<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">01 INTRODUÇÃ<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O À CRIMINOLOGIA<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">DELIMITAÇÃO <span class="_0 blank"> </span>INICIAL E CONCEI<span class="_0 blank"> </span>TUAÇÃO<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">O fenômeno da criminalidade aco<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mpanha <span class="_0 blank"> </span>- pari </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">passo - o desenvo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>lvimento da humanidade desde os<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">primórdios, e o tema, ineg<span class="_0 blank"> </span>avelmente, desperta a curiosi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dade,<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">a atenção e a preocu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>pação de toda a sociedade.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">As mais variadas pess<span class="_0 blank"> </span>oas, nos mais variado<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s locais<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">e épocas, constante<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mente buscam meios de enten<span class="_0 blank"> </span>der,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y8 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">explicar e coibir o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>crime no seio social. Assi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m, ao longo<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y9 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">da história, diversa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s noções surgira<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m e se superar<span class="_0 blank"> </span>am, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">confor<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>ando então u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma ciência distinta e exclusiva<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mente<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yb ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">focada no estu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>do deste fenômeno: a criminologia.<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Etimologicamente, cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minologia origina<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-se do lati<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">\u201ccrimen\u201d (delito/cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>me) e do grego \u201clogo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>\u201d (tratado).<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">É comum encontrar nos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>manuais de criminolog<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ls2 ws0">ia</span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">a indicação de que f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>oi o antropó<span class="_0 blank"> </span>logo francês Paul<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y10 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Topinard o pri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>meiro a utilizar esta terminologia par<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y11 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">designar este ra<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mo do saber, e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m meados de 1879. Mas<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y12 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y13 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2">- </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y14 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y15 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y16 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">obra intitulada \u201cCri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minologia\u201d.<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y17 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Segundo usual conceituação d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>outrinária, a cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minologia<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y18 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">é a ciência autônoma, e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mpírica e interdiscip<span class="_0 blank"> </span>linar,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y19 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">que tem por objeto<span class="_0 blank"> </span> o estudo do<span class="_0 blank"> </span> crime, do delinquen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>te, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">da vítima e do controle so<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cial do compo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rtamento delitivo.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">É ela também quem nos of<span class="_0 blank"> </span>erta uma info<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rmação<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">válida sobre a gênese, a dinâ<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mica e as variáveis do<span class="_0 blank"> </span> crime,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">enquanto fenô<span class="_0 blank"> </span>meno individual e social, possibi<span class="_1 blank"> </span>- </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y1e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y20 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y21 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y22 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">estratégias de reação con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tra o fato criminoso.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y23 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Com isso, é possível con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cluir que a cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minologia<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">não almeja o estudo do<span class="_0 blank"> </span> crime enquanto f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>enômeno jurídico<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">(como ilícito penal), <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mas sim o estudo de su<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">natureza, das suas origen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s e do seu processo<span class="_0 blank"> </span> de realização<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y27 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">e contenção, co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mo fato hu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>ano e social.<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Ou seja, o saber cr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>iminológico po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ssibilita ao operador<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">do direito u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m conhecimento mais apropriado e<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">próximo da realidade f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ática que o cerca, pois lhe of<span class="_0 blank"> </span>erta<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">dados que de<span class="_0 blank"> </span>monstram a extensão, a adequ<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ação e a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y6 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y7 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y8 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">o crime. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y28 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">CIÊNCIA AUTÔNOMA<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Por todo o expo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sto, é possível observar que a cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minologia<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yb ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">não é apenas uma \u201csubd<span class="_0 blank"> </span>isciplina\u201d de algu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">ramo do direito, mas si<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m uma ciência autôno<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma, que<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">oferta conheci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mento válido e útil à ciência juríd<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ica em<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">vários parâmetros.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 yf ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y10 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y11 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">impressão ou construção d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o \u201csaber popular\u201d, se<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m base<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y12 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">técnica alguma (estes sab<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eres populares, inclu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ive, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y13 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">que estão via de reg<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra ligados a experiências p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ráticas e<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y14 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">particulares de algu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ns agentes púb<span class="_0 blank"> </span>licos que atuam na<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y15 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">área do direito pen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>al, acabam propag<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ando situações<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y16 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">generalizadas e ind<span class="_0 blank"> </span>evidas co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>o verda<span class="_0 blank"> </span>des absolutas,<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y17 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls1 ws3">\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ws2"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y18 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> <span class="ff3 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd</span><span class="ls3"> </span></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y19 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">inclusive, é possível dizer que a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> investigação cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minológica<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">reduz ao máximo a intu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ição e o subjetivis<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>o,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">exatamente por sub<span class="_0 blank"> </span>meter o fenômeno criminal a u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">análise rigorosa, co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m técnicas adequadas e próp<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rias<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">para cada situação.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Ademais, a cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minologia traz em si todo u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m arcabouço<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1f ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">de conheci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mentos próprios, os quais não se<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y20 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">confunde<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span> co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m os conhecimentos de nenh<span class="_0 blank"> </span>uma das<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y21 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">ciências jurídico-rep<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ressivas, como o direito<span class="_0 blank"> </span> penal, o<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y22 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">processo penal e a p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>olítica criminal.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y23 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Inclusive, dentro desta persp<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ectiva, é plena<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mente<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">possível traçar u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma breve distinção e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ntre estas três<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">ciências - a crimino<span class="_0 blank"> </span>logia, o direito penal e a política<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">criminal. Vejamos:<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y27 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Enquanto a criminolo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gia busca dado<span class="_1 blank"> </span>s e dem<span class="_2 blank"></span>onstrações<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">fáticas sobre o crime, o cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minoso e a cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minalidade<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">em geral, o direito p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>enal apresenta<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-se como um<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">conjunto de n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ormas jurídicas que te<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m por objeto a determinação<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">de infrações de natu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>reza penal e suas resp<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ectivas<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">sanções (penas e medidas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de segura<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nça). Ou<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">seja, o direito penal vê o<span class="_0 blank"> </span> crime exclusiva<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mente como<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y8 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">fenô<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>eno jurídico <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(ilícito penal), não <span class="_0 blank"> </span>sendo objeto<span class="_0 blank"> </span> de<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y9 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">seus estudos a orig<span class="_0 blank"> </span>em, as causas e as con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sequências<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">sociais deste fato.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yb ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Ao seu turno, a política cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minal disciplina as <span class="_0 blank"> </span>medidas<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws4">qu<span class="ls1 ws2">e devem (ou podem) ser i<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mplementadas pelo<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Estado no co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>bate<span class="_0 blank"> </span> à criminalidade. Ou<span class="_0 blank"> </span> seja, está direta<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mente<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">ligada ao controle <span class="_0 blank"> </span>social do desvian<span class="_0 blank"> </span>te, ao<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 yf ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y10 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2">- </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y11 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws0">to<span class="ls1 ws2"> social como criminalid<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ade e to<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mar as medidas adequadas<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y12 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">para combatê-lo. Ass<span class="_0 blank"> </span>im, é possível perceber<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y13 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">que os postu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>lados da política cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minal servirão co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>o<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y14 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">critério de decisão a respeito<span class="_0 blank"> </span> dos siste<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mas dogmáticos<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y15 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">para a aplicação d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o direito e process<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o penal.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y16 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd</span><span class="ff2 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> <span class="ff3 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd</span><span class="ls1"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y17 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd</span><span class="ff2 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd</span><span class="ff2 ws2">- </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y18 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">fundem, seja quanto ao o<span class="_0 blank"> </span>bjeto de estudo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, quanto ao<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y19 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1a ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ff2 ls1 ws2">- </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">des perquiridas. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y29 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">O MÉTODO DA CRIM<span class="_0 blank"> </span>INOLOGI<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Consoante ano<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tado, a criminologia é uma ciência<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">empírica, de observação, ano<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tação e conclu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>são. Falar<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1f ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">de empirismo é o mes<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mo que falar de método experi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mental,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y20 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">ou seja, aquele que evolu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>i a partir da observ<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ação<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y21 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">do mundo feno<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mênico. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y22 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Tanto é assi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m que a metodologia empírica ta<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mbém<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y23 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">pode ser chamada de analítica ou ind<span class="_0 blank"> </span>utiva, pois parte<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">de um objeto para cheg<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ar a uma constatação, parte da<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y25 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">\u201ccoisa\u201d para chegar à idéia.<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff2"> </span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Portanto, é imperioso<span class="_0 blank"> </span> concluir que a criminologia<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y27 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">não é uma ciência <span class="_0 blank"> </span>formal, não é uma ciência silogística<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">ou mesmo dedutiva, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mas sim uma ciência de análise e<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">experimentação. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">INTERDISCIPLI<span class="_0 blank"> </span>NARIDADE<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> <span class="ff3 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd</span> <span class="ff3 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_0 blank"> </span>\ufffd</span> <span class="ff3 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd</span><span class="ls1"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y6 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> <span class="ff3 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd</span> <span class="ff3 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd</span><span class="ls1"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">uma ciência interdiscip<span class="_0 blank"> </span>linar, porqu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e conjug<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a o conhecimento<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y8 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">de várias outras ciências, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>muitas delas (inclusiv<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e) </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y9 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">não jurídicas, co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mo por exemplo: a biolog<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ia, a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">antropolog<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ia, a psicologia, a psiquiatria e a socio<span class="_0 blank"> </span>logia.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yb ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">A interdisciplinarid<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ade surge como uma necessidade<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">prática de articulação<span class="_0 blank"> </span> de conhecimento<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s, e constitui<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">um dos efeitos ideo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>lógicos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>ais impo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rtantes sobre<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">o qual se constrói esta ciência,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> exatamente porqu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">permite romper barreiras estan<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ques e conf<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ormar um<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y10 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">saber conjugado<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. Os fenômenos surge<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m exatamente<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y11 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">da integração das p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>artes constitutivas de cada ciência<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y12 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Até porque, tendo e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m vista que a criminologia entende<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y13 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">o crime apenas como u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma das várias fo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rmas de<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y14 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">comportamento humano (u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m episódio de desaju<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stamento<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y15 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">do ho<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m às condições fund<span class="_0 blank"> </span>amentais da convivência<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y16 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">social), é certo que<span class="_0 blank"> </span> sua estruturação dep<span class="_0 blank"> </span>enderá </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y17 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">dos conheci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mentos oriundos de outros ra<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>os do saber<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">OBJETOS DE ESTUDO<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h4 y2c ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">a) O delito: </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y2d ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">É o primeiro objeto de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>estudo da cr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>iminologia, e tal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>- </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y2e ff6 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws5">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd<span class="ff5 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y2f ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">que gira todas as constr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>uções teóricas desta<span class="_0 blank"> </span> ciência.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y30 ff6 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Vale destacar que o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>termo \u201cdelito\u201d (<span class="_0 blank"> </span>aqui trabalhado<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y31 ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">enquanto sinônim<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o de crime/infração p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>enal) não é<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y32 ff6 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws5">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd <span class="ff5 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y33 ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">dependem do ram<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o do conhecim<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ento que o utiliza e<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y34 ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">o contexto que o em<span class="_0 blank"> </span>prega. Basta <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ver que para o d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ireito </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y35 ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">penal, a palavra delito<span class="_0 blank"> </span> possui um<span class="_0 blank"> </span> conteúdo form<span class="_0 blank"> </span>al<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y36 ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">técnico (o qual pode v<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ariar de acordo com<span class="_0 blank"> </span> a corrente:<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y37 ff6 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws5">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y38 ff6 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws6">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff5 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y39 ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">para a ética, o delito poss<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ui um<span class="_0 blank"> </span> conteúdo estritam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ente<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y3a ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">moral e principioló<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gico. Já a socio<span class="_0 blank"> </span>logia o enxerga<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y3b ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">como um<span class="_0 blank"> </span> fato social. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y3c ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Ao seu turno, a crim<span class="_0 blank"> </span>inologia vê o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>delito com<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o fenômeno<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y3d ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">humano geral, com<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o algo a ser dec<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ifrado e com<span class="_0 blank"> </span>preendido.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y3e ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">E ao longo de sua e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>volução teórica, vári<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y3f ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">foram as f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ormas utilizadas pela crim<span class="_0 blank"> </span>inologia para<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff2 fs0"> </span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y26 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y27 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">que gira todas as c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>onstruções teóricas desta ciên<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cia.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y3 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Vale destacar que o<span class="_0 blank"> </span> termo \u201cdelito\u201d (aqui trabalhad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">enquanto sinôn<span class="_0 blank"> </span>imo de crime/infração penal) não<span class="_0 blank"> </span> é<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y5 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y6 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">depende<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span> do ramo do<span class="_0 blank"> </span> conhecimento que o utiliza e<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y8 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">o contexto qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e o emprega. Basta ver <span class="_0 blank"> </span>que para o direito<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y9 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">penal, a palavra delito po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ssui u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span> conteúd<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o formal<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">técnico (o qual pod<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e variar de acordo<span class="_0 blank"> </span> com a corrente:<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 yb ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">para a ética, o delit<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o possui u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m conteúdo estritamente<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">moral e principiológico<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. Já a sociologia o enxerga<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">como um fato social.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y10 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Ao seu turno, a cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minologia vê o delito co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mo fenômeno<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y11 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">humano geral, como algo a se<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r decifrado e compreend<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ido.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y12 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">E ao longo de sua evo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>lução teórica, várias<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y13 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">foram as formas utilizadas pela c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>riminologia para exp<span class="_0 blank"> </span>licar<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y14 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">e delimitar o cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>me. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y40 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">b) O criminoso:<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y16 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">O segundo<span class="_0 blank"> </span> objeto de análise da crimino<span class="_0 blank"> </span>logia foi </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y17 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">percebido de fo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rmas variadas pelas correntes teóricas.<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y18 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Para os clássicos, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o homem nasce bom por naturez<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y19 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">e criminoso é aquele que op<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tou pelo ca<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minho do<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">mal, embora pudesse e devess<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e respeitar a lei. Dentro<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">dessa ótic<span class="ff3">a, que ba<span class="_0 blank"> </span>seia toda a constru<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ção do \u201ccon<span class="_0 blank"> </span>trato</span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1c ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">social\u201d (J.Roussea<span class="_0 blank"> </span>u), a pessoa teria o livre a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rbítrio para<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">decidir se quer ser bo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m ou mal. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Para os positivistas, o livre <span class="_0 blank"> </span>arbítrio é u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m mito, e o<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1f ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">homem não tem a op<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ção de escolher entre o ca<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minho<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y20 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">do bem ou do <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mal. Funda<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m suas construções no determinis<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mo, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y21 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">razão pela qual o cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minoso passa a ser<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y22 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">visto co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>o algué<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m doente, prisioneiro de su<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a própria<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y23 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">patologia ou<span class="_0 blank"> </span> de processos causais alheios.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Já para os correicion<span class="_0 blank"> </span>alistas o criminoso é u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m fraco,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">um ser inferior, inap<span class="_0 blank"> </span>to ao con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>vívio social, incapaz de<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">dirigir - por si mes<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mo - sua vid<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a. Assim, a sua debili<span class="_0 blank"> </span>- </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y27 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">estatal. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ws2"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_0 blank"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">como vítima do processo<span class="_0 blank"> </span> econômico de exploração do<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">homem pelo homem (trata<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-se de u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma explicação capitalista<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y8 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">para o fenômeno, o qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>al tem na sociedade os<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y9 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">fatores de cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minalização do agente).<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y41 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">c) A vítima: </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yb ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws2">O <span class="ls1">terceiro objeto de estud<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o recebeu um trato bastante<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">variado ao long<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o das construções históricas da<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">criminologia e suas ciências cor<span class="_0 blank"> </span>relatas, e estas alter<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>- </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span>\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> <span class="ff3 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd</span><span class="ls1">- </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y10 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">peciais (que nasce co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m sua valorização<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, passa por um<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y11 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y12 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y13 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Num primeiro momento, qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e se operou des<span class="_0 blank"> </span>de os<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y14 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">primórdios da civil<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ização até a Alta Idad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e Média, a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y15 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">vítima possuía u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m papel bastante importante na gên<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ese<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y16 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">do delito, até porque viv<span class="_0 blank"> </span>íamos um período<span class="_0 blank"> </span> em<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y17 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">que reinava a lógica da vi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ngança privada, da auto<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tute<span class="_0 blank"> </span>- </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y18 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y19 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1a ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">\u201cvíti<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>a de ouro\u201d. <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Após, ela passa por u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m período de<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">neutralização, em q<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ue ela é totalmente descartada do<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">processo criminológico<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. A vítima deixa de ter o pod<span class="_0 blank"> </span>er<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">de reação ao fato delitu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>oso, que é assu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mido e monopolizado<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">pelo Estado sob<span class="_0 blank"> </span>erano. A pena passa a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> ser u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1f ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">garantia de orde<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m coletiva e não mais particular.<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y20 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y21 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> <span class="ff3 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd</span> <span class="ff3 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd</span> <span class="ff3 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd</span><span class="ls1"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y22 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">da idade média e perdu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra até o início d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o período <span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>odern<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y23 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">quando então<span class="_0 blank"> </span> se passou a revalorizar <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o papel<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">da vítima, inclusive no<span class="_0 blank"> </span> âmbito jurídico<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-penal; bas<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ta </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">ver que surgiram, apó<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s, inúmeros institutos no<span class="_0 blank"> </span> âmbito<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">do direito e proces<span class="_0 blank"> </span>so penal que de<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mandam a intervenção<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y27 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">do ofendido<span class="_0 blank"> </span> (como, por exemplo: nas ações penais<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">de iniciativa priva<span class="_0 blank"> </span>da, que depen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dem da queixa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-crime;<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">nas públicas con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dicionadas que depende<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m da representação;<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">a possibilidade de co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mposição civil dos d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>anos<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">trazida pela Lei do<span class="_0 blank"> </span> Juizado Especial; etc.). Foi a<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y42 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">partir daí, inclusive, qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e nasceu o estu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>do da vitimolo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>- </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y43 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y44 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y45 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">d) Controle social do delito:<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y46 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y47 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ff2 ls1 ws2">- </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y48 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">sagra o conjunto<span class="_0 blank"> </span> de mecanismos e de<span class="_0 blank"> </span> sanções sociais<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y49 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">que pretende<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m submeter o indivíduo aos modelos<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">sociais comunitário<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s. Fala-se então, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>dos controles<span class="_0 blank"> </span> formais </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">e informais da criminalid<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ade.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Os primeiros (controles<span class="_0 blank"> </span> formais) são aqu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eles pertinentes<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">ao Estado represso<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r, legítimo detentor do jus<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">puniendi. Já os segun<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dos (controles info<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rmais) são<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4f ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">aqueles pertinentes à fa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mília, aos amigos, a igreja, etc.<span class="_0 blank"> </span>,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y50 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">ou mesmo aos siste<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mas paralelos de repressão (co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mo,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y51 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">por exemplo, o crime organizado<span class="_0 blank"> </span> e as <span class="_0 blank"> </span>milícias não<span class="_0 blank"> </span>- </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y52 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y53 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">FINALIDADE DA CRIMI<span class="_0 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>OLOGIA<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y54 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Com o resultado de suas in<span class="_0 blank"> </span>vestigações, a cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minologia<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y55 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">preocupa-se em fo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rnecer explicações <span class="_0 blank"> </span>válidas<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y56 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">para o fenômeno do cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>me e, com isso, auxiliar a desenv<span class="_0 blank"> </span>olver<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y57 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">métodos para a redu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ção da criminalidade.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y58 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Ou seja, por não ser u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma ciência estanq<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ue, a crimin<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ologia </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y59 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">visa apontar u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m núcleo seguro de conheci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mentos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">sobre cada um dos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>seus objetos d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e estudo. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Assim, é possível con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cluir que as duas pergun<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tas<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">fundamentais da criminolog<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ia são as seguin<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tes: Por<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">que algué<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m delinquiu? O que se po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>de fazer para minimizar<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">a delinquência?<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y5f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">CONCLUSÕES PRELI<span class="_0 blank"> </span>MINARES<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y60 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd<span class="ff2 ws2"> Conceito: a criminologia é<span class="_0 blank"> </span> uma ciência autôn<span class="_0 blank"> </span>oma,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">empírica e interdisciplin<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ar, que cuida do<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y27 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">do delito, gerando<span class="_0 blank"> </span> info<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rmações válidas sobre a gê-<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span></span>\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd</span><span class="ff2 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">orientando a sua preven<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ção e repressão.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y7 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd<span class="ff2 ws2"> Quanto ao <span class="_0 blank"> </span>método: a criminologia é u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma ciên<span class="_0 blank"> </span>- </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y8 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> <span class="ff3 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd</span><span class="ls1"> <span class="ff3 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span>\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y9 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> <span class="ff3 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd</span><span class="ls1"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">análise) e interdisc<span class="_0 blank"> </span>iplinar (pois se val<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e do conheci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mento </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yb ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">de outros ramos do saber, co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mo a sociologia,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">biologia e psico<span class="_0 blank"> </span>logia). </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd<span class="ff2 ws2"> Objeto da cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minologia: o crime, o cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minoso, a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 ye ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y10 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span>\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y11 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2">- </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y12 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">posta para delimita<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ção e para o controle do<span class="_0 blank"> </span> fenômeno<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y13 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">da criminalidade.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y14 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y15 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2">- </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y16 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y17 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2">- </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y18 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y61 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">02 ESCOLAS CR<span class="_0 blank"> </span>IMINOLÓGICA<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Ao longo d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a história, várias teorias procuraram estud<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ar<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">o crime e o cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minoso, as quais acabaram conf<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ormando<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">verdadeiras correntes do<span class="_0 blank"> </span>utrinárias den<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tro </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1d ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">da criminologia, ao qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e se pode batizar de \u201cescolas<span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">criminológicas\u201d \u2013<span class="ff2"> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>cada qual co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m suas premissas, suas<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y1f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y20 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2">- </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y21 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">ticos. Dentre estas, é po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ssível destacar três<span class="_0 blank"> </span> momentos<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y22 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">em especial: o da Escola clássica<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, da Escola positiv<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ista,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y23 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">e das Escolas pós-<span class="_0 blank"> </span>positiv<span class="_0 blank"> </span>istas. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Façamos agora brev<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e análise das premissas centr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ais<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">de cada uma delas, be<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m como de seus <span class="_0 blank"> </span>maiores expoentes<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">doutrinários. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">ESCOLA CLÁSS<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ICA </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Entende-se que durante to<span class="_0 blank"> </span>do o período<span class="_0 blank"> </span> da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Antiguidade Cláss<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ica (mesmo com nomes co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mo<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Homero, Hipócrates, Platão <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e Aristóteles) e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>da Idade<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Média (com São To<span class="_0 blank"> </span>más de Aquino, por exemplo) aind<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">não se podia falar verdad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eiramente em criminologia<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">- não ao menos enqu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>anto ciência <span class="_0 blank"> </span>-, posto qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e não </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y8 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">havia construções só<span class="_0 blank"> </span>lidas ou teorias devid<span class="_0 blank"> </span>amente elaboradas<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y9 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">para delimitação ef<span class="_0 blank"> </span>etiva dos objeto<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s por ela </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">tratados. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 yb ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">do pensa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>ento ilu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minista, que nasceu no<span class="_0 blank"> </span> século XVIII<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ws2"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> <span class="ff3 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd</span><span class="ls1"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y10 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Baruch Spinoza (163<span class="_0 blank"> </span>2-1677), Joh<span class="_0 blank"> </span>n Locke (1632<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-1704), </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y11 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Pierre Bayle (1647<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-1706), Isaac Newt<span class="_0 blank"> </span>on (1643<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-1727), </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y12 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y13 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2">- </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y14 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">bou cul<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>inando na <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Revolu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ção francesa tempos de<span class="_0 blank"> </span>- </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y15 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y16 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls3 ws2"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ff2 ls1 ws2">- </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y17 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">tural encampado pela elite de in<span class="_0 blank"> </span>telectuais europ<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eus,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y18 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y19 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">reformar a sociedade e pro<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mover uma revolução in<span class="_0 blank"> </span>telectual<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">contra a intolerância e os abu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sos da Igreja e do<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Estado, foi o grand<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e responsável pelo ef<span class="_0 blank"> </span>etivo estopi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">da ciência criminoló<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gica. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Os iluministas enten<span class="_0 blank"> </span>diam que os seres<span class="_0 blank"> </span> hu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>manos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1f ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">detinham plenas co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ndições de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_2 blank"></span>elhorar o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mundo,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y20 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">mediante a introspecção, o liv<span class="_0 blank"> </span>re exercício das capacid<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ades<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y21 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">e do engajamento p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>olítico<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-social de todos. Para<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y22 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">tanto, partia<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m de um pressuposto básico<span class="_0 blank"> </span> e interessante,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y23 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">qual seja: o de que tod<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os os seres h<span class="_0 blank"> </span>umanos goza<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">do livre arbítrio, de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>modo que cada um pode escolh<span class="_0 blank"> </span>er<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">o caminho que deseja segu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ir. </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Estes pensamentos acabara<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m enraizando<span class="_0 blank"> </span> nos ideais<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y27 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">dos doutrinadores qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e se debruçava<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m sobre o estudo<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">do crime e do cri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minoso à época, dentre os quais<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y3 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">\u201cMarquês de Beccaria\u201d,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> que nasceu em Milão<span class="_0 blank"> </span> e viveu<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">entre os anos de 173<span class="_0 blank"> </span>8 a 1794. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Cesare Beccaria foi u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m aguerrido crítico das<span class="_0 blank"> </span> arbitrariedades<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y8 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">cometidas pela just<span class="_0 blank"> </span>iça da época, a qua<span class="_0 blank"> </span>l__ </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y62 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">ainda se valia de v<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ários métodos herd<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ados das práticas<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y46 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">comuns na Idade média e no<span class="_0 blank"> </span> período abso<span class="_0 blank"> </span>lutista que<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y47 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">a seguiu (com as penas corpo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rais, torturas, ordálias e<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y48 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">\u201csantas punições\u201d). Assi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m, inspirado p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>elo ideal de libertação<span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y49 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">e auto-responsabilid<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ade do ser hu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mano, ele </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4a ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">escreveu a sua gra<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nde obra clássica, \u201c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>Dos Delitos e das<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4b ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Penas\u201d, um verdadeiro <span class="_0 blank"> </span>manifesto da abordag<span class="_0 blank"> </span>em liberal<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">do direito criminal, no qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>al defendia as segu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>intes<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">premissas centrais:<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y4e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y4f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y50 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">para os crimes; </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y51 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">b) que somente os magistrado<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s poderiam julgar<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y52 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">os criminosos, nunca interpret<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ando, mas apenas<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y63 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">aplicando as leis penais v<span class="_0 blank"> </span>igentes;<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y54 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">c) que as acusações<span class="_0 blank"> </span> não deve<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m ser secretas, e<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y55 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">que o réu não po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>de ser considerado c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ulpado até<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y56 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y57 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">d) que a tortura não dev<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e ser validade como<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y58 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">meio de prova no p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rocesso;<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y59 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">e) que deve haver u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma proporção entre os delito<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">e as penas aplicáveis;<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y5b ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd</div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5c ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd<span class="_2 blank"></span>\ufffd\ufffd<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">de atormentar o culp<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ado, mas sim de impedi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-<span class="ls2 ws0">lo</span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">de agredir nova<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mente a sociedade; </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y64 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">g) e que as penas d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>evem ser iguais para tod<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y60 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">(sem distinção de classes).<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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