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Official journal of the: ® Association of Neuromuscular Therapists, Ireland ® Australian Pilates Method Association ® Hands On Seminars, USA ® National Association of Myofascial Trigger Point Therapists, USA ® Pilates Foundation, UK ® The Fascia Research Society Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies Volume 23 Number 4 2019 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Jerrilyn A. Cambron LMT, DC, MPH, PhD Lombard, IL, USA (jcambron@nuhs.edu) Warrick McNeill MCSP London, UK (Warrick@physioworks.co.uk) Matt Wallden MSc, Ost, Med, DO, ND London, UK (mattwallden@googlemail.com) ASSOCIATE EDITORS: PREVENTION & REHABILITATION Craig Liebenson DC Los Angeles, CA, USA (craigliebensondc@gmail.com) ASSOCIATE EDITOR: MYOFASCIAL PAIN & TREATMENT Jan Dommerholt PT, DPT, MPS, DAAPM Bethesda, MD, USA (dommerholt@bethesdaphysiocare.com) ASSOCIATE EDITOR: DIAGNOSTIC METHODS Dimitrios Kostopoulos PT, MD, PhD, DSc Hands-on Physical Therapy, New York, NY, USA (dimi@handsonpt.org) ASSOCIATE EDITOR: EMERITUS Glenn M. Hymel EdD, LMT Department of Psychology, Loyola University, New Orleans, LA, USA (hymel@loyno.edu) Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies Founded 1996 by Leon Chaitow ND DO, 1937-2018 MANAGING EDITOR Sasha Chaitow PhD London, UK (sashachaitow@gmail.com) ASSOCIATE EDITOR: FASCIA SCIENCE & CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Thomas Myers LMT Walpole, ME, USA (tom@anatomytrains.com) ASSISTANT TO EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Yuri Korvatko DC Lombard, IL, USA International Advisory Board J. Balletto LMT (Pawtucket, RI, USA) C. Bron PhD MPT (Groningen, The Netherlands) J. Carleton PhD (New York, USA) I. Bramati Castellarin DO PhD (London, UK) S. Chapelle RMT (Squamish, Canada) Z. Comeaux (Lewisburg, WV, USA) K. Crenshaw ATC (Phoenix, AZ, USA) P. Davies PhD (London, UK) J. Downes DC (Marietta, GA, USA) C. Fernandez de las Peñas PT, DO, PhD (Madrid, Spain) T. M. Field PhD (Miami, FL, USA) L. Fortune PhD (Santa Barbara, CA, USA) S. Fritz LMT (Lapeer, MI, USA) G. Fryer PhD. BSc., (Osteopath), ND (Melbourne City, Australia) C. Gilbert PhD (San Francisco, USA) C. H. Goldsmith PhD (Vancouver, BC, Canada) S. Gracovetsky PhD (Ocracoke, NC, USA) R. Grieve PhD PT (Bristol, UK) R. Harter DO (London, UK) S. D. Hunter PhD (Austin, TX, USA) B. Ingram-Rice OTRLMT (Sarasota, FL, USA) S. Ismail DO (London, UK) S. Jarrett DO (London, UK) J. Kahn PhD (Burlington, VT, USA) A. B. Kennedy PhD (Columbia, SC, USA) B. Kleinberg DO (London, UK) R. Lardner PT (Chicago, IL, USA) E. Lederman DO PhD (London, UK) W. W. Lowe LMT (Bend, OR, USA) J. McEvoy PT MSC DPT MISCP MCSP (Limerick, Ireland) L. M. McLaughlin DSc PT (Oakville, ON, Canada) C. McMakin MA DC (Portland, OR, USA) M. Mehta DO (London, UK) C. Moyer PhD (Denver, Co) D. R. Murphy DC (Providence, RI, USA) C. Norris MSc CBA MCSP SRP (Sale, UK) J. L. Oschman PhD (Dover, NH, USA) D. Peters MB CHB DO (London, UK) M. S. Plumb PhD (Melbourne, Australia) M. M. Reinold PT, DPT, ATC, CSCS (Boston, MA, MD, USA) G. Rich PhD (Juneau, AK, USA) K. Rolfe PhD (London, UK) C. Rosenholtz MA, RMT (Boulder, CO, USA) J. Sager DO (London, UK) A. Salmond PT (London, UK) S. Scott MA (Castle Cary, UK) C. Skitt PT (London, UK) R. Stanborough PT, DPT, MHSc, MTC, CMTPT, FAAOMPT (St. Augustine, FL, USA) M. Stefanakis PT, CertMDT, MManipTher, PhD (Nicosia, Cyprus) D. Thompson LMP (Seattle, WA, USA) C. Traole MCSP, SRP, MAACP, PT (London, UK) R. Travillian PhD (Seattle, USA) P. W. Tunnell DC, DACRB (Ridgefield, CT, USA) L. White (London, UK) Fascia Science and Clinical Applications Advisory Board S. Adstrum PT (Otago, New Zealand) P. Beach DO Wellington, New Zealand J. A. Day PT Padova, Italy T. Findley MD PhD New Jersey, USA W. J. Fourie MSc, PT Johannesburg, South Africa G. Hedley PhD Beverly Hills, FL, USA L. Kalichman PT PhD (Beer-Sheva, Israel) T. Myers LMT Walpole, ME, USA R. Schleip PhD, MA, PT Munich, Germany J. Sharkey MSc, NMT (Dublin, Ireland) A. Stecco MD Padua, Italy C. Stecco MD Padova, Italy M. Solomonow PhD, MD(hon) Denver, CO, USA P. Tozzi MSc Ost, BSc (Hons), DO, PT Rome, Italy Visit the journal website at http://www.elsevier.com/jbmt Officially recognised and supported by: The Alliance of Massage Therapy Education The American Massage Therapy Association Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals The British Orthopaedic Association The Institute of Sport and Remedial massage The International Association of Structural Integrators The International College of Applied Kinesiology The International Society of Clinical Rehabilitation Specialists The New Zealand Manipulative Physiotherapists Association The Organisation of Chartered Physiotherapists in Private Practice The Rolf Institute The Sports Massage Association The Upledger Institute Amsterdam • Boston • London • New York • Oxford • Paris • Philadelphia • San Diego • St. Louis Printed by Henry Ling Ltd, The Dorset Press, Dorchester, UK Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect