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160 Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements Data Interpretation and Analysis 8.141 (a) While the number of protons increases, moving left to right, the electrons enter the same shell, Coulomb's force law dictates that the distance between the protons in the nucleus and the outermost electrons will decrease, and the force of attraction will increase. The outer electrons are closer to the nucleus, requiring more energy to eject the outermost electrons. (c) Phosphorus has an electron configuration of All three electrons in the 3p energy level have the same spin. Sulfur has an electron configuration of When there are 4 electrons in the 3p energy level the electrons do not have the same spin. Two electrons are paired, two electrons are not paired. There is some electron-electron repulsion between the paired electrons on the same orbital. The force of attraction between the electrons and the nucleus is less. Less energy is needed to remove a paired electron compared to an unpaired electron. (e) For Si, the number of valence electrons is 4, and 8-4=4. The number of valence electrons is 4. Both hypotheses predict the same formula. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.