Effects of Wearing Compression Stockings on Exercise Performance and Associated Indicators_ A Systematic Review

Prévia do material em texto

R E V I EW
Effects of Wearing Compression Stockings on
Exercise Performance and Associated Indicators:
A Systematic Review
This article was published in the following Dove Press journal:
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine
Gustavo R Mota 1
Mário Antônio de Moura
Simim 2
Izabela Aparecida dos Santos1
Jeffer Eidi Sasaki 1
Moacir Marocolo 3
1Human Performance and Sport
Research Group, Department of Sport
Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences,
Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro,
Uberaba, MG, Brazil; 2Research Group in
Biodynamic Human Movement, Institute
of Physical Education and Sports, Federal
University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil;
3Physiology and Human Performance
Research Group, Department of
Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de
Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
Abstract: This systematic review investigated the effects of wearing below-knee compres-
sion stockings (CS) on exercise performance (or sports activity) and associated physiological
and perceived indicators. We searched articles on PubMed using the following terms:
“graduated compression stockings”; “compression stockings”; “graduated compression
socks”; “compression socks” combined with “performance”, “athletes”, “exercise”, “exercise
performance”, “fatigue”, “sports” and “recovery”, resulting in 1067 papers. After checking
for inclusion criteria (e.g., original studies, healthy subjects, performance analysis), 21
studies were selected and analyzed. We conclude that wearing CS during exercise improved
performance in a small number of studies. However, wearing CS could benefit muscle
function indicators and perceived muscle soreness during the recovery period. Future
research should investigate the chronic effect of CS on Sports Medicine and athletic
performance.
Keywords: ergogenic aid, fatigue, sports, medicine, prevention, soccer, running
Introduction
The prevention of deep venous thrombosis is one of the first evidence-based
benefits of wearing compression stockings (CS), demonstrated by a clinical experi-
ment in which CS improved the venous return by increasing femoral vein blood
flow velocity in hospitalized patients.1 Over time, the interest from the basic
medical area has expanded to other fields like Sports Medicine.2 Nowadays,
recreational and professional athletes have used CS as a tool for improving perfor-
mance or accelerate recovery from training or competitions, and also to reduce
lower limb volume,3,4 relieve symptoms of muscle soreness, and fatigue.3–6 Such
popularity is probably boosted by the possibility to obtain potential ergogenic
benefits with a simple and low-cost aid.
There are different types (e.g., shorts for thighs, full-leg) and application modes
(e.g., using only after the exercise) for compression garments. However, using CS
(bellow-knee) “only during” the exercise are probably more practical (than during
recovery, after-exercise) for a significant number of sports/activities. For example,
uniform issues would limit whole-body garments in some sports. Also, athletes living
in tropical locations could be unmotivated to wear compression garments after
training sessions once those garments usually promote higher skin temperatures.7,8
Additionally, there is limited evidence regarding the effects of wearing CS (only)
Correspondence: Gustavo R Mota
Human Performance and Sport Research
Group, Department of Sport Sciences/
Institute of Health Sciences, Federal
University of Triângulo Mineiro, Av.
Tutunas, 490 Uberaba/MG, Uberaba
38061-500, Brazil
Tel +55 34 3700-6633
Email grmotta@gmail.com
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine Dovepress
open access to scientific and medical research
Open Access Full Text Article
submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2020:11 29–42 29
http://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S198809
DovePress © 2020 Mota et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php
and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work
you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For
permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).
Leonardo Sampaio Araujo - lsampaio995@gmail.com - CPF: 061.974.667-08
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6109-0658
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4659-8357
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-4104
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7715-2534
http://www.dovepress.com
http://www.dovepress.com
https://www.facebook.com/DoveMedicalPress/
https://twitter.com/dovepress
https://www.linkedin.com/company/dove-medical-press
https://www.youtube.com/user/dovepress
http://www.dovepress.com/permissions.php
during exercise/training/competition, which could be rele-
vant for Sports Medicine professionals. Therefore, the pur-
pose of this systematic review was to investigate the effect
of wearing below-knee CS during exercise (or sports activ-
ity) on performance and associated physiological and per-
ceptual indicators.
Methods
A systematic literature search was performed by two inde-
pendent reviewers in PubMed. The following terms: (i)
“graduated compression stockings”; (ii) “compression
stockings”; (iii) “graduated compression socks”; (iv)
“compression socks” were combined with “performance”,
“athletes”, “exercise”, “exercise performance”, “fatigue”,
“sports” and “recovery” (Figure 1).
Inclusion Criteria
The studies included in this review met the following inclu-
sion criteria: 1) original studies; 2) comprised samples of
adults (≥ 18 yr); 3) participants were healthy; 4) investi-
gated the effects of wearing foot-to-knee (below knee) CS
(during exercise) on exercise performance and physiologi-
cal and perceptual indicators (e.g., muscle fatigue, muscle
recovery, musle soreness); 5) compression stockings worn
during the exercise/test/match; and 6) study protocol
included exercise or effort tests and performance analysis.
The literature search occurred between January 01,
1900, until June 30, 2019. We excluded the following
type of articles: conference abstracts, case reports, short
communications, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, the-
ses, letters to the editor, and protocol papers. Also, we
excluded studies involving unhealthy participants: e.g.,
patients with morbid conditions such as obesity, chronic
venous insufficiency, diabetes, hypertension (but not lim-
ited to).
Analysis
The heterogeneity of the selected studies was consider-
able: e.g., exercise protocols, fitness level of the partici-
pants, variables measured. Thus, we have decided not to
evaluate the studies chosen from a statistical point of view.
Instead, we performed a qualitative analysis, conducted by
two authors focusing on the effects reported by the authors
and potential practical implications. All other authors read
this qualitative analysis carefully, and edits have been
incorporated.
Results
Figure 1 shows the search, selection, and inclusion pro-
cess. The search displayed a total of 1067 papers, which
were reduced to 370 after exclusion of duplicate publica-
tions. Then, we discarded 39 articles written in non-
English languages.9 From the remaining 331 items, we
excluded 261 by examining the title. Finally, from the
remaining 70 articles, we selected 21 studies for this
review according to our inclusion criteria (Figure 1).
Table 1 presents a summary of the studies examining
the effects of wearing below-knee CS during exercise on
performance and associated indicators. Running was the
most common type of exercise in the selected studies
(76%, 16 out of the 21 studies), followed by soccer (two
studies; 10%), triathlon, calf-rise exercise and cycle erg-
ometer(one study each one; 5%). All studies were per-
formed using a randomized experimental design, with the
majority employing a crossover design strategy (13 stu-
dies, 62%) (Table 1).
Table 2 presents those studies in which CS influenced
at least one measurable variable (15 studies, 71%). Three
studies (14%) found effects from wearing CS on at least
two variables, and for all others (12 studies; 57%) CS
affected only one variable (Table 2).
Only two studies found some beneficial effect of CS
on performance, and a third study improved subsequent
performance (Table 2). Two studies did not find per-
formance effects of CS for the group mean, but the
authors highlighted that CS promoted benefits for some
individuals. The main effects of CS are presented with
compressions between 20 and 30 mmHg. The range
between the minimum compression values is 12 to
28 mmHg, while the maximum values range from 15
to 33 mmHg.
Discussion
This systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of
wearing below-knee CS during exercise on performance
and associated indicators. The main finding is that wearing
this kind of CS during exercise (or physical activity)
improved performance in a minor part of the studies
selected (i.e., 3 out of 21). However, a reasonable number
of studies have shown evidence that wearing CS could
benefit muscle function or fatigue indicators (e.g., CMJ,
specific physical tests) and perceived muscle soreness just
after the exercise protocol and/or hours after the exercise
bout (e.g., during 1 h, 24 h recovery).
Mota et al Dovepress
submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
DovePress
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2020:1130
Leonardo Sampaio Araujo - lsampaio995@gmail.com - CPF: 061.974.667-08
http://www.dovepress.com
http://www.dovepress.com
CS and Performance Improvement
One of the main reasons for wearing CS during exercise
is probably the expectation of performance enhancement
due to potential physiological effects.2 This includes
better venous return which hasten metabolic removal
from the exercising muscles31 and reduce cardiac
load,26 improved proprioceptive feedback and better
movement accuracy,32 reduced muscle oscillations,
lower muscle damage, inflammation, and soreness.6,31
In the current review, only three studies found some
CS-induced benefit on performance but did not present
adirect mechanistic explanation. For example, astudy
concluded that wearing CS (during two soccer matches,
72 hin-between) resulted in higher distances covered in
high-intensity activities which are decisive for soccer.
Also, CS promoted alower perceived muscle soreness in
thesecond match.17 Although the authors did not mea-
sure any direct muscle damage marker, they suggested
that CS probably protected the eccentric actions com-
mon in soccer matches,33 mechanically (i.e., smaller
muscle oscillation).6 In this regard, the oscillating forces
experienced by the muscle resulted in reduced muscle
fatigue. Thus, the CS might offer a mechanical advan-
tage reducing muscle oscillation and countering fatigue
in high-intensity activities (e.g., intermittent accelera-
tion, changing directions).34,35
Figure 1 Flow chart for search and selection of articles.
Dovepress Mota et al
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2020:11 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
DovePress
31
Leonardo Sampaio Araujo - lsampaio995@gmail.com - CPF: 061.974.667-08
http://www.dovepress.com
http://www.dovepress.com
T
ab
le
1
C
h
ar
ac
te
ri
st
ic
s
o
f
th
e
S
tu
d
ie
s
E
x
am
in
in
g
th
e
E
ff
e
ct
s
o
f
W
e
ar
in
g
C
S
B
e
lo
w
-K
n
e
e
D
u
ri
n
g
th
e
E
x
e
rc
is
e
P
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
an
d
R
e
la
te
d
In
d
ic
at
o
rs
D
at
e-
A
u
th
o
r
S
u
b
je
ct
s
A
ge
A
im
E
xp
er
im
en
ta
l
D
es
ig
n
C
P
(m
m
H
g)
T
yp
e
o
f
E
xe
rc
is
e
E
xe
rc
is
e
P
ro
to
co
l/
D
et
ai
ls
F
in
d
in
gs
A
li
e
t
al
2
0
0
7
1
0
(E
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
t
1
)
1
4
re
cr
e
at
io
n
al
ru
n
n
e
rs
(m
e
n
)
2
2
±
0
.4
To
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
in
fl
u
e
n
ce
o
f
w
e
ar
in
g
gr
ad
u
at
e
d
C
S
o
n
p
h
ys
io
lo
gi
ca
l
an
d
P
e
rc
e
p
tu
al
re
sp
o
n
se
s
d
u
ri
n
g
an
d
af
te
r
e
x
e
rc
is
e
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
cr
o
ss
o
ve
r
1
8
–
2
2
In
te
rm
it
te
n
t
ru
n
n
in
g
2
x
m
u
lt
i-
st
ag
e
fi
tn
e
ss
sh
u
tt
le
ru
n
n
in
g
te
st
,
w
it
h
1
h
re
co
ve
ry
b
e
tw
e
e
n
te
st
s
C
S
h
ad
n
o
e
ff
e
ct
s
o
n
d
is
ta
n
ce
co
ve
re
d
,
H
R
,
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
so
re
n
e
ss
,
R
P
E
an
d
co
m
fo
rt
E
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
t
2
1
0
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
p
ar
ti
ci
p
at
e
d
in
b
o
th
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
ts
2
3
±
0
.5
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
cr
o
ss
o
ve
r
1
8
–
2
2
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ru
n
n
in
g
1
0
k
m
ti
m
e
-t
ri
al
C
S
d
e
cr
e
as
e
d
m
u
sc
le
so
re
n
e
ss
2
4
h
af
te
r
th
e
1
0
k
m
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
,
H
R
,
R
P
E
A
li
e
t
al
2
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
w
e
ll-
tr
ai
n
e
d
ru
n
n
e
rs
(m
e
n
an
d
w
o
m
e
n
)
3
3
±
1
0
To
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
s
o
f
w
e
ar
in
g
d
if
fe
re
n
t
gr
ad
e
s
o
f
C
S
o
n
1
0
k
m
ru
n
n
in
g
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
an
d
to
as
se
ss
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
s
o
n
p
h
ys
io
lo
gi
ca
l
an
d
p
e
rc
e
p
tu
al
re
sp
o
n
se
s
af
te
r
e
x
e
rc
is
e
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
cr
o
ss
o
ve
r
C
o
n
tr
o
l
-
0
L
o
w
1
2
–
1
5
M
e
d
1
8
–
2
1
H
i
2
3
–
3
2
R
u
n
n
in
g
1
0
k
m
ti
m
e
-t
ri
al
C
S
w
o
rn
d
id
n
o
t
af
fe
ct
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
;
L
o
w
an
d
M
e
d
C
S
re
su
lt
e
d
in
gr
e
at
e
r
m
ai
n
te
n
an
ce
o
f
le
g
p
o
w
e
r
af
te
r
1
0
k
m
A
re
ce
s
e
t
al
2
0
1
5
1
2
3
4
e
x
p
e
ri
e
n
ce
d
ru
n
n
e
rs
(3
0
m
e
n
an
d
4
w
o
m
e
n
)
4
2
±
7
.8
co
n
tr
o
l
4
1
.2
±
8
.9
C
S
To
in
ve
st
ig
at
e
th
e
b
e
n
e
fi
ts
o
f
C
S
fo
r
ru
n
n
in
g
p
ac
e
,
p
re
ve
n
ti
o
n
o
f
m
u
sc
le
d
am
ag
e
,
an
d
m
ai
n
te
n
an
ce
o
f
m
u
sc
le
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
d
u
ri
n
g
a
re
al
m
ar
at
h
o
n
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
C
o
n
tr
o
lle
d
tr
ia
l
2
0
–
2
5
R
u
n
n
in
g
M
ar
at
h
o
n
ra
ce
(4
2
,1
9
5
m
)
C
S
d
id
n
o
t
im
p
ro
ve
m
ar
at
h
o
n
ra
ce
ti
m
e
,
m
u
sc
le
fu
n
ct
io
n
,
R
P
E
o
r
m
ar
k
e
rs
o
f
m
u
sc
le
d
am
ag
e
B
e
rr
y
e
t
al
1
9
8
7
1
3
6
h
ig
h
fi
t
m
e
n
co
lle
ge
st
u
d
e
n
ts
2
2
.5
±
5
.4
To
d
e
te
rm
in
e
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
s
o
f
C
S
o
n
m
ax
im
al
o
x
yg
e
n
co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
,
ti
m
e
to
e
x
h
au
st
io
n
,
an
d
b
lo
o
d
la
ct
at
e
d
u
ri
n
g
re
co
ve
ry
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
cr
o
ss
o
ve
r
8
–
1
8
R
u
n
n
in
g
In
cr
e
m
e
n
ta
l
tr
e
ad
m
ill
te
st
u
n
ti
l
e
x
h
au
st
io
n
C
S
h
ad
n
o
e
ff
e
ct
o
n
V
O
2
m
ax
,
re
co
ve
ry
o
f
V
O
2
m
ax
.
B
lo
o
d
la
ct
at
e
w
as
lo
w
e
r
o
n
re
co
ve
ry
p
e
ri
o
d
Mota et al Dovepress
submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
DovePress
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2020:1132
Leonardo Sampaio Araujo - lsampaio995@gmail.com - CPF: 061.974.667-08
http://www.dovepress.com
http://www.dovepress.com
B
ie
u
ze
n
e
t
al
2
0
1
4
1
4
1
1
h
ig
h
ly
tr
ai
n
e
d
m
e
n
ru
n
n
e
rs
3
4
.7
±
9
.8
To
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
o
f
w
e
ar
in
g
C
S
o
n
in
d
ic
e
s
o
f
e
x
e
rc
is
e
-i
n
d
u
ce
d
m
u
sc
le
d
am
ag
e
in
a
tr
ai
l-
ru
n
n
in
g
co
n
te
x
t
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
cr
o
ss
o
ve
r
2
5
R
u
n
n
in
g
(s
im
u
la
te
d
tr
ai
l
ra
ce
)
1
5
.6
k
m
to
ta
l
d
is
ta
n
ce
,
b
e
in
g
3
la
p
s
o
f
5
.2
k
m
In
m
o
u
n
ta
in
o
u
s
te
rr
ai
n
.
E
ac
h
la
p
h
ad
a
cl
im
b
in
g
(2
.2
k
m
,
~
1
3
%
)
F
o
llo
w
e
d
b
y
a
d
o
w
n
h
ill
(3
k
m
,
~
–
9
%
).
C
S
im
p
ro
ve
d
p
o
st
-e
x
e
rc
is
e
re
co
ve
ry
(p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
le
g
so
re
n
e
ss
an
d
m
u
sc
le
fu
n
ct
io
n
);
N
o
b
e
n
e
fi
ts
o
n
m
ar
k
e
rs
o
f
m
u
sc
le
d
am
ag
e
/
in
fl
am
m
at
io
n
B
ro
p
h
y-
W
ill
ia
m
s
e
t
al
2
0
1
9
1
5
1
2
w
e
ll-
tr
ai
n
e
d
m
e
n
ru
n
n
e
rs
3
0
.5
±
8
.1
To
as
se
ss
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
o
f
w
e
ar
in
g
C
S
d
u
ri
n
g
a
5
k
m
ru
n
n
in
g
ti
m
e
-t
ri
al
o
n
p
h
ys
io
lo
gi
ca
l,
p
e
rc
e
p
tu
al
an
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
-
b
as
e
d
p
ar
am
e
te
rs
,
an
d
su
b
se
q
u
e
n
t
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
C
o
u
n
te
r-
b
al
an
ce
d
cr
oss
o
ve
r
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
t
3
7
±
4
m
m
H
g
at
th
e
m
ax
im
al
ca
lf
gi
rt
h
,
3
1
±
4
m
m
H
g
at
th
e
u
p
p
e
r
an
k
le
an
d
2
3
±
4
m
m
H
g
at
th
e
lo
w
e
r
an
k
le
R
u
n
n
in
g
M
ax
im
al
5
k
m
ti
m
e
-
tr
ia
l
o
n
tr
e
ad
m
ill
(C
S
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l)
.
A
su
b
se
q
u
e
n
t
5
k
m
ti
m
e
-t
ri
al
w
as
p
e
rf
o
rm
e
d
6
0
m
in
la
te
r
(w
it
h
o
u
t
C
S
)
C
S
d
id
n
o
t
af
fe
ct
im
m
e
d
ia
te
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
,
b
u
t
h
ad
a
p
o
si
ti
ve
im
p
ac
t
o
n
su
b
se
q
u
e
n
t
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
(l
e
ss
d
e
cr
e
m
e
n
t
fr
o
m
fi
rs
t
to
th
e
se
co
n
d
5
k
m
ti
m
e
-t
ri
al
)
D
e
l
C
o
so
e
t
al
2
0
1
4
1
6
3
6
e
x
p
e
ri
e
n
ce
d
tr
ia
th
le
te
s
3
5
.8
±
6
.3
co
n
tr
o
l
3
5
.0
±
5
.3
C
S
To
in
ve
st
ig
at
e
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
s
C
S
to
p
re
ve
n
t
m
u
sc
u
la
r
d
am
ag
e
an
d
to
p
re
se
rv
e
m
u
sc
u
la
r
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
d
u
ri
n
g
a
h
al
f-
ir
o
n
m
an
co
m
p
e
ti
ti
o
n
M
at
ch
e
d
fo
r
ag
e
,
an
th
ro
p
o
m
e
tr
ic
A
n
d
tr
ai
n
in
g
st
at
u
s
an
d
ra
n
d
o
m
ly
as
si
gn
e
d
to
C
S
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
N
o
t
m
e
n
ti
o
n
e
d
H
al
f-
ir
o
n
m
an
T
ri
at
h
lo
n
H
al
f-
ir
o
n
m
an
T
ri
at
h
lo
n
co
m
p
e
ti
ti
o
n
(1
.9
k
m
o
f
sw
im
m
in
g,
7
5
k
m
o
f
cy
cl
in
g
an
d
2
1
.1
k
m
o
f
ru
n
n
in
g)
C
S
d
id
n
o
t
im
p
ro
ve
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
,
an
d
d
id
n
o
t
p
re
ve
n
t
th
e
re
d
u
ct
io
n
in
lo
w
e
r-
lim
b
m
u
sc
le
fu
n
ct
io
n
,
as
w
e
ll
as
d
id
n
o
t
re
d
u
ce
p
o
st
-r
ac
e
m
u
sc
le
d
am
ag
e
m
ar
k
e
rs
G
im
e
n
e
s
e
t
al
2
0
1
9
1
7
2
0
u
n
d
e
r-
2
0
so
cc
e
r
p
la
ye
rs
(m
e
n
)
1
8
.3
±
0
.5
co
n
tr
o
l
To
e
va
lu
at
e
d
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
s
o
f
u
si
n
g
C
S
o
n
th
e
m
at
ch
-b
as
e
d
p
h
ys
ic
al
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
in
d
ic
at
o
rs
,
H
R
an
d
p
e
rc
e
p
tu
al
re
sp
o
n
se
s
d
u
ri
n
g
2
m
at
ch
e
s
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
(b
al
an
ce
d
b
y
th
e
p
la
yi
n
g
p
o
si
ti
o
n
)
2
0
–
3
0
S
o
cc
e
r
m
at
ch
e
s
T
w
o
so
cc
e
r
m
at
ch
e
s
se
p
ar
at
e
d
b
y
7
2
h
C
S
m
in
im
iz
e
d
th
e
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
lo
ca
l
m
u
sc
le
so
re
n
e
ss
in
th
e
2
n
d
m
at
ch
;
p
ro
m
o
te
d
h
ig
h
e
r
d
is
ta
n
ce
co
ve
re
d
in
h
ig
h
-i
n
te
n
si
ty
ac
ti
vi
ti
e
s
1
8
.4
±
0
.4
C
S
(C
on
tin
ue
d)
Dovepress Mota et al
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2020:11 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
DovePress
33
Leonardo Sampaio Araujo - lsampaio995@gmail.com - CPF: 061.974.667-08
http://www.dovepress.com
http://www.dovepress.com
T
ab
le
1
(C
o
n
ti
n
u
e
d
).
D
at
e-
A
u
th
o
r
S
u
b
je
ct
s
A
ge
A
im
E
xp
er
im
en
ta
l
D
es
ig
n
C
P
(m
m
H
g)
T
yp
e
o
f
E
xe
rc
is
e
E
xe
rc
is
e
P
ro
to
co
l/
D
et
ai
ls
F
in
d
in
gs
K
e
m
m
le
r
e
t
al
2
0
0
9
1
8
2
1
m
o
d
e
ra
te
ly
tr
ai
n
e
d
m
e
n
ru
n
n
e
rs
3
9
.3
±
1
0
.7
To
d
e
te
rm
in
e
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
o
f
C
S
o
n
p
ar
am
e
te
rs
o
f
ru
n
n
in
g
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
cr
o
ss
o
ve
r
2
4
R
u
n
n
in
g
S
te
p
w
is
e
S
p
e
e
d
-i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
te
d
tr
e
ad
m
ill
te
st
to
vo
lu
n
ta
ry
m
ax
im
u
m
(e
ve
ry
5
m
in
,
sp
e
e
d
w
as
in
cr
e
as
e
d
)
C
S
im
p
ro
ve
d
ru
n
n
in
g
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
at
va
ri
o
u
s
m
e
ta
b
o
lic
st
ag
e
s:
to
ta
l
w
o
rk
an
d
ti
m
e
u
n
d
e
r
lo
ad
**
,
m
ax
im
u
m
sp
e
e
d
,
p
ar
am
e
te
rs
at
th
e
an
ae
ro
b
ic
th
re
sh
o
ld
s
M
e
n
e
tr
ie
r
e
t
al
2
0
1
1
1
9
1
4
m
o
d
e
ra
te
y
tr
ai
n
e
d
at
h
le
te
s
2
1
.9
±
0
.7
To
d
e
te
rm
in
e
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
s
o
f
ca
lf
co
m
p
re
ss
io
n
sl
e
e
ve
s
o
n
ru
n
n
in
g
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
an
d
o
n
ca
lf
ti
ss
u
e
o
x
yg
e
n
sa
tu
ra
ti
o
n
(s
to
2
)
at
re
st
b
e
fo
re
e
x
e
rc
is
e
an
d
d
u
ri
n
g
re
co
ve
ry
p
e
ri
o
d
.
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
cr
o
ss
o
ve
r
1
8
–
3
0
R
u
n
n
in
g
R
u
n
n
in
g
ti
m
e
to
e
x
h
au
st
io
n
C
S
d
id
n
o
t
im
p
ro
ve
ti
m
e
s
to
e
x
h
au
st
io
n
p
e
rf
o
rm
e
d
;
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
th
e
S
tO
2
re
su
lt
s
ar
gu
e
fo
r
fu
rt
h
e
r
in
te
re
st
o
f
th
is
ga
rm
e
n
t
d
u
ri
n
g
e
ff
o
rt
re
co
ve
ry
.
M
iy
am
o
to
e
t
al
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
4
h
e
al
th
y
m
e
n
2
5
.6
±
3
.7
To
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
s
o
f
w
e
ar
in
g
a
C
S
,
w
it
h
d
if
fe
re
n
t
p
re
ss
u
re
p
ro
fi
le
s
d
u
ri
n
g
a
fa
ti
gu
in
g
ca
lf
-r
ai
se
e
x
e
rc
is
e
se
ss
io
n
,
o
n
th
e
to
rq
u
e
ge
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
af
te
r
e
x
e
rc
is
e
.
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
cr
o
ss
o
ve
r
1
8
an
d
3
0
C
al
f-
ra
is
e
e
x
e
rc
is
e
1
5
se
ts
o
f
1
0
re
p
e
ti
ti
o
n
s
o
f
ca
lf
-
ra
is
e
e
x
e
rc
is
e
-
3
0
s
re
st
b
e
tw
e
e
n
se
ts
C
S
w
it
h
ad
e
q
u
at
e
p
re
ss
u
re
at
th
e
ca
lf
re
gi
o
n
re
lie
ve
s
m
u
sc
le
fa
ti
gu
e
o
f
th
e
tr
ic
e
p
s
su
ra
e
in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
ca
lf
-
ra
is
e
e
x
e
rc
is
e
.
P
av
in
e
t
al
2
0
1
9
2
1
2
0
am
at
e
u
r
fe
m
al
e
so
cc
e
r
p
la
ye
rs
2
0
.6
±
3
.9
To
e
va
lu
at
e
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
o
f
C
S
u
se
d
u
ri
n
g
an
am
at
e
u
r
fe
m
al
e
so
cc
e
r
m
at
ch
o
n
m
at
ch
-
in
d
u
ce
d
fa
ti
gu
e
in
d
ic
at
o
rs
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
(b
al
an
ce
d
b
y
th
e
p
la
yi
n
g
p
o
si
ti
o
n
)
2
0
–
3
0
S
o
cc
e
r
m
at
ch
A
si
n
gl
e
so
cc
e
r
m
at
ch
C
S
p
o
si
ti
ve
ly
in
fl
u
e
n
ce
d
ag
ili
ty
an
d
lo
w
e
r
lim
b
m
u
sc
u
la
r
e
n
d
u
ra
n
ce
(s
ta
n
d
in
g
h
e
e
l-
ri
se
)
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
s
fo
llo
w
in
g
th
e
m
at
ch
R
id
e
r
e
t
al
2
0
1
4
2
2
1
0
cr
o
ss
-
co
u
n
tr
y
ru
n
n
e
rs
(m
e
n
an
d
w
o
m
e
n
)
M
e
n
2
1
±
1
.3
W
o
m
e
n
1
8
.7
±
0
.6
To
d
e
te
rm
in
e
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
o
f
C
S
o
n
p
h
ys
io
lo
gi
ca
l
va
ri
ab
le
s
as
so
ci
at
e
d
w
it
h
ru
n
n
in
g
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
C
ro
ss
o
ve
r
1
5
–
2
2
R
u
n
n
in
g
M
ax
im
al
tr
e
ad
m
ill
te
st
C
S
d
id
n
o
t
im
p
ro
ve
ru
n
n
in
g
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
,
b
u
t
co
u
ld
le
n
d
cr
e
d
e
n
ce
to
ce
rt
ai
n
m
an
u
fa
ct
u
re
rs
cl
ai
m
s
o
f
im
p
ro
ve
d
re
co
ve
ry
th
ro
u
gh
lo
w
e
r
B
L
a
va
lu
e
s
af
te
r
e
x
e
rc
is
e
Mota et al Dovepress
submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
DovePress
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2020:1134
Leonardo Sampaio Araujo - lsampaio995@gmail.com - CPF: 061.974.667-08
http://www.dovepress.com
http://www.dovepress.com
R
im
au
d
e
t
al
2
0
1
0
2
3
8
h
e
al
th
y
tr
ai
n
e
d
m
al
e
s
2
1
.7
±
0
.9
To
in
ve
st
ig
at
e
if
w
e
ar
in
g
C
S
d
u
ri
n
g
e
x
e
rc
is
e
an
d
re
co
ve
ry
co
u
ld
af
fe
ct
la
ct
at
e
p
ro
fi
le
in
sp
o
rt
sm
e
n
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
cr
o
ss
o
ve
r
1
2
–
2
2
C
yc
le
e
rg
o
m
e
te
r
In
cr
e
m
e
n
ta
l
cy
cl
e
e
rg
o
m
e
te
r
te
st
C
S
d
u
ri
n
g
gr
ad
e
d
e
x
e
rc
is
e
le
ad
to
a
si
gn
ifi
ca
n
t
h
ig
h
e
r
b
lo
o
d
la
ct
at
e
va
lu
e
at
e
x
h
au
st
io
n
,
p
ro
b
ab
ly
d
u
e
to
a
h
ig
h
e
r
la
ct
at
e
ac
cu
m
u
la
ti
o
n
re
la
te
d
to
a
gr
e
at
e
r
o
ve
ra
ll
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
an
ae
ro
b
ic
gl
yc
o
ly
si
s
in
th
e
e
n
e
rg
y
su
p
p
ly
w
h
e
n
su
b
je
ct
s
w
o
re
C
S
d
u
ri
n
g
e
x
e
rc
is
e
S
p
e
rl
ic
h
e
t
al
2
0
1
0
2
4
1
5
w
e
ll-
tr
ai
n
e
d
e
n
d
u
ra
n
ce
at
h
le
te
s
2
7
.1
±
4
.8
To
te
st
th
re
e
ty
p
e
s
o
f
co
m
p
re
ss
io
n
cl
o
th
in
g
o
n
w
e
ll-
tr
ai
n
e
d
at
h
le
te
s
to
as
se
ss
p
h
ys
io
lo
gi
ca
l
re
sp
o
n
se
s
an
d
e
ff
e
ct
s
o
n
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
cr
o
ss
o
ve
r
2
0
R
u
n
n
in
g
In
cr
e
m
e
n
ta
l
te
st
in
tr
e
ad
m
ill
C
S
d
id
n
o
t
im
p
ro
ve
d
ti
m
e
to
e
x
h
au
st
io
n
o
r
re
su
lt
e
d
in
an
y
al
te
re
d
o
x
yg
e
n
u
p
ta
k
e
re
sp
o
n
se
,
la
ct
at
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
,
o
r
ra
ti
n
gs
o
f
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
e
x
e
rt
io
n
an
d
m
u
sc
le
so
re
n
e
ss
d
u
ri
n
g
m
ax
im
al
an
d
su
b
m
ax
im
al
e
x
e
rc
is
e
T
re
se
le
r
e
t
al
2
0
1
6
2
5
1
9
re
cr
e
at
io
n
al
ly
ac
ti
ve
w
o
m
e
n
2
0
±
1
To
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
p
h
ys
io
lo
gi
ca
l
an
d
p
e
rc
e
p
tu
al
re
sp
o
n
se
s
to
w
e
ar
in
g
b
e
lo
w
-t
h
e
-k
n
e
e
C
S
af
te
r
a
5
-k
m
ru
n
n
in
g
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
cr
o
ss
o
ve
r
1
2
.6
–
2
1
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ru
n
n
in
g
5
k
m
ti
m
e
-t
ri
al
C
S
h
ad
n
o
e
ff
e
ct
s
o
n
5
k
m
ti
m
e
an
d
H
R
,
b
u
t
re
su
lt
e
d
in
le
ssm
u
sc
le
so
re
n
e
ss
in
lo
w
e
r
e
x
tr
e
m
it
ie
s
an
d
h
ig
h
e
r
R
P
E
V
ar
e
la
-S
an
z
e
t
al
2
0
1
1
2
6
(E
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
t
1
)
1
6
e
n
d
u
ra
n
ce
tr
ai
n
e
d
at
h
le
te
s
(m
e
n
an
d
w
o
m
e
n
)
3
4
.7
±
6
.3
To
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
o
f
gr
ad
u
al
-e
la
st
ic
co
m
p
re
ss
io
n
st
o
ck
-
in
gs
(g
cs
s)
o
n
ru
n
n
in
g
e
co
n
o
m
y
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
re
p
e
at
e
d
-
m
e
as
u
re
s
d
e
si
gn
1
5
–
2
2
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ru
n
n
in
g
4
b
o
u
ts
o
f
6
-m
in
h
al
f-
m
ar
at
h
o
n
p
ac
e
tr
e
ad
m
ill
ru
n
n
in
g
C
S
h
ad
n
o
e
ff
e
ct
s
o
n
ru
n
n
in
g
e
co
n
o
m
y
an
d
R
P
E
E
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
t
2
1
2
e
n
d
u
ra
n
ce
tr
ai
n
e
d
at
h
le
te
s
(m
e
n
an
d
w
o
m
e
n
)
*T
h
e
se
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
al
so
p
ar
ti
ci
p
at
e
d
in
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
t
1
N
o
t
d
e
sc
ri
b
e
d
To
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
o
f
gc
ss
o
n
k
in
e
m
at
ic
s,
an
d
ru
n
n
in
g
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
n
o
n
–
cr
o
ss
o
ve
r
d
e
si
gn
1
5
–
2
2
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ru
n
n
in
g
T
re
ad
m
ill
ru
n
n
in
g
u
n
ti
l
e
x
h
au
st
io
n
at
1
0
5
%
o
f
th
e
at
h
le
te
’s
re
ce
n
t
1
0
-k
m
ti
m
e
an
d
1
%
gr
ad
e
C
S
re
su
lt
e
d
in
lo
w
e
r
%
H
R
m
a
x
.
N
o
e
ff
e
ct
s
o
f
th
e
C
S
w
e
re
o
b
se
rv
e
d
fo
r
ti
m
e
to
fa
ti
gu
e
,
H
R
p
e
a
k
,
la
ct
at
e
,
R
P
E
,
V
O
2
p
e
a
k
,
sp
e
e
d
,
%
V
O
2
m
a
x
,
an
d
R
E
(C
on
tin
ue
d)
Dovepress Mota et al
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2020:11 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
DovePress
35
Leonardo Sampaio Araujo - lsampaio995@gmail.com - CPF: 061.974.667-08
http://www.dovepress.com
http://www.dovepress.com
T
ab
le
1
(C
o
n
ti
n
u
e
d
).
D
at
e-
A
u
th
o
r
S
u
b
je
ct
s
A
ge
A
im
E
xp
er
im
en
ta
l
D
es
ig
n
C
P
(m
m
H
g)
T
yp
e
o
f
E
xe
rc
is
e
E
xe
rc
is
e
P
ro
to
co
l/
D
et
ai
ls
F
in
d
in
gs
V
e
rc
ru
ys
se
n
e
t
al
2
0
1
2
2
7
1
1
m
al
e
tr
ai
n
e
d
ru
n
n
e
rs
3
4
.7
±
9
.8
To
in
ve
st
ig
at
e
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
s
o
f
C
S
o
n
p
e
rf
o
rm
an
ce
in
d
ic
at
o
rs
an
d
p
h
ys
io
lo
gi
ca
l
re
sp
o
n
se
s
d
u
ri
n
g
p
ro
lo
n
ge
d
tr
ai
l
ru
n
n
in
g
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
cr
o
ss
o
ve
r
1
8
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ru
n
n
in
g
1
5
.6
k
m
tr
ai
l-
ru
n
n
in
g
C
S
h
ad
n
o
e
ff
e
ct
s
o
n
ru
n
ti
m
e
,
H
R
,
b
lo
o
d
la
ct
at
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
an
d
R
P
E
W
ah
l
e
t
al
2
0
1
2
2
8
9
w
e
ll-
tr
ai
n
e
d
,
m
al
e
e
n
d
u
ra
n
ce
at
h
le
te
s
2
2
.2
±
1
.3
To
te
st
if
d
if
fe
re
n
t
le
ve
ls
o
f
so
ck
co
m
p
re
ss
io
n
af
fe
ct
e
ry
th
ro
cy
te
d
e
fo
rm
ab
ili
ty
an
d
m
e
ta
b
o
lic
p
ar
am
e
te
rs
d
u
ri
n
g
su
b
-m
ax
im
al
an
d
m
ax
im
al
ru
n
n
in
g
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
re
p
e
at
e
d
-
m
e
as
u
re
s
d
e
si
gn
0
,
1
0
,
2
0
,
an
d
4
0
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ru
n
n
in
g
3
0
m
in
su
b
-m
ax
im
al
ru
n
n
in
g
an
d
ti
m
e
to
e
x
h
au
st
io
n
th
e
re
af
te
r
u
si
n
g
a
ra
m
p
te
st
(i
n
cr
e
as
e
in
in
cl
in
e
o
f
1
%
e
ve
ry
m
in
u
te
)
C
S
h
ad
n
o
e
ff
e
ct
s
o
n
e
ry
th
ro
cy
te
d
e
fo
rm
ab
ili
ty
,
h
e
ar
t
ra
te
,
p
O
2
an
d
la
ct
at
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
e
x
e
rc
is
e
it
se
lf
si
gn
ifi
ca
n
tl
y
in
cr
e
as
e
d
e
ry
th
ro
cy
te
d
e
fo
rm
ab
ili
ty
,
w
it
h
h
ig
h
C
S
at
te
n
u
at
in
g
th
is
e
ff
e
ct
.
Z
ad
o
w
e
t
al
2
0
1
8
2
9
6
7
m
ar
at
h
o
n
ru
n
n
e
rs
(m
e
n
an
d
w
o
m
e
n
)
4
6
.7
±
1
0
.3
To
in
ve
st
ig
at
e
th
e
e
ff
e
ct
o
f
w
e
ar
in
g
co
m
p
re
ss
io
n
so
ck
s
o
n
co
ag
u
la
ti
o
n
an
d
fi
b
ri
n
o
ly
si
s
fo
llo
w
in
g
a
m
ar
at
h
o
n
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
co
n
tr
o
lle
d
tr
ia
l
N
o
t
d
e
sc
ri
b
e
d
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ru
n
n
in
g
M
ar
at
h
o
n
ra
ce
(4
2
,1
9
5
m
)
C
S
si
gn
ifi
ca
n
tl
y
re
d
u
ce
d
p
o
st
-
m
ar
at
h
o
n
D
-D
im
e
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
s
Z
al
e
sk
i
e
t
al
2
0
1
8
3
0
2
0
ru
n
n
e
rs
(m
e
n
an
d
w
o
m
e
n
)
C
o
n
tr
o
l:
3
5
.5
±
8
.0
C
S
:
3
6
.9
±
8
.4
To
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
in
fl
u
e
n
ce
o
f
C
S
w
o
rn
d
u
ri
n
g
a
m
ar
at
h
o
n
o
n
cr
e
at
in
e
k
in
as
e
le
ve
ls
R
an
d
o
m
iz
e
d
co
n
tr
o
lle
d
tr
ia
l
1
9
–
2
5
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ru
n
n
in
g
M
ar
at
h
o
n
ra
ce
(4
2
,1
9
5
m
)
C
S
h
ad
n
o
e
ff
e
ct
s
o
n
C
K
le
ve
ls
at
b
as
e
lin
e
,
im
m
e
d
ia
te
ly
fo
llo
w
in
g,
o
r
2
4
h
af
te
r
a
m
ar
at
h
o
n
ra
ce
.
N
o
te
s:
**
T
im
e
u
n
d
e
r
lo
ad
m
e
an
s
th
e
m
ax
im
al
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
m
in
u
te
s
p
e
rf
o
rm
e
d
at
a
su
b
m
ax
im
al
sp
e
e
d
(i
.e
.,
9
to
1
1
k
m
.h
−
1
)
to
e
n
su
re
o
ve
r
3
0
m
in
s
ru
n
n
in
g.
A
b
b
re
vi
at
io
n
s:
C
P,
co
m
p
re
ss
io
n
p
re
ss
u
re
;
C
M
J,
co
u
n
te
rm
o
ve
m
e
n
t
ju
m
p
s;
C
K
,
cr
e
at
in
e
k
in
as
e
;
C
S
,
co
m
p
re
ss
io
n
st
o
ck
in
gs
;
E
S
C
o
h
e
n
’s
d
,
e
ff
e
ct
si
ze
;
R
P
E
,
ra
ti
n
g
o
f
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
e
x
e
rt
io
n
.
Mota et al Dovepress
submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
DovePress
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2020:1136
Leonardo Sampaio Araujo - lsampaio995@gmail.com - CPF: 061.974.667-08
http://www.dovepress.com
http://www.dovepress.com
Table 2 Studies That Found Effects from Wearing CS During Exercise
Study Potential
Benefited Variable
Summary Effects from CS No Effects from CS
Ali et al 200710
Muscle soreness
Experiment 2: CS decreased
muscle soreness following each
exercise bout, and 24 h after the
10 km time-trial;
Performance was not influence by
CS (P=0.15)
Experiment 2:
Lower perceived muscle soreness
potential Individual improvements:
10 of the 14 Participants ran faster
~ 20 s
Experiment 1:
Distance covered on the multi-stage fitness Shuttle running
test
HRmean
Perceived muscle soreness
RPE
Experiment 2:
Time to complete 10 km time-trial (mean)
Time to complete 1st and 2nd 5 km partial time RPE
Ali et al 201111
Muscle fatigue
CS worn (low and medium
compression) resulted in greater
maintenance of leg power after
10 km, but performance on 10 km
did not
Vertical jump height higher (from
pre-to post-10 km running) when
wearing Low (12–15 mm Hg) and
Med (18–21 mm Hg) CS
Time to complete 10 km
RPE
HRmean
High (23–32 mmHg) CS had no benefit for vertical jump post-
10 km
Berry et al 198713
Lactate recovery
CS did not affect the VO2max,
recovery of VO2max, but blood
lactate was lower on the recovery
period when CS was worn during
incremental treadmill test until
exhaustion
Lower blood lactate after the
incremental test (at 15 min of the
recovery period)
VO2max
Time to exhaustion
recovery of VO2max
Bieuzen et al 201414
Muscle soreness
Muscle fatigue-recovery
CS improved post-exercise
recovery (perceived leg soreness
and muscle function); CS did not
influence the performance
(15.6 km in mountainous terrain)
and markers of muscle damage/
inflammation
Lower perceived muscle soreness
Higher isometric peak torque and
MVC (knee extensors) at 1 h (ES
small) and 24 h post-run
All recovery periods on CMJ (ES
large)
Time to complete 15.6 km
RPE
HR responses
CK and interleukin-6 levels
Brophy-Williams et al
201915
Subsequent performance
CS did not affect immediate
performance, but had a positive
impact on subsequent performance
(1 h later)
Lower decrement from TT1 to
TT2 (~9.5 s vs control) on time to
complete 5 km
Time to complete TT1 (5 km)
Time to complete TT2 (5 km)
Oxygen consumption
Blood lactate
Cross sectional area of calf
RPE
Perceived muscle soreness
Perceived fatigue
Perceived recovery
Gimenes et al 201917
Muscle soreness
Acute performance
CS minimized the increment of
local muscle soreness in the 2nd
match (two soccer matches with
72 h in-between); CS also
improved performance in high-
intensity activities during the
matches
Minimized the increment of
muscle soreness on match 2;
Higher distances covered >
19.1 km.h1 and ≥ 23 km.h−1 on
match 1 higher distances covered
between 19.1 and 22.99 km.h−1 on
match 2
Match 1
Perceived soreness and recovery
RPE
HRmean, HRpeak
Internal load (RPE x minutes played)
Sprints repetitions
Distances covered in total and below 19.1 km.h−1
Match 2
Perceivedrecovery
RPE
HRmean, HRpeak
Internal load (RPE x minutes played)
Sprints repetitions
Distances covered in total and below 19.1 km.h−1
(Continued)
Dovepress Mota et al
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2020:11 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
DovePress
37
Leonardo Sampaio Araujo - lsampaio995@gmail.com - CPF: 061.974.667-08
http://www.dovepress.com
http://www.dovepress.com
Table 2 (Continued).
Study Potential
Benefited Variable
Summary Effects from CS No Effects from CS
Kemmler et al 200918
Acute performance
Anaerobic threshold
CS improved running
performance and metabolic
indicators (anaerobic threshold)
Time under load** (ES 0.40)
Total work (ES: 0.30)
Running at the anaerobic (ES:
0.22)
And aerobic thresholds (ES: 0.28)
VO2max
Maximal lactate concentration
HRmax
Pulmonary ventilation
Ventilator equivalent
Respiratory exchange ratio
Menetrier et al 201119
Oxygen saturation at
recovery
CS did not improve performance,
however CS increased calf tissue
oxygen saturation at rest and
during recovery from exercise
Increased calf tissue oxygen
saturation at rest (before
exercise): + 6.4±1.9%
And during recovery: + 7.4±1.7%
and + 10.7 ± 1.8% at 20th
And 30th min of the last recovery
period, respectively
Times to exhaustion performed
HRmean
HRmax
RPE
Miyamoto et al 201120
Muscle fatigue
CS had no effect on the decline of
MVC, but the extent of reduction
of the evoked triplet torque was
smaller when wearing CS with
a high compression pressure
The decline of the MPF in the CS
30 mmHg was significantly smaller
than that in 0 mmHg (control)
Reduction of the MVC torque after the calf-raise among 0
(control), 18 and 30 mmHg CS
EMG amplitude during the MVC was decreased, the
extent to which was not significantly different among the
three
Conditions both for the medial gastrocnemius and soleus
M-wave amplitude (evoked contraction)
Pavin et al 201921
Muscle fatigue
CS positively influenced agility and
lower limb muscular endurance
performances following a soccer
match
After-match kept the time to
complete T-test Agility (control
performed slower) from baseline
Control presented greater
decrement after-match (ES = 1.27
control vs. CS) in the heel-rise
test repetitions from baseline
Distance covered in the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level
2 after match
HRmean, peak and %peak
RPE
Rider et al 201422
**worst acute performance
Lactate recovery
CS did not improve running
performance, but seem to
improve recovery after exercise
Time to fatigue lower in CS
(**negative)
Blood lactate lower during
recovery (1 and 5 min)
HR
blood lactate (during the maximal treadmill test)
lactate threshold
VO2max
Respiratory exchange ratio
RPE
Rimaud et al 201023
Lactate recovery
CS did not improve performance
during graded maximal exercise
but lead to a higher contribution
of anaerobic glycolysis and
improved lactate removal during
passive recovery. However, CS
efficacy is highly limited
Higher blood lactate value at
exhaustion
Lactate removal ability was
improved (during passive
recovery)
Submaximal/maximal HR
VO2
Performance (W on VO2max)
SBP
RPE
Treseler et al 201625
Muscle soreness
CS decreased muscle soreness (24
h post-run) in lower extremities,
(but not for calf) and presented
higher RPE (feelings of working
harder with CS); CS did not
influence 5 km performance
(P=0.74)
Lower perceived muscle soreness
24 h later
Potential individual improvement
(10 of 19 participants ran faster
~10 s)
Time to complete 5 km time-trial (mean)
HR responses
Rate of perceived recovery
(Continued)
Mota et al Dovepress
submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
DovePress
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2020:1138
Leonardo Sampaio Araujo - lsampaio995@gmail.com - CPF: 061.974.667-08
http://www.dovepress.com
http://www.dovepress.com
Another study showed CS-induced ergogenic effects
on performance. The authors found an improvement in
running performance concomitantly with anaerobic and
aerobic thresholds when participants wore CS.18 The ben-
efits of CS-ergogenic effects on performance are attributed
to enhanced biomechanical support of the muscles, leading
to higher efficiency and lower metabolic costs at given
workloads,18,36 reduction of muscular microtrauma,6 and
enhanced the proprioception.32 During a 5 km running
time-trial (Brophy-Williams et al15) the wearing CS did
not affect immediate performance. However, CS generated
a positive impact on subsequent 5 km running (i.e., less
performance decrement from time-trial 1 to time-trial 2).
Again, the underlying mechanism of such benefit is
unclear but may be related to increased oxygen delivery,
lower muscle oscillation, and better running mechanics.15
Despite the current results, the literature does not indi-
cate robust evidence favoring the use of CS during exercise
(i.e., only three studies found benefits on performance).
Researchers should be careful in drawing conclusions.
Considering that each specific study has (or had)
a particular experimental design (e.g., exercise protocol,
duration, intensity, variables measured, fitness level of the
participants), it becomes difficult to generalize the results
from the different studies. Thus, it is essential to consider
the risk of bias and heterogeneity of the studies. As the
same protocol does not conduct different studies, they will
vary in the characteristics of the included population, inter-
ventions, diagnostic methods to access outcomes, etc. (clin-
ical heterogeneity). Thus, these studies may be biased.37
Additionally, two studies did not find CS-induced effects
on group mean performance, but the authors highlighted the
individual improvements: 10 of 19 runners ran the 5 km
time-trial approximately 10 s faster,25 and 10 of the 14
runners ran the 10 km time-trial10 approximately
20 s faster. Therefore, individual responses should be care-
fully evaluated in practical settings.
CS, Muscle Function and Perceived
Muscle Soreness
Some studies in the current review have shown that CS can
induce lower muscle fatigue after an exercise protocol with
the same workload than a control condition.11,14,20,21 The
lower after-exercise fatigue may suggest a preserved muscle
function. Overall, such studies show the maintenance (based
on baseline values) of muscle function by a smaller decre-
ment of performance (or none) in specific muscular tests
performed after the exercise protocol (e.g., running time-
trial, soccer match). On the same reasoning, the lower per-
ceived muscle soreness found in the current review is also
a potential beneficial outcome from CS. The smaller muscle
soreness may be particularly relevant for more prolonged
periods with multiples exhausting physical activities per-
formed with a short recovery period in-between.17
In one of the studies, competitive runners (VO2max
~69 mL.kg.min) completed four 10 km time-trial wearing
control CS (0 mm Hg) and CS with different pressures in
a randomized, counterbalanced order.11 The runners per-
formed CMJ tests before and after running as a muscle func-
tion indicator. The results showed that CMJ height decreased
after control running. However, CMJ performance was
improved after running wearing CS (low and medium pres-
sure), suggesting a better maintainance of muscle function.
Table 2 (Continued).
Study Potential
Benefited Variable
Summary Effects from CS No Effects from CS
Varela-Sanz et al 201126
(experiment 2)
Acute lower cardiac stress
CS resulted in lower cardiac
stress during a test at competition
pace, but none effects for
performance and other
physiological and perceptual
indicators
Lower HR response during a test
at competition pace (ie, 105% best
10 km run)
Time to fatigue
HRpeak
Blood lactate
RPE
VO2 peak speed
%VO2 max
Running economy
Zadow et al 201829
Lower fibrinolytic activity
CS significantly reduced post-
marathon fibrinolytic activityLower D-Dimer concentrations
post-marathon
Marathon finishing times
Thrombin–anti-thrombin complex tissue factor
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
Notes: **Time under load means the maximal amount of minutes performed at a submaximal speed (ie, 9 to 11 km.h−1) to ensure over 30 mins running.
Abbreviations: CMJ, countermovement jumps; CS, compression stockings; ES Cohen’s d, effect size; HR, heart rate; MVC, maximal voluntary contraction; RPE, rating of
perceived exertion; TT, time-trial.
Dovepress Mota et al
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2020:11 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
DovePress
39
Leonardo Sampaio Araujo - lsampaio995@gmail.com - CPF: 061.974.667-08
http://www.dovepress.com
http://www.dovepress.com
The authors speculated that improvements in proprioception
to jump and reduced muscle oscillations due to CS probably
collaborated with lower muscle fatigue.11
In other included study, highly trained runners partici-
pated in 3 simulated trail races (15.6 km, including uphill
and downhill) in a randomized crossover trial.14 Authors
measured indicators of muscle function (and also muscle
perceived soreness) at baseline, 1, 24, and 48 h after-run.
Muscle function decreased after the race, suggesting the
appearance of fatigue, which was partially counteracted by
CS. More specifically, a beneficial effect from wearing CS
was found for isometric peak torque at 1 h and 24 h post-
run and for CMJ throughout the 48 h recovery period.
Perceived muscle soreness was also lower when runners
wore CS during trail running compared with the control
condition (1 h and 24 h post-run). Specific muscle con-
tractions during trail running (e.g., eccentric on the down-
hill portion) might result in more extensive muscle
oscillation and soreness. Thus, CS probably reduced the
perceived muscle soreness due to the higher preservation
of muscle function.14
Miyamoto et al20 showed that CS promoted a smaller
extent of reduction (- 6.4 ± 8.5% for CS vs. −16.5 ± 9.0%
for control) of the evoked triplet torque, after a fatiguing
protocol (15 sets X 10 repetitions) of calf-raise exercise.
The authors suggested that mitigation of muscle fatigue
observed in their study could be related to increased
venous flow velocity and prevention of the lowering of
the intramuscular pH.20
Positive CS-induced benefits on muscle fatigue was also
described after a soccer match. Female players of both
teams (50% each team, randomly wore CS or control
socks) performed tests (agility T, standing heel-rise, and
YoYo Intermittent Endurance II) 48 h before (baseline)
and immediately after the game. CS resulted in less match-
induced fatigue for agility T-test performance (maintenance
for CS and decrement in control players) and heel-rise test
(both groups had a decrement on the number of repetitions,
but higher in control).21
In the current review, some researchers found
a beneficial CS-effect on the perceived muscle soreness
in lower extremities after the following exercises: high-
intensity continuous 10 km road-running,10 15.6 km trail
in mountainous terrain,14 in the second match of soccer
(72 h between the first game),17 and 24 h post 5 km time-
trial.25 Overall, those studies suggested a lower perception
of muscle soreness due to less extensive muscle damage
(lower muscle oscillation), and better proprioception.
However, we cannot rule out a potential placebo effect,
once it is hard to control such bias due to the nature of
compressive CS versus control socks.
CS, Other Potential Benefits, and Final
Considerations
Besides performance, muscle soreness, and muscle function
indicators, 15 out of the 21 studies selected in this review
presented other variables influenced by CS: lower blood
lactate levels,13,22,23 and fibrinolytic activity,29 higher oxy-
gen saturation,19 after the exercise protocol (recovery).
Also, lower cardiac stress during exercise has been found.26
Mitigation of exercise-induced muscle damage is
a possible effect according to authors that found benefit
from wearing CS in this review. However, none of them
measured blood markers of muscle damage (e.g., creatine
kinase - CK, lactate dehydrogenase - LDH). Curiously, only
three studies measured such markers after-exercise:
a marathon race,12 a 15.6 km trail-running,14 and half-
ironman triathlon competition,16 and found no effect from
CS. The lack of measurements of muscle damage markers on
several studies herein included may be due to the experimen-
tal design and the fact of “only” wearing the CS during the
exercise (i.e., more focus on performance than recovery).
Longer time-points of measurement after the activity (e.g.,
time-course of CK for at least 24 h after-exercise) could be
necessary to detect a significant change in CK,38 for example.
Finally, we highlight that in a real-world scenario, ath-
letes probably will not use a promising ergogenic aid to
improve performance (e.g., CS) only once, as the majority
of studies included here. Athletes would perhaps try it in
a couple of training session and one competition before to
make a final decision. Also, in practical terms, athletes
usually may combine different strategies to improve perfor-
mance and later recovery, such as ischemic
preconditioning,39,40 myofascial release, and cold water
immersion.41 Currently, the effects of such strategies (iso-
lated or combined) with CS are unknown. Therefore, the
interpretation of our findings should have in mind “to see
also the forest, not just the leaf”.
Conclusions
Wearing below-knee CS during exercise (or sport/physical
activity) improved the actual performance in a small number
of the studies analyzed. However, there is some evidence that
wearing CS could benefit muscle fatigue indicators and mus-
cle soreness immediately after and hours after an exercise
Mota et al Dovepress
submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
DovePress
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2020:1140
Leonardo Sampaio Araujo - lsampaio995@gmail.com - CPF: 061.974.667-08
http://www.dovepress.com
http://www.dovepress.com
bout (e.g., better recovery until 48 h). Lower muscle fatigue
andmuscle soreness might be helpful in subsequent exercises
or more extended periods of intervention (e.g., several
months). Thus, Sports Medicine professionals should con-
sider the individual responses for performance and
a potential placebo (or nocebo) effect. Future studies should
evaluate longer experimental designs (e.g., several weeks)
wearing CS on exercise performance and physiological indi-
cators, once the chronic effects are unknown.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
References
1. Sigel B, Edelstein AL, Savitch L, Hasty JH, Felix WR Jr. Type of
compression for reducing venous stasis. A study of lower extremities
during inactive recumbency. Arch Surg. 1975;110(2):171–175.
doi:10.1001/archsurg.1975.01360080037005
2. da Silva CA, Helal L, da Silva RP, Belli KC, Umpierre D, Stein R.
Association of lower limb compression garments during high-intensity
exercise with performance and physiological responses: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2018;48(8):1859–1873.
doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0927-z
3. Gianesini S, Mosti G, Sibilla MG, et al. Lower limb volume in healthy
individuals after walking with compression stockings. J Vasc Surg
Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(4):557–561. doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.
02.001
4. Gianesini S, Tessari M, Menegatti E, et al. Comparison between the
effects of 18-and 23-mmHg elastic stockings on leg volume and
fatigue in golfers. Int Angiol. 2017;36(2):129–135. doi:10.23736/
S0392-9590.16.03647-6
5. Nedelec M, McCall A, Carling C, Legall F, Berthoin S, Dupont G.
Recovery in soccer: part I - post-match fatigue and time course of
recovery. Sports Med. 2012;42(12):997–1015. doi:10.2165/11635270-
000000000-00000
6. Valle X, Til L, Drobnic F, et al. Compression garments to prevent
delayed onset muscle soreness in soccerplayers. Muscles Ligaments
Tendons J. 2013;3(4):295–302. doi:10.32098/mltj.04.2013.10
7. Priego Quesada JI, Lucas-Cuevas AG, Gil-Calvo M, et al. Effects of
graduated compression stockings on skin temperature after running.
J Therm Biol. 2015;52:130–136. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.06.005
8. Duffield R, Edge J, Merrells R, et al. The effects of compression
garments on intermittent exercise performance and recovery on con-
secutive days. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2008;3(4):454–468.
doi:10.1123/ijspp.3.4.454
9. MorrisonA, Polisena J, HusereauD, et al. The effect of english-language
restriction on systematic review-based meta-analyses: a systematic
review of empirical studies. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2012;28
(2):138–144. doi:10.1017/S0266462312000086
10. Ali A, Caine MP, Snow BG. Graduated compression stockings:
physiological and perceptual responses during and after exercise.
J Sports Sci. 2007;25(4):413–419. doi:10.1080/02640410600718
376
11. Ali A, Creasy RH, Edge JA. The effect of graduated compression
stockings on running performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25
(5):1385–1392. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d6848e
12. Areces F, Salinero JJ, Abian-Vicen J, et al. The use of compression
stockings during a marathon competition to reduce exercise-induced
muscle damage: are they really useful? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther.
2015;45(6):462–470. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5863
13. Berry MJ, McMurray RG. Effects of graduated compression stock-
ings on blood lactate following an exhaustive bout of exercise. Am
J Phys Med. 1987;66(3):121–132. doi:10.1119/1.18829
14. Bieuzen F, Brisswalter J, Easthope C, Vercruyssen F, Bernard T,
Hausswirth C. Effect of wearing compression stockings on recovery
after mild exercise-induced muscle damage. Int J Sports Physiol
Perform. 2014;9(2):256–264. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2013-0126
15. Brophy-Williams N, Driller MW, Kitic CM, Fell JW, Halson SL.
Wearing compression socks during exercise aids subsequent
performance. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(1):123–127. doi:10.1016/j.
jsams.2018.06.010
16. Del Coso J, Areces F, Salinero JJ, et al. Compression stockings do
not improve muscular performance during a half-ironman triathlon
race. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(3):587–595. doi:10.1007/s00421-
013-2789-2
17. Gimenes SV, Marocolo M, Pavin LN, et al. Compression stockings
used during two soccer matches improve perceived muscle soreness
and high-intensity performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2019. doi:10.
1519/JSC.0000000000003048
18. Kemmler W, von Stengel S, Kockritz C, Mayhew J, Wassermann A,
Zapf J. Effect of compression stockings on running performance in
men runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(1):101–105. doi:10.1519/
JSC.0b013e31818eaef3
19. Ménétrier A, Mourot L, Bouhaddi M, Regnard J, Tordi N.
Compression sleeves increase tissue oxygen saturation but not running
performance. Int J Sports Med. 2011;32(11):864–868. doi:10.1055/
s-0031-1283181
20. Miyamoto N, Hirata K, Mitsukawa N, Yanai T, Kawakami Y. Effect
of pressure intensity of graduated elastic compression stocking on
muscle fatigue following calf-raise exercise. J Electromyogr Kinesiol.
2011;21(2):249–254. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.08.006
21. Pavin LN, Leicht AS, Gimenes SV, et al. Can compression stockings
reduce the degree of soccer match-induced fatigue in females? Res
Sports Med. 2019;27(3):351–364. doi:10.1080/15438627.2018.1527
335
22. Rider BC, Coughlin AM, Hew-Butler TD, Goslin BR. Effect of
compression stockings on physiological responses and running per-
formance in division III collegiate cross-country runners during
a maximal treadmill test. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(6):17
32–1738. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000287
23. Rimaud D, Messonnier L, Castells J, Devillard X, Calmels P. Effects
of compression stockings during exercise and recovery on blood
lactate kinetics. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;110(2):425–433. doi:10.10
07/s00421-010-1503-x
24. Sperlich B, Haegele M, Achtzehn S, Linville J, Holmberg HC,
Mester J. Different types of compression clothing do not increase
sub-maximal and maximal endurance performance in well-trained
athletes. J Sports Sci. 2010;28(6):609–614. doi:10.1080/02640410
903582768
25. Treseler C, Bixby WR, Nepocatych S. The effect of compression
stockings on physiological and psychological responses after 5-km
performance in recreationally active females. J Strength Cond Res.
2016;30(7):1985–1991. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001291
26. Varela-Sanz A, Espana J, Carr N, Boullosa DA, Esteve-Lanao J.
Effects of gradual-elastic compression stockings on running econ-
omy, kinematics, and performance in runners. J Strength Cond Res.
2011;25(10):2902–2910. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31820f5049
27. Vercruyssen F, Easthope C, Bernard T, et al. The influence of
wearing compression stockings on performance indicators and
physiological responses following a prolonged trail running
exercise. Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14(2):144–150. doi:10.1080/
17461391.2012.730062
28. Wahl P, Bloch W, Mester J, Born DP, Sperlich B. Effects of different
levels of compression during sub-maximal and high-intensity exer-
cise on erythrocyte deformability. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112
(6):2163–2169. doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2186-7
Dovepress Mota et al
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2020:11 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
DovePress
41
Leonardo Sampaio Araujo - lsampaio995@gmail.com - CPF: 061.974.667-08
https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1975.01360080037005
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0927-z
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.02.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.02.001
https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.16.03647-6
https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.16.03647-6
https://doi.org/10.2165/11635270-000000000-00000
https://doi.org/10.2165/11635270-000000000-00000
https://doi.org/10.32098/mltj.04.2013.10
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.06.005
https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.4.454
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266462312000086
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600718376
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600718376
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d6848e
https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2015.5863
https://doi.org/10.1119/1.18829
https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0126
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.06.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.06.010
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2789-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2789-2
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003048
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003048
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818eaef3
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818eaef3
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1283181
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1283181
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.08.006
https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2018.1527335
https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2018.1527335
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000287
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1503-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1503-x
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903582768
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903582768
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001291
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31820f5049
https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.730062
https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.730062
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2186-7
http://www.dovepress.com
http://www.dovepress.com
29. Zadow EK, Adams MJ, Wu SSX, et al. Compression socks and the
effects on coagulation and fibrinolytic activation during marathon
running. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018;118(10):2171–2177. doi:10.1007/
s00421-018-3929-5
30. Zaleski AL, Pescatello LS, Ballard KD, et al. The influence of
compression socks during a marathon on exercise-associated muscle
damage. J Sport Rehabil. 2019;28:1–5.
31. Engel FA, Holmberg H-C, Sperlich B. Is there evidence that runners
can benefit from wearing compression clothing? Sports Med. 2016;46
(12):1939–1952. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0546-5
32. Ghai S, Driller MW, Masters RSW. The influence of below-knee
compression garments on knee-joint proprioception. Gait Posture.
2018;60:258–261. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.08.008
33. Russell M, Sparkes W, Northeast J, et al. Changesin acceleration and
deceleration capacity throughout professional soccer match-play.
J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(10):2839–2844. doi:10.1519/JSC.00
00000000000805
34. Doan B, Kwon Y-H, Newton R, et al. Evaluation of a lower-body
compression garment. J Sports Sci. 2003;21(8):601–610. doi:10.108
0/0264041031000101971
35. Sperlich B, Born D-P, Swarén M, et al. Is leg compression beneficial
for alpine skiers? BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2013;5(1):18.
doi:10.1186/2052-1847-5-18
36. Bringard A, Perrey S, Belluye N. Aerobic energy cost and sensation
responses during submaximal running exercise–positive effects of
wearing compression tights. Int J Sports Med. 2006;27(5):373–378.
doi:10.1055/s-2005-865718
37. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Allocation concealment in randomised trials:
defending against deciphering. Lancet. 2002;359(9306):614–618.
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07750-4
38. Brancaccio P, Maffulli N, Limongelli FM. Creatine kinase monitor-
ing in sport medicine. Br Med Bull. 2007;81–82:209–230. doi:10.
1093/bmb/ldm014
39. da Mota GR, Willis SJ, Sobral NDS, Borrani F, Billaut F, Millet GP.
Ischemic preconditioning maintains performance on two 5-km time
trials in hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(11):2309–2317.
doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002049
40. Arriel RA, de Souza HLR, da Mota GR, Marocolo M, Zagatto AM.
Declines in exercise performance are prevented 24 hours after
post-exercise ischemic conditioning in amateur cyclists. PLoS One.
2018;13(11):e0207053. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207053
41. Garcia C, da Mota GR, Marocolo M. Cold water immersion is
acutely detrimental but increases performance post-12 h in rugby
players. Int J Sports Med. 2016;37(08):619. doi:10.1055/s-00000028
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine Dovepress
Publish your work in this journal
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine is an international, peer-
reviewed, open access journal publishing original research,
reports, reviews and commentaries on all areas of sports medicine. The
manuscript management system is completely online and includes a
very quick and fair peer-review system. Visit http://www.dovepress.
com/testimonials.php to read real quotes from published authors.
Submit your manuscript here: http://www.dovepress.com/open-access-journal-of-sports-medicine-journal
Mota et al Dovepress
submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
DovePress
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2020:1142
Leonardo Sampaio Araujo - lsampaio995@gmail.com - CPF: 061.974.667-08
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-3929-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-3929-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0546-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.08.008
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000805
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000805
https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000101971
https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000101971
https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-1847-5-18
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-865718
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07750-4
https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldm014
https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldm014
https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002049
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207053
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-00000028
http://www.dovepress.com
http://www.dovepress.com/testimonials.php
http://www.dovepress.com/testimonials.php
http://www.dovepress.com
http://www.dovepress.com