veis para a<span class="blank _0"></span>valia¸c\u02dcao da c<span class="blank _0"></span>onfiabilidade d<span class="blank _0"></span>os modelos num´eri<span class="blank _0"></span>cos e para de<span class="blank _0"></span>termina¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">do potencial energ´e<span class="blank _0"></span>tico dispon´\u0131v<span class="blank _0"></span>el para explora¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcao comercial. Os pr<span class="blank _0"></span>odutos e resul<span class="blank _0"></span>tados das </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y27 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">pesquisas em desenv<span class="blank _0"></span>olvimento n<span class="blank _0"></span>o Brasil s\u02dcao discutid<span class="blank _0"></span>os brevemen<span class="blank _0"></span>te com o intui<span class="blank _0"></span>to de ilustrar </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y28 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">a aplica¸c\u02dcao pr´atica d<span class="blank _0"></span>os conceit<span class="blank _0"></span>os discutidos no <span class="blank _0"></span>transcorr<span class="blank _0"></span>er do artigo. 2. Br<span class="blank _0"></span>eve hist´orico da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y29 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">energia e´ol<span class="ff2">ica no <span class="blank _0"></span>mundo A<span class="blank _0"></span> convers\u02dcao da energ<span class="blank _0"></span>ia cin´etica d<span class="blank _0"></span>os ventos em energi<span class="blank _0"></span>a mec\u02c6anica </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">vem sendo utilizada pel<span class="blank _0"></span>a hu<span class="blank _0"></span>manidade h´a mais<span class="blank _0"></span> de 3000 anos. <span class="blank _0"></span>Os moinhos de<span class="blank _0"></span> vento utilizado<span class="blank _0"></span>s </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">para moagem de<span class="blank _0"></span> gr\u02dcaos e bombe<span class="blank _0"></span>amento de ´agu<span class="blank _0"></span>a em atividades<span class="blank _0"></span> agr´\u0131colas f<span class="blank _0"></span>oram as primeira<span class="ff1 ls2">s </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">aplica¸c\u02dcoes da energi<span class="blank _0"></span>a e´oli<span class="blank _0"></span>ca. O desenvolvimen<span class="blank _0"></span>to da navega¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o e o per´\u0131odo d<span class="blank _0"></span>as grandes </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">descobertas de no<span class="blank _0"></span>vos continentes f<span class="blank _0"></span>oram propiciad<span class="blank _0"></span>os em grande par<span class="blank _0"></span>te pelo e<span class="blank _0"></span>mprego da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">energia dos ventos. U<span class="blank _0"></span>ma aplica¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao que vem se t<span class="blank _0"></span>ornando mais i<span class="blank _0"></span>mportante a ca<span class="blank _0"></span>da d<span class="ff1">ia ´e o </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">aproveitamento da <span class="blank _0"></span>energia e´<span class="blank _0"></span>olica como fonte alt<span class="blank _0"></span>ernativa de<span class="blank _0"></span> energia para prod<span class="blank _0"></span>u¸c\u02dcao de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">eletricidade. E<span class="blank _0"></span>m seu livro, Gasch<span class="blank _0"></span> e Twele [12] d<span class="blank _0"></span>etalham a <span class="blank _0"></span>evolu¸c\u02dcao da t<span class="blank _0"></span>ecnologia da energi<span class="blank _0"></span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">e´olica desde seu <span class="blank _0"></span>emprego <span class="blank _0"></span>em moinhos de <span class="blank _0"></span>vento a partir de <span class="blank _0"></span>1700 a.C. at´e os modernos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">aerogeradores de <span class="blank _0"></span>eletricidade. Estudo<span class="blank _0"></span>s para con<span class="blank _0"></span>vers\u02dcao da energia cin<span class="blank _0"></span>´etica dos vent<span class="blank _0"></span>os em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">eletricidade v\u02c6e<span class="blank _0"></span>m sendo de<span class="blank _0"></span>senvolvidos a cerca<span class="blank _0"></span> de 150 an<span class="blank _0"></span>os [13] e, nos dias de<span class="blank _0"></span> hoje, a energia </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">e´olica vem send<span class="blank _0"></span>o apontad<span class="blank _0"></span>a como a fonte de <span class="blank _0"></span>energia renov´avel mais pr<span class="blank _0"></span>omissor<span class="blank _0"></span>a para a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y8 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">produ¸c\u02dcao de ele<span class="blank _0"></span>tricidade, e<span class="blank _0"></span>m curto prazo, c<span class="blank _0"></span>onsiderando aspec<span class="blank _0"></span>tos de seguran<span class="blank _0"></span>¸ca energ´etica, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">custo s´ocio-<span class="ff2">ambient<span class="blank _0"></span>al e viab<span class="blank _0"></span>ilidade econ\u02c6o<span class="blank _0"></span>mica [14]. O gran<span class="blank _0"></span>de desenvolvi<span class="blank _0"></span>mento da </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">aplica¸c\u02dcao da energ<span class="blank _0"></span>ia e´olica para gera¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcao de e<span class="ff1">letri<span class="blank _0"></span>cidade iniciou-s<span class="blank _0"></span>e na Dinamarca e<span class="blank _0"></span>m 1980 </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">quando as primeiras <span class="blank _0"></span>turbinas foram fabri<span class="blank _0"></span>cadas por pe<span class="blank _0"></span>quenas companhias d<span class="blank _0"></span>e equ<span class="blank _0"></span>ipamentos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">agr´\u0131colas. Estas turb<span class="blank _0"></span>inas possu´\u0131a<span class="blank _0"></span>m capacidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e de gera¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcao (30<span class="ff1">-55 kW) bastante reduz<span class="blank _0"></span>ida </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yd ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">quando comparada <span class="blank _0"></span>com valores atuai<span class="blank _0"></span>s. <span class="ff2">Pol´\u0131ticas in<span class="blank _0"></span>ternas favorecera<span class="blank _0"></span>m o cresci<span class="blank _0"></span>mento do set<span class="blank _0"></span>or, </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ye ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de maneira que, a<span class="blank _0"></span>tualmente, a <span class="blank _0"></span>Dinamarca ´e <span class="blank _0"></span>o pa´\u0131s que apresen<span class="blank _0"></span>ta a maior c<span class="blank _0"></span>ontribui¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">energia e´olica e<span class="blank _0"></span>m sua mat<span class="blank _0"></span>riz energ´etica e<span class="blank _0"></span> ´e o maior fab<span class="blank _0"></span>ricante mundial<span class="blank _0"></span> de turbinas e´<span class="blank _0"></span>olicas </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y10 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">[13]. A evolu<span class="ff2">¸c\u02dcao da<span class="blank _0"></span> capacidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e instalada de gera¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao e´olica<span class="blank _0"></span> de eletricidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e no mundo e a<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y11 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">evolu¸c\u02dcao tecn<span class="blank _0"></span>ol´ogica dos aer<span class="blank _0"></span>ogeradores entre<span class="blank _0"></span> 1980 e 2002 pod<span class="blank _0"></span>em ser obs<span class="blank _0"></span>ervadas nas Figs. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y12 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1a e 1b, respectiva<span class="blank _0"></span>mente. Desde<span class="blank _0"></span> o in´\u0131cio da d´e<span class="blank _0"></span>cada de 199<span class="blank _0"></span>0 o setor de energ<span class="blank _0"></span>ia e´oli<span class="ff1">ca vem </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y13 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">apresentando um cres<span class="blank _0"></span>cimen<span class="blank _0"></span>to acelerado em tod<span class="blank _0"></span>o o mun<span class="blank _0"></span>do. A capacidade ins<span class="blank _0"></span>talada total </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y14 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">mundial de aeroge<span class="blank _0"></span>radores vol<span class="blank _0"></span>tados `a produ¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao de energia el´<span class="blank _0"></span>etrica ating<span class="blank _0"></span>iu 74223 <span class="blank _0"></span>MW ao </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y15 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">final de 2006, apr<span class="blank _0"></span>esentando u<span class="blank _0"></span>m cresciment<span class="blank _0"></span>o de mais d<span class="blank _0"></span>e 20% em rela¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o a 200<span class="ff1">5. Segundo o </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y16 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Global Wind Energy <span class="blank _0"></span>Council [15], <span class="blank _0"></span>esse cresci<span class="blank _0"></span>mento de cap<span class="blank _0"></span>acidade instalada <span class="blank _0"></span>ao longo de 20<span class="blank _0"></span>06 </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y17 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">representa o mai<span class="blank _0"></span>or acr´esci<span class="blank _0"></span>mo observado ao l<span class="blank _0"></span>ongo de um ano.<span class="blank _0"></span> Ainda segund<span class="blank _0"></span>o o GWEC [15], <span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y18 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Brasil totalizou a inser¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcao de 2<span class="blank _0"></span>08 MW ao l<span class="blank _0"></span>ongo de 2006, fecha<span class="ff1">ndo o an<span class="blank _0"></span>o com 237 MW<span class="blank _0"></span> de </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y19 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">capacidade instalada. <span class="blank _0"></span>Esse acr´escim<span class="blank _0"></span>o O aproveitam<span class="blank _0"></span>ento da energia e<span class="blank _0"></span>´olica 1304-3 de<span class="blank _0"></span>ve-se em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">grande parte `a instala¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcao dos parq<span class="blank _0"></span>ues e´olicos de <span class="blank _0"></span>Os´orio (RS) que to<span class="blank _0"></span>talizam 15<span class="blank _0"></span>0 MW. Este </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">complexo e´olico <span class="blank _0"></span>conta com <span class="blank _0"></span>75 aerogerador<span class="blank _0"></span>es de <span class="ff2">2 MW cada um<span class="blank _0"></span>, instalados e<span class="blank _0"></span>m tr\u02c6es parques </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">e´olicos, com cap<span class="blank _0"></span>acidade de produz<span class="blank _0"></span>ir 417 GWh<span class="blank _0"></span> por ano. Figura 1<span class="blank _0"></span> - <span class="ff2">(a) Evolu¸c\u02dcao da </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">capacidade instalada d<span class="blank _0"></span>e gera¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao e´olica de eletri<span class="blank _0"></span>cidade no mund<span class="blank _0"></span>o e (b) Evolu¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcao </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">tecnol´ogica das turb<span class="blank _0"></span>inas e´olicas<span class="blank _0"></span> comerciais <span class="blank _0"></span>(<span class="ff2">D = di\u02c6ametro,<span class="blank _0"></span> P = pot\u02c6encia,<span class="blank _0"></span> H = altura) entre </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1f ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1980 e 2002. F<span class="blank _0"></span>onte: Adaptad<span class="blank _0"></span>o da Ref. [12]. 3. Vent<span class="blank _0"></span>o e circula¸c\u02dcoe<span class="blank _0"></span>s atmosf´erica<span class="blank _0"></span>s O </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y20 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">movimento de parcelas<span class="blank _0"></span> de ar, nas at<span class="blank _0"></span>mosferas plan<span class="blank _0"></span>et´arias, ´e<span class="blank _0"></span> denominado v<span class="blank _0"></span>ento. Embora, <span class="blank _0"></span>o ar </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y21 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">possa mover-<span class="ff2">se na<span class="blank _0"></span> dire¸c\u02dcao <span class="blank _0"></span>vertical, a denomina¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcao \u201cvento<span class="blank _0"></span>\u201d ´e comumente<span class="blank _0"></span> aplicada apen<span class="blank _0"></span>as </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y22 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ao movimento h<span class="blank _0"></span>orizontal, <span class="blank _0"></span>paralelo `a superf´\u0131<span class="blank _0"></span>cie do plan<span class="blank _0"></span>eta. Na mete<span class="blank _0"></span>orologia, a velocidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e e a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y23 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">dire¸c\u02dcao do vent<span class="blank _0"></span>o, juntamente c<span class="blank _0"></span>om a tempera<span class="blank _0"></span>tura, a umidade e<span class="blank _0"></span> a press\u02dcao d<span class="blank _0"></span>o ar </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">atmosf´erico, s\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o as vari´aveis mais<span class="blank _0"></span> importantes <span class="blank _0"></span>empregadas na des<span class="blank _0"></span>cri¸c\u02dcao met<span class="blank _0"></span>eorol´ogica </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">da atmosfera terres<span class="blank _0"></span>tre. O vento,<span class="blank _0"></span> como agente <span class="blank _0"></span>meteorol´<span class="blank _0"></span>ogico, atua nas m<span class="blank _0"></span>odifica¸c\u02dcoes das<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">condi¸c\u02dcoes do te<span class="blank _0"></span>mpo, sendo resp<span class="blank _0"></span>ons´avel pelo tran<span class="blank _0"></span>sporte de u<span class="blank _0"></span>midade e de <span class="blank _0"></span>energia na </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y27 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">atmosfera. A en<span class="ff2">erg<span class="blank _0"></span>ia dos ventos pode<span class="blank _0"></span> provocar grand<span class="blank _0"></span>e destrui¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o quando associad<span class="blank _0"></span>o a </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y28 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">eventos como furac\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes e tornado<span class="blank _0"></span>s. Contudo, o vent<span class="blank _0"></span>o pode ser e<span class="blank _0"></span>mpregado co<span class="blank _0"></span>mo uma fonte </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y29 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">alternativa de energ<span class="blank _0"></span>ia por mei<span class="blank _0"></span>o da convers\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o de sua energia cin´<span class="blank _0"></span>etica em outra<span class="blank _0"></span>s formas de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">energia, <span class="ff2">especial<span class="blank _0"></span>mente ele<span class="blank _0"></span>tricidade. 3.1. Asp<span class="blank _0"></span>ectos din\u02c6amico<span class="blank _0"></span>s A acelera¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o, ou varia¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o na </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">quantidade de <span class="blank _0"></span>movimento, experi<span class="blank _0"></span>mentada pelas par<span class="blank _0"></span>celas de ar<span class="blank _0"></span> atmosf´eri<span class="blank _0"></span>co, ´e <span class="blank _0"></span>decorrente da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">resultante vetoria<span class="blank _0"></span>l de todas as f<span class="blank _0"></span>or¸cas atuantes sobr<span class="blank _0"></span>e elas (segu<span class="blank _0"></span>nda lei de Newton). Os </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">gradientes de press\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao exis<span class="blank _0"></span>tentes na atm<span class="blank _0"></span>osfera consti<span class="blank _0"></span>tuem a principal f<span class="blank _0"></span>or¸ca motriz<span class="blank _0"></span> dos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">movimentos d<span class="blank _0"></span>e ar. A for¸ca por unid<span class="blank _0"></span>ade de massa a<span class="blank _0"></span>tuante sobre u<span class="blank _0"></span>ma parcela de <span class="blank _0"></span>ar, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">decorrente de um<span class="blank _0"></span> gradiente de pre<span class="blank _0"></span>ss\u02dcao, pode<span class="blank _0"></span> ser expressa <span class="blank _0"></span>vetorialmente pela <span class="blank _0"></span>equa¸c\u02dcao FP </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">m = \u22121 \u03c1 <span class="ff3 ls3">\u2207</span><span class="ff1">p, (1) <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff2">onde p ´e press\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o, \u03c1 ´e densidade<span class="blank _0"></span> e m´e massa. As par<span class="blank _0"></span>celas de <span class="blank _0"></span>ar tamb´em </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y4 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">sofrem a¸c\u02dcao da f<span class="blank _0"></span>or¸ca gra<span class="blank _0"></span>vitacional, em qu<span class="blank _0"></span>e g<span class="ff3 ws2">\u2217</span><span class="ff1 ls1"> </span>´e a acelera¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o (ou for¸ca p<span class="blank _0"></span>or unidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e<span class="ff1"> de </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">massa) decorrent<span class="blank _0"></span>e puramen<span class="blank _0"></span>te da for¸ca gravitaci<span class="blank _0"></span>onal entre a Terra e a<span class="blank _0"></span>s parcelas d<span class="blank _0"></span>e ar Fg m = g </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y6 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2">\u2217<span class="ff1 ws1"> . (2) <span class="ff2">Adicional<span class="blank _0"></span>mente, parcelas de<span class="blank _0"></span> fluido em m<span class="blank _0"></span>ovimento sofre<span class="blank _0"></span>m a a¸c\u02dcao de fric<span class="blank _0"></span>¸c\u02dcoes </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">internas que resist<span class="blank _0"></span>em `a ten<span class="blank _0"></span>d\u02c6encia do escoamento<span class="blank _0"></span> (for¸cas visc<span class="blank _0"></span>osas resistivas<span class="blank _0"></span> ou atrito), </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">representadas por<span class="blank _0"></span> Fr. Considerand<span class="blank _0"></span>o uma parcela indiv<span class="blank _0"></span>idual de ar, com <span class="blank _0"></span>massa constante, qu<span class="blank _0"></span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">se move ao longo<span class="blank _0"></span> da atmosfera segu<span class="blank _0"></span>indo o esc<span class="blank _0"></span>oamento, e toman<span class="blank _0"></span>do um siste<span class="blank _0"></span>ma de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ya ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">coordenadas inercial<span class="blank _0"></span>, fixo no espa¸c<span class="blank _0"></span>o, a segunda lei<span class="blank _0"></span> de Newton pode<span class="blank _0"></span> ser escrita c<span class="blank _0"></span>omo DaUa <span class="blank _0"></span>Dt </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">= F m, (3) onde Ua repr<span class="blank _0"></span>esenta a v<span class="blank _0"></span>elocidade da parcela<span class="blank _0"></span> referente a<span class="blank _0"></span>o sistema inerci<span class="blank _0"></span>al e DaUa<span class="blank _0"></span>/Dt </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">representa a taxa de<span class="blank _0"></span> varia¸c\u02dcao de <span class="blank _0"></span>Ua, seguind<span class="blank _0"></span>o o movimento da parc<span class="blank _0"></span>ela, e relati<span class="blank _0"></span>va ao sistema </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yd ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de coordenadas inercial.<span class="blank _0"></span> Esta expr<span class="blank _0"></span>ess\u02dcao afir<span class="blank _0"></span>ma que a acelera¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao da parc<span class="blank _0"></span>ela de ar ´e igu<span class="blank _0"></span>al ao </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ye ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">somat´orio de todas<span class="blank _0"></span> as for¸cas (por<span class="blank _0"></span> unidade de <span class="blank _0"></span>massa) aplicad<span class="blank _0"></span>as sobre a parcela. <span class="blank _0"></span>Assim DaUa </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yf ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Dt = \u22121 \u03c1 <span class="ff3 ls3">\u2207</span><span class="ff1">p + g <span class="ff3 ws2">\u2217</span> +Fr.<span class="blank _0"></span> (4) <span class="ff2">Entretant<span class="blank _0"></span>o, no estudo da<span class="blank _0"></span> din\u02c6amica d<span class="blank _0"></span>os movimentos atm<span class="blank _0"></span>osf´ericos, </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y10 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">usualmente adota-<span class="ff2">se<span class="blank _0"></span> um sistema de co<span class="blank _0"></span>ordenadas fixo `a superf´\u0131<span class="blank _0"></span>cie terre<span class="blank _0"></span>stre, como<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="ff1">mostra a </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y11 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Fig. 2. Este siste<span class="blank _0"></span>ma ´e compost<span class="blank _0"></span>o pelas dire¸c\u02dcoes zon<span class="blank _0"></span>al (eixo x) e m<span class="blank _0"></span>eridional (eix<span class="blank _0"></span>o y) \u2013<span class="ff1"> paralelas </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y12 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">`a superf´\u0131cie do pla<span class="blank _0"></span>neta \u2013<span class="ff1"> </span>e pela dire¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcao vertical (<span class="blank _0"></span>eixo z) perpend<span class="blank _0"></span>icular `a supe<span class="blank _0"></span>rf´\u0131cie. Assim, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y13 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">o vento horizontal apr<span class="blank _0"></span>esenta 130<span class="blank _0"></span>4-4 Martins et al. du<span class="blank _0"></span>as componente<span class="blank _0"></span>s: o vento zonal q<span class="blank _0"></span>ue est´a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y14 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">simbolizado por u e<span class="blank _0"></span> ´e positiv<span class="blank _0"></span>o no sentido de oeste<span class="blank _0"></span> para leste; e <span class="blank _0"></span>o vento meridi<span class="blank _0"></span>onal </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y15 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">representado p<span class="blank _0"></span>or v e positivo no sentid<span class="blank _0"></span>o de sul para<span class="blank _0"></span> norte. O <span class="blank _0"></span>movimento d<span class="blank _0"></span>o ar na vertical ´e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y16 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">normalmente repres<span class="blank _0"></span>entad<span class="blank _0"></span>o por w, assumindo-se val<span class="blank _0"></span>ores positiv<span class="blank _0"></span>os para movime<span class="blank _0"></span>ntos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y17 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ascendentes. U<span class="blank _0"></span>ma vez que a Terra se <span class="blank _0"></span>encontra em <span class="blank _0"></span>movimento de r<span class="blank _0"></span>ota¸c\u02dcao, esse<span class="blank _0"></span> sistema de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y18 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">coordenadas fixo na <span class="blank _0"></span>superf´\u0131cie c<span class="blank _0"></span>onstitui num refer<span class="blank _0"></span>encial n\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao<span class="ff1">-inercial. Assim, a s<span class="blank _0"></span>egunda lei de </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y19 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Newton somente p<span class="blank _0"></span>ode ser a<span class="ff2">plicada a m<span class="blank _0"></span>ovimentos neste sist<span class="blank _0"></span>ema de refer\u02c6<span class="blank _0"></span>encia se a </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">acelera¸c\u02dcao de<span class="blank _0"></span> suas coordenadas (e<span class="blank _0"></span>m rela¸c\u02dcao a u<span class="blank _0"></span>m sistema in<span class="blank _0"></span>ercial) for levada<span class="blank _0"></span> em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">considera¸c\u02dcao. A <span class="blank _0"></span>maneira <span class="blank _0"></span>mais satisfat´oria<span class="blank _0"></span> de incluir os ef<span class="blank _0"></span>eitos da acele<span class="blank _0"></span>ra¸c\u02dcao das </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">coordenadas ´e a intr<span class="blank _0"></span>odu¸c\u02dcao de \u201cf<span class="blank _0"></span>or¸cas aparentes<span class="blank _0"></span>\u201d [16]. Assim, p<span class="blank _0"></span>ode<span class="ff1">-se demonstrar que a </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">acelera¸c\u02dcao abs<span class="blank _0"></span>oluta da parcela de<span class="blank _0"></span> ar equivale `a ac<span class="blank _0"></span>elera¸c\u02dcao da<span class="blank _0"></span> parcela relati<span class="blank _0"></span>va ao siste<span class="blank _0"></span>ma </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de coordenadas fix<span class="blank _0"></span>o `a Terra somada a<span class="blank _0"></span> termos decorr<span class="blank _0"></span>entes da ac<span class="blank _0"></span>elera¸c\u02dcao de ro<span class="blank _0"></span>ta¸c\u02dcao da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Terra DaUa <span class="ff2">Dt = <span class="blank _0"></span>DU Dt + 2<span class="blank _0"></span>\u2126 × U \u2212 \u21262R, (5)<span class="blank _0"></span> onde DU/Dt ´e a <span class="blank _0"></span>taxa de varia¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcao da velocidade,<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y20 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">referente ao sis<span class="blank _0"></span>tema de co<span class="blank _0"></span>ordenadas fixo `a sup<span class="blank _0"></span>erf´\u0131ci<span class="blank _0"></span>e da Terra e seguind<span class="blank _0"></span>o o movim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y21 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">parcela de ar, U = u\u02c6<span class="blank _0"></span>i + v\u02c6j + w\u02c6 k ´e<span class="blank _0"></span> o vetor velocid<span class="blank _0"></span>ade nestas mes<span class="blank _0"></span>mas coordena<span class="blank _0"></span>das,<span class="ff1 ls1"> </span>\u2126 ´e o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y22 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">vetor velocidade <span class="blank _0"></span>angular da rota¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcao da Terra cujo<span class="blank _0"></span> m´odulo ´e r<span class="blank _0"></span>epresentado p<span class="blank _0"></span>or \u2126, e R ´e um </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y23 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">vetor de posi¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o, perpend<span class="blank _0"></span>icular ao eixo de r<span class="blank _0"></span>ota¸c\u02dcao da Terra <span class="blank _0"></span>e com co<span class="blank _0"></span>mprimento igual `a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">dist\u02c6ancia entre o eix<span class="blank _0"></span>o de rota¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o e a parcel<span class="blank _0"></span>a de ar. O oper<span class="blank _0"></span>ad<span class="ff1">or D/Dt, denomin<span class="blank _0"></span>ado derivada </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">total, representa a<span class="blank _0"></span> taxa de varia¸c\u02dcao<span class="blank _0"></span> de uma pr<span class="blank _0"></span>opriedade de u<span class="blank _0"></span>ma parcela de flu<span class="blank _0"></span>ido seguindo o<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y26 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">movimento da m<span class="blank _0"></span>esma. Figura 2 - <span class="ff2">Siste<span class="blank _0"></span>ma de coorden<span class="blank _0"></span>adas fixo `a superf´\u0131cie<span class="blank _0"></span> da Terra em </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y27 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">rota¸c\u02dcao. S\u02dcao apr<span class="blank _0"></span>esentadas as dire¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes para<span class="ff1 ls1"> </span>um p<span class="blank _0"></span>onto na superf´\u0131cie c<span class="blank _0"></span>om a latitude e<span class="blank _0"></span> a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y28 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">longitude definidas. Assi<span class="blank _0"></span>m, para o si<span class="blank _0"></span>stema de c<span class="blank _0"></span>oordenadas n\u02dcao<span class="ff1 ws0">-</span>inercial fixo `a s<span class="blank _0"></span>uperf´\u0131cie da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y29 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Terra, a Eq. (4) p<span class="blank _0"></span>ode ser reescrita u<span class="blank _0"></span>tilizando a Eq.<span class="blank _0"></span> (5) DU Dt + 2\u2126<span class="blank _0"></span> × U \u2212 \u21262R<span class="blank _0"></span> = F m = \u2212<span class="blank _0"></span>1 \u03c1 <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ff3 ls3">\u2207</span><span class="ff1">p + g </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2a ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2">\u2217<span class="ff1 ws1"> +Fr, (6) e assi<span class="blank _0"></span>m <span class="ff2">DU Dt = \u22122\u2126 × U +<span class="blank _0"></span> \u21262R \u2212 1 \u03c1 <span class="ff3 ls3">\u2207</span><span class="ff1">p + g <span class="ff3 ws2">\u2217<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff1 ws1"> +Fr. (7) O primeir<span class="blank _0"></span>o term<span class="blank _0"></span>o do lado </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">direito da Eq. (7) c<span class="blank _0"></span>orresponde a um<span class="blank _0"></span>a das for¸cas ap<span class="blank _0"></span>arentes decorr<span class="blank _0"></span>entes da c<span class="blank _0"></span>onsidera¸c\u02dcao da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">segunda lei de N<span class="blank _0"></span>ewton em <span class="blank _0"></span>um sistema de <span class="blank _0"></span>coordenadas n\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao<span class="ff1">-inercial, a chamada <span class="blank _0"></span>for¸ca de </span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Coriol<span class="ff2 ws1">is. A segunda f<span class="blank _0"></span>or¸ca aparente ´e a f<span class="blank _0"></span>or¸ca centr<span class="blank _0"></span>´\u0131fuga, represen<span class="blank _0"></span>tada no segu<span class="blank _0"></span>ndo termo da </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Eq. (7). Os tr\u02c6es de<span class="blank _0"></span>mais termos do<span class="blank _0"></span> lado direit<span class="blank _0"></span>o da Eq. (7) s\u02dcao as for¸cas<span class="blank _0"></span> reais atu<span class="blank _0"></span>antes sobre a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">parcela, discutidas<span class="blank _0"></span> anteriorment<span class="blank _0"></span>e. A for¸ca centr´\u0131fug<span class="blank _0"></span>a atua perpend<span class="blank _0"></span>ic<span class="ff1">ularmente ao ei<span class="blank _0"></span>xo de </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">rota¸c\u02dcao da Terra <span class="blank _0"></span>e soma<span class="ff1">-se vet<span class="blank _0"></span>orialmente `a f<span class="blank _0"></span>or¸ca g<span class="blank _0"></span>ravitacional, dando orige<span class="blank _0"></span>m `a for¸ca de </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">gravidade, g, d<span class="blank _0"></span>efinida como g = g <span class="ff3 ws2">\u2217</span><span class="ls1"> </span><span class="ff2">+\u2126<span class="blank _0"></span>2R = g\u02c6<span class="ff1"> k. (8)<span class="blank _0"></span> Empregando a Eq. (<span class="blank _0"></span>8), a Eq. (7) p<span class="blank _0"></span>ode ser </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">reescrita como DU <span class="blank _0"></span>Dt = \u22122\u2126 × U <span class="blank _0"></span>\u2212 1 \u03c1 <span class="ff3 ls3">\u2207</span><span class="ff1">p + g + Fr. (9) <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff2">A Eq. (9) ´e a e<span class="blank _0"></span>xpress\u02dcao ve<span class="blank _0"></span>torial geral do </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">movimento das<span class="blank _0"></span> parcelas de ar na at<span class="blank _0"></span>mosfera, ref<span class="blank _0"></span>erente<span class="blank _0"></span> `a superf´\u0131cie terre<span class="blank _0"></span>stre e pode s<span class="blank _0"></span>er </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">expandida em express\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes escalares<span class="blank _0"></span> para o vent<span class="blank _0"></span>o horizontal zonal <span class="blank _0"></span>(u) e meridion<span class="blank _0"></span>al (v), </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">empregando co<span class="blank _0"></span>ordenadas esf´er<span class="ff2">icas. D<span class="blank _0"></span>evido `a transf<span class="blank _0"></span>orma¸c\u02dcao das c<span class="blank _0"></span>oordenadas cartesian<span class="blank _0"></span>as </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y9 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">em coordenadas esf´<span class="blank _0"></span>ericas, ter<span class="blank _0"></span>mos de curvatura apar<span class="blank _0"></span>ecem nas express\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes. Cont<span class="blank _0"></span>udo, exceto </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">quando essas equa¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes s\u02dcao emprega<span class="blank _0"></span>das para desc<span class="blank _0"></span>ri¸c\u02dcao do vento nu<span class="blank _0"></span>ma escala global, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yb ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">esses termos s\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o mui<span class="ff1">to pequ<span class="blank _0"></span>enos. Segundo Hol<span class="blank _0"></span>ton [16], ao se c<span class="blank _0"></span>onsiderar mo<span class="blank _0"></span>vimentos de </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yc ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">escala sin´otica e<span class="blank _0"></span>m latitudes m´<span class="blank _0"></span>edias, e tendo-<span class="ff2">se ex<span class="blank _0"></span>clu´\u0131do os ter<span class="blank _0"></span>mos de menores<span class="blank _0"></span> ordens de </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yd ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">grandeza, as comp<span class="blank _0"></span>onentes zonal e <span class="blank _0"></span>meridional d<span class="blank _0"></span>o vento podem ser<span class="blank _0"></span> expressas p<span class="blank _0"></span>elas seguintes </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ye ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">equa¸c\u02dcoes Du Dt <span class="blank _0"></span>= \u22121 \u03c1 \u2202p \u2202x +<span class="blank _0"></span> fv + Frx, (10)<span class="blank _0"></span> Dv Dt = \u22121 \u03c1 \u2202p<span class="blank _0"></span> \u2202y \u2212 fu + Fry, (<span class="blank _0"></span>11) onde f = </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yf ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2\u2126sen\u03c6 ´e o chamad<span class="blank _0"></span>o par\u02c6ame<span class="blank _0"></span>tro de Coriolis, e<span class="blank _0"></span> \u03c6 ´e a latitude d<span class="blank _0"></span>o local (f e <span class="blank _0"></span>\u03c6 s\u02dcao positivos n<span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y10 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Hemisf´erio Nor<span class="blank _0"></span>te e negativos no H<span class="blank _0"></span>emisf´eri<span class="blank _0"></span>o Sul). Assim, pelas Eqs. <span class="blank _0"></span>(10) e (11), verifica<span class="blank _0"></span>mos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y11 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">que as tr\u02c6es for¸<span class="blank _0"></span>cas determ<span class="blank _0"></span>inantes da velocidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e e dire¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao do vento h<span class="blank _0"></span>orizontal s\u02dcao: a for¸<span class="blank _0"></span>ca </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y12 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">do gradiente de pre<span class="blank _0"></span>ss\u02dcao, a for¸ca<span class="blank _0"></span> de Corioli<span class="blank _0"></span>s e a for¸c<span class="blank _0"></span>a de atrito. O apr<span class="blank _0"></span>oveitamento da <span class="blank _0"></span>energia </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y13 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">e´olica 1304-5 E<span class="blank _0"></span>m resumo, o vent<span class="blank _0"></span>o surge basica<span class="blank _0"></span>me<span class="ff2">nte pela a¸c\u02dcao da f<span class="blank _0"></span>or¸ca do gr<span class="blank _0"></span>adiente de </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y14 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">press\u02dcao. Apenas ap´o<span class="blank _0"></span>s iniciad<span class="blank _0"></span>o o movimento, as<span class="blank _0"></span> for¸cas de atrito e de<span class="blank _0"></span> Coriolis passam <span class="blank _0"></span>a atuar, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y15 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">mas somente para <span class="blank _0"></span>modificar o <span class="blank _0"></span>movimento,<span class="blank _0"></span> e n\u02dcao para pr<span class="blank _0"></span>oduzi<span class="ff1">-lo, sendo o vento contr<span class="blank _0"></span>olado </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y16 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">pela combina¸c\u02dcao dessa<span class="blank _0"></span>s for¸cas. A <span class="blank _0"></span>origem das difere<span class="blank _0"></span>n¸cas de press\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o est´a no aqu<span class="blank _0"></span>ecimento </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y17 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">diferencial da superf<span class="blank _0"></span>´\u0131cie terrestre<span class="blank _0"></span> e do ar at<span class="blank _0"></span>mosf´erico pela rad<span class="blank _0"></span>ia¸c\u02dcao solar, de <span class="blank _0"></span>maneira que a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y18 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">energia contida no v<span class="blank _0"></span>ento ´e, na re<span class="blank _0"></span>alidade, uma f<span class="blank _0"></span>orma secund´aria d<span class="blank _0"></span>a energia s<span class="blank _0"></span>olar. A press\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y19 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">a<span class="ff2 ws1">tmosf´erica e suas <span class="blank _0"></span>varia¸c\u02dcoes est\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao intimamente<span class="blank _0"></span> relacionadas<span class="blank _0"></span> com a temp<span class="blank _0"></span>eratura do a<span class="blank _0"></span>r e as </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">trocas de calor na<span class="blank _0"></span> atmosfera. Se a T<span class="blank _0"></span>erra n\u02dcao girasse<span class="blank _0"></span> (\u2126 = 0) e n\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao houvesse atri<span class="blank _0"></span>to (Fr = 0), o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ar escoaria direta<span class="blank _0"></span>mente de ´areas<span class="blank _0"></span> de maior press\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o para ´areas<span class="blank _0"></span> de press\u02dcao mais baixas. A </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">for¸ca de Coriolis n\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o possu<span class="blank _0"></span>i capacidade de alterar<span class="blank _0"></span> o m´<span class="blank _0"></span>odulo da acelera¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao ou da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">velocidade do ar,<span class="blank _0"></span> mas apenas a d<span class="blank _0"></span>ire¸c\u02dcao, u<span class="blank _0"></span>ma vez que a sua a<span class="blank _0"></span>tua¸c\u02dcao ocorr<span class="blank _0"></span>e sempre </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">perpendicularmen<span class="blank _0"></span>te ao mo<span class="blank _0"></span>vimento. Dessa f<span class="blank _0"></span>orma, verifi- camos que <span class="ff2">a e<span class="blank _0"></span>xist\u02c6encia <span class="blank _0"></span>de vento </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1f ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">zonal acarreta u<span class="blank _0"></span>ma acelera¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao na dire¸c\u02dcao meridi<span class="blank _0"></span>onal e vi<span class="blank _0"></span>ce<span class="ff1">-versa. A for¸ca d<span class="blank _0"></span>e Coriolis </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y20 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">promove a curva<span class="blank _0"></span>tura de tra<span class="blank _0"></span>jet´orias para a direita<span class="blank _0"></span> no Hemisf<span class="blank _0"></span>´erio Norte e para a<span class="blank _0"></span> esqu<span class="blank _0"></span>erda no </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y21 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Hemisf´erio Sul. A sua in<span class="blank _0"></span>ten<span class="blank _0"></span>sidade ´e proporcion<span class="ff2">al <span class="blank _0"></span>`a velocidade, <span class="blank _0"></span>e ´e tamb´em<span class="blank _0"></span> fun¸c\u02dcao da </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y22 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">latitude (f = 2\u2126sen\u03c6<span class="blank _0"></span>), sendo tanto <span class="blank _0"></span>mais intensa quant<span class="blank _0"></span>o maior for a lati<span class="blank _0"></span>tude e sen<span class="blank _0"></span>do nula sobre </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y23 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">o Equador (\u03c6 = 0). A Eq. <span class="blank _0"></span>(9) ´e uma das <span class="blank _0"></span>equa¸c\u02dcoes b´a<span class="blank _0"></span>sicas empregadas<span class="blank _0"></span> na modelag<span class="blank _0"></span>em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y24 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">matem´atica dos <span class="blank _0"></span>movimentos d<span class="blank _0"></span>e ar a<span class="ff2">tmosf´erico, representan<span class="blank _0"></span>do a conser<span class="blank _0"></span>va¸c\u02dcao de </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">momento. Duas outras<span class="blank _0"></span> equa¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcoes, representando<span class="blank _0"></span> a conserva¸c\u02dcao<span class="blank _0"></span> de massa e d<span class="blank _0"></span>e energia </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">s\u02dcao utilizadas adici<span class="blank _0"></span>onalmen<span class="blank _0"></span>te pelos modelos <span class="blank _0"></span>meteorol´ogicos. A<span class="blank _0"></span> conserva¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao de energia <span class="blank _0"></span>´e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y27 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">expressa em tem<span class="blank _0"></span>os da equa¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcao de<span class="ff1"> </span>energia ter<span class="blank _0"></span>modin\u02c6amica, que l<span class="blank _0"></span>eva em cont<span class="blank _0"></span>a as </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y28 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">transforma¸c\u02dcoes de<span class="blank _0"></span> energia que o<span class="blank _0"></span>correm na atm<span class="blank _0"></span>osfera, incluind<span class="blank _0"></span>o o aquecimento pela </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y29 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">radia¸c\u02dcao solar e<span class="blank _0"></span> as mudan<span class="blank _0"></span>¸cas de fase da ´agua. A <span class="blank _0"></span>forma mais usual<span class="blank _0"></span> da equa¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao de energia </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">termodin\u02c6amica ´<span class="blank _0"></span>e apresen<span class="blank _0"></span>tada na equa¸c\u02dcao cv DT <span class="blank _0"></span>Dt + p D\u03b1 Dt =<span class="blank _0"></span> J, (12) em que <span class="blank _0"></span>cv ´e o calor </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">espec´\u0131fico a volu<span class="blank _0"></span>me constante para <span class="blank _0"></span>o ar seco, <span class="blank _0"></span>T ´e a temper<span class="blank _0"></span>atura do ar, \u03b1<span class="blank _0"></span> ´e o volume </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">espec´\u0131fico do ar<span class="blank _0"></span> e J ´e a taxa de aqu<span class="blank _0"></span>ecimento p<span class="blank _0"></span>or unidade de <span class="blank _0"></span>massa devid<span class="blank _0"></span>o a radia¸c\u02dcao, </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">condu¸c\u02dcao e libera¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o de cal<span class="blank _0"></span>or latente. A cons<span class="blank _0"></span>erva¸c\u02dcao de mas<span class="blank _0"></span>sa ´e expressa em <span class="blank _0"></span>termos da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">equa¸c\u02dcao da continuid<span class="blank _0"></span>ade, apresentada<span class="blank _0"></span> na Eq. (13), e<span class="blank _0"></span> relaciona a taxa de<span class="blank _0"></span> ac´umu<span class="blank _0"></span>lo de massa </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">com a diverg\u02c6encia<span class="blank _0"></span> da velocidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e do fluido 1 \u03c1 D\u03c1<span class="blank _0"></span> Dt + <span class="ff3 ls3">\u2207</span><span class="ff1"> · U = 0. (13) 3.<span class="blank _0"></span>2. Vento em alto<span class="blank _0"></span>s </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">n<span class="ff2 ws1">´\u0131veis A atmosfera da<span class="blank _0"></span> Terra ´e co<span class="blank _0"></span>mumente dividid<span class="blank _0"></span>a em camadas<span class="blank _0"></span>: troposfera, est<span class="blank _0"></span>ratosfera, </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">mesosfera e ex<span class="blank _0"></span>osfera. Destas ca<span class="blank _0"></span>madas, a tr<span class="blank _0"></span>oposfera ´e a que s<span class="blank _0"></span>e encontra mais<span class="blank _0"></span> pr´oxi<span class="blank _0"></span>ma `a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">superf´\u0131cie e estend<span class="blank _0"></span>e<span class="ff1">-se at´<span class="blank _0"></span>e alturas que varia<span class="blank _0"></span>m de 8 km n<span class="blank _0"></span>os p´olos at´e <span class="blank _0"></span>17 km pr´oximo ao </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Equador. A regi\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o de transi¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcao entre a tr<span class="blank _0"></span>oposfera e a estrat<span class="blank _0"></span>osfera chama<span class="ff1">-se tropopau<span class="blank _0"></span>sa, e </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">atua como uma fr<span class="blank _0"></span>onteira ap<span class="blank _0"></span>roximadamente r´\u0131gi<span class="blank _0"></span>da para o ar<span class="blank _0"></span> troposf´eric<span class="blank _0"></span>o. E na ´ troposfera </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">que ocorrem pra<span class="blank _0"></span>ticamente<span class="blank _0"></span> todos os processos<span class="blank _0"></span> relacion<span class="blank _0"></span>ados com <span class="ff2">os fen\u02c6omenos </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">meteorol´ogic<span class="blank _0"></span>os e as muda<span class="blank _0"></span>n¸cas do tempo, send<span class="blank _0"></span>o, portanto, o alv<span class="blank _0"></span>o de estud<span class="blank _0"></span>o da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Meteorologia. Assi<span class="blank _0"></span>m, ao lo<span class="blank _0"></span>ngo deste artig<span class="blank _0"></span>o, ao se utiliz<span class="blank _0"></span>ar as express\u02dcoes <span class="blank _0"></span>\u201cn´\u0131veis atmosf´erico<span class="blank _0"></span>s </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yb ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">elevados\u201d ou \u201cm<span class="blank _0"></span>ovimentos em alt<span class="blank _0"></span>os n´\u0131veis\u201d, r<span class="blank _0"></span>efere<span class="ff1">-se `as alturas corresp<span class="blank _0"></span>ondentes ao topo da </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">troposfera terrestre.<span class="blank _0"></span> Em n´\u0131veis a<span class="blank _0"></span>tmosf´eric<span class="blank _0"></span>os afastados da superf´\u0131ci<span class="blank _0"></span>e terrestre, <span class="blank _0"></span>o atrito pod<span class="blank _0"></span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yd ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ser desprezado <span class="blank _0"></span>e o vento p<span class="blank _0"></span>ode ser descrit<span class="blank _0"></span>o pelo equil´\u0131b<span class="blank _0"></span>rio entre a for¸ca d<span class="blank _0"></span>e Coriolis e do </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ye ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">gradiente de press\u02dcao<span class="blank _0"></span>, sendo essa apr<span class="blank _0"></span>oxima¸c\u02dcao cha<span class="blank _0"></span>mada de aproxi<span class="blank _0"></span>ma¸c\u02dcao geostr´<span class="blank _0"></span>ofica. As </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yf ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">parcelas de ar inicial<span class="blank _0"></span>mente em r<span class="blank _0"></span>epouso e sujei<span class="blank _0"></span>tas a um grad<span class="blank _0"></span>iente de press\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o, come¸cam a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y10 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">acelerar-<span class="ff2 ws1">se em dir<span class="blank _0"></span>e¸c\u02dcao `a<span class="blank _0"></span> press\u02dcao mais baixa. A f<span class="blank _0"></span>or¸ca de C<span class="blank _0"></span>oriolis cresce<span class="blank _0"></span> `a medida qu<span class="blank _0"></span>e a </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y11 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">velocidade aument<span class="blank _0"></span>a fazendo com qu<span class="blank _0"></span>e as parcelas de <span class="blank _0"></span>ar sejam gradati<span class="blank _0"></span>vamente d<span class="blank _0"></span>efletidas at´e<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y12 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">que, eventual<span class="blank _0"></span>mente, as duas for¸ca<span class="blank _0"></span>s entrem e<span class="blank _0"></span>m equil´\u0131brio e as parcel<span class="blank _0"></span>as passa<span class="blank _0"></span>m a mover<span class="ff1">-se </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y13 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">perpendicularmen<span class="blank _0"></span>te ao gradien<span class="blank _0"></span>te de press\u02dcao e paral<span class="blank _0"></span>elamente `as is<span class="blank _0"></span>´obaras (is<span class="blank _0"></span>olinhas de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y14 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">press\u02dcao constante),<span class="blank _0"></span> com velocidade<span class="blank _0"></span> constante e <span class="blank _0"></span>em trajet´orias r<span class="blank _0"></span>etil´\u0131neas, c<span class="blank _0"></span>omo mostradas </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y15 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">na Fig. 3. Como a for¸ca<span class="blank _0"></span> de Coriolis des<span class="blank _0"></span>via as traje<span class="blank _0"></span>t´orias de ar para<span class="blank _0"></span> a direita no<span class="blank _0"></span> Hemisf´eri<span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y16 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Norte e para a esquerda<span class="blank _0"></span> no Hemisf<span class="blank _0"></span>´erio Sul, o <span class="blank _0"></span>vento em equil´\u0131bri<span class="blank _0"></span>o resultante, p<span class="ff1">ara uma </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y17 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">mesma distribui¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcao de pr<span class="blank _0"></span>ess\u02dcao, possui sentid<span class="blank _0"></span>os opostos em cad<span class="blank _0"></span>a hemisf´eri<span class="blank _0"></span>o. Esse </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y18 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">movimento n\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o<span class="ff1 ws0">-</span>acelerado e retil´\u0131n<span class="blank _0"></span>eo das parcelas d<span class="blank _0"></span>e ar possui intensidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e proporcional<span class="blank _0"></span> `a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y19 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">intensidade dos gra<span class="blank _0"></span>dientes<span class="blank _0"></span> de press\u02dcao, e ´e<span class="blank _0"></span> denominad<span class="blank _0"></span>o vento geostr´ofi<span class="ff1">co. Figu<span class="blank _0"></span>ra 3 - <span class="ls4">O </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">vento geostr´ofi<span class="blank _0"></span>co ´e resultad<span class="blank _0"></span>o do equil´\u0131brio entr<span class="blank _0"></span>e a for¸ca de<span class="blank _0"></span> Coriolis (FCO) e a f<span class="blank _0"></span>or¸ca do </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">gradiente de press\u02dcao<span class="blank _0"></span> atmosf´eri<span class="blank _0"></span>ca (FP ) em n´\u0131<span class="blank _0"></span>veis atmosf´eric<span class="blank _0"></span>os elevado<span class="blank _0"></span>s. Vale enfatizar qu<span class="blank _0"></span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">o vento geostr´ofic<span class="blank _0"></span>o ´e um mod<span class="blank _0"></span>elo idealizado que<span class="blank _0"></span> apenas aproxima o <span class="blank _0"></span>comportament<span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">verdadeiro do es<span class="blank _0"></span>coamento <span class="blank _0"></span>de ar em altos n´\u0131v<span class="blank _0"></span>eis (ond<span class="blank _0"></span>e as for¸cas de atri<span class="blank _0"></span>to n\u02dcao s\u02dcao </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">significativas) e<span class="blank _0"></span>m latitudes m´edias<span class="blank _0"></span> e altas (u<span class="blank _0"></span>ma vez que nas pro<span class="blank _0"></span>ximidades do Eq<span class="blank _0"></span>uador a for¸ca </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de Coriolis ´e prati<span class="blank _0"></span>camente nula).<span class="blank _0"></span> Contudo, na linguag<span class="blank _0"></span>em t´ecnica da <span class="blank _0"></span>energia e´ol<span class="blank _0"></span>ica, o vento </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y20 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">acima de 1304-<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff2">6 Martins et al. algun<span class="blank _0"></span>s poucos quil\u02c6om<span class="blank _0"></span>etros da superf´\u0131cie, qu<span class="blank _0"></span>e n\u02dcao sofre<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y21 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">influ\u02c6encia do atri<span class="blank _0"></span>to da superf´\u0131cie,<span class="blank _0"></span> ´e comu<span class="blank _0"></span>mente refe<span class="blank _0"></span>rido como sendo <span class="blank _0"></span>vento geostr´ofico. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y22 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Apesar de que na at<span class="blank _0"></span>mosfera real os vent<span class="blank _0"></span>os nunca serem pura<span class="blank _0"></span>mente ge<span class="blank _0"></span>ostr´oficos, o vent<span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y23 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">geostr´ofico idealiz<span class="blank _0"></span>ado fornece u<span class="blank _0"></span>ma aproxi<span class="blank _0"></span>ma¸c\u02dcao ´util dos <span class="blank _0"></span>ventos reais em<span class="blank _0"></span> altos n´\u0131veis.<span class="blank _0"></span> Os </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">maiores desvi<span class="blank _0"></span>os do vento e<span class="blank _0"></span>m rela¸c\u02dcao a<span class="blank _0"></span>o vento geost<span class="blank _0"></span>r´ofico ocorre<span class="blank _0"></span>m quando as <span class="blank _0"></span>massas de ar </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y25 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">percorrem trajet´<span class="blank _0"></span>orias de g<span class="blank _0"></span>rande curvatura. Ao<span class="blank _0"></span> observar-se um <span class="blank _0"></span>mapa meteorol´<span class="blank _0"></span>ogico de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">press\u02dcao num n´\u0131<span class="blank _0"></span>vel vertical fixo,<span class="blank _0"></span> verifica<span class="ff1 ws0">-</span>se que geral<span class="blank _0"></span>mente as i<span class="blank _0"></span>s´obaras n\u02dcao s\u02dcao re<span class="blank _0"></span>tas, mas </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y27 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">formam curvas e <span class="blank _0"></span>ocasionalment<span class="blank _0"></span>e se conectam<span class="blank _0"></span> formand<span class="blank _0"></span>o c´elulas aproximada<span class="blank _0"></span>mente circul<span class="blank _0"></span>are<span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ls2">s </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y28 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de alta ou baixa press\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao. N<span class="blank _0"></span>estes locais, o vent<span class="blank _0"></span>o geostr´ofico <span class="blank _0"></span>´e modificado,<span class="blank _0"></span> passando a s<span class="blank _0"></span>er </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y29 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">denominado vent<span class="blank _0"></span>o gradiente. O vent<span class="blank _0"></span>o gradiente <span class="blank _0"></span>tamb´em ´e paralel<span class="blank _0"></span>o `as is´obara<span class="blank _0"></span>s curvil´\u0131ne<span class="blank _0"></span>as, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">`a custa de um des<span class="blank _0"></span>equil´\u0131brio entre as<span class="blank _0"></span> for¸cas de Cori<span class="blank _0"></span>olis e d<span class="blank _0"></span>o gradiente de press\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao, que </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">resulta em uma <span class="blank _0"></span>acelera¸c\u02dcao centr´\u0131p<span class="blank _0"></span>eta, respons´a<span class="blank _0"></span>vel pela curvatur<span class="blank _0"></span>a das parcela<span class="blank _0"></span>s de ar em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">torno das c´elulas de<span class="blank _0"></span> alta e baixa pr<span class="blank _0"></span>ess\u02dcao. Isso ´e ex<span class="blank _0"></span>emplificado<span class="blank _0"></span> na Fig. 4 para o<span class="blank _0"></span> Hemisf´erio </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Sul, onde o vent<span class="blank _0"></span>o escoa no sentid<span class="blank _0"></span>o hor´ario e<span class="ff2">m t<span class="blank _0"></span>orno das baixas press\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes e em <span class="blank _0"></span>sentido anti<span class="ff1">-</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">hor´ario em torn<span class="blank _0"></span>o das altas press\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes (o oposto o<span class="blank _0"></span>corre no Hemisf´eri<span class="blank _0"></span>o Norte). As<span class="blank _0"></span> baixas </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">press\u02dcoes s\u02dcao c<span class="blank _0"></span>omumente denominad<span class="blank _0"></span>as ciclones, <span class="blank _0"></span>enquan<span class="blank _0"></span>to altas press\u02dcoes s\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">denominadas anticicl<span class="blank _0"></span>ones. Figu<span class="blank _0"></span>ra 4 - Vento gradiente no He<span class="blank _0"></span>misf´erio Sul e<span class="blank _0"></span>m torno de centr<span class="blank _0"></span>os </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y4 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de baixa press\u02dcao <span class="blank _0"></span>(B) e de alta press\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o (A). FCO E a f<span class="blank _0"></span>or¸ ´ ca Coriolis<span class="blank _0"></span> e FP a for¸c<span class="blank _0"></span>a do gradiente </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de press\u02dcao. 3.<span class="blank _0"></span>3. Vento nas proxi<span class="blank _0"></span>midades da superf´\u0131ci<span class="blank _0"></span>e Nos n´\u0131v<span class="blank _0"></span>eis atmosf´erico<span class="blank _0"></span>s mais baixos,<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">as aproxima¸c<span class="ff2">\u02dcoes<span class="blank _0"></span> de vento geostr<span class="blank _0"></span>´ofico e de ven<span class="blank _0"></span>to gradiente n\u02dcao pode<span class="blank _0"></span>m mais <span class="blank _0"></span>ser aplicadas, </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">devido a modifica¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcoes no equil´\u0131b<span class="blank _0"></span>rio de for¸cas pr<span class="blank _0"></span>omovidas pelo atrit<span class="blank _0"></span>o oferecid<span class="blank _0"></span>o pela </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y8 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">superf´\u0131cie. O rel<span class="blank _0"></span>evo e a presen¸ca de<span class="blank _0"></span> obst´acul<span class="blank _0"></span>os moldam o escoa<span class="blank _0"></span>mento do ar s<span class="blank _0"></span>obre a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">supe<span class="ff2 ws1">rf´\u0131cie terrestre,<span class="blank _0"></span> bem como g<span class="blank _0"></span>eram turbul\u02c6encias n<span class="blank _0"></span>o fluxo. A rug<span class="blank _0"></span>osidade da su<span class="blank _0"></span>perf´\u0131cie ´e a </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">propriedade f´\u0131sica qu<span class="blank _0"></span>e descrev<span class="blank _0"></span>e a a¸c\u02dcao da sup<span class="blank _0"></span>erf´\u0131cie terr<span class="blank _0"></span>estre na redu<span class="blank _0"></span>¸c\u02dcao do mom<span class="blank _0"></span>ento e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yb ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">na absor¸c\u02dcao do impac<span class="blank _0"></span>to dos <span class="blank _0"></span>ventos. Define<span class="ff1">-se a ca<span class="blank _0"></span>mada limite<span class="blank _0"></span> atmosf´er<span class="ff2">ica como a<span class="blank _0"></span> regi\u02dcao </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">compreendida entre a<span class="blank _0"></span> superf´\u0131cie<span class="blank _0"></span> e uma altura<span class="blank _0"></span> vari´avel entr<span class="blank _0"></span>e 100 e 300<span class="blank _0"></span>0 m de altura e que<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yd ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">apresenta um co<span class="blank _0"></span>mportame<span class="blank _0"></span>nto diferente do r<span class="blank _0"></span>estante da at<span class="blank _0"></span>mosfera devido `as<span class="blank _0"></span> intera¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ye ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">superf´\u0131cie<span class="ff1">-</span><span class="ws1">atm<span class="blank _0"></span>osfera [17]. <span class="blank _0"></span>A influ\u02c6encia da sup<span class="blank _0"></span>erf´\u0131cie ´e <span class="ff1">especial<span class="blank _0"></span>mente dominant<span class="blank _0"></span>e numa </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">camada chamada<span class="blank _0"></span> camada sup<span class="blank _0"></span>erficial, compreendend<span class="blank _0"></span>o os primeiros <span class="blank _0"></span>50-100 m da atm<span class="blank _0"></span>osfera </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y10 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">[18], onde ocorre<span class="blank _0"></span>m os interc\u02c6<span class="blank _0"></span>ambios de moment<span class="blank _0"></span>o, calor e umidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e entre a supe<span class="blank _0"></span>rf´\u0131cie e o ar </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y11 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">atmosf´erico. A rug<span class="blank _0"></span>osidade da superf´\u0131ci<span class="blank _0"></span>e ocasiona a<span class="ff1 ls1"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"></span>edu¸c\u02dcao da vel<span class="blank _0"></span>ocidade do ar e, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y12 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">portanto, da intensid<span class="blank _0"></span>ade da for¸ca<span class="blank _0"></span> de Coriolis, j´a<span class="blank _0"></span> que esta ´e pr<span class="blank _0"></span>oporcional ao <span class="blank _0"></span>m´odulo da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y13 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">velocidade. Conseq¨u<span class="blank _0"></span>entement<span class="blank _0"></span>e, o vento dei<span class="blank _0"></span>xa de escoar paral<span class="blank _0"></span>elamente `as<span class="blank _0"></span> is´obaras, co<span class="blank _0"></span>mo </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y14 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">descrito anterior<span class="blank _0"></span>mente para o <span class="blank _0"></span>escoamento e<span class="ff2">m altos n<span class="blank _0"></span>´\u0131veis. Nas pro<span class="blank _0"></span>ximidades da<span class="blank _0"></span> superf´\u0131cie, o<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y15 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">vento apresenta u<span class="blank _0"></span>ma componente<span class="blank _0"></span> no sentido da f<span class="blank _0"></span>or¸ca do gradiente d<span class="blank _0"></span>e press\u02dcao. Dessa </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y16 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">forma, o escoam<span class="blank _0"></span>ento cicl\u02c6onico c<span class="blank _0"></span>onverge em dire¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao `a baixa pre<span class="blank _0"></span>ss\u02dcao, enqu<span class="blank _0"></span>anto nos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y17 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">anticiclones o ar di<span class="blank _0"></span>verge, af<span class="blank _0"></span>astando-<span class="ff2">se do centro de<span class="blank _0"></span> alta press\u02dcao (Fig<span class="blank _0"></span>. 5). A converg<span class="blank _0"></span>\u02c6encia de </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y18 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ar provoca movi<span class="blank _0"></span>mentos asc<span class="blank _0"></span>endentes sobre o<span class="blank _0"></span>s centros <span class="blank _0"></span>de baixa press\u02dcao, <span class="blank _0"></span>ocasionan<span class="blank _0"></span>do </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y19 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">instabilidades e p<span class="blank _0"></span>ossibilitando forma¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao de nuvens<span class="blank _0"></span> e chuva. Nos c<span class="blank _0"></span>entros de al<span class="blank _0"></span>ta press\u02dcao </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ocorrem movi<span class="blank _0"></span>mentos descendentes d<span class="blank _0"></span>e ar, e n<span class="blank _0"></span>ormalmente o te<span class="blank _0"></span>mpo ´e bom e <span class="blank _0"></span>est´avel. Figura 5 </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">- <span class="ff2">Circula¸c\u02dcao atmosf´<span class="blank _0"></span>erica nas proxi<span class="blank _0"></span>midades de centr<span class="blank _0"></span>os de baixa pre<span class="blank _0"></span>ss\u02dcao (B) e <span class="blank _0"></span>alta press\u02dcao </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">(A) no Hemisf´eri<span class="blank _0"></span>o Sul sob a influ<span class="blank _0"></span>\u02c6encia do atrit<span class="blank _0"></span>o da superf´\u0131cie. Al´<span class="blank _0"></span>em do comp<span class="blank _0"></span>ortamento </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">turb<span class="ff2 ws1">ulento devid<span class="blank _0"></span>o `as intera¸c\u02dcoes <span class="blank _0"></span>superf´\u0131cie<span class="ff1">-atmosf<span class="blank _0"></span>era, outro aspecto imp<span class="blank _0"></span>ortante a ser </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">considerado ´e <span class="blank _0"></span>o cisalhamento d<span class="blank _0"></span>o vento. A vel<span class="blank _0"></span>ocidade do vento ´e<span class="blank _0"></span> nula a alturas p<span class="blank _0"></span>r´oximas `a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1f ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">superf´\u0131cie e apr<span class="blank _0"></span>oximadamente ge<span class="blank _0"></span>ostr´ofica na a<span class="blank _0"></span>tmosfera livre. Na ca<span class="blank _0"></span>mada super<span class="ff1">ficial obs<span class="blank _0"></span>erva-</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y20 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">se um perfil verti<span class="blank _0"></span>cal apro- O apro<span class="blank _0"></span>veitamento da en<span class="blank _0"></span>ergia e´oli<span class="blank _0"></span>ca 1304-7 ximada<span class="blank _0"></span>mente </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y21 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">logar´\u0131tmico do <span class="blank _0"></span>m´odulo da<span class="blank _0"></span> velocidade do vent<span class="blank _0"></span>o, como apres<span class="blank _0"></span>entado grafica<span class="blank _0"></span>mente na Fig. 6. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y22 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Prandtl desenvolv<span class="blank _0"></span>eu a seguinte expr<span class="blank _0"></span>ess\u02dcao logar´\u0131t<span class="blank _0"></span>mica emp´\u0131ri<span class="blank _0"></span>ca para<span class="ff1"> </span>a varia¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y23 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">velocidade do <span class="blank _0"></span>vento na vertical e<span class="blank _0"></span>m uma camada<span class="blank _0"></span> limite turb<span class="blank _0"></span>ulenta [12] <span class="blank _0"></span>v(z) = v<span class="ff3 ws2">\u2217</span><span class="ls1"> </span><span class="ff2">\u03ba ln z z0 , (14) </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">onde a varia¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o da velocid<span class="blank _0"></span>ade com a altura ver<span class="blank _0"></span>tical z, ´e dada <span class="blank _0"></span>em fun¸c\u02dcao da <span class="blank _0"></span>velocidade de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">fric¸c\u02dcao (v<span class="ff3 ws2">\u2217</span><span class="ff1">), da </span>cons<span class="blank _0"></span>tante de von <span class="blank _0"></span>Karm´an (\u03ba), <span class="ff1">e do c<span class="blank _0"></span>omprimento d<span class="blank _0"></span>e rugosidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e (z0). O </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">comprimento de rug<span class="blank _0"></span>osidade corresp<span class="blank _0"></span>onde `a altura <span class="blank _0"></span>em que o vento, pr´o<span class="blank _0"></span>ximo `a sup<span class="blank _0"></span>erf´\u0131cie, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y27 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">assume valor zer<span class="blank _0"></span>o, e depende do r<span class="blank _0"></span>elevo e obst´a<span class="blank _0"></span>culos da sup<span class="blank _0"></span>erf´\u0131cie. Contud<span class="blank _0"></span>o, o perfil real de<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y28 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">velocidades na v<span class="blank _0"></span>ertical depende t<span class="ff2">amb´e<span class="blank _0"></span>m da estratific<span class="blank _0"></span>a¸c\u02dcao de te<span class="blank _0"></span>mperatura e pr<span class="blank _0"></span>ess\u02dcao na </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y29 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">atmosfera. Figura 6 -<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="ff2">Perfil verti<span class="blank _0"></span>cal da velocidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e do vento d<span class="blank _0"></span>esde a superf´\u0131ci<span class="blank _0"></span>e at´e a altura<span class="blank _0"></span> do </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">vento geostr´ofi<span class="blank _0"></span>co. O compriment<span class="blank _0"></span>o da rugosidade <span class="blank _0"></span>(z0) ´e a altura <span class="blank _0"></span>onde a velocida<span class="blank _0"></span>de ´e nula. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.4. Circu<span class="ff2">la¸c\u02dcao G<span class="blank _0"></span>eral da Atmosfera<span class="blank _0"></span> e ventos predo<span class="blank _0"></span>minantes Os<span class="blank _0"></span> movimentos at<span class="blank _0"></span>mosf´ericos e </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">os sistemas mete<span class="blank _0"></span>orol´ogico<span class="blank _0"></span>s aos quais est\u02dcao r<span class="blank _0"></span>elacionados possue<span class="blank _0"></span>m diferentes pad<span class="blank _0"></span>r\u02dcoes de </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">circula¸c\u02dcao, com difer<span class="blank _0"></span>entes dimens\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes espaciais<span class="blank _0"></span> e tempos de <span class="blank _0"></span>vida, de maneira <span class="blank _0"></span>que o se<span class="ff1 ls5">u </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">estudo, na Meteor<span class="blank _0"></span>ologia, ´e realiz<span class="blank _0"></span>ado atrav´e<span class="blank _0"></span>s da subdivis\u02dcao <span class="blank _0"></span>em escalas. Segu<span class="blank _0"></span>ndo Lutg<span class="blank _0"></span>ens e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Tarbuck [20], os <span class="blank _0"></span>moviment<span class="blank _0"></span>os atmosf´eric<span class="blank _0"></span>os s\u02dcao enquad<span class="blank _0"></span>rados nas seguintes <span class="blank _0"></span>escalas de temp<span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">e espa¸co: \u2022 Micr<span class="blank _0"></span>oescala: dimens\u02dco<span class="blank _0"></span>es de meno<span class="blank _0"></span>s de 1 km e temp<span class="blank _0"></span>os de vida d<span class="ff1">e seg<span class="blank _0"></span>undos a </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y4 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">minutos; \u2022 Mes<span class="blank _0"></span>oescala: dimens\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes de 1 a <span class="blank _0"></span>100 km e temp<span class="blank _0"></span>os de vida de <span class="blank _0"></span>minutos a dias; <span class="blank _0"></span>\u2022 </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Escala sin´otica: di<span class="blank _0"></span>mens\u02dcoes de 1<span class="blank _0"></span>00<span class="ff1 ws0">-</span>5000 km e t<span class="blank _0"></span>empos de vida de dia<span class="blank _0"></span>s a semana<span class="blank _0"></span>; \u2022 Escala </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">planet´aria: dim<span class="blank _0"></span>ens\u02dcoes de 1000<span class="ff1 ws0">-</span>40<span class="blank _0"></span>000 km e dura¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao de se<span class="blank _0"></span>manas a ano<span class="ff1">s. Os movi<span class="blank _0"></span>mentos de </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">escala planet´aria s\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o primaria<span class="blank _0"></span>mente causad<span class="blank _0"></span>os pelo aquecim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento diferencial d<span class="blank _0"></span>a superf´\u0131cie<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y8 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">terrestre, e<span class="blank _0"></span>m que a irradia¸c\u02dcao s<span class="blank _0"></span>olar incide c<span class="blank _0"></span>om maior intensidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e nas regi\u02dco<span class="blank _0"></span>es pr´oximas ao </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y9 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Equador. Os movi<span class="blank _0"></span>mentos q<span class="blank _0"></span>ue surgem a partir<span class="blank _0"></span> de ent\u02dca<span class="ff1">o agem para pro<span class="blank _0"></span>mover uma </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">redistribui¸c\u02dcao de<span class="blank _0"></span> calor (transporte<span class="blank _0"></span> de ar quente para<span class="blank _0"></span> os p´olos e ar fri<span class="blank _0"></span>o para o E<span class="blank _0"></span>quador, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">diminuindo as desig<span class="blank _0"></span>ualdades t´er<span class="blank _0"></span>micas). Al´em diss<span class="blank _0"></span>o, devese ter e<span class="blank _0"></span>m mente,<span class="blank _0"></span> que devido ao </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">movimento de ro<span class="blank _0"></span>ta¸c\u02dcao da Terra, a circu<span class="blank _0"></span>la¸c\u02dcao a<span class="blank _0"></span>tm<span class="ff1">osf´erica planet´aria ´<span class="blank _0"></span>e influenciad<span class="blank _0"></span>a pela </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yd ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">conserva¸c\u02dcao do m<span class="blank _0"></span>omento do sistema<span class="blank _0"></span> TerraAt<span class="blank _0"></span>mosfera. A Fig. 7 apre<span class="blank _0"></span>senta um <span class="blank _0"></span>modelo </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ye ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">conceitual de circul<span class="blank _0"></span>a¸c\u02dcao atmosf´erica pl<span class="blank _0"></span>anet´aria <span class="blank _0"></span>chamado de m<span class="blank _0"></span>odelo de tr\u02c6es c´elulas.<span class="blank _0"></span> Neste </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yf ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">modelo, a circul<span class="blank _0"></span>a¸c\u02dcao em <span class="blank _0"></span>cada hemisf´erio ´e des<span class="blank _0"></span>crita por tr\u02c6<span class="blank _0"></span>es c´elulas meridi<span class="blank _0"></span>onais de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y10 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">circula¸c\u02dcao, cada qu<span class="blank _0"></span>al apresentando<span class="blank _0"></span> dire¸c\u02dcoes de<span class="blank _0"></span> vento pred<span class="blank _0"></span>ominantes `a supe<span class="blank _0"></span>rf´\u0131cie. Apesar </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y11 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de algumas limit<span class="blank _0"></span>a¸c\u02dcoes, este <span class="blank _0"></span>modelo ´e consider<span class="blank _0"></span>ado o melh<span class="blank _0"></span>or modelo si<span class="blank _0"></span>mples da circula¸c\u02dcao </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y12 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">global atmosf´eric<span class="blank _0"></span>a. Ao aquecer-<span class="ff2">se pr´<span class="blank _0"></span>oximo `a superf<span class="blank _0"></span>´\u0131cie, o ar das<span class="blank _0"></span> vizinhan¸cas d<span class="blank _0"></span>o Equador </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y13 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">torna-se mais leve,<span class="blank _0"></span> ascende, resfria-<span class="blank _0"></span>se, e sua umidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e condensa e<span class="blank _0"></span> precipita e<span class="blank _0"></span>m forma de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y14 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">chuva. Chegando ao<span class="blank _0"></span> topo da troposfer<span class="blank _0"></span>a terrestre, <span class="blank _0"></span>o ar, agora frio <span class="blank _0"></span>e seco, desloca-se na </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y15 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">dire¸<span class="ff2 ws1">c\u02dcao de amb<span class="blank _0"></span>os os p´olos for¸cado<span class="blank _0"></span> pelas parcelas <span class="blank _0"></span>de ar que continua<span class="blank _0"></span>mente ascen<span class="blank _0"></span>dem a </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y16 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">partir da superf´\u0131ci<span class="blank _0"></span>e. Nas latitudes en<span class="blank _0"></span>tre 20\u25e6 e 35\u25e6<span class="blank _0"></span> Norte e Sul, o ar des<span class="blank _0"></span>cende at´e<span class="blank _0"></span> a superf´\u0131cie </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y17 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">e parte do ar desc<span class="blank _0"></span>endente <span class="blank _0"></span>dirige-<span class="ff2">se para o Equad<span class="blank _0"></span>or em baixos n´\u0131veis<span class="blank _0"></span>, fech<span class="ff1">ando, assim<span class="blank _0"></span>, </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y18 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">c´elulas de circula¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao chamadas c<span class="blank _0"></span>´elulas de Had<span class="blank _0"></span>ley. N<span class="blank _0"></span>as c´elulas de Hadle<span class="blank _0"></span>y, as corrent<span class="blank _0"></span>es de ar </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y19 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">dirigidas para o Equad<span class="blank _0"></span>or na superf´\u0131cie,<span class="blank _0"></span> s\u02dcao defletida<span class="blank _0"></span>s pela f<span class="blank _0"></span>or¸ca de Coriolis. Assi<span class="blank _0"></span>m, os ventos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">resultantes possu<span class="blank _0"></span>em uma comp<span class="blank _0"></span>onente de lest<span class="blank _0"></span>e para oeste e uma c<span class="blank _0"></span>omponente d<span class="blank _0"></span>os tr´opicos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">para o Equador. Ess<span class="blank _0"></span>es ventos predo<span class="blank _0"></span>minantes em baix<span class="blank _0"></span>os n´\u0131veis, na regi\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao tropic<span class="blank _0"></span>al, s\u02dcao </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">chamados de al´\u0131se<span class="blank _0"></span>os. Nas regi\u02dcoes extr<span class="blank _0"></span>a<span class="ff1 ws0">-</span>tropicais, en<span class="blank _0"></span>tre 30 e 60\u25e6 de la<span class="blank _0"></span>titude, a circu<span class="blank _0"></span>la¸c\u02dcao </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">atmosf´erica resulta <span class="blank _0"></span>em outra c´<span class="blank _0"></span>el<span class="ff2">ula meridional de cir<span class="blank _0"></span>cula¸c\u02dcao em <span class="blank _0"></span>cada hemisf´erio<span class="blank _0"></span>: a c´elula </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de Ferrel. Nesta <span class="blank _0"></span>c´elula, parte do ar de<span class="blank _0"></span>scendente en<span class="blank _0"></span>tre 20\u25e6<span class="blank _0"></span> e 35\u25e6 de latitude<span class="blank _0"></span> escoa e<span class="blank _0"></span>m </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1f ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">dire¸c\u02dcao aos p´ol<span class="blank _0"></span>os nas proximidad<span class="blank _0"></span>es da superf´\u0131cie<span class="blank _0"></span>, at´e ser f<span class="blank _0"></span>or¸cado a subir ao <span class="blank _0"></span>encontrar o ar<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y20 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">mais frio <span class="ff2">e dens<span class="blank _0"></span>o da regi\u02dcao polar. Essa<span class="blank _0"></span> ascens\u02dcao <span class="blank _0"></span>ocorre em t<span class="blank _0"></span>orno de 60\u25e6 de lat<span class="blank _0"></span>itude, </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y21 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">acompanhada de cond<span class="blank _0"></span>ensa¸c\u02dcao de u<span class="blank _0"></span>midade, precipi<span class="blank _0"></span>ta¸c\u02dcao e diverg\u02c6<span class="blank _0"></span>encia do ar<span class="blank _0"></span> em altos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y22 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">n´\u0131veis. Os vent<span class="blank _0"></span>os pr´oximos `a sup<span class="blank _0"></span>erf´\u0131cie s\u02dcao pr<span class="blank _0"></span>edominante<span class="blank _0"></span>mente de oeste<span class="blank _0"></span> para lest<span class="blank _0"></span>e em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y23 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws3">co<span class="ff2 ls0 ws1">nseq¨u\u02c6encia da a¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao da for¸ca d<span class="blank _0"></span>e Coriolis. <span class="blank _0"></span>Existem ainda as<span class="blank _0"></span> c´elulas polar<span class="blank _0"></span>es, em que </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">parcelas do ar, ap<span class="blank _0"></span>´os ascender nas latitud<span class="blank _0"></span>es pr´oxi<span class="blank _0"></span>mas a 60\u25e6, desl<span class="blank _0"></span>ocam<span class="ff1">-se para os p´ol<span class="blank _0"></span>os, </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">descendem exata<span class="blank _0"></span>mente sob<span class="blank _0"></span>re eles e retornam<span class="blank _0"></span> em dire¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao ao Equador, s<span class="blank _0"></span>endo que <span class="ff1">o vento </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">em superf´\u0131cie, defle<span class="blank _0"></span>tido pela for¸<span class="blank _0"></span>ca de Coriolis, <span class="blank _0"></span>´e aproximadam<span class="blank _0"></span>ente de leste<span class="blank _0"></span> para oeste. <span class="blank _0"></span>Este </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y27 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">vento polar, fri<span class="blank _0"></span>o e seco, eventualm<span class="blank _0"></span>ente encontra <span class="blank _0"></span>os ventos de <span class="blank _0"></span>oeste mais qu<span class="blank _0"></span>entes das </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y28 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">latitudes m´edias<span class="blank _0"></span>, constituind<span class="blank _0"></span>o uma regi\u02dcao cham<span class="blank _0"></span>ada frente p<span class="blank _0"></span>olar, o<span class="ff1">nde em geral oc<span class="blank _0"></span>orrem </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y29 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">tempestades. 1<span class="blank _0"></span>304-<span class="ff2">8 Marti<span class="blank _0"></span>ns et al. A ascens\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o de ar junto a<span class="blank _0"></span>o Equador ocasiona<span class="blank _0"></span> alta </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">precipita¸c\u02dcao na reg<span class="blank _0"></span>i\u02dcao que se caract<span class="blank _0"></span>eriza pela pr<span class="blank _0"></span>esen¸ca das fl<span class="blank _0"></span>orestas tropicai<span class="blank _0"></span>s do planeta. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Essa zona de conv<span class="blank _0"></span>erg\u02c6encia de ar ´u<span class="blank _0"></span>mido em super<span class="blank _0"></span>f´\u0131cie e forma¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o de nuvens<span class="blank _0"></span> convectivas ´e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">chamada de Zona<span class="blank _0"></span> de Converg\u02c6encia In<span class="blank _0"></span>tertropical (ZCI<span class="blank _0"></span>T), e constitui<span class="ff1 ws0">-</span>se uma<span class="blank _0"></span> regi\u02dcao de baixas </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">press\u02dcoes (Baixa Equ<span class="blank _0"></span>atorial). A desc<span class="blank _0"></span>end\u02c6encia de ar<span class="blank _0"></span> seco nos cintur\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes de 30<span class="blank _0"></span>\u25e6 de latitude<span class="blank _0"></span> de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ambos os hemisf´<span class="blank _0"></span>erios constitui <span class="ff2">as regi\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes de altas p<span class="blank _0"></span>ress\u02dcoes (Altas Su<span class="blank _0"></span>btropicais), e </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">coincidem com a <span class="blank _0"></span>ocorr\u02c6encia de des<span class="blank _0"></span>ertos. A converg\u02c6<span class="blank _0"></span>encia de ar <span class="blank _0"></span>em baixos n´\u0131<span class="blank _0"></span>veis na frente </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">polar constitui as Baixa<span class="blank _0"></span>s Sub<span class="blank _0"></span>polares, onde ocorre<span class="blank _0"></span>m moviment<span class="blank _0"></span>os de ascens\u02dcao<span class="blank _0"></span> de ar e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y4 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">forma¸c\u02dcao de nuv<span class="blank _0"></span>ens e precipita¸c\u02dcao. Final<span class="blank _0"></span>mente, o<span class="blank _0"></span> ar frio e seco des<span class="blank _0"></span>cendente<span class="blank _0"></span> sobre os </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">p´olos resulta nas Alta<span class="blank _0"></span>s Polares. Fi<span class="blank _0"></span>gura 7 - <span class="ff2">Modelo con<span class="blank _0"></span>ceitual da circul<span class="blank _0"></span>a¸c\u02dcao glob<span class="blank _0"></span>al </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">atmosf´erica, indicand<span class="blank _0"></span>o as c´elulas <span class="blank _0"></span>meridionais e as di<span class="blank _0"></span>re¸c\u02dcoes dos<span class="blank _0"></span> ventos pr´oxi<span class="blank _0"></span>mos `a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">superf´\u0131cie. Tamb´e<span class="blank _0"></span>m<span class="ff1 ls1"> </span>s\u02dcao in<span class="blank _0"></span>dicadas as latitudes t´\u0131pic<span class="blank _0"></span>as de baixas e al<span class="blank _0"></span>tas press\u02dco<span class="blank _0"></span>es. Adaptado </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">da Ref. [20]. Vale<span class="blank _0"></span> enfatizar que os m<span class="blank _0"></span>ovimentos e <span class="blank _0"></span>c´elulas descrit<span class="blank _0"></span>os constitue<span class="blank _0"></span>m apenas um </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y9 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">modelo simplificad<span class="blank _0"></span>o da circu<span class="blank _0"></span>la¸c\u02dcao global atmosf<span class="blank _0"></span>´erica e corre<span class="blank _0"></span>spondem `as c<span class="blank _0"></span>ondi¸c\u02dcoes </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ya ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">m´edias aproximada<span class="blank _0"></span>mente obser<span class="blank _0"></span>vadas ao longo d<span class="blank _0"></span>o ano e em torn<span class="blank _0"></span>o do globo terr<span class="blank _0"></span>estre, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yb ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">indicando os vento<span class="blank _0"></span>s de grande escala<span class="blank _0"></span> predominante<span class="blank _0"></span>s. Na realidade, as circul<span class="blank _0"></span>a¸c\u02dcoes </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">atmosf´ericas e regi\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes de<span class="blank _0"></span> altas e baixas press\u02dco<span class="blank _0"></span>es se m<span class="blank _0"></span>odificam ao long<span class="blank _0"></span>o do ano (co<span class="blank _0"></span>m a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yd ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">modifi<span class="ff2 ws1">ca¸c\u02dcao da inci<span class="blank _0"></span>d\u02c6encia de radi<span class="blank _0"></span>a¸c\u02dcao solar) e<span class="blank _0"></span> tamb´em n\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o s\u02dcao zonal<span class="blank _0"></span>mente uniformes<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ye ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">como na Fig. 7. Essas dif<span class="blank _0"></span>eren¸cas ao l<span class="blank _0"></span>ongo da dire¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o zonal se de<span class="blank _0"></span>vem em grande<span class="blank _0"></span> parte `a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yf ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">distribui¸c\u02dcao de c<span class="blank _0"></span>ontinentes e <span class="blank _0"></span>oceanos, e `as <span class="blank _0"></span>suas diferentes<span class="blank _0"></span> propriedad<span class="blank _0"></span>es t´erm<span class="ff1">icas. A ZCIT </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y10 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">se desloca para latitud<span class="blank _0"></span>es a sul do Equad<span class="blank _0"></span>or durante o <span class="blank _0"></span>ver\u02dcao do He<span class="blank _0"></span>misf´erio Sul, e<span class="blank _0"></span> para </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y11 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">latitudes a norte do<span class="blank _0"></span> Equador duran<span class="blank _0"></span>te o invern<span class="blank _0"></span>o no Hemisf´erio Sul,<span class="blank _0"></span> deslocando <span class="blank _0"></span>tamb´em os </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y12 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ventos al´\u0131seos que pas<span class="blank _0"></span>sam sobre a regi\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao Nordest<span class="blank _0"></span>e do Brasil. <span class="blank _0"></span>Os a<span class="ff1">nticiclones e ciclones </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y13 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">extratropicais, c<span class="blank _0"></span>om suas frentes fria<span class="blank _0"></span>s e quentes, s\u02dcao<span class="blank _0"></span> siste<span class="blank _0"></span>mas sin´oticos que al´<span class="blank _0"></span>em de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y14 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">respons´aveis pelas <span class="blank _0"></span>mudan¸cas n<span class="blank _0"></span>as condi¸c\u02dcoes de <span class="blank _0"></span>tempo (nebulosidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e, precipi<span class="blank _0"></span>ta¸c\u02dcao, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y15 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">tempestades e<span class="blank _0"></span> mudan¸cas bruscas de t<span class="blank _0"></span>emperatura)<span class="blank _0"></span> nas latitudes m´edias, ta<span class="blank _0"></span>mb´em pro<span class="blank _0"></span>vocam </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y16 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">varia¸c\u02dcoes nas intensid<span class="blank _0"></span>ades e dir<span class="blank _0"></span>e¸c\u02dcoes dos vent<span class="blank _0"></span>os nos altos e baix<span class="blank _0"></span>os n´\u0131veis at<span class="blank _0"></span>mosf´ericos. A<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y17 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Fig. 8 apresenta, para u<span class="blank _0"></span>m n´\u0131vel pr<span class="blank _0"></span>´oximo `a superf´\u0131<span class="blank _0"></span>cie, uma sobrep<span class="blank _0"></span>osi¸c\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o de um mapa de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y18 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">press\u02dcao e um <span class="blank _0"></span>mapa de vento (represen<span class="blank _0"></span>ta<span class="ff1">do atrav´es<span class="blank _0"></span> de vetores),<span class="blank _0"></span> onde se pode <span class="blank _0"></span>observar um </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y19 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">anticiclone (giro anti-<span class="blank _0"></span>hor´ario no<span class="blank _0"></span> hemisf´erio sul)<span class="blank _0"></span> e um ciclone<span class="blank _0"></span> (giro hor´ario n<span class="blank _0"></span>o hemisf´erio sul<span class="blank _0"></span>) </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">e o vento associado.<span class="blank _0"></span> Assim,<span class="blank _0"></span> os movimentos<span class="blank _0"></span> observados na at<span class="blank _0"></span>mosfera terr<span class="blank _0"></span>estre s\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao uma </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">sobreposi¸c\u02dcao de t<span class="blank _0"></span>odas as escalas<span class="blank _0"></span> de movi<span class="blank _0"></span>mento, de maneira qu<span class="blank _0"></span>e sistem<span class="blank _0"></span>as e padr\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">escalas menores pod<span class="blank _0"></span>em ser transpor<span class="blank _0"></span>tados pelos <span class="blank _0"></span>movimentos d<span class="blank _0"></span>e escalas mai<span class="blank _0"></span>ores. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Eventualmente, <span class="blank _0"></span>circula¸c\u02dcoes locais p<span class="blank _0"></span>odem pred<span class="blank _0"></span>ominar sobre os <span class="blank _0"></span>movimentos de<span class="blank _0"></span> escala </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">planet´aria, deter<span class="blank _0"></span>minando as c<span class="ff2">ondi¸c\u02dcoes d<span class="blank _0"></span>o vento em regi\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes espec´\u0131ficas.<span class="blank _0"></span> Por exe<span class="blank _0"></span>mplo, o </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1f ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">vento em regi\u02dcoe<span class="blank _0"></span>s costeira<span class="blank _0"></span>s ´e em grande part<span class="blank _0"></span>e deter<span class="blank _0"></span>minado por um pr<span class="blank _0"></span>ocesso de mes<span class="blank _0"></span>oescala: </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y20 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">a brisa mar-<span class="ff2">terra<span class="blank _0"></span> na qual os ven<span class="blank _0"></span>tos em superf<span class="blank _0"></span>´\u0131cie sopram <span class="blank _0"></span>em dire¸c\u02dcao a t<span class="blank _0"></span>erra ou ao <span class="blank _0"></span>mar </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y21 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">dependendo do cicl<span class="blank _0"></span>o de dia e noite d<span class="blank _0"></span>evido ao aqueci<span class="blank _0"></span>mento e resfriam<span class="blank _0"></span>ento diferencial<span class="blank _0"></span> da ´agua </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y22 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">e da terra. Numa<span class="blank _0"></span> escala ain<span class="blank _0"></span>da menor, o rele<span class="blank _0"></span>vo e obst´aculos d<span class="blank _0"></span>o terreno da costa<span class="blank _0"></span> podem </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y23 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">modificar a brisa<span class="blank _0"></span> mar-<span class="ff2">terra, resultand<span class="blank _0"></span>o em dire¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>oes e velocidad<span class="blank _0"></span>es de vento<span class="blank _0"></span> espec´\u0131ficas<span class="blank _0"></span> par<span class="ff1 ls7">a </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">cada local. 4. P<span class="blank _0"></span>ot\u02c6encia e´oli<span class="blank _0"></span>ca dispon´\u0131vel e utiliz<span class="blank _0"></span>´avel Atrav´<span class="blank _0"></span>es das turbinas e´<span class="blank _0"></span>olicas, a energi<span class="blank _0"></span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">cin´etica contida no <span class="blank _0"></span>vento ´<span class="blank _0"></span>e convertida em <span class="blank _0"></span>energia mec\u02c6an<span class="blank _0"></span>ica pelo gir<span class="blank _0"></span>o das p´as do rotor<span class="blank _0"></span> e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y26 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">transformada em<span class="blank _0"></span> energia e<span class="blank _0"></span>l´etrica pelo gerador.<span class="blank _0"></span> As turbin<span class="blank _0"></span>as e´olicas se encontram inserid<span class="blank _0"></span>as na </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y27 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">camada superficial da a<span class="blank _0"></span>tmosfera, utiliz<span class="blank _0"></span>ando a energia<span class="blank _0"></span> do vento em uma <span class="blank _0"></span>ampla fa<span class="blank _0"></span>ixa de alturas. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y28 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">A pot\u02c6encia P con<span class="blank _0"></span>tida no vento fluind<span class="blank _0"></span>o perpendicular<span class="blank _0"></span>mente co<span class="blank _0"></span>m velocidade u a<span class="blank _0"></span>trav´es de u<span class="blank _0"></span>ma </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y29 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">´area A que pode rep<span class="blank _0"></span>resentar a ´ar<span class="blank _0"></span>ea <span class="ff2">de intercepta¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao das h´elice<span class="blank _0"></span>s de uma turb<span class="blank _0"></span>ina e´olica ´e </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">dada por P = 1 2 \u03c1Au<span class="blank _0"></span>3, (15)<span class="blank _0"></span> onde a densidade d<span class="blank _0"></span>o ar, re<span class="blank _0"></span>presentada por \u03c1 ´e<span class="blank _0"></span> fun¸c\u02dcao da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">press\u02dcao atmosf´erica <span class="blank _0"></span>e da temperatura<span class="blank _0"></span> do ar qu<span class="blank _0"></span>e est\u02dcao direta<span class="blank _0"></span>mente associad<span class="blank _0"></span>os com a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">altitude local. A densid<span class="blank _0"></span>ade <span class="ff2">do ar p<span class="blank _0"></span>ode ser esti<span class="blank _0"></span>mada a partir de \u03c1 (z<span class="blank _0"></span>) = p0 RT e\u2212 gz<span class="blank _0"></span> RT , (16) onde<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\u03c1(z) ´e a densidade<span class="blank _0"></span> do ar (em kg/<span class="blank _0"></span>m3) em fun¸c\u02dcao<span class="blank _0"></span> da altitude z, p0<span class="blank _0"></span> ´e a press\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao atmosf´erica </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ao n´\u0131vel do mar (<span class="blank _0"></span>em kg/m3), T ´e<span class="blank _0"></span> a temperatura d<span class="blank _0"></span>o ar (em K), g<span class="blank _0"></span> ´e a acelera¸<span class="blank _0"></span>c\u02dcao da gravi<span class="ff1">dade </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">(em m/s2) e R <span class="blank _0"></span>´e a constan<span class="blank _0"></span>te espec´\u0131fica do <span class="blank _0"></span>ar (em J/K m<span class="blank _0"></span>ol). O aproveitam<span class="blank _0"></span>ento da energi<span class="blank _0"></span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">e´olica 1304-9 Fig<span class="blank _0"></span>ura 8 - <span class="ff2">Representa¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao dos vent<span class="blank _0"></span>os (vetores) e dos<span class="blank _0"></span> n´\u0131veis de pr<span class="blank _0"></span>ess\u02dcao (linhas </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y4 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">is´obaras) ao n´\u0131vel do<span class="blank _0"></span> mar. Pode<span class="ff1">-se obs<span class="blank _0"></span>ervar um antic<span class="blank _0"></span>iclone e u<span class="blank _0"></span>m ciclone em latitudes </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">pr´oximas a 40\u25e6<span class="blank _0"></span> S. Em resumo, a p<span class="blank _0"></span>ot\u02c6encia e´olica, i<span class="blank _0"></span>sto ´e, a energ<span class="blank _0"></span>ia total disp<span class="blank _0"></span>on´\u0131vel por </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">unidade de tempo<span class="blank _0"></span> ´e proporcional `a<span class="blank _0"></span> terceira p<span class="blank _0"></span>ot\u02c6encia da velocidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e do vento. <span class="blank _0"></span>No entanto, a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">energia do vento n\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao ´e totalment<span class="blank _0"></span>e extra´\u0131da pel<span class="ff1">as p<span class="blank _0"></span>´as da turbina. Estud<span class="blank _0"></span>os mostram que<span class="blank _0"></span> o </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y8 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">valor m´aximo da po<span class="blank _0"></span>t\u02c6encia qu<span class="blank _0"></span>e pode ser extra´\u0131d<span class="blank _0"></span>a do vento <span class="blank _0"></span>corresponde a <span class="blank _0"></span>59% da pot\u02c6encia<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y9 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">total dispon´\u0131vel [<span class="blank _0"></span>21]. Soma<span class="blank _0"></span>m<span class="ff1 ws0">-</span>se a isso perdas mec\u02c6an<span class="blank _0"></span>icas na turbin<span class="blank _0"></span>a (geometria <span class="blank _0"></span>das p´as entre </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">outros) que reduz<span class="blank _0"></span>em a pot\u02c6encia m´axi<span class="blank _0"></span>ma utiliz´avel a<span class="blank _0"></span>, aproximada<span class="blank _0"></span>mente, 42% d<span class="blank _0"></span>a pot\u02c6encia </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yb ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">total dispon´\u0131vel n<span class="blank _0"></span>o vento [12]. C<span class="blank _0"></span>omo a pot\u02c6encia <span class="blank _0"></span>el´etrica forn<span class="blank _0"></span>ecida por uma<span class="blank _0"></span> turbin<span class="blank _0"></span>a e´olica ´e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">proporcional `a ter<span class="blank _0"></span>ceira pot\u02c6encia da<span class="blank _0"></span> velocidade, <span class="blank _0"></span>mesmo pequ<span class="blank _0"></span>enos erros n<span class="blank _0"></span>os dados de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yd ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">velocidade do <span class="blank _0"></span>v<span class="ff2">ento podem repr<span class="blank _0"></span>esentar grand<span class="blank _0"></span>es desvios e<span class="blank _0"></span>m termos de pre<span class="blank _0"></span>vis\u02dcao de p<span class="blank _0"></span>ot\u02c6encia </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ye ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">e´olica dispon´\u0131vel par<span class="blank _0"></span>a turb<span class="blank _0"></span>inas, o que pode lev<span class="blank _0"></span>ar a incertezas<span class="blank _0"></span> no retorno do in<span class="blank _0"></span>vestiment<span class="blank _0"></span>o a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ser feito em um<span class="blank _0"></span> projeto de uma usin<span class="blank _0"></span>a ou fazenda e´oli<span class="blank _0"></span>ca. Dessa for<span class="blank _0"></span>ma, o t´opico segu<span class="blank _0"></span>int<span class="ls8">e </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y10 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">discute as bases d<span class="blank _0"></span>e dados d<span class="blank _0"></span>e ventos dispon´\u0131<span class="blank _0"></span>veis para uso n<span class="blank _0"></span>o setor el´etric<span class="blank _0"></span>o. 5. Bases de<span class="blank _0"></span> dados </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y11 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">e´olicos aplic´a<span class="blank _0"></span>veis ao setor<span class="blank _0"></span> energ´etico O avan¸c<span class="blank _0"></span>o do conheci<span class="blank _0"></span>mento tecn<span class="blank _0"></span>ol´ogico permitiu u<span class="blank _0"></span>ma </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y12 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">maior cobertura na<span class="blank _0"></span> coleta <span class="blank _0"></span>de dados meteor<span class="blank _0"></span>ol´ogicos com <span class="blank _0"></span>o uso de plataformas d<span class="blank _0"></span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y13 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">autom´aticas de col<span class="blank _0"></span>eta de d<span class="blank _0"></span>ados, conhecidas com<span class="blank _0"></span>o PCD\u2019s e de dad<span class="blank _0"></span>os de sat´elit<span class="blank _0"></span>es artificiais. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y14 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Com o aumento da capa<span class="blank _0"></span>cidade de pr<span class="blank _0"></span>ocessamento dos<span class="blank _0"></span> computador<span class="blank _0"></span>es, o desenvol<span class="blank _0"></span>vimento de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y15 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">modelos computa<span class="blank _0"></span>cionais que simula<span class="blank _0"></span>m os processos f´\u0131<span class="blank _0"></span>sicos que oco<span class="ff1">rrem na at<span class="blank _0"></span>mosfera </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y16 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">possibilitou um avan¸c<span class="blank _0"></span>o signi- <span class="ff2">ficativ<span class="blank _0"></span>o na precis\u02dcao e <span class="blank _0"></span>confiabilid<span class="blank _0"></span>ade das estimati<span class="blank _0"></span>vas de vent<span class="blank _0"></span>o </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y17 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">que ocorre pr´oxim<span class="blank _0"></span>o `a superf´\u0131cie<span class="blank _0"></span> em ´areas r<span class="blank _0"></span>emotas, afastad<span class="blank _0"></span>as dos pontos de c<span class="blank _0"></span>oleta de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y18 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">dados. Atualmente<span class="blank _0"></span>, existem diversas<span class="blank _0"></span> fontes de dad<span class="blank _0"></span>os dis<span class="ff2">pon´\u0131veis para um dad<span class="blank _0"></span>o local ou </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y19 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">regi\u02dcao. Essas bases<span class="blank _0"></span> de dados apre<span class="blank _0"></span>sentam orige<span class="blank _0"></span>m distintas e sua<span class="blank _0"></span> aplicabilidade a<span class="blank _0"></span>o setor de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">energia est´a relaci<span class="blank _0"></span>onada `a res<span class="blank _0"></span>olu¸c\u02dcao espacial, <span class="blank _0"></span>extens\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao da s´erie temporal<span class="blank _0"></span> e procedi<span class="blank _0"></span>mento </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de aquisi¸c\u02dcao d<span class="blank _0"></span>o dado. 5.1. Medidas l<span class="ff1">ocais<span class="blank _0"></span> Uma base <span class="blank _0"></span>de dados com medid<span class="blank _0"></span>as locais ´e d<span class="blank _0"></span>e </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">grande import\u02c6ancia pa<span class="blank _0"></span>ra prever co<span class="blank _0"></span>m precis\u02dca<span class="blank _0"></span>o a densidade de energ<span class="blank _0"></span>ia e a pot\u02c6encia in<span class="blank _0"></span>stalada </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de uma unidade gerad<span class="blank _0"></span>ora q<span class="blank _0"></span>ue s\u02dcao proporcionais <span class="blank _0"></span>ao cubo da vel<span class="blank _0"></span>ocidade m´edia <span class="blank _0"></span>do vento. A </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">instrumenta¸c\u02dcao utiliz<span class="blank _0"></span>ada<span class="ff1"> </span>para a aquisi¸c\u02dc<span class="blank _0"></span>ao de dados dev<span class="blank _0"></span>e ser robusta de <span class="blank _0"></span>modo a p<span class="blank _0"></span>ermitir a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1f ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">coleta de dados c<span class="blank _0"></span>onfi´aveis por per<span class="blank _0"></span>´\u0131odos suficiente<span class="blank _0"></span>mente longos<span class="blank _0"></span> de tempo a fi<span class="blank _0"></span>m de que a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y20 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">variabilidade do v<span class="blank _0"></span>ento seja conhecida.<span class="blank _0"></span> Divers<span class="blank _0"></span>os estudos discute<span class="blank _0"></span>m as principais f<span class="blank _0"></span>ontes de erros </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y21 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">como <span class="ff2">o tipo e cali<span class="blank _0"></span>bra¸c\u02dcao do ane<span class="blank _0"></span>m\u02c6ometro, sua r<span class="blank _0"></span>esposta ao flu<span class="blank _0"></span>xo turbulento, c<span class="blank _0"></span>ondi¸c\u02dcoes </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y22 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">clim´aticas fora d<span class="blank _0"></span>os limites <span class="blank _0"></span>do sensor e a influ\u02c6encia d<span class="blank _0"></span>a torre arran<span class="blank _0"></span>jos de <span class="blank _0"></span>montagem da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y23 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">instrumenta¸c\u02dcao ins<span class="blank _0"></span>talada. O posi<span class="blank _0"></span>cionamento d<span class="blank _0"></span>o anem\u02c6ometro<span class="blank _0"></span> ´e fundamental <span class="blank _0"></span>e recomen<span class="ff1 ls5 ws4">da<span class="ls0">-</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y24 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">se que ele seja p<span class="blank _0"></span>osicionado no <span class="blank _0"></span>mesmo local e altura d<span class="blank _0"></span>o rotor da turbin<span class="blank _0"></span>a a ser ins<span class="blank _0"></span>talada. 5.2. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Rede de esta¸c\u02dcoe<span class="blank _0"></span>s de superf´\u0131cie<span class="blank _0"></span> para coleta de dad<span class="blank _0"></span>os Muitas<span class="blank _0"></span> vezes, n\u02dcao e<span class="blank _0"></span>xiste a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">disponibilidad<span class="blank _0"></span>e de dados locais de<span class="blank _0"></span>vido aos custos de i<span class="blank _0"></span>nstala¸c\u02dcao e <span class="blank _0"></span>manuten¸c\u02dcao da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y27 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">instrumenta¸c\u02dcao n<span class="blank _0"></span>ecess´aria<span class="blank _0"></span> para a coleta do<span class="blank _0"></span>s dados. Assim, o<span class="blank _0"></span> potencial e´oli<span class="blank _0"></span>co de um dado </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y28 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">local espec´\u0131fico<span class="blank _0"></span> pode ser e<span class="blank _0"></span>stimado a partir de dad<span class="blank _0"></span>os coletados em<span class="blank _0"></span> regi\u02dcoes pr´<span class="blank _0"></span>oximas que </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y29 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">apresentem caract<span class="blank _0"></span>er´\u0131stica<span class="blank _0"></span>s clim´aticas e ambien<span class="blank _0"></span>tais similares. Al<span class="ff1">guns ins<span class="blank _0"></span>titutos <span class="blank _0"></span>de pesquisa, </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">institui¸c\u02dcoes de ensin<span class="blank _0"></span>o, e outras <span class="blank _0"></span>organiza¸c\u02dcoes qu<span class="blank _0"></span>e oferecem s<span class="blank _0"></span>ervi¸cos p´ubli<span class="blank _0"></span>cos (aeroportos, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">por exemplo) realiz<span class="blank _0"></span>am roti<span class="blank _0"></span>neiramente medidas<span class="blank _0"></span> de dad<span class="blank _0"></span>os de vento e outras <span class="blank _0"></span>vari´aveis </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">meteorol´ogicas<span class="blank _0"></span> de interesse para a <span class="blank _0"></span>´area energ´<span class="ff2">etica.<span class="blank _0"></span> Esses dados p<span class="blank _0"></span>odem ser uti<span class="blank _0"></span>lizados n\u02dcao </span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div>
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