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<p>IFAC PapersOnLine 54-13 (2021) 464–471</p><p>ScienceDirect</p><p>Available online at www.sciencedirect.com</p><p>2405-8963 Copyright © 2021 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.</p><p>Peer review under responsibility of International Federation of Automatic Control.</p><p>10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.492</p><p>10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.492 2405-8963</p><p>Copyright © 2021 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license</p><p>(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)</p><p>A Critical Historical and Scientific Overview of all Industrial Revolutions</p><p>Peter P. Groumpos*</p><p>*Emeritus Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras,26500</p><p>Greece ( e-mail: groumpos@ece.upatras.gr).</p><p>Abstract: Over the course of history, mankind has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have created new technical means. TECIS</p><p>Conferences have been advocating and rightfully so, that control, automation theories and practices can</p><p>contribute in making the world a more stable place for everyone. Industry has benefited from qualitative</p><p>advancements which have sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and have had such an</p><p>overwhelming impact that we have dubbed them “revolutions”. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many inventions and firsts in history. The first four</p><p>industrial revolutions as historically been developed are review from a critical point of view. The main</p><p>technological development for each one is briefly discussed. Their social impacts are highlighted. The</p><p>numbering of the industrial revolutions has brought new controvercies into the world. The last 10 years</p><p>many difficult problems have come upon the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has created a new difficult</p><p>situation for the whole planet. The TECIS vision is of a civilization in which our technologies, systems</p><p>and processes are in service to all humanity. This is called "human-machine symbiosis" and is a vision of</p><p>the application of control and automation technologies and systems which benefit all life. A new</p><p>sustainable economic model for the meta COVID-19 period is needed. A new concept for the humanized</p><p>revolution is proposed, the INDUSTRY 6.0.</p><p>.</p><p>Keywords: Industrial revolution, automation, manufacturing, digitization, innovation, social impacts,</p><p>globalization, humanity, COVID-19, Industry 3.5, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0.</p><p>1. INTRODUCTION</p><p>Revolutions are the great turning points of history. A</p><p>revolution is a tumultuous and transformative event or a series</p><p>of events and actions that attempt to change a nation, a region</p><p>or society and the industrial and lately the business world. In</p><p>political science, a revolution is a fundamental and relatively</p><p>sudden change in political power and political organization</p><p>which occurs when the population revolts against the</p><p>government, typically due to perceived oppression or political</p><p>incompetence (Hayek1963, Weightman 2010). However, this</p><p>term does not fit very well on other situations such is the</p><p>industrial, business and science in general. In fact, revolutions</p><p>vary in their motives and their aims. Indeed, in the case of</p><p>“Industrial” the term Revolution has extensively been used and</p><p>many times not as appropriately as prudent. This will become</p><p>obvious in this paper.</p><p>Since Prometheus stole the fire of knowledge from right</p><p>under the noses of the gods on Mount Olympus and bestowed</p><p>it upon mankind, humans have not stopped fiddling with it</p><p>and creating striking innovations all throughout their</p><p>evolution (Landes 1969). Over the course of history, mankind</p><p>has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have</p><p>created new technical means. Therefore, industry has</p><p>benefited from qualitative advancements which have</p><p>sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and</p><p>have had such an overwhelming impact that we have dubbed</p><p>them “revolutions”. The industrial revolution is traditionally</p><p>considered the most important break in the history of</p><p>mankind since the Neolithic period (Hayek 1963, Fremdling</p><p>1996, Weightman 2010). The First Industrial Revolution</p><p>(F.I.R.) is considered a major turning point in world history</p><p>because it impacted almost every aspect of daily life across</p><p>the world. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many</p><p>inventions and firsts in history (Landes 1969, Lucas 2003).</p><p>The F.I.R. were followed by three more industrial</p><p>revolutions, till the end of the 20th century. With each one a</p><p>named is associated. The first with the name Mechanical</p><p>Revolution, the second with Electrical Revolution, the third</p><p>with Automated revolution and the fourth with Digited</p><p>Revolution. (Hobsbawm 1990). The 21st century has arrived</p><p>with a tsunami of technological and scientific achievements.</p><p>No one knows what to call them. Even the fourth Industrial</p><p>revolution has become Industry 4.0. (Bonner 2018). This new</p><p>name has itself “revolutionized” the perception and</p><p>understanding of major innovative scientific and</p><p>technological achievements that drive each so called</p><p>“industrial revolution”. Why and how?</p><p>Global manufacturing networks are facing disruptive</p><p>challenges due to newly technologies such as Big Data,</p><p>A Critical Historical and Scientific Overview of all Industrial Revolutions</p><p>Peter P. Groumpos*</p><p>*Emeritus Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras,26500</p><p>Greece ( e-mail: groumpos@ece.upatras.gr).</p><p>Abstract: Over the course of history, mankind has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have created new technical means. TECIS</p><p>Conferences have been advocating and rightfully so, that control, automation theories and practices can</p><p>contribute in making the world a more stable place for everyone. Industry has benefited from qualitative</p><p>advancements which have sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and have had such an</p><p>overwhelming impact that we have dubbed them “revolutions”. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many inventions and firsts in history. The first four</p><p>industrial revolutions as historically been developed are review from a critical point of view. The main</p><p>technological development for each one is briefly discussed. Their social impacts are highlighted. The</p><p>numbering of the industrial revolutions has brought new controvercies into the world. The last 10 years</p><p>many difficult problems have come upon the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has created a new difficult</p><p>situation for the whole planet. The TECIS vision is of a civilization in which our technologies, systems</p><p>and processes are in service to all humanity. This is called "human-machine symbiosis" and is a vision of</p><p>the application of control and automation technologies and systems which benefit all life. A new</p><p>sustainable economic model for the meta COVID-19 period is needed. A new concept for the humanized</p><p>revolution is proposed, the INDUSTRY 6.0.</p><p>.</p><p>Keywords: Industrial revolution, automation, manufacturing, digitization, innovation, social impacts,</p><p>globalization, humanity, COVID-19, Industry 3.5, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0.</p><p>1. INTRODUCTION</p><p>Revolutions are the great turning points of history. A</p><p>revolution is a tumultuous and transformative event or a series</p><p>of events and actions that attempt to change a nation, a region</p><p>or society and the industrial and lately the business world. In</p><p>political science, a revolution is a fundamental and relatively</p><p>sudden change in political power and political organization</p><p>which occurs when the population revolts against the</p><p>government, typically due to perceived oppression or political</p><p>incompetence (Hayek1963,</p><p>The main</p><p>characteristic of Industry 5.0 will be that the whole process</p><p>will depend heavily on the “person” been involved on it.</p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted lives of the world over</p><p>for more than a year. What is happening to the world? A</p><p>question we all ask ourselves and the answer we all get is,</p><p>“everything is changing”. The world is a dynamic place that is</p><p>gradually, yet constantly changing, and COVID-19 serves as a</p><p>catalyst that is expediting this change process. We can see and</p><p>feel this change on our faces with everyone wearing protective</p><p>masks or having our temperature measured before entering a</p><p>building. Most importantly, we are practicing physical</p><p>distancing, while desperately trying to stay socially connected.</p><p>All these changes highlight the beginning of a new era that</p><p>presents different challenges than the ones we have ever faced</p><p>before. Recovery from the recession brought on by the</p><p>COVID-19 pandemic may require the development of a new</p><p>and more equitable economic model.</p><p>The economic system in the post-COVID-19 world is</p><p>unfortunately characterized by the following challenges: a</p><p>pandemic which will continue to kill more and more people,</p><p>health problems, climate crisis, social unrest due to high levels</p><p>of income inequality, gender and race inequalities, and the</p><p>need for a new and more equitable social contract. The system</p><p>is also characterized by hundreds of millions losing their jobs,</p><p>millions of businesses going bankrupt, and jeopardy of the</p><p>future of work as Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 revolutions</p><p>continue to unfold upon us. What all these problems have in</p><p>common is that they push people to think and ask a question;</p><p>are we trapped within a broken economic model? Yes,</p><p>COVID-19 has fundamentally shaken our economic systems,</p><p>and they seem to be failing at meeting the needs of the people</p><p>in the post COVID-19 world.</p><p>Peter P. Groumpos et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 54-13 (2021) 464–471 469</p><p>entries, besides the four classical and well known I.R.s. These</p><p>are: Industry 3.5, Industry 5.0 and Industry 6.0 All of them are</p><p>briefly presented in this section with the case of industry 3.5</p><p>analyzed in more details. The first three I.R.s of table 1, will</p><p>only have a new name: Industry 1.0, Industry 2.0 and Industry</p><p>3.0. They will more or less remained with the innovations and</p><p>technological achievements as been defined and described by</p><p>most people up today.</p><p>The problems and questions start to be raised when we move</p><p>from Industry 3.0 to Industry 4.0. This transition has a lot of</p><p>parameters and variables that needs to be considered and</p><p>analyzed carefully. The paradigm of production and</p><p>manufacturing system is shifting. Unlike the manufacturing</p><p>system of Industry 3.0 in which mass production remains as</p><p>the main strategy, Industry 4.0 is built upon the Cyber-</p><p>Physical System (CPS), Systems of Systems (SoS). It also</p><p>includes the implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) and</p><p>the concept of intelligence in all aspects of life and leading to</p><p>intelligent/smart factory or for some others the Factory of the</p><p>future (FoF). Under the concept of Industry 4.0, CPS</p><p>integrates the visual and the real world, the real time</p><p>monitoring and collaborating will be achieved. Through the</p><p>application of IoT, all machines in the factories are connected</p><p>as a network, which allows information exchange and</p><p>collaboration to achieve a flexible, self-adaptive production</p><p>in the entire supply chain. Moreover, Industry 4.0 was able to</p><p>fulfill mass customization, to make internet-based optimal</p><p>decision and diagnostics, and finally, to achieve self-learning,</p><p>self-aware and self-optimize by the integration of information</p><p>and technologies.</p><p>However, some countries, in which the infrastructures of</p><p>industry were not well developed as the leading countries</p><p>were not able to take of advantage of Industry 4.0. This has</p><p>become more evident with the collapse of the Soviet Union,</p><p>also in Taiwan and the new countries been developed around</p><p>the world. It is unrealistic to hope that the domestic industries</p><p>can leap up to developed countries especially US, Japan or</p><p>Germany. It becomes a crucial issue for these countries to</p><p>develop a suitable strategy to fit in the storm of</p><p>manufacturing intelligence. Industry 3.5 is a hybrid strategy</p><p>that enables intelligent manufacturing with use of the big data</p><p>analytics and digital decision-making processes of Industry</p><p>4.0 and the existing manufacturing system of Industry 3.0.</p><p>The proposed strategic framework integrates leading</p><p>technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data</p><p>analytics, resource allocation, and optimization to develop an</p><p>advanced intelligent manufacturing system framework.</p><p>Although Industry 3.5 has been used extensively with this</p><p>name by a research team of Taiwan (Chien et all 2010) and</p><p>(Chien et all 2017) studies for the transition from Industry 3.0</p><p>to Industry 4.0 and related a number of issues, had been</p><p>conducted much earlier (Flamm 1985), (Kenichi 1985).</p><p>Globalization of Industry through production sharing using</p><p>all advanced technologies of both: Industry 3.0 and industry</p><p>4.0. Figure 1 shows a possible Industry 4.0 outlook with</p><p>some but not all technology pillars of it. In addition, on figure</p><p>1 are missing economic, moral and social issues of the</p><p>society.</p><p>Figure 1. The technological pillars (only) of Industry 4.0</p><p>However, the world is still turning and the scientific</p><p>achievements are developing with exponential rate the last 10</p><p>years. Consequently, of this, Industry 4.0 starts to move</p><p>towards Industry 5.0 (personalized revolution) (Müller, J.</p><p>2020). How will Industry 5.0 bring humans closer to the design</p><p>process of manufacturing? Industry 5.0 will give us the ability</p><p>to close the loop so we can push the boundaries of physics on</p><p>design. If you’re trying to make the next-generation aircraft,</p><p>for example, you’re constrained by today’s manufacturing</p><p>capabilities. You’re also constrained by the amount of data that</p><p>you have coming back from the infield service of an aero</p><p>engine or aircraft and your ability to feed the in-service data</p><p>back into the design process. With Industry 5.0, you’ll be able</p><p>to automate the manufacturing process better, which means</p><p>you’ll have real-time data coming in from the field. The main</p><p>characteristic of Industry 5.0 will be that the whole process</p><p>will depend heavily on the “person” been involved on it.</p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted lives of the world over</p><p>for more than a year. What is happening to the world? A</p><p>question we all ask ourselves and the answer we all get is,</p><p>“everything is changing”. The world is a dynamic place that is</p><p>gradually, yet constantly changing, and COVID-19 serves as a</p><p>catalyst that is expediting this change process. We can see and</p><p>feel this change on our faces with everyone wearing protective</p><p>masks or having our temperature measured before entering a</p><p>building. Most importantly, we are practicing physical</p><p>distancing, while desperately trying to stay socially connected.</p><p>All these changes highlight the beginning of a new era that</p><p>presents different challenges than the ones we have ever faced</p><p>before. Recovery from the recession brought on by the</p><p>COVID-19 pandemic may require the development of a new</p><p>and more equitable economic model.</p><p>The economic system in the post-COVID-19 world is</p><p>unfortunately characterized by the following challenges: a</p><p>pandemic which will continue to kill more and more people,</p><p>health problems, climate crisis, social unrest due to high levels</p><p>of income inequality, gender and race inequalities, and the</p><p>need for a new and more equitable social contract. The system</p><p>is also characterized by hundreds of millions losing their jobs,</p><p>millions of businesses going bankrupt, and jeopardy of the</p><p>future of work as Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 revolutions</p><p>continue</p><p>to unfold upon us. What all these problems have in</p><p>common is that they push people to think and ask a question;</p><p>are we trapped within a broken economic model? Yes,</p><p>COVID-19 has fundamentally shaken our economic systems,</p><p>and they seem to be failing at meeting the needs of the people</p><p>in the post COVID-19 world.</p><p>Yes, the world has changed and at a rate much faster than we</p><p>ever expected. COVID-19 showed us the flaws of our system</p><p>and has also shown us how our survival instinct made us try</p><p>so hard to be agile and adapt to change. COVID-19 presents a</p><p>closing historical window of opportunity to reshape the</p><p>system; humans have to seize this opportunity to be on a</p><p>more sustainable path and we need to start thinking of</p><p>developing and implementing a new economic model that</p><p>meets all humans’ basic needs and maximizes human</p><p>wellbeing. The author of this plenary paper is proposing that</p><p>an anthropocentric and wise approach is the way to address</p><p>all these problems (Groumpos 2016, Groumpos 2018a and</p><p>Groumpos 2018b). Thus, a new “Industrial Revolution” is</p><p>proposed for the first time, “Industry 6.0”, the Humanized</p><p>Revolution, Table 1. This is the reason that Industry 6.0, the</p><p>Humanized Revolution has a starting date 2020, Table1. Both</p><p>industrial revolutions (5th and 6th) must be carefully</p><p>developed. Both are strongly interrelating. A new Wise</p><p>Planet must be born in the META COVID-19 pandemic era.</p><p>This can only be accomplished if Industries 5.0 and 6.0 are</p><p>developed in close cooperation. Otherwise we will fall into</p><p>the trap “My Today’s Knowledge!! My Tomorrow’s</p><p>Delusion??”</p><p>Table 1: Today’s Status of “Industrial Revolutions”</p><p>Industry</p><p>Number-</p><p>Name</p><p>Year Specification REVOLUTION</p><p>NAME</p><p>Industry</p><p>1.0</p><p>1740 Mechanization Mechanical</p><p>Industry</p><p>2.0</p><p>1840 Electrification Electrical</p><p>Industry</p><p>3.0</p><p>1950 Automation Automated</p><p>Industry</p><p>3.5</p><p>1980 Globalization Globalized</p><p>Industry</p><p>4.0</p><p>2000 Digitization Digitized</p><p>Industry</p><p>5.0</p><p>2010 Personalization Personalized</p><p>Industry</p><p>6.0</p><p>2020 Humanization Humanized</p><p>5. FUTURE CHALLENGES AND RESEARCH</p><p>DIRECTIONSHELPFUL HINTS</p><p>Section four (4) has opened a big box with many research</p><p>directions related to the generic term of “Industrial</p><p>Revolutions”. One thing is for sure: the need to further study</p><p>and investigate the use of the generic term “industrial</p><p>revolution”. Has it been properly used for all new scientific</p><p>and technological achievements especially those that are</p><p>primarily based on “innovations”? How will we refer to all</p><p>these “developments” in the future? More research studies on</p><p>the scientific transformations especially for the first three (3)</p><p>industrial revolutions and their impact on science and the</p><p>society is needed. History of science and technology can</p><p>always teach us some lessons in order to avoid past mistakes.</p><p>In these studies scientists must be involved from the fields of</p><p>Economics, Sociology, Health, Education, Phycology and</p><p>Philosophy. Furthermore, the Industry 3.5 (Globalization)</p><p>and Industry 4.0 (the Digitization) need a deep analysis and</p><p>investigation. First of all, the transition from the third I.R. to</p><p>the fourth I.R. needs a closer examination. The landscape of</p><p>figure 1 needs urgently expansion. Most methods rely on data</p><p>analytics, AI, and classical statistical or stochastic methods,</p><p>which unfortunately have a number of drawbacks. One of</p><p>them is that relying on data and depend on the concept of</p><p>correlation, while todays’ problems depend heavily on human</p><p>dynamics and in causality factors. While causality always</p><p>implies correlation, the reverse is not true. This is a</p><p>challenging future research topic. The need to bring the</p><p>human cognition to all these studies is recognized. One</p><p>promising method is the Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM)</p><p>approach. However, as of today very few studies with FCM</p><p>have been reported especially, compared to the use of AI and</p><p>other classical methods. This is especially true on the case of</p><p>tackling COVID-19 (Groumpos 2021). New theories are</p><p>needed using cognitive sciences and of Fuzzy Cognitive</p><p>Maps(FCM) (Kosko 1986), (Groumpos 2010, 2018b),</p><p>(Avdeeva and Kovriga 2019). Research topics of tomorrow’s</p><p>manufacturing in intelligent factories, machines, new</p><p>materials and products that communicate with each other</p><p>within an “Internet of Things” are open for future research</p><p>(Gill 2019). The research objective: highly flexible,</p><p>individualized and resource- friendly mass production. The</p><p>research topics for Industry 5.0 and Industry 6.0 are quite</p><p>open and very challenging. New mathematical models for</p><p>Industry 5.0 and Industry 6.0 must be developed as soon as</p><p>possible. New software tools are also needed. The IFAC TC</p><p>9.5 can take some serious initiatives on this issue in future</p><p>research directions.</p><p>6. CONCLUSIONS</p><p>This plenary paper reminds us an old saying: good things in</p><p>life do not come easy. Originally the four industrial</p><p>revolutions have been considered and briefly reviewed. They</p><p>all have changed the life of the planet over the last four</p><p>centuries. They have given the world many blessings as well</p><p>as a considerable number of problems. The First Industrial</p><p>Revolution (F.I.R.) is considered a major turning point in</p><p>world history because it impacted almost every aspect of</p><p>daily life across the world. The positive and negative impacts</p><p>of the I.R.s were also discussed. The four industrial</p><p>revolutions can be summarized as follow: the first industrial</p><p>revolution (Mechanical) used water and steam to mechanize</p><p>production, the second (Electrical) used electric energy to</p><p>create mass production, the third (Automated) used</p><p>electronics and information technology to automate</p><p>production and the fourth (Digitized) used information and</p><p>communication technologies. Studying this last one an</p><p>important conclusion was made: the fourth I.R. builds upon</p><p>the third revolution and the digital revolution that has been</p><p>taking place since the middle of the last century. This fourth</p><p>revolution with exponential expansion is characterized by</p><p>470 Peter P. Groumpos et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 54-13 (2021) 464–471</p><p>merging technology that blurs the lines between the physical,</p><p>digital and biological spheres to completely uproot industries</p><p>all over the world. The extent and depth of these changes are</p><p>a sign of transformations to entire production, management</p><p>and governance systems. However leading countries on this</p><p>fourth revolution came up with a numeric number such as</p><p>Industry 4.0. Thus, a numeric numbering was given to all</p><p>four I.R. Industry 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0. Developing and new</p><p>emerging countries after the collapse of big “country unions”</p><p>not been able to follow the leading countries were forced to</p><p>look to a middle I.R., Industry 3.5 which was a hybrid</p><p>strategy that enables intelligent manufacturing with use of the</p><p>big data analytics and digital decision-making processes of</p><p>Industry 4.0 and the existing technologies of Industry 3.0.</p><p>With all these rapid and unpredictable scientific innovations,</p><p>the world turned to the individual and its needs and has</p><p>created a fifth I.R., Industry 5.0, the personalized revolution.</p><p>Finally, a new IR has been proposed for the first time,</p><p>Industry 6.0, the Humanized Revolution. In this which I hope</p><p>is the last named as an IR, the human is at the center and has</p><p>the main saying on all activities of the societies. The world</p><p>would be free of wars, violence, injustice and poverty.</p><p>Perhaps a long visionary dream that might not be achieved.</p><p>But we should never give up on trying. With the unexpected</p><p>visitor of COVID-19 the world is in a chaotic situation, in a</p><p>paralysis and scared to death. The future challenges and</p><p>research directions are numerous and in front of us. The</p><p>academic, scientific, government leaders and the people of</p><p>the whole planet are called to arms in an attempt to</p><p>create a</p><p>new sustainable economic model for the meta COVID-19</p><p>period. Pursuing this effort cannot be left only to a few. The</p><p>IFAC community must respond to these challenges and come</p><p>up with realistic and wise solutions to the numerous problems</p><p>facing the planet. Let me conclude with what I said above:</p><p>We should not fall into the trap “My Today’s Knowledge!!</p><p>My Tomorrow’s Delusion??”. A wise and peaceful planet</p><p>must be developed in the near future: full of love and free of</p><p>wars. No one should go hungry to bed every night. No one</p><p>should go be sitting on his/her house and be afraid that a</p><p>bomb will land next to him killing all people. This should be</p><p>the real “Humanized Revolution”.</p><p>REFERENCES</p><p>Ashton, T.S. (1968) The Industrial Revolution, 1760-1830</p><p>(OPUS), 2nd Edition</p><p>Avdeeva, Z. K. and Kovriga S.V. (2019) “The goal-setting of</p><p>knowledge-intensive industries: decision support based on</p><p>cognitive maps” TECIS-2019, Elsevier, IFAC-PapersOnLine,</p><p>Vol. 52, Issue 25, 2019, pp.281-286.</p><p>Bell, D. (1973) The Coming of Post-industrial Society: A</p><p>Venture in Social Forecasting, New York: Basic Books,</p><p>Bonner, M (2018) "What is Industry 4.0 and What Does it</p><p>Mean for My Manufacturing?". Retrieved 24 September 2018.</p><p>Chien, C-Fu, Y. J. Chen, and J. T. Peng. (2010)</p><p>“Manufacturing intelligence for semiconductor demand</p><p>forecast based on technology diffusion and product life</p><p>cycle”. IJPE 128 (2) (2010) 496-509.</p><p>Chien, C-Fu,Tzu-yen Hong,T-yen and Guo,H-Zhi, (2017) “A</p><p>Conceptual Framework for “Industry 3.5” to Empower</p><p>Intelligent Manufacturing and Case Studies” 27th</p><p>International Conference on Flexible Automation and</p><p>Intelligent Manufacturing, FAIM2017, 27-30 June 2017,</p><p>Modena, Italy, Published by Elsevier.</p><p>Chien, C.F., Tseng, M.L., Tan, R.G., Tan, K., Velek, O.</p><p>(2021). “Industry 3.5 for Sustainable Migration and Total</p><p>Resource Management. Resources, Conservation &</p><p>Recycling”, 169 (105505), 1-2.</p><p>Donovan John J. (1997) The Second Industrial Revolution:</p><p>Business Strategy and Internet Technology Facsimile,by</p><p>Book News, Inc., Portland, Oregon, 1997.</p><p>Flamm, K., and Grunwald, J. (1985). The Global Factory:</p><p>Foreign Assembly in International Trade. Washington, D.C.:</p><p>Brookings Institution.</p><p>Fremdling, R. (1996) Industrial Revolution and Scientific and</p><p>Technological Progress Research Memorandum GD-30,</p><p>University of Groningen, Netherlands, February 1996</p><p>Gill, G. (2004) "Farm to Factory: A Reinterpretation of the</p><p>Soviet Industrial Revolution," Economic Record, Vol. 80,</p><p>2004.</p><p>Gill, K.S, (2019) “Holons on the Horizon: Re-Understanding</p><p>Automation and Control” TECIS 2019, Elsevier, IFAC-</p><p>PapersOnLine, Vol. 52, Issue 25, 2019, pp. 556-561.</p><p>Griffin Emma, (2014) Liberty's Dawn: A People's History of</p><p>the Industrial Revolution Paperback – 31 Mar. 2014</p><p>Groumpos, P. P. (2018a) “Intelligent Control and Cognitive</p><p>Control for a Global Coherence and Sustainable Economic</p><p>Growth for the Humankind” TECIS 2018, Elsevier, IFAC-</p><p>PapersOnLine, Vol. 56, Issue 26, 2018, Plenary paper.</p><p>Groumpos, P. P. (2018b) “Intelligence and Fuzzy Cognitive</p><p>Maps: Scientific Issues, Challenges and Opportunities”,</p><p>Studies in Informatics and Control, 27(3), 247-264, 2018.</p><p>Groumpos, P.P. (2019) “Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps in</p><p>Analyzing and Studying International Economic and Political</p><p>Stability” TECIS 2019, Elsevier, IFAC-PapersOnLine, Vol.</p><p>52, Issue 25, 2019, pp. 23-28.</p><p>Groumpos, P. P. (2021) “Modelling COVID-19 using Fuzzy</p><p>Cognitive Maps (FCM)”, EAI Endorsed Transactions on</p><p>BEBI, February 2021.</p><p>Hayek, F. A. (1963) Capitalism and the Historians, University</p><p>of Chicago Press, 1963. ISBN 0-226-32072-3</p><p>Hirst at all, (2019) “Panel Discussion: Sustainable Engineering</p><p>for the 21st Century and Beyond”, TECIS 2019, Elsevier,</p><p>IFAC-PapersOnLine, Vol. 52, Issue 25, 2019, pp.585-587.</p><p>Hobsbawm, E. J. (1990) Industry and Empire: From 1750 to</p><p>the Present Day. Penguin, 1990.</p><p>Peter P. Groumpos et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 54-13 (2021) 464–471 471</p><p>merging technology that blurs the lines between the physical,</p><p>digital and biological spheres to completely uproot industries</p><p>all over the world. The extent and depth of these changes are</p><p>a sign of transformations to entire production, management</p><p>and governance systems. However leading countries on this</p><p>fourth revolution came up with a numeric number such as</p><p>Industry 4.0. Thus, a numeric numbering was given to all</p><p>four I.R. Industry 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0. Developing and new</p><p>emerging countries after the collapse of big “country unions”</p><p>not been able to follow the leading countries were forced to</p><p>look to a middle I.R., Industry 3.5 which was a hybrid</p><p>strategy that enables intelligent manufacturing with use of the</p><p>big data analytics and digital decision-making processes of</p><p>Industry 4.0 and the existing technologies of Industry 3.0.</p><p>With all these rapid and unpredictable scientific innovations,</p><p>the world turned to the individual and its needs and has</p><p>created a fifth I.R., Industry 5.0, the personalized revolution.</p><p>Finally, a new IR has been proposed for the first time,</p><p>Industry 6.0, the Humanized Revolution. In this which I hope</p><p>is the last named as an IR, the human is at the center and has</p><p>the main saying on all activities of the societies. The world</p><p>would be free of wars, violence, injustice and poverty.</p><p>Perhaps a long visionary dream that might not be achieved.</p><p>But we should never give up on trying. With the unexpected</p><p>visitor of COVID-19 the world is in a chaotic situation, in a</p><p>paralysis and scared to death. The future challenges and</p><p>research directions are numerous and in front of us. The</p><p>academic, scientific, government leaders and the people of</p><p>the whole planet are called to arms in an attempt to create a</p><p>new sustainable economic model for the meta COVID-19</p><p>period. Pursuing this effort cannot be left only to a few. The</p><p>IFAC community must respond to these challenges and come</p><p>up with realistic and wise solutions to the numerous problems</p><p>facing the planet. Let me conclude with what I said above:</p><p>We should not fall into the trap “My Today’s Knowledge!!</p><p>My Tomorrow’s Delusion??”. A wise and peaceful planet</p><p>must be developed in the near future: full of love and free of</p><p>wars. No one should go hungry to bed every night. No one</p><p>should go be sitting on his/her house and be afraid that a</p><p>bomb will land next to him killing all people. This should be</p><p>the real “Humanized Revolution”.</p><p>REFERENCES</p><p>Ashton, T.S. (1968) The Industrial Revolution, 1760-1830</p><p>(OPUS), 2nd Edition</p><p>Avdeeva, Z. K. and Kovriga S.V. (2019) “The goal-setting of</p><p>knowledge-intensive industries: decision support based on</p><p>cognitive maps” TECIS-2019, Elsevier, IFAC-PapersOnLine,</p><p>Vol. 52, Issue 25, 2019, pp.281-286.</p><p>Bell, D. (1973) The Coming of Post-industrial Society: A</p><p>Venture in Social Forecasting, New York: Basic Books,</p><p>Bonner, M (2018) "What is Industry 4.0 and What Does it</p><p>Mean for My Manufacturing?". Retrieved 24 September 2018.</p><p>Chien, C-Fu, Y. J. Chen, and J. T. Peng. (2010)</p><p>“Manufacturing intelligence for semiconductor demand</p><p>forecast based on technology diffusion and product life</p><p>cycle”. IJPE 128 (2) (2010) 496-509.</p><p>Chien, C-Fu,Tzu-yen Hong,T-yen and Guo,H-Zhi, (2017) “A</p><p>Conceptual Framework for “Industry 3.5” to Empower</p><p>Intelligent Manufacturing and Case Studies” 27th</p><p>International Conference on Flexible Automation and</p><p>Intelligent Manufacturing, FAIM2017, 27-30 June 2017,</p><p>Modena, Italy, Published by Elsevier.</p><p>Chien, C.F., Tseng, M.L., Tan, R.G., Tan, K., Velek, O.</p><p>(2021). “Industry 3.5 for Sustainable Migration and Total</p><p>Resource Management. Resources, Conservation &</p><p>Recycling”, 169 (105505), 1-2.</p><p>Donovan John J. (1997) The Second</p><p>Industrial Revolution:</p><p>Business Strategy and Internet Technology Facsimile,by</p><p>Book News, Inc., Portland, Oregon, 1997.</p><p>Flamm, K., and Grunwald, J. (1985). The Global Factory:</p><p>Foreign Assembly in International Trade. Washington, D.C.:</p><p>Brookings Institution.</p><p>Fremdling, R. (1996) Industrial Revolution and Scientific and</p><p>Technological Progress Research Memorandum GD-30,</p><p>University of Groningen, Netherlands, February 1996</p><p>Gill, G. (2004) "Farm to Factory: A Reinterpretation of the</p><p>Soviet Industrial Revolution," Economic Record, Vol. 80,</p><p>2004.</p><p>Gill, K.S, (2019) “Holons on the Horizon: Re-Understanding</p><p>Automation and Control” TECIS 2019, Elsevier, IFAC-</p><p>PapersOnLine, Vol. 52, Issue 25, 2019, pp. 556-561.</p><p>Griffin Emma, (2014) Liberty's Dawn: A People's History of</p><p>the Industrial Revolution Paperback – 31 Mar. 2014</p><p>Groumpos, P. P. (2018a) “Intelligent Control and Cognitive</p><p>Control for a Global Coherence and Sustainable Economic</p><p>Growth for the Humankind” TECIS 2018, Elsevier, IFAC-</p><p>PapersOnLine, Vol. 56, Issue 26, 2018, Plenary paper.</p><p>Groumpos, P. P. (2018b) “Intelligence and Fuzzy Cognitive</p><p>Maps: Scientific Issues, Challenges and Opportunities”,</p><p>Studies in Informatics and Control, 27(3), 247-264, 2018.</p><p>Groumpos, P.P. (2019) “Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps in</p><p>Analyzing and Studying International Economic and Political</p><p>Stability” TECIS 2019, Elsevier, IFAC-PapersOnLine, Vol.</p><p>52, Issue 25, 2019, pp. 23-28.</p><p>Groumpos, P. P. (2021) “Modelling COVID-19 using Fuzzy</p><p>Cognitive Maps (FCM)”, EAI Endorsed Transactions on</p><p>BEBI, February 2021.</p><p>Hayek, F. A. (1963) Capitalism and the Historians, University</p><p>of Chicago Press, 1963. ISBN 0-226-32072-3</p><p>Hirst at all, (2019) “Panel Discussion: Sustainable Engineering</p><p>for the 21st Century and Beyond”, TECIS 2019, Elsevier,</p><p>IFAC-PapersOnLine, Vol. 52, Issue 25, 2019, pp.585-587.</p><p>Hobsbawm, E. J. (1990) Industry and Empire: From 1750 to</p><p>the Present Day. Penguin, 1990.</p><p>Kenichi, O. (1985). Triad Power: The Coming Shape of Global</p><p>Competition, New York: The Free Press, 1985.</p><p>Kopacek, P. (2015), “Automation and TECIS”, TECIS 2015,</p><p>Elsevier, IFAC-PapersOnLine, Volume 48, Issue 24, 2015, pp.</p><p>21-27.</p><p>Kopacek, P. et all, (2017) “From SWISS to TECIS and</p><p>BEYOND” TECIS 2017 Elsevier, IFAC PapersOnLine Vol.</p><p>50 Issue 1, pp.6361–6366.</p><p>Kopacek, P. (2018) “Development Trends in Cost Oriented</p><p>Production Automation” TECIS 2018 Elsevier, IFAC</p><p>PapersOnLine Vol. 51, Issue 30, 2018, pp. 39-43.</p><p>Kopacek, P. (2019a), “Robo-Ethics A Survey of developments</p><p>in the field and their implications for social effects”, TECIS</p><p>2019Elsevier, IFAC-PapersOn Line, Vol. 52, Issue 25,</p><p>pp.131-135.</p><p>Kopacek, P. (2019b) “Higher Education in Engineering</p><p>Management with impacts of TECIS” TECIS 2019, Elsevier,</p><p>IFAC-PapersOnLine, Vol. 52, Issue 25, 2019, pp. 164-187.</p><p>Kosko, B., “Fuzzy cognitive maps”, International Journal of</p><p>man-machine studies, vol. 24(1), pp. 65-75, 1986.</p><p>Landes, D.S. (1969) The Unbound Prometheus: Technological</p><p>Changes and Industrial Development in Western Europe from</p><p>1750 to Present, Cambridge University Press, 1969. (ISBN</p><p>978-0-521-09418-4)</p><p>Lucas, R. Jr. (2003) The Industrial Revolution Past and Future.</p><p>Report Federal Reserve, University of Chicago, 2013.</p><p>Marks, R. B. (2015) The Origins of the Modern World: A</p><p>Global and Environmental Narrative from the Fifteenth to the</p><p>Twenty-First Century (World Social Change), 2015.</p><p>Moore, M. (2019). "What is Industry 4.0? Everything you need</p><p>to know". TechRadar. Retrieved 27 May 2020.</p><p>Morris, Charles R., (2012), The Dawn of Innovation: The First</p><p>American Industrial Revolution, Tantor 2012, Audiobook.</p><p>Mosconi, F. (2015). The new European industrial policy:</p><p>Global competitiveness and the manufacturing renaissance.</p><p>London, England: Routledgem 2015.</p><p>Müller, J. (2020), Enabling Technologies for Industry 5.0,</p><p>Results of a workshop with Europe’s technology leaders,</p><p>Directorate-General for Research</p><p>and Innovation (European Commission), Published: 2020-11-</p><p>26.</p><p>Rifkin, J. (2011), The Third Industrial Revolution; How</p><p>Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the</p><p>World. Palgrave MacMillan, ISBN-978-0230341975, 2011</p><p>Roblek, V., Meško,M and Krapež,A. (2016) “A Complex</p><p>View of Industry 4.0”. SAGE Open April-June 2016: 1 –11</p><p>DOI: 10.1177/2158244016653987 sgo.sagepub.com</p><p>Schwab, K. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. New</p><p>York: Crown Publishing Group (published 2017)</p><p>State Council of China. (2015) China Manufacturing 2025.</p><p>Stearns, P. N. (1998) The Industrial Revolution in World</p><p>History, Westview Press, 1998.</p><p>Weightman, Gavin, (2010), The Industrial Revolutionaries:</p><p>The Making of the Modern World 1776-1914. Paperback –</p><p>Grove Press, May 25, 2010</p><p>Weightman 2010). However, this</p><p>term does not fit very well on other situations such is the</p><p>industrial, business and science in general. In fact, revolutions</p><p>vary in their motives and their aims. Indeed, in the case of</p><p>“Industrial” the term Revolution has extensively been used and</p><p>many times not as appropriately as prudent. This will become</p><p>obvious in this paper.</p><p>Since Prometheus stole the fire of knowledge from right</p><p>under the noses of the gods on Mount Olympus and bestowed</p><p>it upon mankind, humans have not stopped fiddling with it</p><p>and creating striking innovations all throughout their</p><p>evolution (Landes 1969). Over the course of history, mankind</p><p>has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have</p><p>created new technical means. Therefore, industry has</p><p>benefited from qualitative advancements which have</p><p>sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and</p><p>have had such an overwhelming impact that we have dubbed</p><p>them “revolutions”. The industrial revolution is traditionally</p><p>considered the most important break in the history of</p><p>mankind since the Neolithic period (Hayek 1963, Fremdling</p><p>1996, Weightman 2010). The First Industrial Revolution</p><p>(F.I.R.) is considered a major turning point in world history</p><p>because it impacted almost every aspect of daily life across</p><p>the world. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many</p><p>inventions and firsts in history (Landes 1969, Lucas 2003).</p><p>The F.I.R. were followed by three more industrial</p><p>revolutions, till the end of the 20th century. With each one a</p><p>named is associated. The first with the name Mechanical</p><p>Revolution, the second with Electrical Revolution, the third</p><p>with Automated revolution and the fourth with Digited</p><p>Revolution. (Hobsbawm 1990). The 21st century has arrived</p><p>with a tsunami of technological and scientific achievements.</p><p>No one knows what to call them. Even the fourth Industrial</p><p>revolution has become Industry 4.0. (Bonner 2018). This new</p><p>name has itself “revolutionized” the perception and</p><p>understanding of major innovative scientific and</p><p>technological achievements that drive each so called</p><p>“industrial revolution”. Why and how?</p><p>Global manufacturing networks are facing disruptive</p><p>challenges due to newly technologies such as Big Data,</p><p>A Critical Historical and Scientific Overview of all Industrial Revolutions</p><p>Peter P. Groumpos*</p><p>*Emeritus Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras,26500</p><p>Greece ( e-mail: groumpos@ece.upatras.gr).</p><p>Abstract: Over the course of history, mankind has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have created new technical means. TECIS</p><p>Conferences have been advocating and rightfully so, that control, automation theories and practices can</p><p>contribute in making the world a more stable place for everyone. Industry has benefited from qualitative</p><p>advancements which have sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and have had such an</p><p>overwhelming impact that we have dubbed them “revolutions”. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many inventions and firsts in history. The first four</p><p>industrial revolutions as historically been developed are review from a critical point of view. The main</p><p>technological development for each one is briefly discussed. Their social impacts are highlighted. The</p><p>numbering of the industrial revolutions has brought new controvercies into the world. The last 10 years</p><p>many difficult problems have come upon the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has created a new difficult</p><p>situation for the whole planet. The TECIS vision is of a civilization in which our technologies, systems</p><p>and processes are in service to all humanity. This is called "human-machine symbiosis" and is a vision of</p><p>the application of control and automation technologies and systems which benefit all life. A new</p><p>sustainable economic model for the meta COVID-19 period is needed. A new concept for the humanized</p><p>revolution is proposed, the INDUSTRY 6.0.</p><p>.</p><p>Keywords: Industrial revolution, automation, manufacturing, digitization, innovation, social impacts,</p><p>globalization, humanity, COVID-19, Industry 3.5, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0.</p><p>1. INTRODUCTION</p><p>Revolutions are the great turning points of history. A</p><p>revolution is a tumultuous and transformative event or a series</p><p>of events and actions that attempt to change a nation, a region</p><p>or society and the industrial and lately the business world. In</p><p>political science, a revolution is a fundamental and relatively</p><p>sudden change in political power and political organization</p><p>which occurs when the population revolts against the</p><p>government, typically due to perceived oppression or political</p><p>incompetence (Hayek1963, Weightman 2010). However, this</p><p>term does not fit very well on other situations such is the</p><p>industrial, business and science in general. In fact, revolutions</p><p>vary in their motives and their aims. Indeed, in the case of</p><p>“Industrial” the term Revolution has extensively been used and</p><p>many times not as appropriately as prudent. This will become</p><p>obvious in this paper.</p><p>Since Prometheus stole the fire of knowledge from right</p><p>under the noses of the gods on Mount Olympus and bestowed</p><p>it upon mankind, humans have not stopped fiddling with it</p><p>and creating striking innovations all throughout their</p><p>evolution (Landes 1969). Over the course of history, mankind</p><p>has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have</p><p>created new technical means. Therefore, industry has</p><p>benefited from qualitative advancements which have</p><p>sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and</p><p>have had such an overwhelming impact that we have dubbed</p><p>them “revolutions”. The industrial revolution is traditionally</p><p>considered the most important break in the history of</p><p>mankind since the Neolithic period (Hayek 1963, Fremdling</p><p>1996, Weightman 2010). The First Industrial Revolution</p><p>(F.I.R.) is considered a major turning point in world history</p><p>because it impacted almost every aspect of daily life across</p><p>the world. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many</p><p>inventions and firsts in history (Landes 1969, Lucas 2003).</p><p>The F.I.R. were followed by three more industrial</p><p>revolutions, till the end of the 20th century. With each one a</p><p>named is associated. The first with the name Mechanical</p><p>Revolution, the second with Electrical Revolution, the third</p><p>with Automated revolution and the fourth with Digited</p><p>Revolution. (Hobsbawm 1990). The 21st century has arrived</p><p>with a tsunami of technological and scientific achievements.</p><p>No one knows what to call them. Even the fourth Industrial</p><p>revolution has become Industry 4.0. (Bonner 2018). This new</p><p>name has itself “revolutionized” the perception and</p><p>understanding of major innovative scientific and</p><p>technological achievements that drive each so called</p><p>“industrial revolution”. Why and how?</p><p>Global manufacturing networks are facing disruptive</p><p>challenges due to newly technologies such as Big Data,</p><p>A Critical Historical and Scientific Overview of all Industrial Revolutions</p><p>Peter P. Groumpos*</p><p>*Emeritus Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras,26500</p><p>Greece ( e-mail: groumpos@ece.upatras.gr).</p><p>Abstract: Over the course of history, mankind has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have created new technical means. TECIS</p><p>Conferences have been advocating and rightfully so, that control, automation theories and practices can</p><p>contribute in making the world a more stable place for everyone. Industry has benefited from qualitative</p><p>advancements which have sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and have had such an</p><p>overwhelming impact that we have dubbed them “revolutions”. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many inventions and firsts in history. The first four</p><p>industrial revolutions as historically been developed are review from a critical point of view. The main</p><p>technological development for each one is briefly discussed. Their social impacts are highlighted. The</p><p>numbering of the industrial revolutions has brought new controvercies into the world. The last 10 years</p><p>many difficult problems have come upon the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has created a new difficult</p><p>situation for the whole planet. The TECIS vision is of a civilization in which our technologies, systems</p><p>and processes are in service to all humanity. This is called "human-machine symbiosis" and is a vision of</p><p>the application of control and automation technologies and systems which benefit all life. A new</p><p>sustainable economic model for the meta COVID-19 period is needed. A new concept for the humanized</p><p>revolution is proposed, the INDUSTRY 6.0.</p><p>.</p><p>Keywords: Industrial revolution, automation, manufacturing, digitization, innovation, social impacts,</p><p>globalization, humanity, COVID-19, Industry 3.5, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0.</p><p>1. INTRODUCTION</p><p>Revolutions are the great turning points of history. A</p><p>revolution is a tumultuous and transformative event or a series</p><p>of events and actions that attempt to change a nation, a region</p><p>or society and the industrial and lately the business world. In</p><p>political science, a revolution is a fundamental and relatively</p><p>sudden change in political power and political organization</p><p>which occurs when the population revolts against the</p><p>government, typically due to perceived oppression or political</p><p>incompetence (Hayek1963, Weightman 2010). However, this</p><p>term does not fit very well on other situations such is the</p><p>industrial, business and science in general. In fact, revolutions</p><p>vary in their motives and their aims. Indeed, in the case of</p><p>“Industrial” the term Revolution has extensively been used and</p><p>many times not as appropriately as prudent. This will become</p><p>obvious in this paper.</p><p>Since Prometheus stole the fire of knowledge from right</p><p>under the noses of the gods on Mount Olympus and bestowed</p><p>it upon mankind, humans have not stopped fiddling with it</p><p>and creating striking innovations all throughout their</p><p>evolution (Landes 1969). Over the course of history, mankind</p><p>has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have</p><p>created new technical means. Therefore, industry has</p><p>benefited from qualitative advancements which have</p><p>sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and</p><p>have had such an overwhelming impact that we have dubbed</p><p>them “revolutions”. The industrial revolution is traditionally</p><p>considered the most important break in the history of</p><p>mankind since the Neolithic period (Hayek 1963, Fremdling</p><p>1996, Weightman 2010). The First Industrial Revolution</p><p>(F.I.R.) is considered a major turning point in world history</p><p>because it impacted almost every aspect of daily life across</p><p>the world. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many</p><p>inventions and firsts in history (Landes 1969, Lucas 2003).</p><p>The F.I.R. were followed by three more industrial</p><p>revolutions, till the end of the 20th century. With each one a</p><p>named is associated. The first with the name Mechanical</p><p>Revolution, the second with Electrical Revolution, the third</p><p>with Automated revolution and the fourth with Digited</p><p>Revolution. (Hobsbawm 1990). The 21st century has arrived</p><p>with a tsunami of technological and scientific achievements.</p><p>No one knows what to call them. Even the fourth Industrial</p><p>revolution has become Industry 4.0. (Bonner 2018). This new</p><p>name has itself “revolutionized” the perception and</p><p>understanding of major innovative scientific and</p><p>technological achievements that drive each so called</p><p>“industrial revolution”. Why and how?</p><p>Global manufacturing networks are facing disruptive</p><p>challenges due to newly technologies such as Big Data,</p><p>Peter P. Groumpos et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 54-13 (2021) 464–471 465</p><p>Copyright © 2021 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license</p><p>(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)</p><p>A Critical Historical and Scientific Overview of all Industrial Revolutions</p><p>Peter P. Groumpos*</p><p>*Emeritus Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras,26500</p><p>Greece ( e-mail: groumpos@ece.upatras.gr).</p><p>Abstract: Over the course of history, mankind has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have created new technical means. TECIS</p><p>Conferences have been advocating and rightfully so, that control, automation theories and practices can</p><p>contribute in making the world a more stable place for everyone. Industry has benefited from qualitative</p><p>advancements which have sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and have had such an</p><p>overwhelming impact that we have dubbed them “revolutions”. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many inventions and firsts in history. The first four</p><p>industrial revolutions as historically been developed are review from a critical point of view. The main</p><p>technological development for each one is briefly discussed. Their social impacts are highlighted. The</p><p>numbering of the industrial revolutions has brought new controvercies into the world. The last 10 years</p><p>many difficult problems have come upon the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has created a new difficult</p><p>situation for the whole planet. The TECIS vision is of a civilization in which our technologies, systems</p><p>and processes are in service to all humanity. This is called "human-machine symbiosis" and is a vision of</p><p>the application of control and automation technologies and systems which benefit all life. A new</p><p>sustainable economic model for the meta COVID-19 period is needed. A new concept for the humanized</p><p>revolution is proposed, the INDUSTRY 6.0.</p><p>.</p><p>Keywords: Industrial revolution, automation, manufacturing, digitization, innovation, social impacts,</p><p>globalization, humanity, COVID-19, Industry 3.5, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0.</p><p>1. INTRODUCTION</p><p>Revolutions are the great turning points of history. A</p><p>revolution is a tumultuous and transformative event or a series</p><p>of events and actions that attempt to change a nation, a region</p><p>or society and the industrial and lately the business world. In</p><p>political science, a revolution is a fundamental and relatively</p><p>sudden change in political power and political organization</p><p>which occurs when the population revolts against the</p><p>government, typically due to perceived oppression or political</p><p>incompetence (Hayek1963, Weightman 2010). However, this</p><p>term does not fit very well on other situations such is the</p><p>industrial, business and science in general. In fact, revolutions</p><p>vary in their motives and their aims. Indeed, in the case of</p><p>“Industrial” the term Revolution has extensively been used and</p><p>many times not as appropriately as prudent. This will become</p><p>obvious in this paper.</p><p>Since Prometheus stole the fire of knowledge from right</p><p>under the noses of the gods on Mount Olympus and bestowed</p><p>it upon mankind, humans have not stopped fiddling with it</p><p>and creating striking innovations all throughout their</p><p>evolution (Landes 1969). Over the course of history, mankind</p><p>has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have</p><p>created new technical means. Therefore, industry has</p><p>benefited from qualitative advancements which have</p><p>sometimes been so ingrained</p><p>in a certain time period and</p><p>have had such an overwhelming impact that we have dubbed</p><p>them “revolutions”. The industrial revolution is traditionally</p><p>considered the most important break in the history of</p><p>mankind since the Neolithic period (Hayek 1963, Fremdling</p><p>1996, Weightman 2010). The First Industrial Revolution</p><p>(F.I.R.) is considered a major turning point in world history</p><p>because it impacted almost every aspect of daily life across</p><p>the world. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many</p><p>inventions and firsts in history (Landes 1969, Lucas 2003).</p><p>The F.I.R. were followed by three more industrial</p><p>revolutions, till the end of the 20th century. With each one a</p><p>named is associated. The first with the name Mechanical</p><p>Revolution, the second with Electrical Revolution, the third</p><p>with Automated revolution and the fourth with Digited</p><p>Revolution. (Hobsbawm 1990). The 21st century has arrived</p><p>with a tsunami of technological and scientific achievements.</p><p>No one knows what to call them. Even the fourth Industrial</p><p>revolution has become Industry 4.0. (Bonner 2018). This new</p><p>name has itself “revolutionized” the perception and</p><p>understanding of major innovative scientific and</p><p>technological achievements that drive each so called</p><p>“industrial revolution”. Why and how?</p><p>Global manufacturing networks are facing disruptive</p><p>challenges due to newly technologies such as Big Data,</p><p>A Critical Historical and Scientific Overview of all Industrial Revolutions</p><p>Peter P. Groumpos*</p><p>*Emeritus Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras,26500</p><p>Greece ( e-mail: groumpos@ece.upatras.gr).</p><p>Abstract: Over the course of history, mankind has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have created new technical means. TECIS</p><p>Conferences have been advocating and rightfully so, that control, automation theories and practices can</p><p>contribute in making the world a more stable place for everyone. Industry has benefited from qualitative</p><p>advancements which have sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and have had such an</p><p>overwhelming impact that we have dubbed them “revolutions”. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many inventions and firsts in history. The first four</p><p>industrial revolutions as historically been developed are review from a critical point of view. The main</p><p>technological development for each one is briefly discussed. Their social impacts are highlighted. The</p><p>numbering of the industrial revolutions has brought new controvercies into the world. The last 10 years</p><p>many difficult problems have come upon the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has created a new difficult</p><p>situation for the whole planet. The TECIS vision is of a civilization in which our technologies, systems</p><p>and processes are in service to all humanity. This is called "human-machine symbiosis" and is a vision of</p><p>the application of control and automation technologies and systems which benefit all life. A new</p><p>sustainable economic model for the meta COVID-19 period is needed. A new concept for the humanized</p><p>revolution is proposed, the INDUSTRY 6.0.</p><p>.</p><p>Keywords: Industrial revolution, automation, manufacturing, digitization, innovation, social impacts,</p><p>globalization, humanity, COVID-19, Industry 3.5, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0.</p><p>1. INTRODUCTION</p><p>Revolutions are the great turning points of history. A</p><p>revolution is a tumultuous and transformative event or a series</p><p>of events and actions that attempt to change a nation, a region</p><p>or society and the industrial and lately the business world. In</p><p>political science, a revolution is a fundamental and relatively</p><p>sudden change in political power and political organization</p><p>which occurs when the population revolts against the</p><p>government, typically due to perceived oppression or political</p><p>incompetence (Hayek1963, Weightman 2010). However, this</p><p>term does not fit very well on other situations such is the</p><p>industrial, business and science in general. In fact, revolutions</p><p>vary in their motives and their aims. Indeed, in the case of</p><p>“Industrial” the term Revolution has extensively been used and</p><p>many times not as appropriately as prudent. This will become</p><p>obvious in this paper.</p><p>Since Prometheus stole the fire of knowledge from right</p><p>under the noses of the gods on Mount Olympus and bestowed</p><p>it upon mankind, humans have not stopped fiddling with it</p><p>and creating striking innovations all throughout their</p><p>evolution (Landes 1969). Over the course of history, mankind</p><p>has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have</p><p>created new technical means. Therefore, industry has</p><p>benefited from qualitative advancements which have</p><p>sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and</p><p>have had such an overwhelming impact that we have dubbed</p><p>them “revolutions”. The industrial revolution is traditionally</p><p>considered the most important break in the history of</p><p>mankind since the Neolithic period (Hayek 1963, Fremdling</p><p>1996, Weightman 2010). The First Industrial Revolution</p><p>(F.I.R.) is considered a major turning point in world history</p><p>because it impacted almost every aspect of daily life across</p><p>the world. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many</p><p>inventions and firsts in history (Landes 1969, Lucas 2003).</p><p>The F.I.R. were followed by three more industrial</p><p>revolutions, till the end of the 20th century. With each one a</p><p>named is associated. The first with the name Mechanical</p><p>Revolution, the second with Electrical Revolution, the third</p><p>with Automated revolution and the fourth with Digited</p><p>Revolution. (Hobsbawm 1990). The 21st century has arrived</p><p>with a tsunami of technological and scientific achievements.</p><p>No one knows what to call them. Even the fourth Industrial</p><p>revolution has become Industry 4.0. (Bonner 2018). This new</p><p>name has itself “revolutionized” the perception and</p><p>understanding of major innovative scientific and</p><p>technological achievements that drive each so called</p><p>“industrial revolution”. Why and how?</p><p>Global manufacturing networks are facing disruptive</p><p>challenges due to newly technologies such as Big Data,</p><p>A Critical Historical and Scientific Overview of all Industrial Revolutions</p><p>Peter P. Groumpos*</p><p>*Emeritus Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras,26500</p><p>Greece ( e-mail: groumpos@ece.upatras.gr).</p><p>Abstract: Over the course of history, mankind has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have created new technical means. TECIS</p><p>Conferences have been advocating and rightfully so, that control, automation theories and practices can</p><p>contribute in making the world a more stable place for everyone. Industry has benefited from qualitative</p><p>advancements which have sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and have had such an</p><p>overwhelming impact that we have dubbed them “revolutions”. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many inventions and firsts in history. The first four</p><p>industrial revolutions as historically been developed are review from a critical point of view. The main</p><p>technological development for each one is briefly discussed. Their social impacts are highlighted. The</p><p>numbering of the industrial revolutions has brought new controvercies into the world. The last 10 years</p><p>many difficult problems have come upon the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has created a new difficult</p><p>situation for the whole planet. The TECIS vision is of a civilization in which our technologies, systems</p><p>and processes are in service to all humanity. This is called "human-machine symbiosis" and is a</p><p>vision of</p><p>the application of control and automation technologies and systems which benefit all life. A new</p><p>sustainable economic model for the meta COVID-19 period is needed. A new concept for the humanized</p><p>revolution is proposed, the INDUSTRY 6.0.</p><p>.</p><p>Keywords: Industrial revolution, automation, manufacturing, digitization, innovation, social impacts,</p><p>globalization, humanity, COVID-19, Industry 3.5, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0.</p><p>1. INTRODUCTION</p><p>Revolutions are the great turning points of history. A</p><p>revolution is a tumultuous and transformative event or a series</p><p>of events and actions that attempt to change a nation, a region</p><p>or society and the industrial and lately the business world. In</p><p>political science, a revolution is a fundamental and relatively</p><p>sudden change in political power and political organization</p><p>which occurs when the population revolts against the</p><p>government, typically due to perceived oppression or political</p><p>incompetence (Hayek1963, Weightman 2010). However, this</p><p>term does not fit very well on other situations such is the</p><p>industrial, business and science in general. In fact, revolutions</p><p>vary in their motives and their aims. Indeed, in the case of</p><p>“Industrial” the term Revolution has extensively been used and</p><p>many times not as appropriately as prudent. This will become</p><p>obvious in this paper.</p><p>Since Prometheus stole the fire of knowledge from right</p><p>under the noses of the gods on Mount Olympus and bestowed</p><p>it upon mankind, humans have not stopped fiddling with it</p><p>and creating striking innovations all throughout their</p><p>evolution (Landes 1969). Over the course of history, mankind</p><p>has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have</p><p>created new technical means. Therefore, industry has</p><p>benefited from qualitative advancements which have</p><p>sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and</p><p>have had such an overwhelming impact that we have dubbed</p><p>them “revolutions”. The industrial revolution is traditionally</p><p>considered the most important break in the history of</p><p>mankind since the Neolithic period (Hayek 1963, Fremdling</p><p>1996, Weightman 2010). The First Industrial Revolution</p><p>(F.I.R.) is considered a major turning point in world history</p><p>because it impacted almost every aspect of daily life across</p><p>the world. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many</p><p>inventions and firsts in history (Landes 1969, Lucas 2003).</p><p>The F.I.R. were followed by three more industrial</p><p>revolutions, till the end of the 20th century. With each one a</p><p>named is associated. The first with the name Mechanical</p><p>Revolution, the second with Electrical Revolution, the third</p><p>with Automated revolution and the fourth with Digited</p><p>Revolution. (Hobsbawm 1990). The 21st century has arrived</p><p>with a tsunami of technological and scientific achievements.</p><p>No one knows what to call them. Even the fourth Industrial</p><p>revolution has become Industry 4.0. (Bonner 2018). This new</p><p>name has itself “revolutionized” the perception and</p><p>understanding of major innovative scientific and</p><p>technological achievements that drive each so called</p><p>“industrial revolution”. Why and how?</p><p>Global manufacturing networks are facing disruptive</p><p>challenges due to newly technologies such as Big Data,</p><p>A Critical Historical and Scientific Overview of all Industrial Revolutions</p><p>Peter P. Groumpos*</p><p>*Emeritus Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras,26500</p><p>Greece ( e-mail: groumpos@ece.upatras.gr).</p><p>Abstract: Over the course of history, mankind has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have created new technical means. TECIS</p><p>Conferences have been advocating and rightfully so, that control, automation theories and practices can</p><p>contribute in making the world a more stable place for everyone. Industry has benefited from qualitative</p><p>advancements which have sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and have had such an</p><p>overwhelming impact that we have dubbed them “revolutions”. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many inventions and firsts in history. The first four</p><p>industrial revolutions as historically been developed are review from a critical point of view. The main</p><p>technological development for each one is briefly discussed. Their social impacts are highlighted. The</p><p>numbering of the industrial revolutions has brought new controvercies into the world. The last 10 years</p><p>many difficult problems have come upon the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has created a new difficult</p><p>situation for the whole planet. The TECIS vision is of a civilization in which our technologies, systems</p><p>and processes are in service to all humanity. This is called "human-machine symbiosis" and is a vision of</p><p>the application of control and automation technologies and systems which benefit all life. A new</p><p>sustainable economic model for the meta COVID-19 period is needed. A new concept for the humanized</p><p>revolution is proposed, the INDUSTRY 6.0.</p><p>.</p><p>Keywords: Industrial revolution, automation, manufacturing, digitization, innovation, social impacts,</p><p>globalization, humanity, COVID-19, Industry 3.5, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0.</p><p>1. INTRODUCTION</p><p>Revolutions are the great turning points of history. A</p><p>revolution is a tumultuous and transformative event or a series</p><p>of events and actions that attempt to change a nation, a region</p><p>or society and the industrial and lately the business world. In</p><p>political science, a revolution is a fundamental and relatively</p><p>sudden change in political power and political organization</p><p>which occurs when the population revolts against the</p><p>government, typically due to perceived oppression or political</p><p>incompetence (Hayek1963, Weightman 2010). However, this</p><p>term does not fit very well on other situations such is the</p><p>industrial, business and science in general. In fact, revolutions</p><p>vary in their motives and their aims. Indeed, in the case of</p><p>“Industrial” the term Revolution has extensively been used and</p><p>many times not as appropriately as prudent. This will become</p><p>obvious in this paper.</p><p>Since Prometheus stole the fire of knowledge from right</p><p>under the noses of the gods on Mount Olympus and bestowed</p><p>it upon mankind, humans have not stopped fiddling with it</p><p>and creating striking innovations all throughout their</p><p>evolution (Landes 1969). Over the course of history, mankind</p><p>has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical</p><p>evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have</p><p>created new technical means. Therefore, industry has</p><p>benefited from qualitative advancements which have</p><p>sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and</p><p>have had such an overwhelming impact that we have dubbed</p><p>them “revolutions”. The industrial revolution is traditionally</p><p>considered the most important break in the history of</p><p>mankind since the Neolithic period (Hayek 1963, Fremdling</p><p>1996, Weightman 2010). The First Industrial Revolution</p><p>(F.I.R.) is considered a major turning point in world history</p><p>because it impacted almost every aspect of daily life across</p><p>the world. Industrialization changed the economy,</p><p>transportation, health and medicine and led to many</p><p>inventions and firsts in history (Landes 1969, Lucas 2003).</p><p>The F.I.R. were followed by three more industrial</p><p>revolutions, till the end of the 20th century. With each one a</p><p>named is associated. The first with the name Mechanical</p><p>Revolution, the second with Electrical Revolution, the third</p><p>with Automated revolution and the fourth with Digited</p><p>Revolution. (Hobsbawm 1990). The 21st century has arrived</p><p>with a tsunami of technological and scientific achievements.</p><p>No one knows what to call them. Even the fourth Industrial</p><p>revolution has become Industry 4.0. (Bonner 2018).</p><p>This new</p><p>name has itself “revolutionized” the perception and</p><p>understanding of major innovative scientific and</p><p>technological achievements that drive each so called</p><p>“industrial revolution”. Why and how?</p><p>Global manufacturing networks are facing disruptive</p><p>challenges due to newly technologies such as Big Data,</p><p>Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence and Sensor</p><p>Technology. The leading nations including Germany and USA</p><p>have reemphasized the importance of advanced manufacturing</p><p>strategies and proposed national manufacturing strategy such</p><p>as Industry 4.0 and AMP aiming to reschedule the allocation</p><p>of global manufacturing network (Roblek et all. 2016, Moore</p><p>2019). The manufacturing sectors in Asia-pacific region play</p><p>important roles in manufacturing field yet may not be ready</p><p>for the migration as proposed in Industry 4.0, (State Council</p><p>of China 2015). Different regions with different infrastructure</p><p>should investigate the corresponding strategies and action to</p><p>empower industrial transformation. Around the 1917’s a new</p><p>term arrived from the Asian countries: Industry 3.5 (Chien et</p><p>all 2017, 2019). “Industry 3.5” is as a hybrid strategy between</p><p>the best practice of existing manufacturing for Industry 3.0 and</p><p>to-be Industry 4.0 calls for disruptive innovations from</p><p>industrial engineering research and practice. In 2010 one more</p><p>Industrial Revolutions has emerged lately: Industry 5.0-</p><p>Personalized (Müller, J. 2020). All these and having COVID-</p><p>19 been around the whole planet since December 2019 have</p><p>generated a new landscape that requires a very careful and</p><p>systematic analysis and investigated. A new “Industrial</p><p>Revolution” is needed in which the human will be the center</p><p>of it. It is recommended here for the first time as Industry 6.0-</p><p>Humanized Revolution.</p><p>The IFAC TECIS conferences, SWISS before 2011,</p><p>(Kopacek et all 2017) for many years aim to bring together</p><p>researchers and practitioners from industry and academia to</p><p>give an overview of the state of the art, to present new</p><p>research results, to exchange ideas and experiences in the</p><p>fields of automation, technology and international stability, to</p><p>propose new approaches in dealing with globalization effects,</p><p>as studying complexity and knowledge management. In all of</p><p>them research results have been presented which cover many</p><p>aspects of “industrial revolutions” (Kopacek 2015, 2017,</p><p>2018, 2019a and 2018b), (Kopacek et all 2017), (Hirch et all</p><p>2019), (Gill 2019), (Groumpos, 2018a, 2019), (Avdeeva and</p><p>Kovriga 2019). The TECIS vision is of a civilization in</p><p>which our technologies, systems and processes are in the</p><p>service of all humanity.</p><p>This plenary paper is attempting first to study in depth the first</p><p>four so called industrial revolutions. Technological advances</p><p>and discoveries that have been developed on each one is</p><p>discussed briefly. Their economic and social impacts to the</p><p>societies are covered. Then today’s status of the term</p><p>“industrial revolution” is carefully analyzed and presents the</p><p>new terminology, which is associated with a number. All these</p><p>demands a new approach to the issues and challenges that the</p><p>societies are confronted when they are to use and apply the</p><p>new scientific achievements. This Plenary paper is structured</p><p>as follow: in section two (2) a critical overview of the so far</p><p>named the four industrial revolutions. Section three (3) covers</p><p>only a few of the impacts of the Industrial revolutions in the</p><p>societies. Section four (4) looks at today’s status of Industrial</p><p>Revolutions in the broader sense, introducing for first time two</p><p>new envisioned revolutions: the fifth, the Personalized</p><p>Revolution and the sixth One, the Humanized Revolution. In</p><p>the same section the term of Industry 3.5 is briefly discussed.</p><p>In section five (5) a number of future challenges and research</p><p>directions are provided and conclusions are given in section</p><p>six (6).</p><p>2. A CRITICAL OVERVIEW OF THE SO FAR FOUR</p><p>INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS</p><p>First of all, let us see what we mean we the term Industrial</p><p>Revolution (I.R.) and for how many scientific transformations</p><p>can be used. Technical advances change the way humans</p><p>produce things. The step into production technology, which</p><p>was completely different from the past, is also called the</p><p>industrial revolution. The new production technologies</p><p>fundamentally changed the working conditions and lifestyles</p><p>of people were also called industrial revolutions. What were</p><p>the industrial revolutions and where do we find ourselves when</p><p>we refer “From the First Industrial Revolution to the fourth</p><p>Industrial Revolution? (Weightman 2010)</p><p>2.1 1st Industrial Revolution</p><p>The precise start and end of the First Industrial Revolution</p><p>(F.I.R.) is still debated among historians, as is the pace of</p><p>economic and social changes. Nevertheless, by most, the First</p><p>Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century through the use</p><p>of steam power and mechanization of production. Eric</p><p>Hobsbawm held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain</p><p>in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s,</p><p>(Hobsbawm 1990), while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred</p><p>roughly between 1760 and 1830, (Ashton 1968) while some</p><p>others put it in the period from about 1740 to sometime</p><p>between 1820 and 1840 (Stearns 1998).The First Industrial</p><p>Revolution (F.I.R.), was the transition to new manufacturing</p><p>processes in Europe, the United States and the rest of the</p><p>world. However, what was really this F.I.R.? The transition</p><p>included going from hand production methods to machines,</p><p>new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes,</p><p>the increasing use of steam power and water power, the</p><p>development of machine tools and the rise of the mechanized</p><p>factory system.</p><p>The First Industrial Revolution (F.I.R.) began in Great Britain,</p><p>and many of the technological innovations were of British</p><p>origin (Stearns 1998). By the mid-18th century Britain was the</p><p>world's leading commercial nation, controlling a global trading</p><p>empire with colonies in North America and the Caribbean, and</p><p>with political influence on the Indian subcontinent,</p><p>particularly Bengal Subah, through the activities of the East</p><p>India Company. The development of trade and the rise of</p><p>business were among the major causes of the First Industrial</p><p>Revolution (F.I.R.) (Ashton 1968). In the 1790s technological</p><p>innovations were also developed in USA, and the first</p><p>American Industrial Revolution was realized in the northern</p><p>part of America (Morris 2012).</p><p>The First Industrial Revolution (F.I.R.) marked a major</p><p>turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was</p><p>influenced in some way. In particular, average income and</p><p>population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth.</p><p>Some economists say that the major effect of the Industrial</p><p>Revolution was that the standard of living for the general</p><p>population in the western world began to increase consistently</p><p>for the first time in history, although others have said that it</p><p>did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and</p><p>466 Peter P. Groumpos et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 54-13 (2021) 464–471</p><p>20th centuries. GDP per capita was broadly stable before the</p><p>First Industrial Revolution (F.I.R.) and the emergence of the</p><p>modern capitalist economy, while the Industrial Revolution</p><p>began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist</p><p>economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the</p><p>onset of the First Industrial Revolution (F.I.R.) is the most</p><p>important event in the history of humanity since the</p><p>domestication of animals and plants (Weightman 2010),</p><p>What before produced threads on simple spinning wheels, the</p><p>mechanized version achieved eight times the volume in the</p><p>same time. Steam power was already known. The use of it for</p><p>industrial purposes was the greatest breakthrough for</p><p>increasing human productivity. Instead</p><p>of weaving looms</p><p>powered by muscle, steam-engines could be used for power.</p><p>Developments such as the steamship or (some 100 years</p><p>later) the steam-powered locomotive brought about further</p><p>massive changes because humans and goods could move</p><p>great distances in fewer hours. Society used to be largely</p><p>agrarian, which is a fancy way of saying that life used to be</p><p>centered around farming. But with steam power, those</p><p>agrarian societies gave way to urbanization. The world began</p><p>to rely on steam power and machine tools, while steamships</p><p>and railroads revolutionized how people got from A to B.</p><p>And what emerged as the new center of community life? The</p><p>factory.</p><p>2.2 2nd Industrial Revolution</p><p>However, an economic recession occurred from the late 1830s</p><p>to the early 1840s when the adoption of the original</p><p>innovations of the First Industrial Revolution (F.I.R.), such as</p><p>mechanized spinning and weaving, slowed and their markets</p><p>matured (Donovan1997). Innovations developed late in the</p><p>period, such as the increasing adoption of locomotives,</p><p>steamboats and steamships and hot blast iron smelting. Thus,</p><p>the Second Industrial Revolution (S.I.R) began in the 19th</p><p>century through the discovery of electricity and assembly line</p><p>production using new technologies. Henry Ford carried over</p><p>these principles into automobile production and drastically</p><p>altered it in the process (Donovan1997). While before one</p><p>station assembled an entire automobile, now the vehicles were</p><p>produced in partial steps on the conveyor belt - significantly</p><p>faster and at lower cost.</p><p>The Second Industrial Revolution (S.I.R), also known as the</p><p>Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid</p><p>standardization and industrialization and is generally dated</p><p>between 1870 and 1914 (the beginning of World War I).</p><p>Advancements in manufacturing and production technology</p><p>enabled the widespread adoption of technological systems</p><p>such as telegraph and railroad networks, gas and water supply,</p><p>and sewage systems, which had earlier been concentrated to a</p><p>few select cities. In the same time period, new technological</p><p>systems were introduced, most significantly with electricity</p><p>and telephones. Things started to speed up with a number of</p><p>key inventions. Think gasoline engines, airplanes, chemical</p><p>fertilizer. All inventions that helped us go faster and do more.</p><p>People follow the jobs, and the early 1900s saw workers</p><p>leaving their rural homes behind to move to urban areas and</p><p>factory jobs. By 1900, 40% of the US population lived in</p><p>cities, compared to just 6% in 1800. Along with increasing</p><p>urbanization, inventions such as electric lighting, radio, and</p><p>telephones transformed the way people lived and</p><p>communicated. When you stop and think about it, it was this</p><p>industrial revolution, the second one, that paved the way in the</p><p>modern world.</p><p>2.3 3rd Industrial Revolution</p><p>The Third Industrial Revolution (T.I.R.) began just a few</p><p>years after the end of the WWII around the ’50s in the 20th</p><p>century, through partial automation using memory-</p><p>programmable controls and computers. Since the introduction</p><p>of these technologies, an entire production process can be</p><p>automated without any human assistance. Known examples</p><p>of this are robots that perform programmed sequences</p><p>without human intervention. Another example is the</p><p>automated landing of an airplane without the assistance of the</p><p>pilot. The 3rd Industrial Revolution is also called the</p><p>Automation Revolution (Fremdling 1996, Lucas 2003).</p><p>The third industrial revolution brought semiconductors,</p><p>mainframe computing, personal computing, and the Internet—</p><p>revolution. Things that used to be analog moved to digital</p><p>technologies, like an old television you used to tune in with an</p><p>antenna (analog) being replaced by an Internet-connected</p><p>tablet that lets you stream movies (digital). The move from</p><p>analog electronic and mechanical devices to pervasive digital</p><p>technology dramatically disrupted industries, especially global</p><p>communications and energy. Electronics and information</p><p>technology began to automate production and take supply</p><p>chains global. The sharing economy is also explored as a</p><p>crucial element of the Third Industrial Revolution. The</p><p>premise of the book by Rifkin (2011) is mainly concentrated</p><p>on the fundamental economic change occurs when new</p><p>communication technologies converge with new energy</p><p>regimes, mainly, renewable electricity.</p><p>2.4 4th Industrial Revolution</p><p>Since 2000 we are implementing the Fourth Industrial</p><p>Revolution (F.I.R.). Some people believe that it started earlier</p><p>due to the part digitization of industries. Nevertheless, this</p><p>industrial revolution is characterized by the application of</p><p>information and communication technologies mainly to</p><p>industry but also to the rest of societies’ activities. It builds on</p><p>the developments of the Third Industrial Revolution,</p><p>especially in the digital revolution. It is also called the</p><p>Digitation Revolution (Schwab 2016). Thus, the confused</p><p>question: what is the real meaning of the term “industrial</p><p>revolution”? Production systems that already have digital</p><p>computer technology are expanded by a network connection</p><p>and have a digital twin on the Internet so to speak. These allow</p><p>communication with other facilities and the output of</p><p>information about themselves. However, these innovation</p><p>developments were considered also part of the 3rd Industrial</p><p>Revolution (Riffkin 2011)? The networking of all systems</p><p>leads to "cyber-physical production systems" and therefore</p><p>smart factories, in which production systems, components and</p><p>people communicate via a network and production is nearly</p><p>autonomous. Thus, why not to talk about a “smart revolution”?</p><p>Leading nations have reemphasized manufacturing with</p><p>national competitive strategies such as Industry 4.0. The</p><p>Peter P. Groumpos et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 54-13 (2021) 464–471 467</p><p>20th centuries. GDP per capita was broadly stable before the</p><p>First Industrial Revolution (F.I.R.) and the emergence of the</p><p>modern capitalist economy, while the Industrial Revolution</p><p>began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist</p><p>economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the</p><p>onset of the First Industrial Revolution (F.I.R.) is the most</p><p>important event in the history of humanity since the</p><p>domestication of animals and plants (Weightman 2010),</p><p>What before produced threads on simple spinning wheels, the</p><p>mechanized version achieved eight times the volume in the</p><p>same time. Steam power was already known. The use of it for</p><p>industrial purposes was the greatest breakthrough for</p><p>increasing human productivity. Instead of weaving looms</p><p>powered by muscle, steam-engines could be used for power.</p><p>Developments such as the steamship or (some 100 years</p><p>later) the steam-powered locomotive brought about further</p><p>massive changes because humans and goods could move</p><p>great distances in fewer hours. Society used to be largely</p><p>agrarian, which is a fancy way of saying that life used to be</p><p>centered around farming. But with steam power, those</p><p>agrarian societies gave way to urbanization. The world began</p><p>to rely on steam power and machine tools, while steamships</p><p>and railroads revolutionized how people got from A to B.</p><p>And what emerged as the new center of community life? The</p><p>factory.</p><p>2.2 2nd Industrial Revolution</p><p>However, an economic recession occurred from the late 1830s</p><p>to the early 1840s when the adoption of the original</p><p>innovations of the First Industrial Revolution (F.I.R.), such as</p><p>mechanized spinning and weaving, slowed and their markets</p><p>matured (Donovan1997). Innovations developed late in the</p><p>period, such as the increasing adoption of locomotives,</p><p>steamboats and steamships and hot blast iron smelting. Thus,</p><p>the Second Industrial Revolution (S.I.R) began in the 19th</p><p>century through the discovery of electricity and assembly line</p><p>production</p><p>using new technologies. Henry Ford carried over</p><p>these principles into automobile production and drastically</p><p>altered it in the process (Donovan1997). While before one</p><p>station assembled an entire automobile, now the vehicles were</p><p>produced in partial steps on the conveyor belt - significantly</p><p>faster and at lower cost.</p><p>The Second Industrial Revolution (S.I.R), also known as the</p><p>Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid</p><p>standardization and industrialization and is generally dated</p><p>between 1870 and 1914 (the beginning of World War I).</p><p>Advancements in manufacturing and production technology</p><p>enabled the widespread adoption of technological systems</p><p>such as telegraph and railroad networks, gas and water supply,</p><p>and sewage systems, which had earlier been concentrated to a</p><p>few select cities. In the same time period, new technological</p><p>systems were introduced, most significantly with electricity</p><p>and telephones. Things started to speed up with a number of</p><p>key inventions. Think gasoline engines, airplanes, chemical</p><p>fertilizer. All inventions that helped us go faster and do more.</p><p>People follow the jobs, and the early 1900s saw workers</p><p>leaving their rural homes behind to move to urban areas and</p><p>factory jobs. By 1900, 40% of the US population lived in</p><p>cities, compared to just 6% in 1800. Along with increasing</p><p>urbanization, inventions such as electric lighting, radio, and</p><p>telephones transformed the way people lived and</p><p>communicated. When you stop and think about it, it was this</p><p>industrial revolution, the second one, that paved the way in the</p><p>modern world.</p><p>2.3 3rd Industrial Revolution</p><p>The Third Industrial Revolution (T.I.R.) began just a few</p><p>years after the end of the WWII around the ’50s in the 20th</p><p>century, through partial automation using memory-</p><p>programmable controls and computers. Since the introduction</p><p>of these technologies, an entire production process can be</p><p>automated without any human assistance. Known examples</p><p>of this are robots that perform programmed sequences</p><p>without human intervention. Another example is the</p><p>automated landing of an airplane without the assistance of the</p><p>pilot. The 3rd Industrial Revolution is also called the</p><p>Automation Revolution (Fremdling 1996, Lucas 2003).</p><p>The third industrial revolution brought semiconductors,</p><p>mainframe computing, personal computing, and the Internet—</p><p>revolution. Things that used to be analog moved to digital</p><p>technologies, like an old television you used to tune in with an</p><p>antenna (analog) being replaced by an Internet-connected</p><p>tablet that lets you stream movies (digital). The move from</p><p>analog electronic and mechanical devices to pervasive digital</p><p>technology dramatically disrupted industries, especially global</p><p>communications and energy. Electronics and information</p><p>technology began to automate production and take supply</p><p>chains global. The sharing economy is also explored as a</p><p>crucial element of the Third Industrial Revolution. The</p><p>premise of the book by Rifkin (2011) is mainly concentrated</p><p>on the fundamental economic change occurs when new</p><p>communication technologies converge with new energy</p><p>regimes, mainly, renewable electricity.</p><p>2.4 4th Industrial Revolution</p><p>Since 2000 we are implementing the Fourth Industrial</p><p>Revolution (F.I.R.). Some people believe that it started earlier</p><p>due to the part digitization of industries. Nevertheless, this</p><p>industrial revolution is characterized by the application of</p><p>information and communication technologies mainly to</p><p>industry but also to the rest of societies’ activities. It builds on</p><p>the developments of the Third Industrial Revolution,</p><p>especially in the digital revolution. It is also called the</p><p>Digitation Revolution (Schwab 2016). Thus, the confused</p><p>question: what is the real meaning of the term “industrial</p><p>revolution”? Production systems that already have digital</p><p>computer technology are expanded by a network connection</p><p>and have a digital twin on the Internet so to speak. These allow</p><p>communication with other facilities and the output of</p><p>information about themselves. However, these innovation</p><p>developments were considered also part of the 3rd Industrial</p><p>Revolution (Riffkin 2011)? The networking of all systems</p><p>leads to "cyber-physical production systems" and therefore</p><p>smart factories, in which production systems, components and</p><p>people communicate via a network and production is nearly</p><p>autonomous. Thus, why not to talk about a “smart revolution”?</p><p>Leading nations have reemphasized manufacturing with</p><p>national competitive strategies such as Industry 4.0. The</p><p>phenomenon of Industry 4.0 was first mentioned in 2011 in</p><p>Germany as a proposal for the development of a new concept</p><p>of German economic policy based on high-tech strategies</p><p>(Mosconi, 2015) (Roblek 2016). China has also entered the</p><p>race for developing new industrial revolutions which are</p><p>close to ones been developed on the West, Russia and Japan.</p><p>(State Council of China 2015). So, for the first time we see a</p><p>numerical number to be associated with one of the four</p><p>Industrial revolutions. The paradigm of production and</p><p>manufacturing system is shifting, in which the increasing</p><p>adoption of intelligent equipment and robotics, Internet of</p><p>Things (IOT), and big data analytics have empowered</p><p>manufacturing intelligence. Leading companies are battling</p><p>for dominant positions in this newly created arena via</p><p>providing novel value-proposition solutions and/or</p><p>employing new technologies to enhance smart production.</p><p>When these enablers come together, Industry 4.0 has the</p><p>potential to deliver some incredible advances in factory</p><p>environments. Examples include machines which can predict</p><p>failures and trigger maintenance processes autonomously or</p><p>self-organized logistics which react to unexpected changes in</p><p>production.</p><p>Industry 4.0 has the power to change the way that people work.</p><p>It can pull individuals into smarter networks, with the potential</p><p>of more efficient working. The digitalization of the</p><p>manufacturing environment allows for more flexible methods</p><p>of getting the right information to the right person at the right</p><p>time. The increasing use of digital devices inside factories and</p><p>out in the field means maintenance professionals can be</p><p>provided with equipment documentation and service history in</p><p>a timelier manner, and at the point of use. Maintenance</p><p>professionals want to be solving problems, not wasting time</p><p>trying to source the technical information that they need. In</p><p>short, Industry 4.0 is a game-changer, across industrial</p><p>settings. The digitalization of manufacturing will change the</p><p>way that goods are made and distributed, and how products are</p><p>serviced and refined. On that basis, it can truly lay claim to</p><p>represent the beginning of the fourth industrial revolution.</p><p>3. THE IMPACTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL</p><p>REVOLUTIONS</p><p>Industrial revolutions are the transformation from old practices</p><p>of powering and managing of “workplace” into new and</p><p>sophisticated structures that meet the goals of modern</p><p>development in order to serve better the needs of the society.</p><p>Great Britain gave birth to first industrial revolution with</p><p>intense investment in technological innovations. This great</p><p>turning point globally impacted almost every aspect of life.</p><p>Indeed, innovations have been the driving forces in every one</p><p>of the four industrial revolutions. This had as a result that, the</p><p>level of distribution between the rich and the poor create a gap</p><p>in income per capital between developing and developed</p><p>countries. Economics growth indices have been used to show</p><p>that industrial revolutions have positive correlation to modern</p><p>state system developments (Lucas 2003, Marks 2015, Stearns</p><p>1998).</p><p>Prior to the First Industrial Revolution (F.I.R.) societies across</p><p>the world were merely surviving. Disease was rampant,</p><p>famines were common, poverty was widespread and trade was</p><p>limited to neighboring geographic regions. The First Industrial</p><p>Revolution (F.I.R.) created a great deal of change in society.</p><p>One major change was the shift from work being done at home</p><p>by hand in cottage industries to work being done in factories.</p><p>In particular, average income and population began to exhibit</p><p>unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists say that the</p><p>major effect of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard</p><p>of living for the general population in the western world began</p><p>to increase consistently for the first time in history, although</p><p>others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve</p><p>until the late 19th and 20th centuries (Griffin 2014). GDP per</p><p>capita was broadly stable before the First Industrial Revolution</p><p>(F.I.R.) and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy,</p><p>while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita</p><p>economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians</p><p>are in agreement that the onset of the First Industrial</p><p>Revolution (F.I.R.) is the most important event in the history</p><p>of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants,</p><p>(Hayek 1963). However, an economic recession occurred from</p><p>the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the</p><p>original innovations of the First Industrial Revolution (F.I.R.),</p><p>such as mechanized spinning and weaving, slowed and their</p><p>markets matured. Innovations developed late in the period,</p><p>such as the increasing adoption of locomotives, steamboats</p><p>and steamships, hot blast iron smelting and new technologies,</p><p>such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s</p><p>and 1850s, were the first seeds for the second Industrial</p><p>revolution been also call the Electrical one. (Donovan1997).</p><p>However, there were a lot of inhuman impacts to the people</p><p>as a whole. (Lucas 2003). There were harsh and unsafe</p><p>working conditions in these early factories. The machines</p><p>posed a significant threat to workers’ lives. Unskilled factory</p><p>laborers were cheap and plentiful. They were made to work</p><p>long hours, often in unsafe conditions. Such conditions</p><p>endured into the 20th century. Ultimately, advancing</p><p>industrialization created a middle class of skilled workers.</p><p>Cities and industries grew more quickly than ever before, and</p><p>economies grew along with them. Even more deadly was work</p><p>performed in coal mines. Owners of mines and factories had</p><p>considerable control over the lives of laborers who worked</p><p>long hours for low pay. An average worker would work 14</p><p>hours a day, six days a week. Fearful of losing their jobs,</p><p>workers would typically not complain about the horrible</p><p>conditions and low pay. Owners realized that they could pay</p><p>women and children less than men. Child labor increased</p><p>because it kept the costs of production low and the profits high.</p><p>As a result, the working-class lived-in poverty, while the</p><p>bosses who made up the middle class grew wealthy, (Griffin</p><p>2014). There are many references related to this issue and the</p><p>interested reader should search for them.</p><p>4. TODAY’s PICTURE OF “INDUSTRIAL</p><p>REVOLUTONS” UNITS</p><p>Today the whole issue of industrial revolutions has turned to</p><p>new avenues. Table 1, provides for the first time a new</p><p>conceptual structure of today’s picture. This table is proposed</p><p>in order to have a common language of understanding</p><p>emerging issues for all so called “Industrial revolutions”</p><p>and/or scientific innovations. Notice that there are three new</p><p>468 Peter P. Groumpos et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 54-13 (2021) 464–471</p><p>entries, besides the four classical and well known I.R.s. These</p><p>are: Industry 3.5, Industry 5.0 and Industry 6.0 All of them are</p><p>briefly presented in this section with the case of industry 3.5</p><p>analyzed in more details. The first three I.R.s of table 1, will</p><p>only have a new name: Industry 1.0, Industry 2.0 and Industry</p><p>3.0. They will more or less remained with the innovations and</p><p>technological achievements as been defined and described by</p><p>most people up today.</p><p>The problems and questions start to be raised when we move</p><p>from Industry 3.0 to Industry 4.0. This transition has a lot of</p><p>parameters and variables that needs to be considered and</p><p>analyzed carefully. The paradigm of production and</p><p>manufacturing system is shifting. Unlike the manufacturing</p><p>system of Industry 3.0 in which mass production remains as</p><p>the main strategy, Industry 4.0 is built upon the Cyber-</p><p>Physical System (CPS), Systems of Systems (SoS). It also</p><p>includes the implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) and</p><p>the concept of intelligence in all aspects of life and leading to</p><p>intelligent/smart factory or for some others the Factory of the</p><p>future (FoF). Under the concept of Industry 4.0, CPS</p><p>integrates the visual and the real world, the real time</p><p>monitoring and collaborating will be achieved. Through the</p><p>application of IoT, all machines in the factories are connected</p><p>as a network, which allows information exchange and</p><p>collaboration to achieve a flexible, self-adaptive production</p><p>in the entire supply chain. Moreover, Industry 4.0 was able to</p><p>fulfill mass customization, to make internet-based optimal</p><p>decision and diagnostics, and finally, to achieve self-learning,</p><p>self-aware and self-optimize by the integration of information</p><p>and technologies.</p><p>However, some countries, in which the infrastructures of</p><p>industry were not well developed as the leading countries</p><p>were not able to take of advantage of Industry 4.0. This has</p><p>become more evident with the collapse of the Soviet Union,</p><p>also in Taiwan and the new countries been developed around</p><p>the world. It is unrealistic to hope that the domestic industries</p><p>can leap up to developed countries especially US, Japan or</p><p>Germany. It becomes a crucial issue for these countries to</p><p>develop a suitable strategy to fit in the storm of</p><p>manufacturing intelligence. Industry 3.5 is a hybrid strategy</p><p>that enables intelligent manufacturing with use of the big data</p><p>analytics and digital decision-making processes of Industry</p><p>4.0 and the existing manufacturing system of Industry 3.0.</p><p>The proposed strategic framework integrates leading</p><p>technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data</p><p>analytics, resource allocation, and optimization to develop an</p><p>advanced intelligent manufacturing system framework.</p><p>Although Industry 3.5 has been used extensively with this</p><p>name by a research team of Taiwan (Chien et all 2010) and</p><p>(Chien et all 2017) studies for the transition from Industry 3.0</p><p>to Industry 4.0 and related a number of issues, had been</p><p>conducted much earlier (Flamm 1985), (Kenichi 1985).</p><p>Globalization of Industry through production sharing using</p><p>all advanced technologies of both: Industry 3.0 and industry</p><p>4.0. Figure 1 shows a possible Industry 4.0 outlook with</p><p>some but not all technology pillars of it. In addition, on figure</p><p>1 are missing economic, moral and social issues of the</p><p>society.</p><p>Figure 1. The technological pillars (only) of Industry 4.0</p><p>However, the world is still turning and the scientific</p><p>achievements are developing with exponential rate the last 10</p><p>years. Consequently, of this, Industry 4.0 starts to move</p><p>towards Industry 5.0 (personalized revolution) (Müller, J.</p><p>2020). How will Industry 5.0 bring humans closer to the design</p><p>process of manufacturing? Industry 5.0 will give us the ability</p><p>to close the loop so we can push the boundaries of physics on</p><p>design. If you’re trying to make the next-generation aircraft,</p><p>for example, you’re constrained by today’s manufacturing</p><p>capabilities. You’re also constrained by the amount of data that</p><p>you have coming back from the infield service of an aero</p><p>engine or aircraft and your ability to feed the in-service data</p><p>back into the design process. With Industry 5.0, you’ll be able</p><p>to automate the manufacturing process better, which means</p><p>you’ll have real-time data coming in from the field.</p>
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