1 Automobile intro v5 1

Prévia do material em texto

Benz tricycle 1896 Stanley Steam 
An Introduction
London B type bus - 1910 
Jaguar 1955 
Pictures taken fr
Ford SLincoln continental 1960s 
car 1905 Railton 1935 
 to Automobiles
Ford Model T 1913 
rom Smith (2002)
Czech Tatra 1937 
Lotus Eclat Sierra 1980s
AimAim
I d h id„ Introduce the wide rang
vehicle design and manu
„ Briefly set the historical
vehicles and their designg
„ Introduce the vast range
designdesign.
„ Demonstrate the interac
th d i d f tthe design and manufact
msms
f kill i d fe of skills required for 
ufacture.
l scene and development of 
n.
e of possibilities for vehicle 
tivity of processes within 
t f hi lture of vehicles
Steps in AutomSteps in Autom
I i d I„ Innovations and Invent
„ Mass productionp
„ Development of World
S li i„ Streamlining
„ Commercial vehicles
mobile Historymobile History
itions
d Motor Industry
Inventions an
History
Inventions an
S I„ Steam power to Interna
„ Steam engine used till
„ Petroleum “spirit” use
a useless by-product o
„ Dr. Gottelib Daimler i
petroleum vapour and
produced tri-wheel car
d Innovations
Construction
d Innovations
l C b i ial Combustion engine
l late 1940s
ed by Dr. OTTO in 1870s was 
of naptha used for lamps
improved OTTO engine using 
d in parallel Karl Benz also 
rriage in 1885 
Mass pro
History
Mass pro
C d l d f„ Cars were developed fr
„ Henry Ford -> “mass py p
T,1909
„ Concept from rifle ma„ Concept from rifle ma
„ Model T first car with
E i 2898 b„ Engine 2898 cc was b
independent bodybuil
family carsfamily cars
„ Hand-built cars to inte
Picture taken from Smith (2002)
oduction
Construction
oduction
f h ifrom horse carriages.
production” of Model p
anufacture of civil waranufacture of civil war
h design for manufacture
b ilt b f d d ibuilt by ford and various 
lders from buses to elegent 
erchangeable parts
Mass Pro
History
Mass Pro
M i k„ Moving workers -> m
maufacture , Highland
Picture taken from Smith (2002)
oduction
Construction
oduction
i hi l d imoving vehicle during 
d park Detroit, 1913 
Mass Pro
History
Mass Pro
I 1970 V lk “„ In 1970s, Volkswagen “
numbers though syle wa
„ Non rusting car
„ Mechanically reliaby
„ Toyota's contribution:
P d ti fl„ Production was flex
„ Quality paramount, 
„ Shorter production 
oduction
Construction
oduction
“B l ” ld i l“Beetle” was sold in large 
as antiquated as it was
ble
iblxible
getting right first time - LEAN
runs, wide variants
Developme
History
Motor In
1920 1930 ll„ 1920s -1930s : small coa
large companies
„ By end of second world
manufacturers remain –
„ Large conglomerates lik
Corporation (BMC) BrCorporation (BMC) , Br
problem of large stock 
A i d J„ Americans and Japanese
around the world
„ Because of export restric
over the world
nt of World 
Construction
ndustry
h b ild i i hach builders co-exist with 
d war only few specialized 
Rolls Roycey
ke British Motor 
ritish Leyland (BL) facedritish Leyland (BL) faced 
d t f tie moved parts of operations 
ctions and to use facilities all 
Developme
History
Motor In
C i D lConstruction Developmen
„ Till 1930s wooden fram
used to build coaches
„ Late 1930s onwards pre„ Late 1930s onwards, pre
„ Multiple curvature adde
l h d th l dpanels shared the load
„ Recent cars have shell s
structures
nt of World 
Construction
ndustry
nt:
me with fabric or wood skin 
essed steel plates for skinessed steel plates for skin
ed more strength and body 
tructure with aerodynamic y
Developme
History
Motor In
W d / S l h i f„ Wooden / Steel chassis f
replaced by stiff floor “
„ By 1950s, “unitary” con
followed for mass produp
„ Composite body for less
free body – started afterfree body started after
„ Wheels progressed from
k t t l h bspokes to metal hub con
Alloy)
nt of World 
Construction
ndustry
f d dframe was done away and 
“pan” by spot welding
nstruction was universally 
uced cars
ser weight and corrosion 
r WWII ( Lotus)r WWII ( Lotus)
m wooden spokes to metal 
t ti t t l k (nstruction to metal spokes ( 
History
Sports car with streamlined 
composite body , Lotus
Pictures taken from Smith (2002)
Construction
Early car evolved from 
carriage , electric powered 
Bersley 1897
Developme
History
Motor In
S li D lStyling Development:
„ Powered versions of hor
„ Engine was placed below
hard maintenencehard maintenence
„ 1890s, Panhard-Levasso
h i i i f thaving engine in front w
‘système Panhard’
„ Windscreen was invente
speed of vehicle
nt of World 
Construction
ndustry
rse carriagesg
w vehicle by Daimler –
or created the concept of 
ith l t h d bwith clutch and gear box 
ed in 1920s with increasing 
Developme
History
Motor In
B h 1930 i„ By the 1930s, excessive
had become ‘de rigeur’ 
ti i tisporting aspirations.
„ Luggage was strapped ingg g pp
became integral in europ
'50s,'60s and '70s to larg
„ Till '50s “open top” was
horse carriageshorse carriages
nt of World 
Construction
ndustry
l l d iely elongated engine covers 
for powerful cars with 
n rear of vehicle and it 
pean cars. It grew in 
ger volume
s preferred as inspired from 
Stream
History
Stream
I 1890 A édé B llé„ In 1890s, Amédée Bollé
first torpedo shaped des
„ Americans did not like t
Czech Tatra of 1937 V8
Pictures taken from Smith (2002)
mlining
Construction
mlining
é h d dée the younger produced 
igns with raked windscreen
the air-streamlined design
Chevrolet Air-flow
Stream
History
Stream
„ Aerodynamics was cons
styles due to angles
„ Box type was more cheayp
„ Became more popular on
prices went up & fuel ecprices went up & fuel ec
important
Ford Sierra 1980
Picture taken from Smith (2002)
mlining
Construction
mlining
sidered impediment to 
aper and easier to producep p
nly after the 70’s when oil 
conomy was consideredconomy was considered 
Commercia
History
Commercia
E d f 19th fi„ End of 19th century, first
steam powered – challen
„ Threats of world wars le
commerical vehicle sale
„ IC engine led to the dev
A t b h i 1930 G„ Autobahns in 1930s Ger
of good road transport a
„ Buses replaced electric t
in USA, Britain.
al Vehicles
Construction
al Vehicles
l d kt lorry and trucks were 
nged by petrol vehicles
ed to increase in roads, 
es and haulage in Europeg p
velopment of motor bus.
l d t d l trmany led to development 
along with railways.
trams, challeged railways 
Construction Co
Styl
E i D l„ Engine Development
„ Transmission and Systy
„ Steering
S i„ Suspension
„ Brakes
„ Interior Design
S f„ Safety
„ Too much Innovation
onfiguration and 
ling
tem Layouty
Engine Dev
History
Engine Dev
Di l d B i„ Diamler and Benz inven
in 1895
„ Diamler developed Vee
„ Ettore Bugatti 1910 crea„ Ettore Bugatti,1910 crea
Overhead Cam shaft in M
achieving 100 kmph speachieving 100 kmph spe
„ Side valves were more p
„ Improvements in materi
developments.
velopment
Construction
velopment
d IC i bilnted IC engine automobiles 
twin engines in 1898
ated first engine withated first engine with 
Model13, capable of 
eed with 1327 cceed with 1327 cc.
preferred till WWII
ials led to other 
Engine Dev
History
Engine Dev
Diesel Engine:Diesel Engine:
„ Main competitor to petr
combustion unlike petrocombustion unlike petro
„ It eliminated two weak p
plugs hence more reliab
„ It had inferior power to p
restricted to heavy engin
With turbo charging and„ With turbo-charging and
at par with petrol engine
and higher efficiencyand higher efficiency.velopment
Construction
velopment
ol engine – spontaneous 
ol ignitionol ignition
points carburettor and spark 
ble
weight ratio, hence g ,
nes 
d refinement performanced refinement, performance 
es with cleaner emissions 
Engine Dev
History
Engine Dev
S h i d T bSuper charging and Turbo
„ When air is compressedp
ratio of engine improved
„ Compressors combined„ Compressors combined 
„ Used from 1930s in raci
„ Compression with powe
turbine is turbochargingg g
„ Turbochargers improve 
smoother engine runningsmoother engine running
velopment
Construction
velopment
h iocharging:
d at inlet, power to weight , p g
d
to engine shaftto engine shaft
ing cars
er from exhaust using 
gg
torque characteristics and 
gg
Engine Dev
History
Engine Dev
T S k d UTwo Strokes and Unconve
„ Two stroke (2S) has one( )
revolution, theoretically
„ 2S in unsupercharged al„ 2S in unsupercharged al
during scavenging
I t k d t b i d„ Intake needs to be mixed
resulting in smoky exha
„ Applications restricted t
cars like three cylinder S
velopment
Construction
velopment
i l l ientional petrol engines:
e firing stroke per g p
y twice efficiency
lways has fuel-charge losslways has fuel-charge loss 
d ith l b i ti ild with lubricating oil 
aust
to motor-cycles and small 
SAAB car.
Engine Dev
History
Engine Dev
T k di l i ill„ Two stroke diesel is still
and railway engines
„ Wankel engine had a sem
reciprocating type of enp g yp
„ It had a problem with se
two-stroke emissionstwo stroke emissions
„ Gas turbines had good e
i ht ti b t t ffiweight ratio but not effic
velopment
Construction
velopment
l f d i l il preferred in large marine 
mi-rotary than a 
gineg
eals of rotor and inherent 
efficiency and thrust to 
i t i l dcient in low speeds.
Engine Dev
History
Engine Dev
El i d H b idElectric and Hybrid propu
„ 1899, Jenatzy's “La Jam, y
vehicle to cross 100kmp
„ Initial cars restricted to„ Initial cars restricted to 
considerably increased i
I t i L d A„ Improvements in Lead-A
allowed increased range
i U b l tin Urban areas on electr
velopment
Construction
velopment
l iulsion:
mais Contente” was first 
ph
short distances but hasshort distances but has 
in recent times
A id b tt t h lAcid battery technology 
e and even buses to operate 
i t dric power to reduce smog.
Engine Dev
History
Engine Dev
Li i i i b l„ Limitations in battery le
present day
„ Ultracapacitors or fl
„ Smaller petrol enginp g
„ Regenerative brakin
*Not same as petrol elec„ *Not same as petrol-elec
pure electric operation f
velopment
Construction
velopment
d h b id hi l fed to hybrid vehicles of 
lywheel used
ne is used 
ng
ctric vehicle in past withctric vehicle in past with 
for step-less operation
Transmissi
History
Develo
S f h d b k„ Some of the drawbacks 
steam engines were
„ Non-availabilityof f
„ Noisy operationy p
„ Non -instant stop – r
Clutches have evolved f„ Clutches have evolved f
dominantly with plate cl
G b l d f„ Gear box evolved from 
mesh with moving dog c
ion System 
Construction
opment
f l iof petrol engines over 
full power at the start
restart 
from belts and settled prefrom belts and settled pre-
lutch.
hif ishifting gears to constant 
clutches “crash” gear box.
Transmissi
History
Develo
F W L h d B„ F.W. Lanchester and Br
epicyclic gear box with 
„ Epicyclic gears used in f
buses for ease of operatip
„ In 1940's, “preselector” 
with fluid torque converwith fluid torque conver
Variable Transmission s
E li t ti h d„ Earlier automatics had p
ion System 
Construction
opment
i i h D i l dritish Daimler created 
bands and planetary rings
ford model T , used in 
ion
gearbox was developed 
rter becoming a Constantrter becoming a Constant 
system (automatic)
ffi ipoor efficiency
Lancheste
History
Lancheste
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
r Gear box
Construction
r Gear box
/File:Lanchester_epicyclic_gearbox.jpg
Pre selecto
History
Pre-selecto
Wilson’s Gearb
Pictures taken from S
or gearbox
Construction
or gearbox
box
Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Model T g
History
Model T g
http://commons.wikimedia.org
ars_and_Motor-Cycles,_1928
gear box
Construction
gear box
g/wiki/File:Model_T_Ford_epicyclic_gearbox_%28Montagu,_C
8%29.jpg
Fluid Torque
History
Fluid Torque
Pictures taken from St
e Converter
Construction
e Converter 
teeds and Garrett (1983)
Transmissi
History
Develo
F di d h h d f„ Ferdinand porsche had f
electric transmission sys
t d CVTtowards CVT
„ Semi-stepless was achiep
converters in 1940's
„ DAF variomatic type CV„ DAF variomatic type CV
DAF cars (1959-63)
ion System 
Construction
opment
fi i 1908 ffirst patent in 1908 for a 
stem (890299) first step 
eved using fluid-torque g q
VT were used in dutchVT were used in dutch 
Porsche tra
History
Porsche traansmission
Construction
ansmission
Picture taken from the patent document 890299
DAF var
History
DAF var
Double pulleysDouble pulleys
riomatic
Construction
riomatic 
http://www.philseed.com/daf-600.html
Stee
History
Stee
E li b d„ Earlier cars borrowed ax
carriages with unstable p
t t t t bili tnot present to stabilize t
„ Ackerman's arrangemeng
individual axes allowed 
speed during turn
„ Tiller was replaced with
major development cammajor development cam
„ Four wheel steering is n
to a few modelsto a few models
ering
Construction
ering
l i il hxles similar to horse 
pivoting axles as horse is 
th hi lthe vehicle
nt of pivoting wheels about p g
rotation at varied angles / 
h steering and linkages and 
me after power steering.me after power steering.
now available but restricted 
Ackerman
History
Ackerman
Pictures taken from Ste
nn Linkage
Construction
nn Linkage
AckermanAckerman 
linkages for 
Independent 
Suspension
eeds and Garrett (1983)
Tille
History
Tille
Benz tricycle 1896 
Pictures tak
ers
Construction
ers
Panhard Levassor 1890-95
ken from Smith (2002)
Suspe
History
Suspe
Elli i i d d„ Elliptic springs adopted 
during braking and start
„ Springing developed by
pneumatic variable heigp g
„ Independent wheel susp
Si l il i„ Simple coil springs were
alone and then used in r
„ Active suspensions have
jacks controlled electron
ension
Construction
ension
f blfrom carts – problems 
ting -need to be restricted
y torsion bars and further by 
ght suspensionsg p
pensions developed 
d f f t ie used for front suspension 
ear also
e vehicle lifted by power 
nically
Elliptic S
History
Elliptic S
Axle guidance interferes with stee
Springs
Construction
Springs
Mounting to reduce Squat
Mounting to function as 
anti-roll bar
ering
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Torsio
History
Torsioon bar
Construction
on bar
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Pneumatic S
History
Pneumatic S
Flat, non-driven air-suspended 
Mercedes-B
Pict
Suspension
Construction
Suspension
semi-trailing-arm rear axle of the 
Benz V class
ture taken from Reimpell et al., (2001)
Suspe
History
Suspe
I d d l i„ Independently moving 
„ Independent suspensiop p
Jaguar 3.4 was with 
independent suspension 
in '55
Pictures tak
ension
Construction
ension
h l i d d iwheels improved road-grip
ons became popular by 90s.p p y
ken from Smith (2002)
Suspe
History
Suspe
Wh l d TiWheels and Tires:
„ Wooden spoked wheel wp
unsuitable for higher spe
„ 1895 Michelin brothers„ 1895, Michelin brotherspeugeot cars for racing a
P ti ti h d b„ Pneumatic tires had prob
„ Large tires were good fog g
roads improving size is 
ension
Construction
ension
with metal outer was 
eed
s fitted Dunlop tires ons fitted Dunlop tires on 
and it started
bl f tblems of puncture
or poth-rudded roads, with p
reached to standard size.
Suspe
History
Suspe
S ll i i d„ Smaller tires improved r
dynamics
„ Wider tires had better ro
„ Tubeless tires were intro„ Tubeless tires were intro
„ Radial ply was introduc
„ “Low profile” tires – rat
diameter increased
ension
Construction
ension
id d iride and suspension 
oad grip
oduced after WWIIoduced after WWII
ed
tio of outer to inner 
Tubeles
History
Tubeles
I d d i 1947 b•Introduced in 1947 by 
Goodridge
•An air-tight layer to inner 
layer of carcass
•Soft inner layer of highly 
viscous material to fill in 
puncturespunctures
•Retain air-pressure longer 
than others vehicles can bethan others vehicles can be 
controlled longer
ss tires
Construction
ss tires
http://www.indiacar.com/infobank/tlt_const.htm
Tir
History
Tirres
Construction
res
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Radial
History
Radial
Si h i l•Since there is no cross ply, 
lesser heat generated hence 
more lifemore life
•4 to 6 “bracing plies” of 
metal /rayon provides bettermetal /rayon provides better 
contact grip and stability 
against deformation in higher g g
speeds
•Stiffer in resisting lateral g
loading hence reduces 
under/over steer.
l Tires
Construction
l Tires
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Low prof
History
Low prof
Wid i f di•Wider tires for same diameter
•Improvement of radial tires
•Larger chamber allows 
operation in lower pressure 
hence smooth ride or increase 
in comfort
•Increased traction as more 
area in contact
Pictu
file Tires
Construction
file Tires
ures taken from 65 series off road tire manual of Goodyear
Bra
History
Bra
H i„ Horse carriages were es
„ Drum brakes with pair op
dominant
„ Until 1920s brakes only„ Until 1920s brakes only
„ With drum brake proble
h t d di boverheat, emerged disc b
„ Disc brakes were used in
rear brakes as they requi
drum brakes 
kes
Construction
kes
i ll d b hsentially stopped by horses
of internal shoes emerged as g
y in rear wheelsy in rear wheels
em of fading due to 
b k i 1952brakes in 1952.
n front wheels and not in 
ired mounting of parking 
Bra
History
Bra
B k d b„ Brakes operated by mec
required skilled adjustm
„ 1930s hydraulic power a
„ 1960s Dual hydraulic c„ 1960s, Dual hydraulic c
overcome leaks
H hi l i d„ Heavy vehicles required
Vacuum assist
„ Anti Lock Braking intro
British Jensen FF,1960 w
have it.
kes
Construction
kes
h i l d d blchanical rods and cables 
ment or cars would “swing”
assisted brakes introduced
circuit introduced tocircuit introduced to 
d td servo arrangement -
oduced from aircrafts. 
was first passenger car to 
Dual hydrau
History
Dual hydrau
D l li d•Dual master cylinder
•Both actuating different 
circuits
•Failure of one is not affecting 
another 
•At least one circuit 
operational
ulic braking
Construction
ulic braking
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Vacuum Ass
History
Vacuum Ass
Bendix HydrovacBendix Hydrovac
sist braking
Construction
sist braking
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Anti Lock
History
Anti-Lock
Ford Escort and 
k Braking
Construction
k Braking
Orion Anti-lock Braking System
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Interior
History
Interior 
M d f il„ Modern family cars not 
performance cars of 193
„ Essential dynamic analy
quietenessq
„ Direct belt between en
by intermediate electry
„ Vibration isolation 
„ Mathematical analysis„ Mathematical analysis
„ Air conditioning, power
demisting addeddemisting added.
Design
Construction
Design
i hi hsuperior to high 
30s.
ysis and design to improve 
ngine and cooling fan replaced 
rical
s of the designs of the design
r windows, windows 
Safety
History
Safety 
I i f„ Invention of motor cars 
any other invention.
„ No. of civilian deaths
WWII greater than de
„ 1930s “unitary” Chevro
construction was more r
another car.
„ No significant work till„ No significant work till 
a selling point
Design
Construction
Design
d d d h hproduced more deaths than 
 per month in USA during 
eaths due to war
let airflow body 
resistant to impact with 
1950s and 60s as it was not1950s and 60s as it was not 
Safety
History
Safety 
P h d i„ Pre-war cars had steerin
the heart of drivers in ca
„ Collapsible steering intr
„ Seat belts appeared arou„ Seat belts appeared arou
occupants and slowly sp
Ai b l t„ Airbags came later
„ Vehicle is now designedg
front, rear and sides.
Design
Construction
Design
l likng columns like spears to 
ase of frontal impact
roduced by 1960s
und 1950s for front seatund 1950s for front seat 
pread to rear
d with energy absorbers in gy
?? Too much
History
?? Too much 
I i l„ Innovation not always a
„ Alec Issigonis’s revol
suspension was famou
elastic systems 
„ Wankel engine
„ Important to choose winp
„ Disc brakes
Power Steering„ Power Steering
Innovation ??
Construction
Innovation ??
k fi i la key to financial sucess
lutionary Mini with rubber bush 
us but not with advanced hydro-
nners at right timeg
Further R
J li H i S ith (2002)
Further R
„ Julian-Happian Smith (2002),
Vehicle Design,Butterworth-H
N t K St d W d G„ Newton, K., Steeds, W. and G
Vehicle (10th edn). Butterwor
cover) and 0-408-01157-2 (so) (
„ Jörnsen Reimpell et al (2001)
(Second edition), Butterworth
Reading
A I t d ti t M d
Reading
, An Introduction to Modern 
Heinmann (ISBN 0-7506-5044-3)
G tt T K (1983) Th M tGarrett, T.K. (1983), The Motor 
rths (ISBN 0-408-01118-1 (hard 
oft cover)).))
), The Automotive chassis 
h Heinman (ISBN 0-7506-5054-0)
Vee T
History
Vee-T
BlumfBlumf
with O
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blumfield_V-
twin_motorcycle_engine.jpg
Mercedes Benz V6, 199
Twin
Construction
Twin 
ield V twin engine 1913 14ield V twin engine 1913-14 
Overhead Cam Shaft
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes_V6_D
TM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg
96
Overhead
History
Overhead 
Pictures taken from S
Cam Shaft
Construction
Cam Shaft
Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Side Valve
History
Side Valve
Pictures taken from S
e Engines
Construction
e Engines
Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Side Valv
History
Side Valv
“Biefield” Diesel eng
http://shopswarf.orconh
Biefield Diesel eng
ve Engine
Construction
ve Engine
ine of 1930s
hosting.net.nz/svdiesel.html
ine of 1930s
Plate c
History
Plate c
http://gtmotorsports.com
clutch
Construction
clutch
http://www.novak-
adapt.com/knowledge/clutches_etc.htm
Plate C
History
Plate C
Pic
Clutch
Construction
Clutch
ctures taken from “ The Motor Vehicle” – Newton Steeds
Gear
History
Gear
Sliding mesh ->
Pictures taken from S
r box
Construction
r box
> moving gears
Dog clutch
Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Gear box Co
History
Gear box – Co
Pictures taken from Stee
onstant mesh
Construction
onstant mesh
eds and Garrett (1983)
Gearbox Sy
History
Gearbox - Sy
Pictures taken from S
ynchromesh
Construction
ynchromesh
S h hSynchromesh 
have 
“synchronizers”synchronizers 
for smoother 
gear shifting
Steeds and Garrett (1983)