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Superheterodyne Receiver: Modelling With MATLAB Bernardo Munguambe bernardo.munguambe@outlook.com Telecommunications Systems - Deptartment of Radio, Higher School of Nautical Sciences Maputo, Mozambique April 20, 2023 Outline Outline Introduction Superheterodyne References Outline 1 Introduction History 2 Superheterodyne Definition Block diagram Superherodyne stages 3 References Bernardo Munguambe (ESCN) Superheterodyne Receiver April 20, 2023 1/12 Introduction Outline Introduction Superheterodyne References Introduction History The superheterodyne receiver is a key innovation in radio frequency (RF) technology that revolutionized radio communication. It was invented by American engineer and inventor Edwin Armstrong in 1918. The superheterodyne architecture has since become the stan- dard design for most radio receivers due to its advantages in selec- tivity, sensitivity, and stability. Bernardo Munguambe (ESCN) Superheterodyne Receiver April 20, 2023 2/12 Superheterodyne Outline Introduction Superheterodyne References Superheterodyne Superheterodyne refers to a method of radio signal processing widely used in the design of radio receivers. The superheterodyne receiver architecture was developed to enhance the selectivity and sensitiv- ity of radio receivers. In a superheterodyne receiver, incoming radio frequency (RF) signals are mixed with a locally generated oscillator frequency to produce an intermediate frequency (IF) that is fixed and lower than the original RF. Figure: Example of Superheterodyne receiver Bernardo Munguambe (ESCN) Superheterodyne Receiver April 20, 2023 3/12 Superheterodyne Outline Introduction Superheterodyne References Block diagram The superheterodyne receiver is a common architecture used in radio communication systems. Its operation principle involves a process called heterodyning, which helps in improving selectivity, sensitivity, and tuning in a radio receiver. Here’s a simplified ex- planation of the superheterodyne receiver’s operation: Bernardo Munguambe (ESCN) Superheterodyne Receiver April 20, 2023 4/12 Superheterodyne Outline Introduction Superheterodyne References Superherodyne stages (1) Antenna and RF Amplification: The incoming radio frequency (RF) signal is captured by the antenna. An RF amplifier amplifies the weak RF signal to a level suitable for further processing. (2) Mixing (Heterodyning): The amplified RF signal is then mixed with the frequency of a local oscillator (LO) in a mixer. The mixer produces the sum and difference of the two input frequencies. The desired frequency, called the intermediate frequency (IF), is chosen as the fixed difference between the RF signal and the local oscillator frequency. (3) Intermediate Frequency (IF) Selection: The mixer output contains both the sum and difference frequencies. A filter is used to select the difference frequency, which is the intermediate frequency (IF). Choosing a fixed IF simplifies the design of subsequent stages. (4) IF Amplification: The IF signal is then amplified by one or more stages of intermediate frequency amplifiers. Amplifying at a fixed IF simplifies the design and allows for better selectivity. Bernardo Munguambe (ESCN) Superheterodyne Receiver April 20, 2023 5/12 Superheterodyne Outline Introduction Superheterodyne References Superherodyne stages (5) Demodulation: The demodulator extracts the original modulating signal (audio, for example) from the amplified IF signal. Demodulation can be accomplished using various methods depending on the type of modulation used in the transmitter (e.g., amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM)). (6) Audio Amplification The demodulated audio signal is then passed through audio amplifiers to increase its strength. (7) Audio Output The final stage involves converting the electrical audio signal into sound waves using a speaker, providing the audio output that can be heard. Bernardo Munguambe (ESCN) Superheterodyne Receiver April 20, 2023 6/12 Superheterodyne Outline Introduction Superheterodyne References Advantages The superheterodyne architecture provides several advantages, including improved selectivity, sensitivity, and ease of tuning, making it a widely used design in radio communication systems. (1) Selectivity: The use of a fixed intermediate frequency (IF) allows for the implementation of highly selective filters. This helps in rejecting unwanted adjacent channel interference and provides better selectivity, contributing to improved receiver performance. (2) Stability: The local oscillator in a superheterodyne receiver is stabilized at a fixed frequency, which enhances the overall stability of the receiver. This stability is crucial for maintaining accurate tuning and avoiding frequency drift. (3) Ease of Tuning: Tuning in a superheterodyne receiver is simplified because the tuning is performed at the fixed intermediate frequency. This makes it easier to design tuning circuits and results in a more user-friendly tuning experience. Bernardo Munguambe (ESCN) Superheterodyne Receiver April 20, 2023 7/12 Superheterodyne Outline Introduction Superheterodyne References (4) Front-End Gain The architecture allows for high gain in the RF (Radio Frequency) amplifier stage since amplification is not required at the variable tuning frequency. This contributes to better sensitivity in capturing weak signals. (5) Efficient Amplification The amplification of the intermediate frequency (IF) signal is done at a fixed frequency, making it easier to design high-gain, selective amplifiers. This contributes to improved signal-to-noise ratio and overall receiver performance. (6) Front-End Gain The architecture allows for high gain in the RF (Radio Frequency) amplifier stage since amplification is not required at the variable tuning frequency. This contributes to better sensitivity in capturing weak signals. Bernardo Munguambe (ESCN) Superheterodyne Receiver April 20, 2023 8/12 Superheterodyne Outline Introduction Superheterodyne References Modelling with Matlab/Simulink Modeling a superheterodyne receiver using Simulink involves cre- ating a block diagram that represents the different stages of the receiver, such as RF amplification, mixing, filtering, and demodu- lation. Here’s a simplified example of how you can model a super- heterodyne receiver in Simulink: (1) Open Simulink Open MATLAB and then open Simulink by typing simulink in the MATLAB command window. (2) Create a New Model In Simulink, go to the ”File” menu and choose ”New > Model” to create a new Simulink model. (3) Add Blocks Drag and drop blocks from the Simulink library browser to the model canvas. Use blocks such as Signal Source (for the RF input), RF Amplifier, Mixer, Filter, IF Amplifier, Mixer (for the second local oscillator), and Demodulator. (4) Connect Blocks Connect the blocks using lines to represent signal flow. You can use the ”Add Line” option in the Simulink toolbar. Bernardo Munguambe (ESCN) Superheterodyne Receiver April 20, 2023 9/12 Superheterodyne Outline Introduction Superheterodyne References Modelling with Matlab (5) Parameterize Blocks Double-click on each block to set its parameters. For example, specify the gain of the RF amplifier, the frequency of the local oscillators, and the characteristics of the filters. (6) Scope Block for Visualization Add a Scope block from the Simulink library to visualize the output of different stages. Connect the output of relevant blocks to the Scope block. (7) Simulation Settings Set simulation parameters such as the simulation time, solver options, and sample time. (8) Run the Simulation Click on the ”Run” button to start the simulation. The Scope block will display the simulated output of your superheterodyne receiver. Bernardo Munguambe (ESCN) Superheterodyne Receiver April 20, 2023 10/12 References Outline Introduction Superheterodyne References Bibliography q Pozar, D. M. (2011). Microwave Engineering. John Wiley & Sons. q Armstrong, E. H.(1918). A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 6(6), 671-679. q Wikipedia. (2022). Superheterodyne Receiver. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheterodyne_receiver q Proakis, J. G., & Salehi, M. (2008). Communication Systems Engineering. Prentice Hall. Bernardo Munguambe (ESCN) Superheterodyne Receiver April 20, 2023 11/12 Thank You and Query Please. . . Bernardo Munguambe +258 848200065 +258 871055827 bernardo.munguambe@outlook.com www.youtube.com/pythonhub bernardo.munguambe@outlook.com www.youtube.com/pythonhub Outline Introduction History Superheterodyne Definition Block diagram Superherodyne stages References
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