Apostila Inglês 4 PROLINFO

Prévia do material em texto

SEVERINO CARLOS DA SILVA
FELIPE CASADO DE LUCENA
ENGLISH
FOR BRAZILIANS
4
 1 
Caros Alunos, 
 
 
 O compromisso com a educação de todos que compõem a sociedade 
reflete a prática fiel e cotidiana do exercício da cidadania. 
 
 Nós, que fazemos a Universidade de Pernambuco, buscamos, em nosso 
dia-a-dia, através da implantação de projetos e de outros procedimentos, honrar esses 
compromissos com vistas a inserir o homem em seu contexto social, celebrando a sua 
dignidade, promovendo ações que resultem na construção do homem pelo próprio 
homem. 
 
 Respaldada nesses propósitos e fundamentos, a Universidade de 
Pernambuco, através do Instituto de Apoio à Universidade de Pernambuco – IAUPE, 
persiste numa caminhada crescente, voltada a ampliar conhecimentos, 
especificamente nas áreas de línguas estrangeiras e da informática, por estar ciente da 
relevância que essas assumem na contemporaneidade. 
 
 Considerado atividade de extensão universitária, o Projeto Línguas e 
Informática – PROLINFO, em seu terceiro ano de existência, busca, através de seus 
objetivos e metas, perseverar nas vias da qualidade. 
 
 A oferta de cursos nas áreas de Inglês, Espanhol e Informática comprova 
os princípios e a filosofia que permeiam o perfil de uma Universidade visivelmente 
comprometida com a excelência em todos os segmentos dos quais se julga partícipe. 
 
 Boa Sorte! 
 
 
Prof. MS. Carlos Silva 
Coordenador-Geral PROLINFO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
SEVERINO CARLOS DA SILVA 
FELIPE CASADO DE LUCENA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ENGLISH FOR 
BRAZILIANS 
 
4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EDUPE 2012 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
C O N T E N T S 
 
 
 
Lesson 1: William Shakespeare ................................................................................................. 7 
Grammar: Infinitive/ Gerund .......................................................................................................... 8 
 
Lesson 2: New York .......................................................................................................................... 13 
Grammar: Passive voice .................................................................................................................... 14 
 
Lesson 3: Scotland Yard ................................................................................................................. 18 
Grammar: Present Perfect ................................................................................................................ 19 
 Numbers ............................................................................................................................... 22 
 
Lesson 4: The Red Cross ................................................................................................................ 25 
Grammar: Past Perfect ....................................................................................................................... 26 
 
Lesson 5: The Moon Walk ............................................................................................................. 30 
Grammar: Future Perfect .................................................................................................................. 31 
 Future Continuous ............................................................................................................ 31 
 Future Perfect Continuous ............................................................................................ 32 
 
Lesson 6: The White House .......................................................................................................... 33 
Grammar: Reflexive Pronouns ........................................................................................................ 34 
 Relative Pronouns .............................................................................................................. 35 
 
Lesson 7: Pablo Picasso .................................................................................................................. 37 
Grammar: Reported Speech ............................................................................................................. 38 
 
Lesson 8: Christmas ......................................................................................................................... 42 
Grammar: Conditional Sentences .................................................................................................. 42 
 
Exercise Reinforcement ................................................................................................................. 46 
 
Lesson 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 47 
 
Lesson 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 50 
 
Lesson 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 53 
 
Song: U2 – I Still Haven’t Found What I’m Looking For ....................................................... 55 
 
Lesson 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 56 
 
Lesson 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 58 
 
Lesson 6 ................................................................................................................................................... 60 
 6 
 
Lesson 7 ................................................................................................................................................... 63 
 
Lesson 8 ................................................................................................................................................... 66 
 
Song: BEYONCE – If I Were A Boy ................................................................................................. 69 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
Unit 1 
 
 
 
 William Shakespeare 
 Listen and practice. 
 
 William Shakespeare was an English poet and dramatist born at Stratford-on-Avon. 
He lived at a time when new lands were being discovered, new ideas were rising, and 
people were anxious to learn all that was to learn. 
 There are four periods in his career which covered about twenty years - from 1591 
to 1611. In the beginning he adapted a lot of stories for plays such as Romeo and Juliet. 
Neither the plot nor all of the characters were his own, but he put into them such ardor 
and beauty that they became known as his own. 
 The plays of the second period consist largely of comedies and history. England was 
eager to see her glorious and eventful history on stage so Shakespeare wrote a series of 
plays. 
 In the third period Shakespeare begins to question life and death and his plays 
became sadder and deeply philosophic. Hamlet belongs to this period. 
 The last period combineswisdom and a more cheerful outlook on life. 
 
 
 
1 - ORAL QUESTIONS 
 
o Who was William Shakespeare? 
o What was happening in the world when he lived? 
o How many periods are there in his career? 
o Describe the characteristics of each period. 
 
Discussion 
 
o Why does the story of Romeo and Juliet interest people even nowadays? 
 
 
 8 
2 - GRAMMAR 
 
 
GERUND 
 
A gerund is the form of a verb when it acts as a noun; a gerund (often known as an -
ing word) is a noun formed from a verb by adding -ing. 
 
 
THE GERUND IS… Example 
 
1 used when it’s the subject of a 
sentence 
Smoking costs a lot of money. 
Painting is a very good activity. 
 
2 used after prepositions She is tired of working. 
 
3 used after the verb go when it 
indicates common activities. 
Let’s go shopping. 
Last week I went swimming. 
 
4 used when you talk about someone 
doing something 
They watched the students crossing the 
road. 
 
 
 
 
3 – EXERCISES 
 
 Complete the sentences using the gerund of the verbs. 
 
a) She is very fond of ______________________________________ (swim). 
b) _____________________________________ (paint) is a terrific past time. 
c) I’m tired of _______________________________________(use) my PDA. 
d) He finally succeeds in ________________________________ (take) her out for dinner. 
e) They are going _________________________________ (chat) later on. 
f) _____________________________________ (walk) is pretty good for everyone. 
g) Thank you for _______________________________ (love) me. 
h) He saw me __________________________________ (call) you. 
 
 
Make up mottos using the first rule of the gerund. Follow the example. 
 
o Trying is something you should never stop doing. 
 9 
INFINITIVE 
 
Infinitive is the original form of the verb and can be used with or without to. 
 
 
 
WITHOUT TO Example 
1 After auxiliaries and modals I can swim. / She will cook. 
2 After the verbs make and let Let me go. 
3 After the conjunctions but and except I will do nothing but cry. 
5 with an object to talk about a 
completed action 
I heard him play the guitar 
 
 
4 - EXERCISE 
 Use the infinitive with or without to. 
 
a) Let’s ___________________________________(to dance), shall we? 
b) It’s hard ___________________________________ (to live) without electronics. 
c) I’ll do anything but _______________________________ (to lend) my iPhone. 
d) She’s too shy ___________________________ (to sing) before such a large audience. 
e) I can never remember how ________________________________ (to spell) her name. 
f) I can’t __________________________________(to agree) to do that. It is not my function. 
g) Patty made him ____________________________________ (to buy) a cheap laptop. 
h) We didn’t know how ________________________________ (to use) a PDA. 
i) You should do nothing except_____________________________(to study) for the test. 
j) Pamela makes me________________________________ (to feel) comfortable. 
WITH TO Example 
1 After the verbs of saying and thinking 
agree, choose, decide, expect, hope, 
learn, plan, promise 
Bernardo agreed to go to the park with 
me. 
2 After the words: too, enough, the first, 
the second, the next, the last, the only 
She is the next to get her passport. 
3 After adjectives This exercise is difficult to do. 
4 We can use verb + question word + 
infinitive with to with some verbs: ask, 
explain, learn, understand, decide, 
forget, know, remember 
I don’t know what to do. 
We can’t decide what to eat. 
 
5 After the verbs advise, tell, ask, 
remind, order and expect we use 
object + infinitive with to 
My girlfriend advised me to buy new 
clothes 
 10 
5- Complete the information. Use the verbs below in the gerund. 
 
 
impress - take (2) - add – have 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Answer about the texts above. 
 
o What couldn’t George live without? Why? 
o Does George only use his digital camera for taking photographs? 
o What can Ronda say about her cell phone? 
o What’s Liam’s favorite possession? Why? 
o What can Liam do with the software he uses? 
 
 
Ask your partner: 
 
o What’s your favorite possession? What do you use it for? 
o Could you live without it? Why (not)? 
 
My name is George, and I’m a 
photographer. My specialty is 
____________ pictures for fashion 
magazines. Not surprisingly, the 
possession I couldn’t live without is my 
brand new digital camera. Obviously, I 
use it for ______________ photographs, 
but it also has a video component. 
Sometimes I use it to make short films – 
just for fun. 
Hi, my name is Ronda and I work for a 
local radio station. I couldn’t live without 
my new cell phone. The sound quality is 
excellent, so I can use it to call the station 
and report live on air. It’s also useful for 
_______________conversations with my 
boyfriend. And, since it’s an expensive 
phone, it’s also good for ______________ 
people! 
I’m Liam, and I’m a musician and a 
songwriter. I guess my favorite possession 
is my computer. Well, to be exact, it’s 
Cakewalk - the software I use to write 
music. It’s also great for ______________ 
instruments that I can’t play, like the 
trumpet. I just play the trumpet part on my 
keyboard. It makes life a lot easier! 
 11 
 
Complete the sentences. Use to or for and the correct form of the verbs in 
parentheses. 
 
 
a. She went on line ________________________________________ (improve) her Spanish. 
b. This program is perfect _____________________________________ (protect) against viruses. 
c. I don’t need a spell checker ______________________________ (correct) my spelling online! 
d. This smart phone is good ____________________________ (check) e-mail when you travel. 
e. They love using their cell ____________________________________ (talk) to their parents. 
f. There’s some new software available ______________________________ (learn) languages. 
 
 
 
 
Rewrite the conversations using gerunds. 
 
 
Student 1: What do you use your cell phone for? 
Student 2: I use my cell to send text messages. 
 _________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Student 1: How do you use your iPhone? 
Student 2: I use my iPhone to listen to music. 
 _________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Student 1: What do you need an electronic translator for? 
Student 2: I need an electronic translator to look up words. 
 ________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Student 1: What technology do you use everyday? 
Student 2: I use my smart phone to organize my schedule. 
 ________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
 
 
 12 
 
Match the information to make complete sentences. 
 
 
1. I use my hands-free phone _______ a. to share them with friends and family 
2. He uses an electronic dictionary ______ b. to avoid getting lost. 
3. Our satellite radio is great _______ c. to watch movies and sports. 
4. They bought a huge plasma TV _______ d. for listening to traffic reports. 
5. I put pictures on a photo website _______ e. for checking his homework. 
6. She uses a navigation system _______ f. to make calls when I’m driving. 
 
 
 
 
 Ask your partner the questions below. 
 
o What do you use a PDA for? 
o How do you use your cell phone? 
o What do you use your computer for? 
o What technology do you use the most? 
o What’s the best digital camera nowadays? 
 
 
 
 
 
6 - CONVERSATIONMATH CLASS 
Listen and practice. 
 
Diana: I’m afraid of doing this math test. 
Bill: Take it easy and stop shaking. 
Diana: But I heard the teacher saying it just would be very difficult. 
Bill: Well, she loves being a strict teacher, but her tests are generally easy. 
Diana: All I know is that she advised us to study hard. Anyway, did you study for the 
test, Bill? 
Bill: Unfortunately, I haven’t studied. 
Diana: Sorry for you and me. 
 13 
Unit 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
New York 
Listen and practice. 
 
 In 1524 an Italian navigator, called Giovanni da Verrazzano, was the first European 
to arrive at the region that today is called New York. In fact, the first name of this city 
was given by another navigator that worked for the Dutch East Company. In 1666, 
during a war between the English and the Dutch, New Amsterdam 
was captured by the English and the king Charles II of England 
gave the colony to his brother, the Duke of York. Both the city and 
the province were renamed New York, in honor of the Duke. 
 Today New York is one of the biggest cities in the world and 
receives millions of tourists each year. You would like to visit New 
York, wouldn’t you? 
 
 
1 - ORAL QUESTIONS 
 
o When was New York discovered? 
o What was the first name given to this city? 
o Would you like to visit New York? Why? 
o Even if you haven’t gone to New York yet, describe it. 
 
 
Discussion: City x Country 
 
o Did you grow up in the city or in the country? 
o What are some of the advantages of living in a city? 
o What are some of the disadvantages of living in a city? 
o What are some differences between living in the city and living in the country? 
o How can we make our cities safer places to live? 
 14 
2- GRAMMAR 
 
PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Compare active and passive: 
 
Ex: Jane writes a letter (active) → A letter is written by Jane (passive) 
Ex; Jane wrote a letter (active) → A letter was written by Jane (passive) 
 
 
 Active Passive 
Present continuous Is writing Is being written 
Past continuous Was writing Was being written 
Going to Is going to write Is going to be written 
Future Will write Will be written 
Future continuous Will be writing Will be being written 
Simple present Writes Is written 
Simple past Wrote Was written 
Present perfect Has written Has been written 
Past perfect Had written Had been written 
Can Can write Can be written 
 
 
3 - EXERCISE 
 Supply the correct form of the verbs in the passive voice. 
 
a) He writes many letters every day. 
 Many letters _________________________________________ by him every day. 
b) The boys have finished the report. 
 The report ____________________________________ by the boys. 
c) The dog ate the cake. 
 The cake ________________________________________by the dog. 
d) She will read the message. 
 The message __________________________________________by her. 
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not 
known, however, who or what is performing the action. Passive verbs are 
formed from the verb to be (in the adequate time) and the past participle of the 
verb. 
Example: 
o My wallet was stolen. 
 
 
 
If we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by: 
Example: 
o My brother was bitten by a dog last week. 
 
 
 15 
e) They had opened the box. 
 The box ______________________________________________by them. 
f) We would invite her. 
 She _________________________________________ by us. 
g) Bruno rescued three cats. 
Three cats __________________________________________by him. 
 
 
 
4 – EXERCISE 
Complete the conversation in the passive. 
 
 
hit - see - broken – hurt - delay - close - find – steal 
 
 
Ann: Anything new in the paper? 
Tim: Well, not much. Let’s see… Uh, $10,000 ____________ _____________ in a bag on a city 
bus. 
Ann: $10,000? I should ride on buses more often! 
Tim: Yeah, and listen to this. Two large bears _______________ _______________ last night in 
someone’s yard. 
Ann: Huh. That’s scary. 
Tim: Oh, and a jewelry store _____________ _______________into, and some diamonds 
____________ _______________Um, what else? The city airport _____________ ________________ 
yesterday because of strong winds. 
Ann: Really? Well, it was pretty windy. 
Tim: Yeah. All the flights ______________ _______________. Oh, and a bus _____________ 
______________ by a falling tree. Fortunately, the passengers _____________ ______________. 
Ann: Is that all? Nothing exciting, I guess. 
 
 
 
5 – EXERCISE 
Change the sentences from the active to the passive. 
 
a) They publish The Times newspaper in London. 
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 
b) They transport oranges from Valencia to Germany in special crates. 
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 
c) They are destroying the forests in Indonesia. 
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 
d) The shark ate the man. 
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 
e) They've treated him very well. 
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
 16 
6-Rewrite the conversation using passive sentences. Then practice it with a 
partner. 
 
Student 1: What’s your favorite museum? 
Student 2: The Guggenheim. People visit it from all over. 
 ______________________________________________________________________________________ 
Student 1: Can you tell me who designed it? 
Student 2: I think Frank Lloyd Wright designed it. 
 ______________________________________________________________________________________ 
Student 1: What’s your favorite work of art? 
Student 2: It’s called the Poet. Pablo Picasso painted it. 
 _______________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
 
READING & DISCUSSION 
 
o Read the text below and try to match the traditions to the countries. 
o Highlight the passive, and rewrite these sentences in active voice. 
o Discuss the traditions, and compare them with Christmas or another popular 
celebration in your own culture. 
 
Christmas around the world 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Belgium 
St. Nicholas visits on December 4th to find out which children have been good and bad. When he 
visits again on December 6th good children are given presents and bad children are left twigs in 
their shoes. French-speaking children are visited by Pere Noel. He and his friend Pere Fouettard 
give sweets to good children and a handful of sticks to bad children. A sweet bread called cougnou 
or cougnolle is sometimes eaten on Christmas morning. 
 
Hungary 
Fresh fish with rice or potatoes is usually eaten on Christmas Eve. Children are visited by Santa 
Claus on December 6th. Their shoes are left outside the door or window before they go to bed. In 
the morning they find red bags in them filled with sweets and toys. After this, the Christmas tree is 
seen for the first time by the children. Christmas songs are sung and gifts from under the tree are 
shared. 
 
Venezuela 
An early morning church service called Misa de Aguinaldo is attended daily between December 
16th and 24th. In the capital city, it is customary to roller-skate to the church! A piece of string is 
tied to children's toes before they go to bed. The other end is hung out the window. The next 
morning, the pieces of string are pulled by the rollerskaters! 
 
Syria 
On Christmas eve, candles are carried to an unlit bonfire. The Christmas storyis read by a family 
member and then the bonfire is lit. At mass on Christmas day another bonfire is lit and hymns are 
sung. Chicken, oranges, nuts and pastries are eaten for dinner. 
 
 17 
 
7- CONVERSATION 
Listen and practice. 
 
 
Robert: Would you know that New York was made by people from all over the world? 
Anna: Yes, I would, and it’s really interesting, isn’t it? 
Robert: Yes, it is. A book was written by a famous author telling about the beginning 
of this city. That’s because I know everything about New York’s history. 
Anna: And this author was born in New York, wasn’t he? 
Robert: Yes, he was born in New York. And he also tells us in his book the lives of the 
first navigators to arrive at New York harbor. 
Anna: Great! I think I’m going to read this book. 
 
 
8 – PUZZLE 
 
 
Across 
2. The police were_________________________(give) the information. 
3. Have you ever been __________________________(bite) by a dog? 
5. The room will be ___________________________(clean) later. 
6. Something must be _______________________(do) before it's too late. 
 
 
Down 
1. The concert has been_______________________________(cancel). 
3. This house was _____________________________(build) in 1985. 
4. I remember being __________________________(take) to the zoo when I was a child. 
 18 
Unit 3 
 
 
Scotland Yard 
Listen and practice. 
 
 The name Scotland Yard came from a 13th century palace which kings and queens 
of Scotland used during their state visit to England. This building was situated near 
Whitehall and was the first head-quarters of the Metropolitan Police of London. In 1890 
Scotland Yard moved to a red brick building on the Thames. 
 Scotland Yard soon became famous for the difficult cases that it managed to solve. 
In the 19th and 20th centuries, writers such as Sir Arthur Conan, who as 
the author of Sherlock Holmes stories, found inspiration for their novels 
in the reports of cases solved by the Yard men. Their writings have 
helped materially in the development of the cult of the modern detective 
story, which in Britain frequently has a Scotland Yard central character. 
 
 
1- ORAL QUESTIONS 
 
o What’s the origin of the name Scotland Yard? 
o Where was it first situated? 
o Where did it move to? 
o Why did it become famous? 
o Who was Sherlock Holmes? 
 
 
Discussion: Books & Reading 
 
o What is your favorite story? 
o Who is your favorite author? 
o Do you have any ideas for a story for you to write? 
o What are some of the books that were recommended to you? 
o Do you watch the movie that came from a book? 
o Most people say the book is better than the movie. Is this true for you? 
 
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2- GRAMMAR 
 
PRESENT PERFECT 
 
 
 
 
 
The present perfect is used to describe Example 
1 An action or situation that started in the 
past and continues in the present. 
I have lived in Recife since 1998 (= 
and I still do.) 
2 A repeated action in an unspecified 
period between the past and now. 
We have visited Miami several times. 
 
3 An action that was completed in the very 
recent past (expressed by 'just'). 
I have just finished my homework. 
 
4 An action when the time is not 
important. 
Daniel has read 'War and Peace'. 
 
 
Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the 
simple past. Example: Daniel read 'War and Peace' last week. 
 
We can use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as just, yet, 
never, already, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for. 
 
 
STRUCTURE 
 
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE 
 
I have gone to Paris. 
You have gone to Paris. 
He has gone to Paris. 
She has gone to Paris. 
It has gone to Paris. 
We have gone to Paris. 
You have gone to Paris. 
They have gone to Paris. 
 
I haven’t gone to Paris. 
You haven’t gone to Paris. 
He hasn’t gone to Paris. 
She hasn’t gone to Paris. 
It hasn’t gone to Paris. 
We haven’t gone to Paris. 
You haven’t gone to Paris. 
They haven’t gone to Paris. 
 
Have I gone to Paris. 
Have you gone to Paris. 
Has he gone to Paris. 
Has she gone to Paris. 
Has it gone to Paris. 
Have we gone to Paris. 
Have you gone to Paris. 
Have they gone to Paris. 
 
 
3-EXERCISE 
 
Complete the conversations with the present perfect. Then practice with a 
partner. 
 
Student 1: I _________________________ _____________________ (not do) anything fun lately. 
Student 2: Me neither. I ______________________ _____________________ (not have) any time. 
 
HAS/HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE 
 20 
Student 1: _________________________ you ever ______________________ (be) to Europe? 
Student 2: No, I __________________________ ___________________________ (be) there. 
 
 
READING & DISCUSSION – What’s your dream? 
Read what people say their dreams are then discuss the questions below. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Discuss the questions below with a partner or in a group. 
 
o What’s something you’ve always wanted to buy? 
o What’s a city that you’ve never been to but would like to visit? 
o What’s something you’ve always wanted to learn how to do? 
o What’s something else you’ve always wanted to do? 
 
 
 
PRESENT PERFECT X PAST SIMPLE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4 - EXERCISE 
 
Complete the conversations with the present perfect or simple past. Then 
practice with a partner. 
 
Student 1: ____________________ your family __________________ (have) a vacation last year? 
Student 2: Yes, we ____________________. We _______________________ (go) to London in May. 
 
 PRESENT PERFECT 
We use this tense when time is not 
relevant. We do not mention it. 
 
 SIMPLE PAST 
We use this tense when time is 
mentioned. We want to focus on 
it. 
 
“Actually, I’ve always wanted 
to be an actor. I haven’t had 
any formal training, but I’ve 
been in a couple of college 
plays. So my dream is to study 
acting.” 
-Megg McDonald 
Paris, France. 
“Well, Tom and I have gone 
sailing a few times with friends, 
and we’ve had a lot of fun. So 
our dream is to buy our own 
sailboat. But we haven’t saved 
enough money!” 
 
-Chris and Tom Warren 
Sydney, Australia. 
“My parents have never 
traveled outside of Brazil, so I 
want to take them to Europe. 
I’ve been there many times, so 
I know the best places to go!” 
 
-Daniel Oliver 
Recife, Brazil 
 21 
Student 1: ____________________ you ever _______________________ (see) the Pyramids? 
Student 2: No, I _____________________. I ______________________ always ______________________ 
(want) to go to Egypt. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5 – EXERCISE 
Supply since or for: 
 
a) We have lived there______________________________two years. 
b) The bell has rung___________________________half an hour. 
c) We haven’t spoken Spanish ____________________________.last Christmas. 
d) I haven’t eaten any meat _____________________________ I was a boy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6- EXERCISE 
 Supply yet or already: 
 
a) I’ve______________________________done my exercises. 
b) Have you_______________________________invited her? 
c) Has she left_______________________________? 
d) We haven’t finished our homework___________________________ . 
 
FOR AND SINCE WITH PRESENT PERFECT 
 
We often use for and since with the present perfecttense. 
 We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. 
 We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday. 
 
Examples: 
o I have been here for 30 minutes. 
o Greg hasn’t called me since May. 
 
 
YET AND ALREADY WITH PRESENT PERFECT 
 
Already means that something happened earlier than we expected. With Present Perfect 
already usually goes after have or has and before the main verb. 
Yet means that something that we expected has happened or hasn't happened. We 
usually put it at the end of a sentence. 
 
Examples: 
o We’ve already had our lunch. 
o Has the pack arrived yet? - No, it hasn’t arrived yet. 
 
 
 22 
NUMBERS 
Listen and repeat. 
 
 CARDINAL NUMBERS ORDINAL NUMBERS 
1- One First 
2- Two Second 
3- Three Third 
4- Four Fourth 
5- Five Fifth 
6- Six Sixth 
7- Seven Seventh 
8- Eight Eighth 
9- Nine Ninth 
10- Ten Tenth 
11- Eleven Eleventh 
12- Twelve Twelfth 
13- Thirteen Thirteenth 
20- Twenty Twentieth 
30- Thirty Thirtieth 
40- Forty Fortieth 
50- Fifty Fiftieth 
60- Sixty Sixtieth 
70- Seventy Seventieth 
80- Eighty Eightieth 
90- Ninety Ninetieth 
100- One hundred One hundredth 
1,000- One thousand One thousandth 
1,000,000- One million One millionth 
 
 
 
Imagine a perfect holiday. Tell your partner at least five things that 
would make it perfect. Don’t forget to use the ordinal numbers. 
 
o “First… 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Separation between hundreds and tens 
Hundreds and tens are usually separated by 'and' (in American English 'and' is not 
necessary). 
110 - one hundred and ten 
1,250 - one thousand, two hundred and fifty 
2,001 - two thousand and one 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
DATES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
When writing dates and numbers, the British and American English differ. To 
write the date 7th of September 2007 a Brit would write dd/mm/yy 
(07/09/07) and an American would write mm/dd/yy (09/07/07). This often 
causes great confusion. It's better to write the date in full (7th September 2007 
or September 7th 2007). It also looks nicer. 
 
 
 
7- EXERCISE 
 Write the dates below. 
 
a) 22/2 ____________________________________________________________ 
b) 3/12 ____________________________________________________________ 
c) 8/11 ____________________________________________________________ 
d) 23/7 ____________________________________________________________ 
e) 19/1 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 
 
Ask your partner the birthdays of 5 people he/she knows. 
 
Hundreds 
Use 100 always with 'a' or 'one'. 
100 - a hundred / one hundred 
'a' can only stand at the beginning of a number. 
100 - a hundred / one hundred 
2,100 - two thousand, one hundred 
 
Thousands and Millions 
Use 1,000 and 1,000,000 always with 'a' or 'one'. 
1,000 - a thousand / one thousand 
201,000 - two hundred and one thousand 
Use commas as a separator. 
57,458,302 
 
THE ORDINAL NUMBER + OF + THE MONTH 
15/1 = the 15th of January 
 24 
8- READING 
 
TALKING ABOUT THE CLASS 
 
 
 Listen and practice. 
 
Brandon: I didn’t like the class today. 
Louise: Of course not. You slept all the time. 
Brandon:: These last days, the teacher has only taught boring subjects. 
Louise: Boring, but important for our lives. Imagine how life would be if men hadn’t 
discovered the micro-organisms. 
Brandon: I’m seeing that you’re very interested in Biology. Would you help me giving 
extra classes? 
Louise: Yes, I would. But first you’re going to promise me that you’re going to study 
hard. 
Brandon: Ok, teacher. I wait you at 7.00pm in my house. 
 
 
 
9. Interview your classmates. Take notes if they answer yes or no. 
Follow the example. 
 
 
HAVE YOU EVER… 
 
 NAME ANSWER 
Read a book in one day? Danielle Yes, she has. 
Seen a celebrity? 
Won an award? 
Written a poem? 
Stayed up all night? 
Climbed a mountain? 
Taken dance lessons? 
Been abroad? 
Studied German? 
Found a lot of money? 
Had the flu? 
Won a contest or competition? 
Lost something important? 
Taken an exciting trip? 
Fallen and hurt yourself? 
Broken something valuable? 
 
 25 
 Unit 4 
 
 
The Red Cross 
Listen and practice. 
 
 The International Red Cross was founded by a Swiss, Henri Dunant, who invested 
all of his fortune in it. In his honor, the symbol adopted by the movement is a red cross 
on a white background – the reverse of the Swiss flag. 
 He had two inspirations to found the Red Cross: the brilliant example of the English 
Nurse Florence Nightingale that helped the war-wounded, 
and his own experience in the battlefield. Dunant offered 
the war-wounded medical help and established an 
emergency hospital in the village of Castiglione. 
 Nowadays the Red Cross operates in several 
countries and although they work independently, there is 
an international committee in Switzerland composed by 
25 Swiss citizens which can act as a neutral intermediary 
between conflicting nations. 
 
1- ORAL QUESTIONS: 
 
o Why the name red cross? 
o Which inspirations did Henri Dunant have? 
o Tell us about the Red Cross nowadays. 
 
 
Discussion: Health care 
 
o How is the health care in your country? 
o Is the health care in your country getting better or worse? 
o Is health care in your country free for some people? 
o Do you ever think about health care for when you are old? 
o What is health care like for old and poor people in your country? 
o Is your country’s health care system in need of reform? 
 26 
2 - GRAMMAR 
 
THE PAST PERFECT 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The past perfect tense is used to express 
an action that happened before the other 
one in the past. 
She lost the key she had bought last 
year. 
 
. 
 
 
 
EXERCISE 
 
 Complete the sentences with the past perfect tense: 
 
a) I dressed after I_________________________________________(wash). 
b) They_______________________________(do) nothing before they met me. 
c) We were sorry that we________________________________(hurt) him. 
d) They ______________________________(clean) the room before I called them. 
e) The boys______________________________(leave) before I arrived. 
 
 
 
 
PAST SIMPLE X PAST PERFECT 
 
 
We use Past Simple if we give past events 
in the order in which they occurred. 
However, when we look back from a 
certain time in the past to tell what had 
happened before, we use Past Perfect. 
 
 
 
 
 
HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE 
 27 
 
 Now complete with the simple past or the past perfect tense: 
 
a) She __________________________ (lose) the book he_______________________ (give) her. 
b) After they _______________________ (have) lunch, I ______________________(wash) the dishes. 
c) I_________________________(see) the film before you _______________________ (talk) about it. 
d) He _________________________ (tell) me that he ________________________ (fall) from the tree. 
e) I ________________________ (be) very tired because I_______________________(study) too 
much. 
 
 
 
3- READING 
Complete the letters with the past perfect. 
 
 
 
leave(2) – be (4) - spend 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The trip to Brazil was fine except that our flight 
arrived late. By the time we landed in Rio, our 
connecting flight to São Paulo __________ 
__________. Luckily I have a friend who lives in 
Rio, and we were able to stay there overnight. The 
city is absolutely amazing! My travel companions 
___________ ___________ there before, so they 
knew what to expect, butI was just stunned by the 
beauty of the place. 
 
I’m in France. It’s been an exciting trip! We flew 
into Paris about a week ago and stayed in a youth 
hostel. After we ____________ ____________ 
two nights there, we decided to catch a TGV to the 
south of France. Unfortunately we overslept, and 
when we got to the station, the train __________ 
already ___________. But I’m kind of glad. Paris 
is very cool! 
I’m really enjoying studying Chinese in Beijing. I 
still can’t believe I’m here! When our Chinese 
teacher first recommended the exchange program, I 
said “Yes” immediately. Until last week, I 
___________ never ___________ to another 
country and ____________ never even 
___________ on an airplane. In fact, I 
____________ only __________ away from home 
two times. I’m going to have fun but I’m also 
taking my studies seriously. 
 28 
4- READING 
 
 
MY LAST DREAM 
 
Listen and practice. 
 
 
 Generally I don’t remember my dreams. As soon as I wake up, my mind comes to 
the reality and I forget that I had just finished to sleep for hours. 
 Sometimes, I remember perfectly what I dreamed. The last time I dreamed, I was 
eaten by an alligator and before someone helped me, this wild animal had chewed all 
my bones. All this happened because I had entered in a big forest full of lions, tigers, 
and alligators. 
 But when I was fighting against this animal, suddenly I woke up and breathed 
smoothly: My God, I was saved! 
 
 
 
Do you remember your last dream? Share part of the story with a 
classmate. (Use some sentences in the past perfect). 
 
 
 
5- Match the information to make complete sentences. 
 
1. After our plane had landed, _______ a. we learned they had lost our reservation. 
2. We found out the train had left, ______ b. until I decided to study abroad. 
3. When we got to the hotel, ______ c. before I had finished eating my meal. 
4. I had never really traveled, ______ d. we waited an hour for our luggage. 
5. The waiter took my plate, _______ e. I noticed I had left my pass at home. 
6. As I stepped onto the bus, _______ f. ten minutes before we got to the station. 
 
 
 
6- Complete the conversation with information about you. 
 
Student 1: Where did you go on your last vacation? 
Student 2: ____________________________________________________________________. 
Student 1: Was it your first time there? 
Student 2: (Yes/No) _________________________________________________________ before. 
Student 1: Where did you stay? 
Student 2: ____________________________________________________________________. 
Student 1: Had you stayed there before? 
Student 2: (Yes/No) _________________________________________________________ before. 
 
 
 29 
Complete the sentences… 
 
o When I arrived at the movies… 
o By the time I woke up… 
o When I turned on my TV… 
o I had never travelled… 
o I didn’t get good grades because… 
 
 
7-READING 
Read the first part of this short story. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Answer the questions according to the story above. 
 
o Was Matt expecting a visitor? 
o Did he know the woman? 
o Did she know him? 
 
 
In pairs or small groups discuss what happens next. Include the 
information below: 
 
o They go somewhere to talk. 
o Toni explains why Matt didn’t know about her. 
o Matt finds out some strange family secrets. 
 
 
In pairs or small groups make up the end of the story answering the 
questions: 
 
o How long did Toni stay? 
o Did they arrange to meet again? 
o Did Matt ever visit her in Canada? 
 
Matt had just finished watching the late news when there was a knock at the door. “That’s 
strange,” he said to himself. “Who can it be at this time of night?” He opened the door. A 
young girl was staring at him. 
“Matt Warren?” she asked. 
“Yes?” he said. 
“Great!” she said. “I’m Toni. Can I come in?” 
“Come in?” repeated Matt. “Who are you?” 
“I’m your cousin from Canada. I wrote you a letter. Didn’t you get it?” 
Matt hadn’t received any letter. Actually, he had never received a letter from Canada in his 
life. Before he said anything, she had walked past him into the apartment. 
“Just a second.” Matt said 
“What are you doing?” 
 
 30 
Unit 5 
 
 
 
The Moon Walk 
Listen and practice. 
 
 After a four-day journey, the three astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, and 
Michael Collins reached the Moon on July 20th, 1969. 
 While Michael Collins piloted the command module round 
the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landed in a lunar 
module at a place called the Sea of Tranquility. 
 Neil Armstrong was the first to leave the module and when 
his left foot stepped on the surface of the Moon said: “That’s one 
small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind”. After nineteen 
minutes Aldrin joined Armstrong outside the module. 
 Because of the weaker gravity of the Moon they could jump easily and everything 
weighted about one-sixth of its normal weight. The surface of the Moon is empty, almost 
flat, with a lot of craters, gray and white, yet Armstrong described it as having a beauty 
of its own. After 2 hours and 21 minutes they entered the lunar module and started their 
journey back to Earth. 
 
 
1 – ORAL QUESTIONS: 
 
o When did the astronauts reach the Moon? 
o Which of them piloted the module while the others were landing? 
o What’s the famous sentence of Neil Armstrong? 
o What happened because of the gravity? 
 
 
Discussion: Moon 
 
o What images spring to mind when you hear the word ‘moon’? 
 
 31 
2 - GRAMMAR 
 
FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 
 
 
 
The future perfect expresses an action that 
will be concluded in the future, but before a 
point in the future. We also use this tense to 
express situations that will last for a 
specified period of time at a definite moment 
in the future. The last use is to express 
certainty that an action was completed. 
Before they come, we will have cleaned 
up the room. 
 
By the next year, I will have known 
Barbara for 30 years. 
 
 
 
 
3 - EXERCISE 
 Complete these sentences with the future perfect. 
 
a) The plane _____________________________________________(land) by 4 o’clock. 
b) They _________________________________________(meet) her tomorrow at this time. 
c) She_______________________________________(be) in this town for two years next June. 
d) We ___________________________________________(learn) our lessons by tomorrow. 
 
 
FUTURE CONTINUOUS 
 
 
 
 
 
We mainly use it to indicate that we will 
be in the middle of doing something in a 
specified time in the future. 
In an hour, I will be sitting in front of my 
TV. 
 
 
 
4 - EXERCISE 
Complete these sentences with the future continuous. 
 
a)William ___________________________________________ (not/come) soon. He is at the school. 
b) ________________________ you ______________________ (come) home before or after 10 p.m.? 
c) We _________________________________________ (have) lunch this time tomorrow. 
WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE 
WILL + BE + VERB+ING 
 32 
Imagine that you're a businessman with a busy day tomorrow. Write 4 
things that you will be doing tomorrow. Start with 8a.m. Example.: "I will 
be going to a conference tomorrow at 10 a.m." 
 
1._______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
2._______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
3._______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
4._______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
 
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSWe use it to express situations that will 
last for a specified period of time at a 
definite moment in the future. We also 
use this tense to express certainty about 
the cause of some future situation. 
 
Before my parents come, we will have 
been cleaning the apartment for 5 hours. 
 
 
 
5 - EXERCISE 
Change the verb into the future perfect continuous: 
 
a) By midnight, you ______________________________________________(dance) for 4 hours. 
b) By dinner, she ______________________________________(cook) the whole afternoon. 
c) He __________________________________________(work) there for 10 years by 2015. 
d) By next year, I ________________________________________(study) English for 7 years. 
 
 
 
 
6 -READING 
 WHEN I’LL GROW UP 
 
Listen and practice. 
 
Cindy: Joe, what will you do when you grow up? 
Joe: I will be an astronaut, and I’ll probably work at another planet. 
Cindy: Another planet! Are you getting crazy? 
Joe: No, I’m not Cindy. I’ve read in magazines and newspapers that soon the men will 
reach other planets. For example, at 2050 the men will have gone many times to Mars. 
Cindy: That’s great! But at this time I will have gotten some rankles on my face. 
Joe: Too bad! I think I still will be a handsome guy! 
Cindy: Oh, Joe! 
WILL + HAVE + BEEN + VERB+ING 
 33 
 Unit 6 
 
 
 
The White House 
Listen and practice. 
 
 Pierre L’Enfant, a French engineer, who was the author of the plans for 
the city of Washington, D.C., knew this city would become the capital of an 
important country. So he designed the buildings in a Greek style giving an 
impression of greatness. 
 During the war between the United States and Great Britain in 1812 the British 
burned the president’s house leaving only walls standing. The house was then painted 
white, giving the mansion its name. 
 The White House has two floors. Most of the furniture on the first floor, which is 
used for receptions, is of French 18th century influence. The second floor is the 
president’s private residence. The room where Abraham Lincoln signed the 
Emancipation Act – by which all slaves became free – is still as it used to be. 
 
1- ORAL QUESTIONS: 
 
o Who was Pierre L’Efant and what did he do? 
o What happened during the war between the United States and Great Britain? 
o Describe the White House. 
 
 
Discussion: USA 
 
o What are the good things and bad things about the USA? 
o What are the differences between the USA and your country? 
o Would you like to visit the USA, or live there? 
 34 
2- GRAMMAR 
 
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 
 
 
 SINGULAR PLURAL 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to 
refer back to the subject of the sentence or 
clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" 
(singular) or "-selves" (plural). 
I saw myself in the mirror. 
 
We blame ourselves. 
 
 
 
 
By + Reflexive Pronouns Idiomatically, meaning ALONE/WITHOUT HELP 
 
o I live by myself. = I live alone. 
 
 
 
The Reflexive Pronouns can be used to give emphasis 
 
o She talked to the President herself (emphasis in the subject) 
o She talked to the President himself (emphasis in the object) 
 
 
3- EXERCISE 
Supply the correct reflexive pronouns. 
 
a) He ________________________________________ prefers to cook lunch. 
b) The boys cut __________________________________in the garden. 
c) I hurt __________________________________during the game. 
d) The old woman likes to live by _________________________________ 
e) Behave _______________________________children. 
f) She ________________________________ is responsible for the children. 
g) We saw the king _______________________________ in the park. 
 
 
 
Let’s suppose you’re in a “monologue”. What would you say to yourself? 
MYSELF 
YOURSELF 
HIMSELF 
HERSELF 
ITSELF 
 
OURSELVES 
YOURSELVES 
THEMSELVES 
 35 
RELATIVE PRONOUNS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that 
introduces a relative clause. It is called a 
"relative" pronoun because it "relates" to 
the word that it modifies. 
The person who phoned me last night is 
my teacher. 
 
 
 
More Examples: 
 
The place where I live is far from here. 
A thief is a person who steals things. 
An airplane is a machine that flies. 
The car which hit me was yellow. 
The boy whose bicycle is broken is my friend. 
The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher. 
 
4-Supply all possible relative pronouns. 
 
a) He was speaking about the books and the writes ______________________he likes. 
b) The man to ________________________you gave the money has died. 
c) The table on ________________________ you put your shoes cost 300 dollars. 
d) My mother knows everything ________________________is written in this book. 
e) All ______________________ glitter is not gold. 
f) There is the lady ________________________car has been stolen. 
g) Porto de Galinhas is the kind of beach _______________________ many tourists go to. 
h) I broke the vase in ________________________ you had put the flowers. 
 
 
5-Complete the sentences. Choose the best ending from the box and change it 
into a relative pronoun. 
 
He invented the telephone they were on the wall 
It cannot be explained they stole my car 
 
a) The Police have caught the man ________________________________________________ 
b) Alexander Bell was the man ________________________________________________ 
c) A mystery is something ________________________________________________ 
 d) What happened to the pictures ________________________________________________ 
WHO WHERE 
WHOM WHOSE 
WHICH THAT 
 36 
6-Combine the sentences using defining relative pronouns. When the relative 
pronoun is an object, it can be omitted. 
a) That's the girl. She spoke to me yesterday. 
 _________________________________________________________________________________________ 
b) What's the name of the book? You want me to read it. 
 ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
c) We stayed in a hotel. The hotel was very expensive. 
 _________________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
 
Ask your partner the questions below. 
 
o Who’s your closest friend? How did you meet? 
o Do you have any friends that you met through other friends? 
o Do you keep in touch with any of the friends you grew up with? 
o Do you have any friends who have exciting lives? Explain why. 
o Do you have friends you chat with online? Where do they live? 
o Do you have any friends who are very different from you? How are they 
different? 
 
 
 
7- READING 
 
WHAT A BEAUTIFUL DAY 
Listen and practice. 
 
When the sun rises in the mountains 
I open my window 
And let him come in 
I see the beauty of the flowers 
Like I have never seen 
 
I prepare myself some coffee 
The children wake up themselves 
Toast, milk and honey 
The family around the table 
It values more than money 
 
We go out through the gardens 
We can see the butterflies 
The heat warms our hearts 
And the peace passes by 
 37 
Unit 7 
 
 
 
Pablo Picasso 
Listen and practice. 
 
 
 In 1906, Picasso had to paint a picture of a lady who visited the 
painter’s studio eighty or ninety times while he was painting her picture. 
 While he painted, they talked about everything in the world that 
interested them. One day Picasso erased the painted head and said, 
“When I look at you I can’t see you anymore”. 
 After some months he returned to the unfinished picture in the 
corner of the studio and completed the face frommemory. When the 
people complained that the painting didn’t look like her, Picasso said, 
“Too bad she’ll have to change to look like the picture”. Later the lady declared that 
Picasso’s painting was only a true picture of hers. 
 Picasso said a camera can make a more exact picture than a painter. What great 
painters should do is give us a view of life through their eyes and every man’s view is 
different. 
 
1- ORAL QUESTIONS: 
 
o What Picasso had to do in 1906? 
o Did the woman like her picture? 
o What’s Picasso’s opinion about the art of painting? 
 
 
Discussion: Art 
 
o How great is your interest in art? 
o Do you like modern art? 
o Do you ever think a lot of art is not really art? 
o What kind of art do you like – paintings, sculpture, ceramics, etc? 
o Do you think anyone can be an artist or do you need a special talent? 
 38 
2- GRAMMAR 
 
REPORTED SPEECH 
 
If we report what another person has 
said, we usually do not use the speaker’s 
exact words (direct speech), but reported 
(indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to 
learn how to transform direct speech into 
reported speech. The structure is a little 
different depending on whether you want 
to transform a statement, question or 
request. 
 
 
Sue said: “I studied yesterday.” 
 
 
Sue said she had studied the day before. 
 
 
 
STRUCTURE 
 
 
 Direct speech Reported speech 
He said 'I live in Paris.’ He said he lived in Paris. 
He said 'I am cooking dinner.' He said he was cooking dinner. 
He said 'I have visited London twice.' He said he had visited London twice. 
He said ‘I went to New York last week.' He said he had gone to New York the 
week before 
He said 'I had already eaten.’ He said he had already eaten. 
He said 'I am going to find a new job.’ He said he was going to find a new job. 
He said 'I will give Jack a call'. He said he would give Jack a call. 
He said 'I have been working on that 
project for over two weeks.’ 
He said he had been working on that 
project for over two weeks. 
He said 'I can come tonight.’ He said he could come that night. 
He said 'I may buy a new car.' He said he might buy a new car. 
He said 'I might go to Denver.' He said he might go to Denver. 
He said 'I must give Ken a call.' He said he had to give Ken a call. 
He said 'I have to give Ken a call.' He said he had to give Ken a call. 
He said 'I should see a doctor.' He said he should see a doctor. 
 
 
3 - EXERCISE 
 
Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although 
it is sometimes not necessary. 
 
a) Peter: "I cleaned the black shoes yesterday." 
Peter told me that ______________________________________________________________________ 
 
 39 
b) Helen: "I was writing a letter yesterday." 
Helen told me that ____________________________________________________________________ 
 
c) Patricia: "My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend." 
Patricia said that ______________________________________________________________________ 
 
d) Andrew: "We didn't eat fish two days ago." 
Andrew remarked that _______________________________________________________________ 
 
 
4 - READING & DISCUSSION 
Read the information and then discuss the questions below. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Report the following answers about the information above. 
 
o What did the soccer player say about how much money he earns? 
o What did the rock star mention she would do from now on? 
o What did the reviewer find out about the famous Asian actor? 
 
 
 
In pairs, discuss the questions below. 
 
o What did the soccer player, rock star, and reviewer actually say? Do the people 
described remind you of any stars? 
There’s an eye-opening article about how much 
soccer players earn in this week’s issue of 
Scoreboard. One player said that he made more 
than $200,000 a week! When the reporter asked 
him if he was worth that much money, he 
replied, “Of course I am! Ronaldo earns twice as 
much as I do, and I’m half as good as he is!” 
I read an interesting interview with a Spanish 
rock star in Spinning Rock magazine. She usually 
records her songs in English, but she told the 
interviewer that from now on she would only 
sing in Spanish. When asked why she wanted to 
do this, she explained that she was tired of 
singing in English. “I’m going to change,” she 
said, “even if it means that fewer people buy my 
CDs.” 
Did you see the review of the new Pirates of 
the Caribbean movie in Five Star magazine? 
Apparently there’s a really famous Asian 
actor who turned down the lead role in the 
original! The reviewer said that the actor 
really regretted his decision because the film 
was such a success. She also said that while 
she had enjoyed the original, the 
performances in the sequel were even better. 
 40 
Use the paragraph to write a conversation. Then practice it with a partner. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reporter: What’s going on? 
Officer: There has been a robbery. 
Reporter: ____________________________________________________________________________________ 
Officer: ____________________________________________________________________________________ 
Reporter: ____________________________________________________________________________________ 
Officer: ____________________________________________________________________________________ 
Reporter: ____________________________________________________________________________________ 
Officer: ____________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
 
 
 
Reading and writing 
 
 
Read this short extract about a funny incident in the park. Once you have 
finished, answer the reading comprehension questions and complete the 
reported speech activity. Continue to the next page for answers. 
 
 
Guess Who I Bumped Into? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The reporter asked the officer what was going on. He said that there had been a 
robbery. She asked him if there were any suspects. He said that they had arrested 
someone. She asked him if he would give her the person’s name. He explained that he 
could not. She asked him when he would have more information. He said that he 
wasn’t sure. He told her he hoped to close the case soon. 
 
Tim wandered along the path thinking aloud, "If I continue this diet I should lose 
twenty pounds by the end of..." when BOOM! and bumped into another city 
dweller out for a day's walk in the park. "I'm terribly sorry", he apologized. "I was 
so caught up in my thoughts I didn't see you!" he managed to stammer. Smiling, 
Sheila responded, "It's OK. Nothing's broken... No really, I wasn't watching my 
step either." Suddenly they both stopped making excuses and stared at each other. 
"Don't I know you from somewhere?" inquired Tim while Sheila exclaimed, 
"You're Tim, Jack's brother, aren't you?!" They both began to laugh as they had 
met each other the week before at a party that Jack had given. Still laughing, Tim 
suggested, "Why don't we have a cup a coffee and donut?" to which Sheila replied, 
"I thought you wanted to continue your diet!" They both were still laughing by the 
time they reached the Swimming Donut cafe. 
 
 
 41 
Comprehension Questions 
a) Why did Tim bump into Sheila? 
( ) He was on a diet. 
( ) He wasn't paying attention. 
( ) He was writing his thoughts down. 
 
b) Whose fault was the incident? 
( ) Tim's 
( ) Sheila's 
( ) It's not clear. 
 
c) Where did they first meet? 
( ) In the park 
( ) At the Swimming Donut 
( ) At Tim's Brother's house 
 
d) Why was Tim's suggestion funny? 
( ) He was supposedly on a diet. 
( ) The nameof the cafe was strange. 
( ) They were on a walk and there were no donuts in the park. 
 
 
Later that day Sheila reported the story to her friend Mike. Fill in the blanks 
with reported (indirect) speech using the text above. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5 - READING 
Listen and practice. 
 
Clark: I may go to the beach this weekend. 
Jill: Oh really, can I go with you? 
Clark: If it’s not raining, you can come with me. It must be great to play soccer in the 
beach. 
Jill: Well, I don’t know how to play soccer. I prefer volleyball. I think you should learn 
to play volleyball. 
Clark: My mom used to take me to the volleyball classes when I was a boy. But when I 
grew up I realized that I love soccer. 
Jill: That’s nice. So I hope you’ll be a professional soccer player. 
As he was walking down the path Tim said if he _________ _________ diet he __________ lose 
twenty pounds. We bumped into each other. He apologized saying he __________ 
terribly sorry. I told him it _________ OK, that nothing ____ broken. Tim said he __________ 
so caught up in __________ thoughts that he _________ _________. He seemed embarrassed, 
so I added that I __________ my step either. At that moment we recognized each other! 
He asked me if he __________ ___________ from somewhere. I then remembered that he 
was Jack's brother. We both had a good laugh and then he invited me to have a cup of 
coffee and a donut. We had a great time together. 
 
 42 
Unit 8 
 
 
 
Christmas 
Listen and practice. 
 
 
 When I was a child, my dad used to tell me stories about the Christmas. And every 
December, when there was much snow on the streets and the cold was too intense, I 
used to open my window hoping that Santa Claus would come and left a Christmas gift 
for me. 
 But the thing I liked most in my childhood at Christmas time was the peace and 
happiness that any child can feel at this time of the year. 
 Once, my mom told me that we were going to spend the 
Christmas at my grandmother’s house and I was too happy, 
because I knew the family would be together and certainly, we 
would have a special dinner: turkey, wine for adults, and some 
delicious desserts. Besides, my grandma always placed a very 
Beautiful Christmas tree in the middle of the living room. Oh, 
how I miss the Christmas in my childhood! 
 
 
 
1 - ORAL QUESTIONS: 
 
o What’s the best Christmas you’ve ever had? 
o Have your feelings towards Christmas changed since you were a child? 
o What do you usually do on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day? 
o Is Christmas too commercial nowadays? 
 
 43 
2- GRAMMAR 
 
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 
 
 
First Conditional: Real Possibility 
 
 
 
 
 
 
We are talking about the future. We are 
thinking about a particular condition or 
situation in the future, and the result of 
this condition. There is a real possibility 
that this condition will happen. 
 
If I see Tony I will invite him. 
 
What will you do if it rains tomorrow? 
 
 
 
Second Conditional: Unreal Possibility or Dream 
 
 
 
 
 
 
We are still thinking about the future. We 
are thinking about a particular condition 
in the future, and the result of this 
condition. But there is not a real 
possibility that this condition will 
happen. 
 
If I married Kelly I would be happy. 
 
Would you be happy if I came to see you? 
 
 
 
 
Third Condition: No Possibility 
 
 
 
 
 
We talk about a condition in the past that 
did not happen. That is why there is no 
possibility for this condition. The third 
conditional is also like a dream, but 
with no possibility of the dream coming 
true. 
If I had called her she would have known 
it all. 
 
He would have been sad if he hadn’t 
passed his exam. 
IF + SIMPLE PRESENT, SIMPLE FUTURE 
SIMPLE FUTURE, IF + SIMPLE PRESENT 
IF + SIMPLE PAST, WOULD 
WOULD, IF + SIMPLE PAST 
IF + PAST PERFECT, WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE 
WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE, IF + PAST PERFECT 
 44 
 
3 – ORAL EXERCISE 
 
 
 
According to the first conditional, answer in pairs. 
 
What will you do if… 
 
o You have time this weekend? 
o It doesn’t rain? 
o You get a visa? 
o You get a bad grade? 
o You see your best friend tonight? 
 
 
 
 
According to the second conditional, answer in pairs. 
 
What would you do if… 
 
o You were the leader of your country? 
o Someone offered you your dream job? 
o You could live anywhere in the world? 
o You didn’t have to be in class right now? 
o You were a millionaire? 
 
 
 
Complete the statements with information about you according to the 
third conditional. 
 
o If I had studied harder… 
o If I had read more books… 
o If my parents had let me… 
o If I hadn’t studied English… 
 
 
o I would’ve talked to him if… 
o My mom wouldn’t have let me go if… 
o You would’ve come late if… 
o I wouldn’t have traveled if… 
 
 
 45 
4 - READING & DISCUSSION 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
What would you have done in each situation? 
 
 
Choose one of the situations. Ask your classmate what he/she would 
have done. Take notes. 
 
Situation: 
Me 
Student 1 
Student 2 
Student 3 
 
 
 
5 - READING 
Listen and practice. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1.While Carl was waiting for Andrew, he 
picked up a handmade mug. It slipped out 
of his hands, fell on the floor, and broke. He 
picked up the pieces and tried to put them 
back together. When Andrew’s father came 
in, he didn’t notice that it was missing. Carl 
went home and tried to glue the pieces, but 
it looked terrible. 
2.Andy came out of a busy subway station and 
saw a wallet on the ground. He picked it up and 
opened it. Inside he found a card with the 
owner’s name and address. He knew the place 
because it was near where he lived. He decided 
to take it directly there. He passed a police 
station on the way, but decided not to go inside. 
3.Beth was at the supermarket. As she was 
standing in the fruit section, she saw an old man 
picking up an apple and taking a bite. The man 
looked at Beth, and put it into his pocket. Beth 
went and told the store manager that there was 
someone stealing fruit, but she left the store 
without describing the man. 
When Jesus was born, the world was happy because the king of the kings came to 
the world to save every soul from the darkness. Jesus didn’t come to the rich, but 
to the poor people. Indeed he was born in an old horn in a little town called 
Nazareth. His parents used a donkey, and not a horse, to take him to Egypt, where 
He would be kept away from the bad king Herodes. Three foreign kings from the 
orient came to visit him and gave him gifts to welcome the king of the kings. In 
fact, we don’t know if Jesus was born in December, but just about all the Christians 
have chosen this time of the year to mark Jesus’ birth. 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ENGLISH FOR BRAZILIANS 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exercises Reinforcement 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 
UNIT 1 
 
 
1) Complete the sentences with the gerund form of the verbs in parentheses. 
 
 
a) She is good at __________________(dance) . 
b) He is crazy about ___________________(sing) . 
c) I don't like ___________________(play) cards. 
d) They are afraid of ____________________(swim) in the sea. 
e) You should give up ___________________(smoke) . 
f) Sam dreams of ____________________(be) a pop star. 
g) He is interested in ____________________(make) friends. 
h) My uncle is afraid of __________________(go) by plane. 
i) We insist on ____________________(cook) the dinner ourselves. 
j) Thank you so much for ____________________ (be)by my side. 
 
 
 
2) Complete with gerund or infinitive. 
 
Yuri was in his first year at university, studying History. He was rather a lazy student, 
and he tended to avoid ______________(work) whenever he could. In the middle of the 
semester, his history professor gave out an assignment, due in two weeks. Yuri 
intended _____________(do) the assignment, but he postponed _____________(write) it for 
a week. The following week, he forgot ______________(do) it. The night before the 
assignment was due, he suddenly remembered it, and rushed to the library. He tried 
_________________(read) as much as possible on the topic, but there wasn't enough time. 
Yuri considered (ask) for more time to do his paper, but the History professor was 
known to be very tough on students, so finally he decided __________________(cheat) and 
copy his paper from somewhere else. He found an old article on the same topic, and 
quickly typed it out. The next day, he submitted the paper. The following week, he was 
alarmed _________________(see) the professor approaching him, looking angry. "Is this 
your own work, or did you copy it?" asked the professor. Yuri denied 
_______________(copy) the paper. "If you expect me _______________(believe) that, you 
must be very stupid," said the professor. "Every word is taken from an article I wrote 
myself five years ago. Did you really think I would forget ______________(write) it?" 
 
 
 
 
 48 
3) A gerund or an infinitive? Change the verb in brackets into the correct form 
(note that in some cases both forms can be correct). 
 
a) My reasons for _______________ (accept) the position are well known. 
b) My parents don't allow my sister ________________ (eat) much candy. 
c) The frozen lake is likely _______________ (melt) soon. 
d) We enjoy ______________(watch) movies. 
e) The opportunity ________________(see) Rome excited her. 
f) We hope _________________(be) ready soon. 
g) This teacher doesn't permit students ________________(speak) in class. 
h) The doctor advised ______________(rest) a couple of days. 
i) We don't permit ___________________(park) outside. 
 
 
4) Use the words below to complete the sentences by making suggestions with 
Let’s: 
 
Have a rest – go for a drink – go and see it – go inside – do another exercise – 
ask someone for help 
 
a) I’m thirsty. Let’s___________________________________________________ 
b) It’s very hot.______________________________________________________ 
c) There’s a good film on at the cinema.___________________________________ 
d) I need more practice.________________________________________________ 
e) I’m tired._________________________________________________________ 
f) We’re lost.________________________________________________________ 
 
 
5) Complete the sentences with the infinitive of the verbs in brackets with or 
without to: 
 
a) Please, let me _________________here. (study) 
b) I cannot _______________ to do that. (agree) 
c) We could do nothing but __________quiet. (be) 
d) They told me _______________down. (sit) 
e) I made him _____________ the letter. (answer) 
f) He didn’t know how ______________ in front of her. (behave) 
 49 
Mark Twain 
 
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name 
Mark Twain, was an American author, essayist, lecturer and 
humorist who wrote a series of famous books including 
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom 
Sawyer. Mark's first important work, The Celebrated Jumping 
Frog of Calaveras County was first published in the New York 
Saturday Press and became a bestseller within a short span of 
time. 
 
Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri in the 
United States and died of a heart attack on 21 April 1910 in Redding in Connecticut and 
now rests at the Woodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, New York, where his wife and other 
children were buried. 
 
Mark Twain Timeline: 
 
1835- Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on 30 November 1835. 
1847- Mark’s father John Clemens died of pneumonia in 1847. 
1851- Mark took a job of typesetter in 1851. 
1857- He traveled to New Orleans and became an apprentice cub river pilot. 
1858- He earned his license as a pilot. 
1863- Mark wrote the first humorous account of his travel. 
1867- He traveled to Europe and the Middle East. 
1869- He wrote first travels letters, known as the Innocent Abroad. 
1868- Mark Twain first met Olivia Livy Langdon in 1868. 
1870- Mark married Olivia in 1870. 
1871- They moved to Hartford. 
1888- Mark Twain was awarded the Master of Art degree from Yale University. 
1895- He set off on a world tour to Australia, Canada, India and New Zealand. 
1896- His daughter Susy died of meningitis in 1896. 
1901- Yale University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Letters degree. 
1904- His wife Olivia died. 
1907- He received the same award from Oxford University in 1907. 
1908- Mark moved to his home in Redding, Connecticut in 1908. 
1909- His daughter Jean died in 1909. 
1910- Mark twain died of a heart attack on 21 April 1910. 
 
Adapted from: http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/mark-twain-64.php 
 
1. Have you heard of Mark Twain? 
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
2. What were his remarkable books? 
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
3. When and where was Twain born? 
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
4. Who was he married to? 
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
5. What did he die of? 
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
 50 
UNIT 2 
 
 
1) Rewrite the sentences using passive voice. 
 
a) Julia rescued three cats. 
______________________________________________________________________ 
b) They play handball. 
______________________________________________________________________ 
c) The girls had lost the match. 
______________________________________________________________________ 
d) Steven has forgotten the book. 
______________________________________________________________________ 
 
 
2) Rewrite the given sentences in passive voice. 
 
a) She bought four apples. 
______________________________________________________________________ 
b) We won the match. 
______________________________________________________________________ 
c) The man stole the blue car. 
______________________________________________________________________ 
d) The police arrested the thieves. 
______________________________________________________________________ 
e) Jack swam the 200 meters. 
______________________________________________________________________ 
f) The dog bit the old lady. 
______________________________________________________________________ 
g) Tom and Max ate five hamburgers. 
______________________________________________________________________ 
h) Oliver taught the children. 
______________________________________________________________________ 
i) Victoria rode the brown horse. 
______________________________________________________________________ 
j) Grandmother told good stories. 
______________________________________________________________________ 
 
 
3) Put in the correct form of the verb in Passive into the gaps. Use the verb and 
the tense given in brackets. 
 
a) The words by the teacher today. (to explain - Simple Present) 
____________________________________________________ 
 
b) We a letter the day before yesterday. (to send - Simple Past) 
 51 
____________________________________________________ 
c) This car . It's too old. (not/to steal - will-future)