Baixe o app para aproveitar ainda mais
Prévia do material em texto
� ��� � ��� � �� � ��� ����������� � � ���ff� � � � � ����� fi � fl � �� ff�ffi��� �!�"���#� � � � $&%(' )+*�,ff-/.!,ff.�-ff01*�2�34,ff5768.�9:0<;=01* >@?8A/BDCFEHGICFGJELKMB8N:O@PRQSOMBHCTKUBVQSO@EVWJKMELELKMBYX[Z[\@KM]^KMB_QSO@EY`YaOMB bdc<eJfgfheJiMj QSkmlN7KMBnQJEHZ[BHPoaKUCLZ[N:KMBpNqO@PrGJPsKt]JZ[PRk:`JBquKMO!P1GJZvCLO=PsKUZ[O@ExwyGJk&KMB<]IZ{z P|kq`JB:uO@kqBY]^KnBLk}lNUuKMO|CLEFKM`IBH~@kqELBLKMX bd iMj QO@`CFO@BY]JkxZ[`CLk:ELBHk}lNUuKMO|]JKMBYW^KMELELKMB:? }?4KMELEHk:\KMPRk:`CLO@BYBLO@WJEHkxO@BYQJXKM`IO@BV]JkxBLZvP|kCFELZ[K bdŁ Z[QVaOMCFkqBLk8]^KpEHk:BLZvBHC7k:`JNqZKp]IO@B_P|KUCLk:ELZ[KMZ[B j kqZ{}O@B]JkBHO@X[ZvN:Z{CTKSlNUuKMON:O@Zv`JN:Zv]Jk:PNqO@P O@BVk:ZIOMB8QIELZ[`IN:Z[QJKMZ[Bq? b KMEL\KUB j N:OM`JN:kq`yCLEFKM]JKMB:]JZvBHCFEHZ[WJGa ]^KMBVkWIZ[`YaKMEHZ[O@Bq? My Mz P q z x y T Z[\@GIEFKnI?{> j KMEH\KMBVkxk:ZIOMB:? KkqBHCaKhCFZ[N:KMB j KMQIX[Z[N:KM]^KMBX[k:`CFKkx\@ELKM]JG^KUX[PRk:`CFkU? W^&]JZv`�KMPRZ[N:KMB j OMEUlN7KUBV]JkxZ[`_akqELN:Z[Kn`uKMO]Jk:BHQJELkq@a ~@k:ZvB AffwyG^KSlNUuKMO|\Mk:EFKUX�]Jkxk:wyGJZ[X a WJEHZ[O<]IZ[`�KMPRZ[NqO j¡d¢£ ¥¤ �¦d§ £ ¨¤ ff©+ª ¨¤ @ M ��������� ��� ��� ��������� � ����ff�flfiffi��fi ��!"�#�� $��%'&�fi���!"��!"� b)(+*-,e^i .0/ O(~}ZvP|kq`CFO]JO@BY`YaO@B j"1 k:N32^K k }N:kqCLOKMQO@ZvO@BT_kxEHOMCTKSlNUuKMO . A/B O@EUlNqO@B j NqO@EHCFKM`CFkxk 1 kqCLO@E .04 kqO@P|kCFEHZK j W^KMELELKMB8KMX[Zv`52^KM]JKMB`JOQJX[KM`JO .76 k O@EHPsKSlNUuO@k:B j81 k uKUO . KMELEHk:\KMPRk:`CLO j KhCFG^K=kqP#GJPrQJXKU`JO�wyGJk N:O@`C}ak:P#GIP#k:Z}O�]JkBLZvP|kCFEHZKt]JK BLk}lNUuKMOJ? b#9f;:=<-*?> @ e^iBA8<¨e�C e^i .0/ O(~}ZvP|kq`CFO]JO@BY`YaO@B j ]Jk:BHX[OmN7KMPRk:`CFO`JOQJX[KM`JO]^K<CFEHk:XvZHlN7K . A/B O@EUlNqO@B j `JO@EHPsKUX QSOMBLBLZvWJZ[XvZ[]^KU]Jk]Jkk:B O@EUlNqO@B<]Jk 1 kSuKMO�k|]Jk]JkNqO@EHCLk`^KMB W^KMELELKMBT .04 kqO@P|kCFEHZK j W^KMELELKMBY`JOQJXKU`JOk `VaO@B8KMEHCLZ[N:GIXKM]JOMB .76 k O@EHPsKSlNUuO@k:B j Kh}ZKUZ[B . KMELEHk:\KMPRk:`CLO jt O@EhlN7KMB|KUCLG^KM`CFkqB|`JO�QJXKU`JO�]JK�k:BDCFEHGICFGJELK ~MkqCLO@E|PRO@PRk:`CFO QSkqELQk:`J]JZvN:GJX[KMEVKMOQJX[KM`JO]^Knk:BDCFEHGICFGJELK b#9f;:=<-*?> @ e^iB:miDA�e @ * e�* i .0/ O(~}ZvP|kq`CFO]JO@BY`YaO@B j ]Jk:BHX[OmN7KMPRk:`CFO`JOkqBLQ^KSlNqO . A/B O@EUlNqO@B j `JO@EHPsKUX QSOMBLBLZvWJZ[XvZ[]^KU]Jk]Jkk:B O@EUlNqO@B<]Jk 1 kSuKMO�k|]Jk]JkNqO@EHCLk`^KMB W^KMELELKMBT .04 kqO@P|kCFEHZK j W^KMELELKMBY`JOk:BHQ^KSlN:O|k`YaO@BYELkCFZvN:GJX[KM]JO@B .76 k O@EHPsKSlNUuO@k:B j Kh}ZKUZ[B . KMELEHk:\KMPRk:`CLO jffi O@EUlN:KMBYN:O@P ]IZ[ELkmlNMuO@kqBYwmGJKMZ[BHwmGIk:E ~@kCFO@EYPRO@PRk:`CFOQk:ELQk:`I]JZ{z N:GJX[KMEVKMOQJX[KM`JO]^KnW^KMEHEFK bFEd fHG;* @@ AI<¨e�C .0/ O(~}ZvP|kq`CFO]JO@BY`YaO@B j ]Jk:BHX[OmN7KMPRk:`CFOkxELOUCTKSlNUuO@k:BY`JOQJX[KM`JO]^Knk:BDCFELG}CFGJELK . A/B O@EUlNqO@B j"1 kCFO@Eq^`JO@EHPsKMXSkxN:O@EDCTKM`CFk .04 kqO@P|kCFEHZK j W^KMELELKMBY`JOQJXKU`JO .76 k O@EHPsKSlNUuO@k:B j81 k uKUO QJELkqQSO@`I]Jk:ELKM`CFk:BF . KMELEHk:\KMPRk:`CLO j wyG^KMZ[BHwyGJk:EY`JORQJXKU`JOn]^Kk:BHCLELGICLGJEFK bKJ f;:�<ML e .0/ O(~}ZvP|kq`CFO1]IO@B`YaO@B j ]Jk:BHX[OmN7KMPRk:`CLO1k EHOMCTKSlNUuO@k:B O@EFK ]JO<QJX[KM`JO<]JK1k:BDCFELG}CFGJELK . A/B O@EUlNqO@B j"1 kCFO@Eq^N:O@EDCTKM`CLk kxPRO@PRk:`CFOn]JkCLO@EUlNUuKMO .04 kqO@P|kCFEHZK j W^KMELELKMBY`JOQJXKU`JO]^Knk:BHCLELGICLGJEFK .76 k O@EHPsKSlNUuO@k:B j81 k uKUO|kCFOMEUlNMuKUO . KMELEHk:\KMPRk:`CLO j QSkqELQk:`J]IZ[N:GIXKMEYKMOQJX[KM`JOn]^Kk:BDCFEHGICFGJELK bFEd fHG;* @@ :miDA e @ *¨e�< .0/ O(~}ZvP|kq`CFO]JO@BY`YaO@B j ]Jk:BHX[OmN7KMPRk:`CFOkxELOUCTKSlNUuO@k:BY`^KMBVCLE:k:BY]JZvELkmlNMuO@kqB . A/B O@EUlNqO@B j 1 kCFO@EHk:B:S <N:OMEHCTKU`yCLk:Bq >x`JOMELP|KMXk>xP|O@PRk:`CLOn]JkCFO@EhlNMuKMO .04 kqO@P|kCFEHZK j W^KMELELKMBY`JOk:BHQ^KSlN:O .76 k O@EHPsKSlNUuO@k:B j81 k uKUO QJELkqQSO@`I]Jk:ELKM`CFk( . KMELEHk:\KMPRk:`CLO j wyG^KMX[wyGJkqE �� $&%�� � �6�� � 3* 3 3*ffi9 � 6Y0� 3 �, � * b�� lNMuKUO j O@EUlN:KkxPRO@PRk:`CFO b 6 k:BLXvO}N:KMPRk:`CFO j�� ELKM`JBLX[KSlNMuKUOROMGtEHOMCTKSlNUuKMO � lNMuKMO&kn]JkqBLX[OmN7KUP|kq`yCLO N:O@EHELkqBLQO@`J]Jkq`yCLk:B j wyG^KU`J]JO ]JO P|kqBLPROCFZvQSOknXvO}N:KMX[Zv7KM]IO@B4`IO PRk:BHP|OQO@`CFO b�� lNMuOMk:B kmCFkqEL`^KMB j OMEUlN7KUB:hP|O@PRk:`CLO@B:hN7KMEH\KMB ]JZvBHCFEHZ[WJGa ]^KMB�OMGpwyG^KMXvwyGJk:E N:OMP<WJZ[`JKSlNMuKMO ]Jk:BDCFk:Bq? b�� lNMuOMk:BZ[`CLk:EL`JKMB j k:B O@EUlNqO@BBLZvP|QJXvk:B j PRO@PRk:`CFO 1 kqCLO@E:�kqB O@EhlN:O N:OMEHCTKU`yCLkMPRO@PRk:`CFO ]JkCFO@EhlNMuKMOkxk:B O@EUlNqO@B8Kh}ZKMZvB:? A B M B A δ12δ F Z[\@GJELK|}? j���� k ��� B:uKUOO@B]Ik:BLXvO}N:KMPRk:`CFO@B8N:OMELELkqBLQO@`J]Jkq`CFk:B��KMBKSlNMuOMk:B k / ELkqBLQk:NCFZ{z ~UKMPRk:`CLkM? A A A 2 3 1 δ1 δ2 δ3 Z[\@GJELK|}? j���� ��� k ��� B:uKMOOMB]JkqBLX[OmN7KUP|kq`yCLO@BNqO@ELEHk:BHQSO@`I]Jk:`CFkqBff�KMB KlNMuO@kqBflfi � ffifi � k�fi � EHk:BHQSkqNqCFZ{~UKMP|kq`CFkM? $&%T$ )! .�579#" $&% -/5 � 6 kCFkqELPRZ[`^KMEVkqB O@EhlN:O@B8k ELk7KlNMuO@kqB4`^Kk:BDCFEHGICFGJELK|Q^KUEFKGJP N:O@`('HGJ`CFOs]Ik1KSlNUuO@k:B4KUCLG^KM`CFkqB:? � BHO@X[G�lNMuKMON:OMELELkCTK]Jkq~MkpBLKUCFZvB KMqk:EYKnCFOm]^KMBYKMBYNqO@`J]JZDlNMuO@kqB8]Ik kqwyGJZ[X a WJEHZ[O<kqBHCaKhCFZ[NqOJ? A/wyGJZvX a WJELZvO!) * + ©-, * ¡ ©-, �� OM`J]Jkxk:BDCTKMB8k:wyG^KSlNUuO@k:B8\@kqEFKMP KUBVBLG^KMB8BLGJKMBYN:O@EHELk:BHQSOM`J]Jk:`CLk:B � ��� ©-, � ��� © , � � � ©-, � � � © , � ��� ©-, � � � © , Fx = 0Σ A A A 1 2 A A A 1 2 Σ Σ Fy = 0 Mz = 0 Para o no A Z[\MGJEFKnI? � j AffwyGJZ[X a WJEHZ[OJ? $&%�� � � �=0 ,ff5 % 579:57;=0<;=3 b AffimCLk:EL`JK j O|N:KMP|QOn]Jkx]JkqBLX[OmN7KUP|kq`yCLO@BYO@Wk:]JkqN:kpKMO@B~Sa `JNqGJX[OMB8k mCFk:EHP|OMB�� b�� `yCLk:EH`^K j O|N:KMPRQSOn]Jkx]JkqBLXvO}N:KMP|kq`CFO@BYO@Wk:]JkqN:kpKMO@B~Sa `IN:GJXvO@BVZ[`CFkqELPRO@B:? $&%�� ��-/5&��6ff" $ ��5 � ;=0 �&.��"3 -ff� � *5 �6��0 � ;=3 )flfiM35q, � * � QJX[ZvN�aKU~Mk:XwyG^KU`J]JO j >@?�ffi P|KUCFkqELZKUX wyGJk N:O@`JBDCFZ{CFGJZ�KnkqBHCFEHGICFGIEFK|OMWSkq]Jk:Nqk1KnX[kqZ]Jk Ł OmO� Uk!� }?#"8kq\@Z[PRk!]^KUB QSkqwmGIk:`^KMB&]Jk O@ELP|KSlNUuO@k:Bq4ZvBHCFO�akU4QOm]Jkz BLk=kqBLN:EHkq~Mk:EtKMB k:wyG^KSlNUuO@k:B&]Jk k:wyGJZ[X a WJEHZ[O `JK�NqO@`%$^\@GIEFKSlNUuKMO Zv`J]Jk OMELP|KM]^K k�CTKMP1Wak:P K ELkqXKSlNUuKMO k:`CFEHk�N:KMEL\KUB k ]Jk:BHX[OmN7KMPRk:`CFOMB akXvZ[`Jk:KME�� I?#&puKMOk}ZvBHCFkxZv`yCLk:ELKSlNMuKMOkq`yCLELk O@BYk kqZvCFOMBYKh}ZKMZvBkx]Jk 1 kSuKMOJ? &4K Z[\@GJELKI?'�sCFk:Pnz BHkM�QO@E k IkqP|QIX[OJ�GJP|Kk:BDCFEHGICFGJELK wyGJknBLKUCFZvB KMnOMBN:ELZ{C}akqELZ[OMBKM`}z CLk:EHZ[O@EHk:Bk]Ik:BLBLK O@ELP|KpQO}]Ikz BHkxKMQJXvZ[N7KUE_O@BN7KMEHELk:\@KMP|kq`CFO@B � � � � k � � BHk:Q^KMELKM]^KMPRk:`CLk ]IkqCFkqELPRZ[`^KU`J]JOUz BLkQ^KMEHN:kqXKMBV]JkEHk7KSlNUuO@k:BY]Jk KMQO@ZvOJ}kqB O@EhlN:O@BYZv`yCLk:EH`JO@B:I]Jk O@EHPsKlNMuO@kqBVk ]Ik:BDz XvO}N:KMPRk:`CFO@Bq? ( O@EYk}k:PRQJX[ORKELk:KSlNMuKMO]Jk KMQO@ZvOn`JOQSO@`CLO � QO}]JkBHk:EYk:BHN:EHZvCTKN:OMP|O j " © " � ¦�" � ¦�" � kxO]JkqBLX[OmN7KUP|kq`yCLO`JO|QO@`CFO*) N:O@PRO j � © �(� ¦ � � ¦ � � �� A1 A2 A3 B A A2 A3 δ1 A1 A A A B B B δ δ 2 3 R R R 1 2 3 R ������� ��� �������������� ff�flfi�ffi��ff !#" ��fi%$��&�(')�(�+*�fi�ffi�� ,.-0/ 132547698 :�;<>=@?A=@B5CEDF= G 8 :�;<>=@?H= IJ=K?EL(<.: 6NM =KBOCE<>? PRQTSUQWV XZY\[]Y\^K_a`b^K_dcKegfgegh]i\f jlk fi�m��n$o�.�������� ��O ���pO*�� k � k �O ��+����$ ��q�rs��tu����v�$�fiw� k � ! �� ff�x�O$��%��vx*��(v�ffi��+$o��$�� jzy � �#��m�� ! ��$o�N*�� k�{ ffiff�K� k $��(ffi�m�fi ! � k �(v|*�fi>}~� j ffiffffi�� kw ��fi�$�� { ffiff�K��ffi ! ����� (� j r} fi�� j ��} fi�v�$��@r � �������$��(q$�� k fi�m� ')fi� # ! � ! ���o��q$���� fffiŁ�fi ! �� � k $���ffiffm�fi ! � k ��vx*�fiN��v��* y �� ff��fi $�� k fi�m��� A D ������� ��� �p �U�����+$���q@$ �� k � k fi�m� � �� ����� ��� � %�� %'�� ��� �� �5�flfiffi�5fi ��!"� �� �� !"����!"� k 'LKK|~mZv\K|WJZ[KMQO@ZKM]JKR]JkpN:O@PRQJEHZ[PRk:`CFO�� kpBLGJWIP|kCFZ[]JKK|GJP|KsN:KMEL\KRN:O@`IN:k:`CLEFKM]^K`IO PRk:ZvO ]JO~uKMOxN:O@PRO PRO@BHCLEFKK Zv\@GJEFKI?��m? � P|KM\@Z[`JKM`J]JOUz BLk_GJP�]JkqBLXvO}N:KMP|kq`CFOxGJ`JZ{CaKMEHZ[O`IO PRk:ZvO<]JO<~uKMOnkKhCFEFK7~ffak:BV]IO ( EHZ[`JNMa QJZvO1]JOMB � ELKMW^KMX 2JO@B��Z[EDCFG^KMZvBQO}]Ikz BHk \@kqEFKMEGIP�k:BDCTKM]IO ]Ik ]Ik O@EHPsKSlNUuKMORA 6 "4A � � kxGJP kqBHCTKU]JO|]Ik N:KMELEHk:\KUP|kq`yCLOsA � � " ��� � � ^Q^KMEFKBLk ]IkqCFkqELPRZ[`^KUEVO~UKMXvO@E]Jk��n? A B L/2 L/2 A B L/2 L/2 K K/2 K/2(REAL) 1 1/2 1/2(VIRTUAL) A B K δ = 1 A B A L/2 L/2 Z[\@GJELK<I?�� j "YZ[\@Zv]Jk:4]JkGJP|K1~mZ[\K1WIZKMQO@ZKU]^KpNqO@P�GJP|K<N7KUEL\K<NqO@`JN:kq`CFEFKU]^Kn`JOnP|kqZ[O<]IO ~uKMOI? 6 kqBLQJEHk:7KU`J]JOUz BLkYKMB�]Jk O@EHPsKlNMuO@kqB�O@EHZ[GJ`I]^KMB]IO@BkqB O@EhlN:O@BffiNqO@EHCFKM`CFkqB:MCLk:Pnz BLkKMBBHk:\@GIZ[`}z CLk:BYk:wyG^KlNMuO@kqB]JkxPRO@P|kq`CFO@B 1 kCFO@EHk:B j A 6 � © � � ,�� � ���fiff@ A � © > � ,fl� � �ffi�fiff@ � © � �fi!@ " � � #%$'& � © #%$ � �fi!@ " � > � � & � © � #%$ � � © ��� � �)( #%$ � © �*� � �)( #�$ © > � © �)( #�$ � � ( ����� � � � %�� %'�� ��� ! � %'���# �� � !"� ��%'& ��� � G^KU`J]JO8O}NqO@ELEHk:P+BHZ[PRQJX[Z $^N7KSlNUuO@k:B ]JO@B P|Om]JkqX[O@BwyGJkELkqQJELkqBLkq`yCFKMP KMB k:BDCFELG}CFGJELKMB�`JK4KM`VaKMX[ZvBLk kqBHCLELGICLGJEFKMX4KMXv\@GJPRB|N:KMEFKMNCFkqE7a BDCFZvN7KMBRZ[PRQSOMEHCTKU`yCLk:BQO}]JkqP `uKMO"BHk:ENqO@`JBHZ[]JkqEFKM]^KUBsk!NqO@P ZvBLBHOtO@BxEHk:BLGIXvCTKU]JO@B QSOm]Jk:P�N:O@`CFkqEpkqELEHO@BpkRk:BDCFkqBpQO}]Ik:P BLkqEpP|KMZvO@ELkqBwmGIk|O@B KMNqk:Z{CaKU~Mk:Z[B Zv`CFELOm]JGJqZ[]JOMBVQSkqXKMBVBHZ[PRQJX[Z $^N7KSlNUuO@k:Bq? � P KMBHQSkqNqCFO wyGJk P<GJZ{CTKMBp~@k:qk:BCFO@EH`^Khz BLkZvP|QO@EHCFKM`CFk|`^K�N:O@`JBHZ[]JkqEFKSlNUuKMO�]JO@BnPROm]Jkz XvO@B�akRK Zv`yCLELOm]JGlNUuKMO&]JksKUQSO@ZvO@Bk:X7aKMBHCLZ[NqO@BwyGJkRCLEFKM]IGJ:kqP GJP N:O@PRQO@EHCFKMP|kq`CFO P|KMZ[BEHk7KMX ]JKMB k:BDCFEHGICFGJELKMBQJEHZ[`JNqZ[Q^KMZvB4wyGJk1k:BHC:uKMO BLkq`J]JO&N:OM`JBLZv]Jk:ELKM]^KMB NqO@PRO KMQO@Z[O@B8]^KMBk:BHCLELGICLGJEFKUB BHk:NqGJ`J]YaKMEHZKMBq? � Z[\MGJEFKxI? ( PRO@BDCFEFKxGJPPRO}]Ik:X[OxBHZ[PRQJX[kqBffO@`J]Jk4Kx~mZv\K � )�CLk:P`JO BLkqGQSOM`yCLO )�GJP KUQSO@ZvO1Zv`J]JZ[EHkqCLO1ELk:KMX[Zv7KM]IO1BLOMWJELkK ~}Zv\Kn 6 ? &4OMCFKhz BHk KMNqZ[X[PRk:`CLk4wyGJk `Ik:BHCLkQSOM`yCLO )o`uKMO k }Z[BHCLk<KsQO@BHBLZ[WIZ[X[Zv]^KM]JkU������ �� � ¥]Jk1OmN:O@EHELkqE4GJP ]JkqBLX[OmN7KUP|kq`yCLO|~Mk:EHCLZ[N:KMX�`yGJXvOJSK|PRk:`JO@B ]IkpKUX[\@GJP|K<N:OMP<WJZ[`JKSlNMuKMOn]Ik N:KMELEHk:\KUP|kq`yCLOwmGIk1KMN:KMELEHkqCLk kqBHCLk KhCFOJ? 2 m 4 m C B D A Z[\@GJELK I? ( j / Om]Jk:XvOO@`J]JkVK~mZv\K � ) CLk:P GJP KMQO@ZvOZ[`I]JZ[EHkqCFOBLO@WJEHkVK~mZ[\K 6 `IOQSO@`CLO )4? 6 k~}Zv]JOnK QSO@BHBLZvWJZ[XvZ[]^KM]Ik8]IO<QSOM`yCLO ) BHk ]Jk:BHX[OmN7KME`^K1]IZ[ELkmlNMuKMOp~@k:EDCFZvN7KMXO<PRO}]JkqX[O PsKUZ[B EHk7KMX�QJKMEFKK<~mZ[\K � ) `uKUO akORKMQJEHk:BHk:`CTKM]IOs`^K Z[\MGJEFK<}?��kBLZvP OP|O@BDCFELKM]JOn`^K Z[\MGJEFK }?v>�,nO@`I]JkpOmN:OMELELkqG!KnBHGJWJBHCLZvCLGJZHlNUuKMO|]IO|KUQSO@ZvOE7a \MZ[]JO<kqP )�QO@EVGJP KUQSO@ZvOnk:X7aKMBHCLZ[N:OI? ( KMELK K N:O@` $^\@GJELKSlNMuKMO!P|O@BDCFELKM]^Kt`JK Zv\@GJEFK I?{>�,t`Ik:N:kqBLBHZvCTKgz BLkK!]JkqCLk:EHP|Zv`^KSlNMuKUOt]^KtN:O@`JBDCTKM`CLk � ��R]JORKMQO@Z[OnkqX(aKMBDCFZvN:OJ? ffi ~MKUX[O@E�]^KN:O@`JBDCTKM`CLk � ��x]JkqQSkq`J]JkqE^aKx`Jk:Nqk:BLBLKMELZ[KMPRk:`CFkY]^KMB/N:KMEFKMNCFkqE7a BDCFZvN7KMBffikqX(aKMBDCFZvN7KMB k1\@k:O@P akqCLELZvN7KMB4]^Ks~mZ[\K 6 wyGJknBHk:EH~Mk]JknKMQO@Z[O|Q^KMELK K|~mZ[\K � )? ( KMEFK&KsOMWICFkq`lNMuKMO ]IO ~UKMXvO@E � ��sBHk:E^aK|`Jk:Nqk:BLBJaKMELZvO K|]IkqCFkqELPRZ[`^KlNMuKMO|]^K|EHZ[\@Zv]Jk:x]^K~}Zv\K 6 `^K|]JZvELkmlNMuKMOR~@k:EDCFZvN7KMX ]IO1QO@`CFO 6 ? ( KMEFK ]JkqCLk:ELPRZ[`JKME/k:BLBLK<ELZv\@Z[]Jkq KSlNUuKMOpN:KMQ^KM4]JkQIELOm]JGJ:ZvE/GJP ]Jk:BHX[OmN7KMPRk:`CFO GI`JZvC^aKMELZvOyBHk:EJaKtKMQIX[Z[N:KM]^KGJP|K&KSlNMuKUO ]Ik|Zv`yCLk:`JBHZ[]^KU]Jk � ��t`JK ]JZvELkmlNMuKMO ~@kqEHCLZ[N7KUXff]JO&QSO@`CLO ) ]^K~mZ[\@Kt 6 k KM:kqEN:O@P�wmGIkRO&]JkqBLXvO}N:KMP|kq`CFO&QJELOm]JGJqZ[]JO Qk:X[K P|kqBLP|KsCFk:`ff2^K&~UKMXvO@E GI`JZvC^aKMELZvOJ? � Zv\@GJELK }?v>@>YPRO@BHCLEFKxKxQJX[ZvN7KSlNUuKMO]^K KSlNMuKMO � �� `JOpQO@`CFO ) ]^Kx~mZv\K 6 ? ( KMELK N:KMX[NqGJXKUEO ]JkqBLX[OmN7KUP|kq`yCLO QJELOm]JGJqZ[]JO Qk:X[K KSlNMuKUO � �� BLk:EJaK&KMQJX[ZvN7KM]IOO P akCFOm]JO]^K N:KMEL\K GI`JZvC^aKMELZ[KI? A B Z[\@GJELK I?�� j / Om]Jk:XvO BLZvP|QJXvZ $^N:KM]JO QJKMEFKKn~}Zv\K � )4? A B k Zv\@GJEFK I?v>&, j / Om]Jk:XvO PsKUZ[B QJEJaOU}Z[PRO�]^K BLZ{CFG^KSlNUuKMO"EHk7KMXYQ^KUEFK"K ~mZ[\K � )? � 4 m 2 m k C B D 1/3k 2/3k Z[\@GJELK I?{>@> j AffBHCFKM]JO ]Jk ]Jk z OMELP|KSlNMuKMOI? 4 m 2 m B C D P = 1 1/3 2/3 Zv\@GJEFK I?{>g j AffBHCFKM]JO ]Ik=N7KMEHELkq\Khz PRk:`CFOJ? � ]JkqCLk:EHP|Zv`^KSlNMuKUO ]IO�]JkqBLXvO}N:KMP|kq`CFO � wmGIk!BLkqE^aK N:O@`JBHZ[]JkqEFKM]IO�GJ`IZvCaKUELZ[O+ak k:Z{CTK�Qk:XK Zv`CFk:\MEFKSlNUuKMO j � © � � " � � #%$ & � � kqwmGJKSlNMuKMO|]JOsPRO@PRk:`CFO 1 kCFO@E / KMO|XvO@`J\@On]JKR~mZ[\K"ak ]JZv~mZv]JZ[]^K<kqP ]JO@ZvBYCLELkqN32JO@B8BLk:`I]JO GIP ]JORQSO@`CLO � KUC}akOQSO@`CLO ) kxO|OMGICFEHOR]IORQO@`CFO ) KUC}akxOQO@`CFO|? � BLBHZ[P ICFkqPz BLk j A � � © ��� " > �� ��� > & � ¦ � � � �� � � ¦� ��� � �� � ¦�� � & � © @ , � �� KMqk:`J]JOhz BLk � ©#>&kMN:O@`IBLZ[]Ik:EFKU`J]JOUz BLkM_Q^KMELK K=~mZ[\@K�)V/A © m�( � >�, � C !UP � k � © ,I , ,@��tP � CFkqPz BLkUffiA � © >&, ,�( ,&C !UP � k|N:O@`JBHk:wyGJkq`yCLk:PRk:`CFk �© ( � ,I'�&C !UPt? a A aKUN:Z[XSO@WJBHk:EH~UKMEVwyGJkxOn~UKMX[OME]Jk � �� ak ]JZvELkqCFKMPRk:`CFkQJEHO@QO@ELNqZ[O@`^KUXKMO<~UKMXvO@E]Jk A � kxKMBLBHZ[P wyG^KU`yCLO|P|KMZvBE7a \@Z[]^K O@EVK<~mZ[\K )V PsKUZ[O@E_BLk:EJaKRO<~UKMXvO@E]Jk � ��J? � EHZ[\@Zv]Jk: � ��|QO}]IkBLk:E NqO@`JBHZ[]JkqEFKM]^K Z[`%$J`JZvCFK&N:KMBLOtk}Z[BDCTK GJP QJZ[X[KME `JOtQSO@`CLO )wyGJksKMQJEHk:BLkq`CTKI�QSO@E k}kqP|QJXvOJ ]Ik O@EHPsKSlNUuO@k:B8Kh}Z[KMZ[B]Ik:BLQIELk:Ma ~Mk:Z[Bq? � Z[\@GIEFK1}?v>( Z[XvGJBHCLEFK KMX[\@GI`JB_N:KMBLOMB]Jk KUQSO@ZvO@Bk:X(aKUBHCFZvN:O@BkOMBBLkqGJBYKMQO@Z[OMBkqwyGJZv~UKMXvk:`}z CLk:Bq?�&8OMCTKUE4wyGJkpOKMQO@Z[ORk:X7aKMBHCLZ[NqO|XvZ[`Jk:KMEYQSOm]Jk BLk:E4k:wyGJZ{~MKUX[k:`CLk1KRGJP KMQSOMZ[O]JOQJEHZ[PRk:ZvELO OMGt]JOBHk:\@GJ`I]JO|\Jk:`JkqELOJ? Zv\@GJELKnI?v>7 j � QO@ZvO@BVk:X7aKMBHCLZ[N:OMBVk OMB8BHk:GJB4KMQO@Z[OMBk:wyGJZ{~MKUX[k:`CLk:B:? $&%�� � � ��6Y35q, � * ;=3 �o9:3��t5 % 579:57;=0<;=3 3 2�5��|5:;=3�� k 'LKRKkqBHCLELGICLGJEFK]^K Z[\@GIEFKnI?{>&� j ( ELOMQSO@EhlNMuKMO ) >�� � ) " ) � ff ) ( k:X[K*"Yk:BHZ[BDC7k:`IN:ZK]JO@B / KhCFk:EHZKMZvB j � ) © � � �)( #�$ , A B C (SISTEMA PRINCIPAL) BA C A B C A C ∆ ∆ B B 1 RB L/2 L/2 BA C q δB B Z[\@GJELK&I?v> � j "Yk:BHO@X[G�lNMuKMO ]JkRGJPsK kqBHCFEHGICFGIEFK!kqBHCTKhCFZ[N:KMPRk:`CFkZ[`I]JkqCLk:ELPRZ[`JKM]^K&KUCFELK7~/akqBp]JK KUQJX[ZvN7KSlNUuKMOn]JO@BYN:OM`JN:kqZvCFOMB8]Ik 1 k}Z[WJZvX[Zv]^KM]Jk4k EHZ[\@Zv]Jk:U? ff ) © � ��� � � ( � #%$ / KMB:8GICFZvX[Zv7KM`J]IOUz BHk=K N:OMP|Q^KhCFZ[WIZ[X[Zv]^KM]Jk ]Ik�]Jk:BHX[OmN7KMPRk:`CFOMB `JO QSOM`yCLO )kqBLNqELkq~Mkz BLk K BHk:\@GIZ[`CFkxk:wyG^KlNMuKMO j ff ) ¦�" ) � ) © , " ) © � ff ) � ) " ) © � ����� ��� ��� � �� �� � � �� © ��� � ( " ) © ��� � ( I> ��������� � !"�ff� ��! %'� �� ���! ��� & � �� &�%' �� �ff ��K�� � % ��% ��%'��!"�� �� k 'LKRKkqBHCLELGICLGJEFKP|OMBHCFELKM]^Kn`^K Zv\@GJEFKn}?v> � 3 3 A A A31 2 1 2 D D D 1 2 3 Z[\@GJELKnI?{> � j Omk $^NqZ[k:`CLk:B8]Jk 1 k}Z[WIZ[X[Zv]^KM]JkU? � QJX[ZvN7KM`J]IOUz BHkBLGJQk:EHQSO@BHZHlNUuKMO|]Ik k k:Z{CFO@BqJk:BHN:ELk~@k z BLk j 6 � © 6 � � ¦ 6 � � ¦ 6 � � 6 � © 6 � � ¦ 6 � � ¦ 6 � � 6 � © 6 � � ¦ 6 � � ¦ 6 � � ffi `J]Jk j b 6 � � ]JkqBLXvO}NU?ffk:P > QJELO(~MO}N:KM]JORBLO@PRk:`CFkxQO@E � � � � © � � © , b 6 � � ]JkqBLXvO}NU?ffk:P > QJELO(~MO}N:KM]JORBLO@PRk:`CFkxQO@E � � � � © � � © , b 6 � � ]JkqBLXvO}NU?ffk:P > QJELO(~MO}N:KM]JORBLO@PRk:`CFkxQO@E � � � � © � � © , 6 kxGJP|K O@ELP|K<\@k:ELKMX j 6� �� )�� � X[OmN7KUX � � N:KMGJBLK 6 � � 6 � � k 6 � � B:uKMO GJ`lNUuO@k:BYXvZ[`Jk:KMELkqBV]Jk � � � � k � � ? a A QO@BHB7a ~Mk:X k:`C:uKMO|kqBLNqELkq~Mk:E j 6 � © � � � � ¦ � � � � ¦ � � � � 6 � © � � � � ¦ � � � � ¦ � � � � 6 � © � � � � ¦ � � � � ¦ � � � � AffP OMELP|K<PsKUCLELZvN:ZKUX CFkqPz BLk j �� � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � ff fi flffi ffi ffi ffi ffi � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � !#" " " " " $ �� � � � � � � � � � �� % � % � % � � � � � � �� � � � � � ff O@`J]Jk �� B:uKUO|N32^KUPsKM]IO@BVN:Omk $^NqZ[kq`yCLk:B8]Jk 1 k}Z[WIZ[X[Zv]^KM]JkU? b � � ]Ik:BLXvO}NU?ffN:O@EHELkqBLQ? �K � � � � ©<>@ � � © � � © ,@ b � � ]Ik:BLXvO}NU?ffN:O@EHELkqBLQ? �K � � � � ©<>@ � � © � � © ,@ b � � ]Ik:BLXvO}NU?ffN:O@EHELkqBLQ? �K � � � � ©<>@ � � © � � © ,@ ��������� �ffi%�� ��% � & !"����� � � �5%'& � ����� & � �� &�%' � �ff ����� ����� $� % ��% ��%���!"�� 1 1 1 F F 11 13 F F F F F2 2 1 2 3 3 33 2 1 F12 F23 Zv\@GJEFK1I?v> � j Z[\M`JZ $^N:KM]JO a BHZ[NqOn]JO@BYN:Omk $^NqZ[kq`yCLk:B8]Jk 1 k}ZvWJZ[XvZ[]^KM]IkM? $&%�� � � 3 � 645:3fl� ,3* ;=3 2�5 �R57;=3�� � `^KMXvO@\KMPRk:`CFk KMO|N:KMBLORKM`CLk:ELZvO@E:Ik:BLNqELk~@kz BLknKUB8kqwyG^KSlNMuOMk:B8]^KMB � lNUuO@k:B j � � © � � � 6 � ¦ � � � 6 � ¦ � � � 6 � � � © � � � 6 � ¦ � � � 6 � ¦ � � � 6 � � � © � � � 6 � ¦ � � � 6 � ¦ � � � 6 � AffP OMELP|K<PsKUCLELZvN:ZKUX CFkqPz BLk j �� � � � � � � � � � �� % � % � % � � � � � � �� � � � � � ff fi fl ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! " " " " " $ �� � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � ff O@`J]Jk�� �� B:uKMORN32^KMP|KM]JO@BYNqO}k $^N:Zvk:`CFkqB4]JkxEHZ[\@Zv]Jk:U? b � � � � lNUuKMORN:O@EHELk:BHQ? �K � � 6 � ©<>@ 6 � © 6 � © , b � � � � lNUuKMORN:O@EHELk:BHQ? �K � � 6 � ©<>@ 6 � © 6 � © , b � � � � lNUuKMORN:O@EHELk:BHQ? �K � � 6 � ©<>@ 6 � © 6 � © , ( KMEFK<Kx]JkCFk:EHP|Zv`^KSlNUuKMO1]JOMB_NqO}k $^N:Zvk:`CFkqB]Jk8ELZ[\MZ[]Jkq KUz BHk`JkqN:kqBLB^aKUELZK1K Zv`yCLELOm]JGlNUuKMO1]Jk ]Ik:BLXvO}N:KMPRk:`CFO@BGI`JZvC^aKMELZvO@B `^KMBx]JZvELkmlNMuO@kqB NqO@`~@kq`JZ[kq`yCLk:BpGJBFKM`I]JOUz BHkO NqO@`JNqk:ZvCLOt]IknELZ[\MZ[]JkqM? AffP GJ`lNUuKMO]JZvBLBLOsB:uKMOQIELO@QO@ELNqZ[O@`JKM]^KMB4ELk:BDCFEHZHlNMuOMk:B KUEHCFZ $^N:Z[KMZ[B8KMQIELO@QJEHZKM]JKMB4QJKMEFKK|]JkqCLk:EDz PRZ[`JKSlNMuKMO!]JO@BN:Omk $^NqZ[kq`yCLk:B � �� ? � BRKSlNUuO@k:B`JOMBKMQSOMZ[O@BnKUEHCFZ $^N:Z[KMZ[B BLkqE:uKMO O@BnNqO}k $^N:Zvk:`CFkqB ]IkREHZ[\@Zv]Jk:pQJELOmN:GIEFKM]JOMB:? ffi WJBHk:EH~UKhz BLkwyG^KM`J]IOtBHk KUnGJP�]JOMB]Jk:BHX[OmN7KMPRk:`CFOMBN:O@P�~UKMXvO@E GI`JZvC^aKMELZvOnO@BVO@GICLELO@BYBLk KM`yGJX[KMP ? @ ����� ��� �ffi%�� ��% � & !"����� � � �5%'& � ����� & � �� &�%' � �ff ����� � % ��%'�� fi &4K Zv\@GJELK }?v> � k:BDC7uKMO�ELk:QIELk:BHk:`CTKU]JO@BO@B|N:Omk $^NqZ[kq`yCLk:B|]JktEHZ[\@Zv]Jk:&Zv`J]JZ[N:KM]JO@BNqO@P BLk:GIB BHk:`CFZv]JO@B_QSO@BHZvCLZv~@OMB_k4`uKMO1`Ik:N:kqBLBLKMELZ[KMP|kq`CFk NqO}kqELk:`CLk:BNqO@P O<N7KMEHELkq\KMPRk:`CFOpk:P wyGJk:BDC7uKMOJ? A A A1 2 3 D D D 1 2 3 K11K 12 K31 1 K K K 22 32 1 1 12 K K K33 2313 Zv\@GJEFKn}?v> � j Z[\M`JZ $^N:KM]JO a BHZ[NqOn]JO@BYN:Omk $^NqZ[kq`yCLk:B8]JkxELZv\@Z[]JkqM? &8OMCTKhz BLkwyGJk|K&Zv`CFELOm]JGlNUuKMO&]Jkn~Sa `JNqGJX[O@BxKUEHCFZ $^N:Z[KMZ[BQ^KMEFK&K&]JkqCLk:EHP|Zv`^KSlNMuKUO ]JO@BxN:Omk $Iz NqZ[kq`yCLk:B]Jk EHZ[\@Zv]Jk:|Z[PRQJX[ZvN7KtkqP#EHk:BLOMXv~@kqEnQJELOMWJX[kqPsKMB1PsKMZvB1NqO@P|QIX[Z[N:KM]JO@BpwyGJk O O@ELZv\@Z[`^KUX KUGJP|kq`CTKM`J]IOUz BHk OBHk:G!\MEFKMG&]JkxZ[`I]JkqCLk:ELPRZ[`JKSlNMuKMOnkqBHC^aKUCFZvN7KI? $&%�� r3,3- 5&�=0 �6��0 � ; � * 6 � 3 � 685:3 �,ffi3 * ;=3 -5��|5:;=3�� 3fl % 0<-/-ff0<* % 5��3 � �0<* ,ffi0<;=01* 3 3 � �0<* ,ffi0<;=01* 3 0 � � 5:01;=0<* &8k:BDCTK BLk}lNUuKMO BHk:EquKMOd]IkqCFkqELPRZ[`^KU]JO@B O@B&N:Omk $JN:Z[kq`CFk:B ]Jk ELZv\@Z[]Ik:=wyG^KM`I]JOd]Ik:BLXvO}N:KMPRk:`CFO@B GI`JZvC^aKMELZvO@BB:uKMO!Z[PRQSO@BDCFO@BxK W^KMEHEFKMB N:O@P ]IG^KMB1NqO@`J]JZDlNMuO@kqB1]JkRN:OM`yCLO@EL`IO!]JZvBHCFZv`CTKMB j W^KMEHEFKMB WIZ{z kq`J\KMBDCTKM]JKMB kW^KMEHEFKMB kq`J\KMBDCTKM]^KUBk_KMQSOMZKM]^KUB:? AffBHCFkqBffiN:Omk $JN:Z[kq`CFk:B�BLkqE:uKMO4GICFZvX[Z[:KM]JO@B�NqO@P EHk:w ¢ Gk:`IN:ZK `^K PRO@`CTKM\Mk:P�]JK P|KUCFEHZ[p]JkELZ[\MZ[]Jkq<]JO P akCFOm]JO ]^K ELZv\@Z[]JkqnBLZvP|QJXvZ $^N:KM]JO K BHk:E8KMWO@EL]JKM]JO`JORN7KMQa CFGJXvOnBLkq\@GJZ[`CLkM? � ����� ��� � � ���� ����&��!"� �� ��5% � ! %�� � � NqO@`~@k:`�lNMuKMO]IkpBHZ[`^KMZvB8KM]JOMCFKM]^KnELkqBLQk:ZvCFKME^aKO@B8BLZv`^KMZ[BVQO@BHZvCFZ{~@O@BVwyG^KU`J]JOs]Ik:BLXvO}N:KMPRk:`CFO@B k KSlNUuO@k:BYNqO@Z[`JNqZ[]JZvELkqP NqO@P O@BYBLkq`CFZ[]IO@BY]JO@BYk:ZIOMB8EHk:QJEHk:BHk:`CTKM]IO@B`^K Zv\@GJELKnI?v> (I? x z y Z[\@GJELK I?v> ( j k:`CFZv]JO@B ]JO@B k:Z{}O@BS � k "KM]IOMCTKM]IO@B&N:O@PROdQO@BHZvCFZ{~@O@B&Q^KUEFK�KSlNMuO@kqBtk ]Ik:BLXvO}N:KMPRk:`CFO@Bq? ����� ��� )!"����! ��%�� � ��!"���ff!"��! AffBDCTKW^KMELELKnBLk:EJaKRBHGJWJPRkqCLZ[]^KK]JO@Z[BCLZ[QO@B]Jkx]JkqBLXvO}N:KMP|kq`CFO@BYN:OMP�~UKMX[O@EHk:BVGJ`IZvCaKUELZ[OMB j Z¥ BLkqE^aK=KUQJX[ZvN7KM]^K&GJP|K EHOMCTKlNMuKMOtk:P GJP ]JO@Bpk:`J\KUBHCFkqB: Z[ZBHk:EJaK=KMQJXvZ[N7KU]JO&GJP ]Jk:BHX[OmN7Khz PRk:`CLO X[Z[`Ik7KME8CTKMP<W_ak:P k:P�GIP�]JO@BxKUQSO@ZvO@Bk Z[ZvZ¥VBLkqE^aK&KMQJXvZ[N7KU]^K|GJP|KELOUCTKSlNUuKMOGJ`JZ{CaKMEHZK NqO@P K ]JZvELkmlNMuKMO ]JO&kqZ{}O&]^KW^KMEHEFK k:P�GJP ]JO@Bkq`J\KMBDCFkqB CFO@EhlNMuKMO?nKU]^K ]Jk:BHX[OmN7KMPRk:`CFO BHk:EJaK=KMQJXvZ[N7KU]JOtZv`J]JkqQSkq`J]Jk:`CLk:PRk:`CFkU? ffi O@W 'HkqCLZv~MO ak|]IkqCFkqELPRZ[`^KUEpO@B ~UKMX[O@EHk:B ]^KMBpELk7KlNMuO@kqB ]Ik KMQO@Z[OtwmGIk BLGJEH\@Z[EquKMO!`JOMB<]JO@ZvB1k:`I\KMBHCLk:BnkqP GJ`�lNMuKMO�]JOMB<]Jk:BHX[OmN7KMPRk:`CLO@B<Z[PRQO@BHCLO@Bpk kqBHCFKMB ELk:KSlNMuOMk:B BquKMO]Jkq`JO@PRZ[`^KM]JKMBNqO}k $^N:Zvk:`CFkqB ]Jk<EHZ[\@Zv]Jk:U? � B Z[\MGJEFKMB4I?{> �|k<I? �,|PRO@BDz CLEFKMP KRW^KUELEFKWJZz k:`I\KMBHCFKM]^K NqO@PRQJELZvP|kq`yCLO��"k ELZ[\MZ[]Jkqff�K 1 k SuKMOsA � k KELk k:E:kq`JN:Z[KROMG `yGJPRk:ELKSlNMuKUORQJKMEFKRKnX[OmN7KMXvZ[7KlNMuKMOp]JO@BYN:Omk $^NqZ[kq`yCLk:B8wyGJkpBHk:EquKMO|EHk:QJEHk:BHk:`CTKM]IO@B:? L Z[\@GJELKnI?{> � j no 1 2no 4 31 2 Zv\@GJEFKn}? , j >@? 6 k:BLXvO}N:KMPRk:`CFOnXvZ[`Jk:KMEGJ`JZ{CaKMEHZ[O L 12EJ 3 L 12EJ 3 L 6EJ 2 L 6EJ 2 1 Z[\MGJEFKnI? }> j )KMELELKWIZ{z kq`J\KMBDCTKM]JK<N:O@P GIP ]Jk:BHX[OmN7KMPRk:`CLORXvZ[`Jk:KMEVKMQIX[Z[N:KM]JOJ? � }?#"8OMCFKSlNMuKUORGI`JZvC^aKMELZ[K L 2EJ L 6EJ 2 L 6EJ 2 L 4EJ 1 ��������� ��� ��������� ����� ������fiffffifl��� ! #"$ !%& �'ffi(�)*�+), -�#(�"$ /.'!0 �(1��fl���"32 ��#�4 � �5�6��7'ffi �%& + �+ 989(�" /.'�0 !(:�+fl���";2 ����7 <fl& 1%��7�#ff�.'�0 !(:%+(:ff=��>�(1%& 1�& ����� G J t L G J t L 1 ?A@7B�C�D�EGF+HJI!F+KML�E�D#D EGN�@PORQffiS+B�E�T#U E�V&E,W=X�YZC+Y,E,D#X�U$E3[W�\E�X]C�S+@�U3^E!D�@4E_E�`�a�@7WbE!V&E_S&E]V�@�D�Qc[W�\E�XGV+X Q=@�d�X1V&E1N&E�D�D�E+H e]f�ghf�ikjmlonqpsr t+u p+vmwxf t vyf�z t lofcn/ghfc{1wxf|iklo}3lowqf�~wqp�{:qp�iip&{:Al4 fcnx}3p�{=ghp&wxp&{ QffiDffi\E!XMV�QU Q=D�Y:@7S&E�V+X�T �E!a7X�D#QffiTxV�X�TqWffiXcQ=&W=@7Q=S�U�QffiTAV�QD#@7B�@�V�QffiŁ`�E�D EXMWffiE�T�XMV&EMD#X�U$E3[W�\E�XC�S�@�U3^E�D#@4E QV�X�V�QffiT#a7XcWbE�Y:QffiS�U�X-C�S�@�U3^E�D#@7X<V+X-QffiS�B�E�T#U�QV�QC�Y_E<N&E�D#D E<N+@�ORQ=S�B�E�TU$E�V�E+HŁ�E!D E<U$E!S�U�X�+T#QffiD&^E C�U @7a�@7ffiE�V�XXY^QU XcV�XmV&E�T_X�D![WffiE�TGX�S�V+QT�QffiD=\E�XD�Q=T�X�a� c@7V&E�T: c@7B�E�T,QffiT#U E!U @�WbE�Y:QffiS�U�Q|@7S�V+Q=U Q=DO Y:@7S�E�V&E�T:N�@�OfiQffiS�B�E�T#U E�V&E�T$9T�C�N+Y_QU @7V�E�TEGD�Q=WbE�a�cC+QffiTV�Q1E�`3X�@7XD�X�U E/[W�\E!X]Q�V�QffiT#a7XcWbE�Y:QffiS�U X �QffiDU @7WffiE�a$�@7T#X�a4E!V&E�Y:QffiS�U Q!+WffiX�Y !E�a7X�D#QffiTC�S+@�U3^E!D�@7X�TffiH� ¡Y^QU XcV�X�V&E�TX�Dk[WbE�TB�Q=D E:E�T�QffiB�C�@7S�U Q Q=�C&E/[W�\E!X_V�QQ=cC+@7afi^ ¢ N�D�@�X�K £k¤¥J¦=§¨ª© ?A« £h¬m§¡£k®�§ X�S�V�Q £k¤¥¯¦ffi§ D�Qffi`+D�QffiT#QffiS�U$E:X� �Q=U�X�DV�QWbE!D�B�E�TX�D�@7C+S�V&E�T�V+X�TD�QffiWffiE�a7�C�Q=TV�Q°E�`3X�@7X-�C�Q`3X�V+QffiY T#QffiDQffiT#WffiD#@�U$E!T9W=X�Y:X�K £k¤¥J¦=§²±´³ µ�¥¶ X�S�V�Q µ ^Q9ED#QbE/[W!\E�X°V�Q9E�`/X�@7X�C&E�S�V+X<E�`+a7@7WffiEkORT#QX¸·¹�@7`3QffiD#QffiTU3^E!U�@7WffiX�º°»xS�XT#@7T#U�QffiY_E`�D�@�S�Wffi@�`&E�a ¼/Q ¶ ^Q-X, !E�a�X�DMV+XGD�Q=WbE�a�cC+Q-V�Q�E�`3X�@�X_S&EGV+@7D�Qc[W�\E�X_V�QffiTU$EGD#QbE/[W!\E�X µ H3½¾Y_E!U�D�@7 © ?A«¿^Q W$¹�E�Y,E!V&E�Y,E!U�D�@�V�QÀ&Qd�@�N�@7a�@7V&E�V+QQX1 �Q=U�X�D £h¬m§ ^Q �Q=U X�D9V+X�T¹�@7`3QffiD#QffiT#U;^E!U @�WffiX�T=H �� � G7e > @�� e �� C�* GeIf *¨e � B Z[\@GJELKMBI? ��pk4I? �� PRO@BDCFEFKUPKx~mZv\K WIZ{z kq`J\KMBDCTKM]JK k:BHCFKUCFZvN7KMPRk:`CLk4Zv`J]JkqCLk:EHP|Zv`^KM]^K BHGJWJPRkqCLZ[]^KRKRGIPsKnELOUCTKSlNUuKMO|GI`JZvC^aKMELZ[K<`JO|QO@`CFO � kpORBLZvBHCLk:P|KQIELZ[`IN:Z[QJKMX kqBHCFKUCFZvN7KMPRk:`CFk ]IkqCFkqELPRZ[`^KU]JOyN:OMP KMBVZ[`IN�aO@\@`IZvCTKUBVKRBHk:EHk:P ]JkCFk:EHP|Zv`^KM]^KUB:JEHk:BLQk:NCFZ{~MKUP|kq`yCLkM? L θ = 1 A B �������� ��� ������� ���x��� � { �(v��x��ffiW*0��$�� � A B X1 X2 � ������ ��� ����������+ffiff*�� k �%� ���v ! ������mT� j ffi � ������ ���ffiK ����pO�% ���� k fi�ffiff*� �� k �Ofi�ffiK$������� �� k ��ffi$�� k fi k �(v|*�fi�ffi��o�*�fi� ff��ffi&�%��ffiK ff��ffi { ��� ! *����#ffi ff� �fl !#" fi���ffiU$������fi��+fi��o�� ��%�%����m+� ! �fl !�" ��fi�$ ����� �� ����� ��� ff��ffiff�fl� ! *��#� k �(vx*���� A B 1 L 1 L � ������ �� �����p�� j � m�� ! �fl !�" �#fi$ ���ff� fi� v fiO�ffifl � B 11 A 1 1 ���+���� ��& ���� �� j ��m+� ! �fl !�" ��fi$���� � fi� v�fi �ffifl � ! ffi ff��ffiff��m+*���$�fi�ffi$o��ffi�+vx*����� ��fl !#" fi���ffi#"%$'&)( +*-, .0/ /21�354 ')fi� �v � ! � fi�ffiffiff����� ��vx*��(ffi#��m�fi� ff��ffi ���� ���fi�ffi ! fiu�76 ! ���(vx*���ffi$o� k �#*� ff��q@$����o�98��:���+m���$���$���� ;=<�(>�?� �@ A ;B<C(D�%� ;B<E(F�G� IHJ@ � � ;=<C(F�?� @ j ffi ! fi k �flfi�v ��vx*��(ffi�;B<�(FK�Lffi " ��fi�� ;=<�(>�ML +H ;B<'N @ N �OH ;=< @ ;B<�(7�PL OH ;B<QN H�� N �@ ;=< ! ffiff��ffiW*�� k ��$��&��t|�o�fl !#" fi���ffi���( ���$�fi y �K��ffi ! ff�+*�fi ! fi k fi�� RS S S T @ A A H @ � � H @ � � @ UWV V V X YZ [ Z\ �]� ��� ^ Z_ Z ` YZ [ Z\ ;B< @H ;B< ^ Z_ Z ` ! �ba��%ffi�fi�m+�� !�" ��fi�')fi� ffv�� ! ��� �ff� p�;B< @ � � � �c;B< @ j ���+���� ��U ���cd k fi�ffiff*� ��U��ffi �fl !�" fi��(ffie6ovo���+ffi v��Uu�����f� � { �(v��x��ffiW*0��$��U ff��ffiff��m+*���vx*���ffi $o�����m+� ! �� !�" ��fi $ �� k �� �fi#*0�fl !#" ��fi%��v��+* y �� ����Nv�fi>��v�����ffiff*��$ fi ��fi�vx*�fi j � )� 6EJ L2 6EJ L2 4EJ L BA L 2EJ Z[\@GJELK I? ( j � lNMuO@kqB $^`^KMZvB `^K ~}Zv\K WJZz k:`I\KMBHCFKM]^K EHk:BLGIXvCTKU`yCLk:B&]^K KMQJXvZ[N:KSlNMuKMO ]Ik�GJPsK EHOMCTKlNMuKMOGJ`JZ{CaKMEHZK1`IO|kq`J\KMBDCFkx]JORQSO@`CLO � ? � :mi < @ e�� :�C G �� :yf;GH* @ e�< � CI* GffieJf * � Z[\MGJEFK8I? �4PRO@BHCLEFK4K8~mZ[\K8WJZ{z k:`J\@KMBHCFKM]^K k:BDCTKUCLZ[N7KUP|kq`yCLk_Zv`J]JkCFk:EHP|Zv`^KM]^K@hBLGJWJPRkqCLZ[]^K K GJP ]Jk:BHX[OmN7KMPRk:`CLO"GJ`JZ{CaKMEHZ[O `JO QO@`CFO � ? ffi�BLZ[BDCFkqPsK QJELZv`JN:ZvQ^KMXVk!OMBs]JZ[KM\@EFKUPsKMB]Jk PRO@PRk:`CFOMB 1 kqCLO@ELkqBpQ^KUEFK&KtK&KMQIX[Z[N:KSlNMuKUO ]Jk�� � ©�>k�� � © >RBquKMO O@BxP|kqBLPRO@B]JO N7KMBHO KU`yCLk:EHZ[O@EVPRO@BHCLEFKM]IO@BV`^KMB Zv\@GJEFKUBVI? ��kp}? ��m? L A B δ = 1 Z[\@GJELKI? � j � Z[\@KsWJZ{z k:`J\@KMBHCFKM]^KBLGIWJP|kCFZv]^K K GJP�]JkqBLXvO}N:KMP|kq`CFO~@kqEHCLZ[N7KUXffiGJ`JZ{CaKMEHZ[Os`IO QO@`CFO � ? ffi BxELkqBLGJX{CTKM]JOMB]^KMBZ[`CLk:\@ELKSlNMuO@kqB # � � ©� �� " � � & � O@EL`Ik:N:kqP O@BPRk:BHP|O@BEHk:BHGJX{z CFKM]JO@BY]JON:KMBLO|KM`CFkqELZ[OMEV\@k:ELKM`J]JORKP|kqBLP|K<PsKUCLELZv ]Jk 1 k}ZvWJZ[XvZ[]^KM]IkM? � ]IZ k:EHk:`lN:K<Q^KMELK<OnN7KMBHOKM`CFk:EHZ[O@E_k:BDCaKn`^KMBNqO@PRQSO@`Ik:`CFkqBYA � � � wyGJk`JkqBHCFkN:KMBLOnBquKMO j A � ��� © � A � � > � > © � A � A � ��� © � A � � , � >© , ffiBHZ[BDCFk:P|Kn]Jkxk:wyG^KSlNUuO@k:B8\@kqEFKM]JO akk:BHN:EHZvCFORN:OMP|O j fl ffi ffi ffi � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! " " " $ �� � � � � � � � � �� � ff © �� � � � A � , � �� � ff NqG 'LKBLO@XvGlNMuKMO O@EH`Jk:Nqk j � � © >g MA � � � � � © �@A � � � � Zv\@GJEFKYI? ,VPRO@BHCLEFKYKMB�KSlNMuO@kqB $^`^KMZvB `JKY~mZ[\@KYWIZ{z kq`J\KMBDCTKM]JKYEHk:BHGJXvCFKM`CFk:B ]^K8KMQJXvZ[N7KlNMuKMO ]Ik GIP ]Jk:BHX[OmN7KMPRk:`CLORGI`JZvC^aKMELZvOn`JOk:`J\KUBHCFk ]JOQO@`CFO � ? �( 6EJ L2 12EJ L3 12EJ L3 6EJ L2 BA Z[\@GJELK|}? , j � lNUuO@k:B#$^`^KMZvB4`JKR~mZ[\KWJZz k:`I\KMBHCFKM]^KRELk:BHGJXvCFKM`CFkqB]^K|KMQJX[ZvN7KSlNUuKMO]Jk1GIP ]Ik:BDz XvO}N:KMPRk:`CFOnGJ`IZvCaKUELZ[On`IORkq`J\KMBDCFkx]JORQSOM`yCLO � ? ����� � � )!"����! �� ��!"� �5!"��! ! ��%�!"��! ( KMEFKkqBHCLknN7KMBHO BHk:EquKMO&KM`^KMXvZ[BLKM]^KMBYCFE:k:BBLZ{CFG^KlNMuO@kqB:O@G�BHk 'LKI�]IO@Z[B4]Jk:BHX[OmN7KMPRk:`CFOMB X[Zv`Jk7KMEHk:B kxGJP|KnELOMCFKSlNMuKUOJICFOm]JO@BYKUQJX[ZvN7KM]JOMBN:O@P ~MKUX[O@EHk:BVGJ`JZ{CaKMEHZ[O@Bq? >@? 6 k:BLXvO}N:KMPRk:`CFOnXvZ[`Jk:KMEGJ`JZ{CaKMEHZ[On`JOkq`J\KMBDCFk L 3EJ 2 L 3EJ 3 L 3EJ 3 1 Z[\@GJELK!I? I> j )KUELEFKtk:`J\KUBHCTKU]^K!k KMQO@Z[KM]^KtNqO@PrGJP ]Ik:BLXvO}N:KMPRk:`CFO=XvZ[`Jk:KME GJ`JZvC^aKMELZvOt`IO kq`J\KMBDCFkU? }?#"8OMCFKSlNMuKUORGI`JZvC^aKMELZ[K1`JORk:`J\KUBHCFk L 3EJ L 3EJ 2 L2 3EJ 1 Z[\@GIEFKnI? j )KUELEFKnkq`J\KMBDCTKM]^Kk KMQO@ZKM]JK<N:O@P GIPsK<EHOMCTKSlNUuKMOGJ`JZ{CaKMEHZK<`JOk:`I\KMBHCLkM? � I? 6 k:BLXvO}N:KMPRk:`CFOnXvZ[`Jk:KMEGJ`JZ{CaKMEHZ[On`JORKMQO@ZvOn]JO " \Jk:`JkqELO L 3EJ 3 L 3EJ 3 L 3EJ 2 1 Z[\@GJELK!I? @ j )KUELEFKtk:`J\KUBHCTKU]^K!k KMQO@Z[KM]^KtNqO@PrGJP ]Ik:BLXvO}N:KMPRk:`CFO=XvZ[`Jk:KME GJ`JZvC^aKMELZvOt`IO KUQSO@ZvOn]JO| " \^k:`JkqELOJ?
Compartilhar