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( ) The Montgomery Bus Boycott 
 
28. The establishment of the United Nations in 1945 marked a new era in international 
relations, aimed at promoting peace and cooperation among nations. Which principle, 
enshrined in the UN Charter, emphasizes the importance of self-determination and 
respect for the sovereignty of nations? 
( ) The principle of collective security 
( x ) The principle of sovereign equality 
( ) The principle of non-intervention 
( ) The principle of peaceful coexistence 
( ) The principle of humanitarian intervention 
 
29. The Enlightenment thinkers greatly influenced the development of modern political 
philosophy. Which philosopher is known for his ideas on the separation of powers and 
checks and balances in government, which have been incorporated into many democratic 
systems around the world? 
( ) Thomas Hobbes 
( x ) Montesquieu 
( ) John Locke 
( ) Jean-Jacques Rousseau 
( ) Voltaire 
 
30. The ancient civilization of Egypt is renowned for its contributions to architecture, 
mathematics, and writing. Which monumental structure, built as a tomb for pharaohs, is 
one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and symbolizes the grandeur of ancient 
Egyptian civilization? 
( ) The Temple of Karnak 
( x ) The Great Pyramid of Giza 
( ) The Sphinx 
( ) The Hanging Gardens of Babylon 
( ) The Colossus of Rhodes 
 
31. The Cold War was characterized by a series of conflicts and geopolitical tensions 
between the United States and the Soviet Union. Which event, occurring in 1962, brought 
the world to the brink of nuclear war due to the presence of Soviet missiles in a 
neighboring island nation? 
( x ) The Cuban Missile Crisis 
( ) The Vietnam War 
( ) The Korean War 
( ) The Bay of Pigs Invasion 
( ) The Space Race 
 
32. The Enlightenment period produced many influential texts that shaped modern 
thought. Which work, published in 1784 by Immanuel Kant, argues for the importance of 
reason and individual autonomy in the pursuit of knowledge and understanding? 
( ) The Social Contract 
( ) Critique of Pure Reason 
( ) The Wealth of Nations 
( x ) What Is Enlightenment? 
( ) The Spirit of the Laws 
 
33. The Renaissance saw a revival of interest in classical learning and the arts. Which 
artistic technique, characterized by the use of light and shadow to create depth, was 
perfected during this period and is exemplified in the works of artists such as Caravaggio? 
( ) Sfumato 
( ) Chiaroscuro 
( x ) Foreshortening 
( ) Linear Perspective 
( ) Fresco 
 
34. The ancient civilization of Rome is known for its contributions to law, governance, and 
engineering. Which legal code, established during the reign of Emperor Justinian in the 6th 
century, is regarded as one of the foundational texts of Western legal tradition? 
( ) The Twelve Tables 
( x ) The Corpus Juris Civilis 
( ) The Code of Hammurabi 
( ) The Magna Carta 
( ) The Napoleonic Code 
 
35. The French Revolution led to a series of political and social upheavals in France. 
Which radical political group, known for its extreme measures and association with the 
Reign of Terror, sought to eliminate perceived enemies of the revolution? 
( ) The Girondins 
( ) The Jacobins 
( x ) The Sans-culottes 
( ) The Royalists 
( ) The Montagnards 
 
36. The exploration of the Pacific Ocean in the 18th century was marked by significant 
voyages. Which British explorer is renowned for his three voyages to the Pacific, during 
which he charted New Zealand and the east coast of Australia? 
( x ) Captain James Cook 
( ) Ferdinand Magellan 
( ) Francis Drake 
( ) Vasco da Gama 
( ) Hernán Cortés 
 
37. The Great Wall of China is one of the most iconic structures in the world, built to 
protect against invasions. Which dynasty is credited with the most significant 
construction and expansion of the Great Wall, particularly during the 14th to 17th 
centuries? 
( ) The Han Dynasty 
( ) The Tang Dynasty 
( x ) The Ming Dynasty 
( ) The Qing Dynasty 
( ) The Song Dynasty 
 
38. The Protestant Reformation had a profound impact on the religious landscape of 
Europe. Which king, known for his break with the Catholic Church and the establishment 
of the Church of England, played a crucial role in the English Reformation? 
( ) Edward VI 
( ) James I