SIMPLE PAST FINAL

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SIMPLE PAST
The Simple Past is the verbal tense that, depending on the context, can be equivalent to the Pretérito Imperfeito or Pretérito Perfeito Simples in Portuguese. Moreover, in this tense verb, the form of the verb varies in regular or irregular.
USES 
The Simple Past is used to talk about events, actions or situations, which happened in the past and finished before the time of speaking (now). Besides, “when” the fact happened can be expressed or just implied. In this case, The Simple Past is equivalent to the Pretérito Perfeito.
Ex.: 	The Second World War ended in 1945.
	I never met my grandfather. (Imply he died before I born)
We can use the Simple Past to say that one thing happened after another in the Past. Here the Simple Past is equivalent to the Pretérito Imperfeito.
Ex.:	While the cicada sang, the ant worked.
		While the children played, their mother worked in the kitchen.
The Simple Past can also express a habitual or frequent past fact, acting as the Pretérito Imperfeito in Portuguese.
Ex.:	When I lived near the Fazendinha beach, I went swimming every morning.
		Whenever someone walked past the gate, the dog barked.
Observations:
In the cases that the Simple Past is equal to the Pretérito Imperfeito, is common to appear When, While and Whenever.
There are two others options that can replace the Simple Past when it is equivalent to the Pretérito Imperfeito: the past progressive and the construction with used to. 
The Simple Past which is equivalent to the pretérito imperfeito is used with verbs that, usually, don’t admit the end with –ing: want, prefer…
THE FORMATION 
Affirmative form:
In the affirmative sentences, the verbal form varies in regular and irregular. 
	REGULAR VERBS
	IRREGULAR VERBS
	
Subject + infinitive (without to) + -ed
past
	
Subject + verb in the past
	
I/You
He/She/It 
We/You/They
	
opened the window.
	
I/You
He/She/It 
We/You/They
	
brought a cake.
Ex.:	I opened the window.
He cleaned his bedroom yesterday.
Ariano Suassuna wrote the Auto da Compadecida.
Observation: 
As in the Simple Present, the Simple past also uses its auxiliary verb (did) in affirmative sentences to emphasize what is spoken. Note that the main verb remains infinitive:
Ex.:	I know that he did say it!
We did go to the game last Sunday!
Negative form:
For both Regular and Irregular verbs, the negative sentences is formed adding did not before the infinitive form of the verb.
In the negative sentences, we can do contraction in the auxiliary verb: did not didn’t.
	
Subject + did not/didn’t + infinitive (without to)
	
I/You
He/She/It did not/didn’t pay the bill
We/You/They
Ex.:	They didn’t pay the bill
It’s not fair! Joe didn’t work as much as Paul.
She didn’t say that.
Interrogative form:
For both Regular and Irregular verbs, the interrogative sentences is formed putting the auxiliary did before the subject.
	
Did + subject + infinitive (without to)
	
	
Did
	
I/You
He/She/It 
We/You/They
	
arrive yesterday?
swim yesterday?
Ex.:	Did you arrive yesterday?
Where did they go?
Did he leave last week?
Observation.:
Note that we do not use the auxiliary did in negative and interrogative sentences with the verb to be. The past of be (am/is/are) is was/were.
	He didn’t arrive early
Did they arrive late?
	He wasn’t early.
Were they late?
WH-questions
	Who, what, which, how many
When the wh-words “who, what, which, how many” refer to the subject of a sentence, we do not use did in the interrogative of Simple Past:
	“Who” referring to the subject
	“Who” referring to the object
	Someone saw Alice.
	Alice saw someone.
	Who saw Alice?
	Who did Alice see?
Ex.:	What happened yesterday?
		Which team won the first prize?
		How many people came to the party?
			When, where, why, how
The wh-words “when, where, why, how” always refer to the objects of a sentence; so, use did.
Ex.:	When did the train leave?
		Where did you go yesterday?
		Why did you do that?
		How did they meet?
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS
Regular verbs: 
In the most regular verbs, the past simple and the past participle are formed adding 
–ed in the end of the verbs:
jump > jumped
paint > painted
However, some verbs follow different rules:
Verbs of one syllable that ends in consonant-vowel-consonant, double the final consonant and add -ed:
chat > chatted
stop > stopped
If the final consonant is w, x or y, do not double it:
sew > sewed
play > played
fix > fixed
If the last syllable of a longer verb is stressed and ends in consonant-vowel-consonant, double the last consonant and add -ed:
incur > incurred
prefer > preferred
If the first syllable of a longer verb is stressed and the verb ends in consonant-vowel-consonant, just add -ed:
open > opened
enter > entered
swallow > swallowed
If the verb ends with -e, just add -d:
thrive > thrived
guzzle > guzzled
If the verb ends in consonant + -y, change the "y" to an "i" and add -ed:
cry > cried
fry > fried
	Infinitive
	Clean
	Finish
	Use
	Paint
	Stop
	Carry
	Past simple
Past participle
	Cleaned
	Finished
	Used
	Painted
	Stopped
	Carried
We use the Past participle to make the perfect tenses and all the passive forms.
Ex.:	I have cleaned the windows. [Present perfect]
		He was carried out of the room [Past simple passive]
Irregular verbs:
The verbs are irregular when they do not end in –ed in the past simple and past participle. 
There are different kinds of irregular verbs:
There are some that continue the same in all three forms (infinitive, past simple and past participle);
Others have the same form in the past simple and the past participle, but change in the infinitive;
Some change only in the Simple past;
And those that all the forms are different.
	Infinitive
	Simple Past Tense
	Past Participle
	Hit
	Hit
	Hit
	Tell
	Told
	has told
	Run
	Ran
	has run
	Grow
	Grew
	has grown
However, some verbs can be regular or irregular:
	Infinitive
	Regular 
	Irregular
	Burn
	Burned
	Burnt
	Dream
	Dreamed
	Dreamt [dremt]*
	Lean
	Leaned
	Leant [lent]*
	Learn
	Learned
	Learnt
	Smell
	Smelled
	Smelt
	Spell
	Spelled
	spelt
	Spill
	Spilled
	Spilt
	Spoil
	Spoiled
	spoilt
*pronunciation
List of the 70 most common irregular verbs in English:
	Verb (infinitive)
	Past simple form
	Past participle
	Become
	Became
	Become
	Begin
	Began
	Begun
	Break
	Broke
	Broken
	Bring
	Brought
	Brought
	Build
	Built
	Built
	Buy
	Bought
	Bought
	Catch
	Caught
	Caught
	Choose
	Chose
	Chosen
	Come
	Came
	Come
	Cost
	Cost
	Cost
	Cut
	Cut
	Cut
	Do
	Did
	Done
	Draw
	Drew
	Drawn
	Drink
	Drank
	Drunk
	Drive
	Drove
	Driven
	Eat
	Ate
	Eaten
	Fall
	Fell
	Fallen
	Feed
	Fed
	Fed
	Feel
	Felt
	Felt
	Fight
	Fought
	Fought
	Find
	Found
	Found
	Fly
	Flew
	Flown
	Forget
	Forgot
	Forgotten
	Forgive
	Forgave
	Forgiven
	Get
	Got
	Got (bre) / gotten (ame)
	Give
	Gave
	Given
	Go
	Went
	Gone
	Grow
	Grew
	Grown
	Have
	Had
	Had
	Hear
	Heard
	Heard
	Hide
	Hid
	Hidden
	Hit
	Hit
	Hit
	Hold
	Held
	Held
	Know
	Knew
	Known
	Learn
	Learned
	Learnt/Learned
	Leave
	Left
	Left
	Lend
	Lent
	Lent
	Lose
	Lost
	Lost
	Make
	Made
	Made
	Mean
	Meant
	Meant
	Meet
	Met
	Met
	Pay
	Paid
	Paid
	Put
	Put
	Put
	Read
	Read
	Read
	Ride
	Rode
	Ridden
	Rise
	Rose
	Risen
	Run
	Ran
	Run
	Say
	Said
	Said
	See
	Saw
	Seen
	Sell
	Sold
	Sold
	Send
	Sent
	Sent
	Set
	Set
	Set
	ShowShowed
	Shown
	Sing
	Sang
	Sung
	Sit
	Sat
	Sat
	Sleep
	Slept
	Slept
	Speak
	Spoke
	Spoken
	Spend
	Spent
	Spent
	Stand
	Stood
	Stood
	Steal
	Stole
	Stolen
	Swim
	Swam
	Swum
	Take
	Took
	Taken
	Teach
	Taught
	Taught
	Tell
	Told
	Told
	Think
	Thought
	Thought
	Throw
	Threw
	Thrown
	Understand
	Understood
	Understood
	Wear
	Wore
	Worn
	Win
	Won
	Won
	Write
	Wrote
	Written
AGO:
To indicate the past, expressions of time is followed by the word ago.
Ex.:	The train left five minutes ago.
		He studied Russian a long time ago.
USED TO
No happens anymore
Used to
Now
Past
	
Past habits
Used to can be used to refer past habits, in the other words, something that used to happen regularly in the past, but no longer happens. In Portuguese, it corresponds to “costumava fazer (algo)” ou “fazia (algo)”.
Ex.: 	I used to swim every day when I was young.
		People used to write more letters.
Questions with used to:
	
did + pronoun/name + use to 
(attention: used to change to use to after did)
	Did you use to ride a motorbike?
Did Shakespeare use to live in London?
Negative with used to:
	
did not + use to/ used not to
	I didn’t use to like classical music.
She didn’t use to wear jeans.
To emphasize the negative, use never used to: She never used to swear!
Situations and Past States:
Used to also may be used to describe situations or states in the past, that do not exist anymore or do not are true.
Ex.:	Helen used to live in Macapá. Now she lives in Santana.
		Colour televisions used to be really expensive.
Observations: 
To determine how long something has lasted in the past, it is not possible to use the used to. Use the simple past.
Ex.:	I studied capoeira for ten years.
		She worked in a bank all her life.
Do not confuse I used to and I am used to doing. The structures and meaning are different.
Ex.:	I used to live alone. (= I lived alone in the past, but I no longer live alone.)
		I am used to living alone. (= I live alone, and I do not find it strange or difficult because I have been living alone for some time.)
SIMPLE PAST – TIME AND ASPECT:
	
	Many traditional English grammar books approach tenses in a generalized way, often exploring only their uses and forms. As a consequence, many students of the English language who have contact with this material, do not to go deep into the questions that are related to tenses. The knowledge constructed is then just an overview of these tenses. This is why there are still many confusions about this topic.
	
THE PAST TIME
 Time is a straight line with no beginning or ending, in which the infinite number of dots ordered in a linear dimension are events. The events follow the logic behavior of happenings, what happens before precedes what happens next. At some point of this line we can find the speech time, – once language is being discussed - here represented by a bigger dot, as follows:
--------------------- ○󠇬 -----------------------
The speech time takes place during the speaker’s discourse and it is considered as the main reference-point for identifying whether the speaker is talking about past, present or future, this is, the event time. When the intention is to talk about a past event, an earlier event from the time of speech is being mentioned in the timeline, here represented by a triangle:
------------▲-------- ○󠇬 -----------------------
A tense then, is the relation between the time of speech and the event time. The past tense is being used when the time of speech is preceded by the event time.
THE SIMPLE ASPECT
The aspect is the part of the tense that provides more information about an action reflects how an action is seen: as complete, in progress, having duration, beginning, ending or being repeated. The simple aspect does not receive this name because it is somehow easy, it is used to describe actions or events that take place exactly at the time event, but depending on the speaker’s intention it may change. This aspect related to the fact that the events can be permanent, complete or habitual. Here are some examples:
Macapá is in North of Brazil (permanent/ fact)
We went to Curiaú last weekend (completed)
Bábara Kelly takes Macapá/Santana bus at 6 a.m. every day (habitual)
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
 
The simple past comes from the combination of the past time and the simple aspect to form a tense in which an action takes place and is completed before the speaker’s discourse.
I ate vatapá last night
Raimunda danced marabaixo very well last week
Nivito Guedes played at Bacabeiras theater last month
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE FORMS
There are two categories of verb that are used to form this tense the regular ones, finished by the –ed particle, they are the major category used in this tense, here are some examples:
Worked
Cooked
Played
The other category consists in the group of verbs that do not follow any pattern for its conjugation in the past, as followed by the examples:
Take – Took
Sing - Sang
Keep – kept
To be- was/were
When an affirmative sentence is constructed in this tense, the verbs conjugated suffer inflexions in order to put the whole sentence in the past, always following their categories:
She bought a lot of art works at Casa do Artesão
Zé Miguel was an attraction in Macapá verão festival
The auxiliary did or the verb to be inflected was/were, come at the beginning of the sentence to turn it into an interrogative sentence, and the verb goes back to the infinite form:
Did you eat Açaí for lunch?
Was she at unifap early today?
And in a negative- interrogative sentence not is suffixed to the auxiliary did or to the verb to be inflected:
Didn’t you play futlama after your lunch?
Wasn’t your mother at Sacaca Museum last Monday?
To form negative sentences did and not are followed by a non-inflected main verb:
I didn’t see your cousin at Mucajá yesterday.
You didn’t sleep in the Universidade bus again. 
With the verb to be the order is normal, but it receives the suffix not as well: 
You weren’t at Marco Zero last month
Ana wasn’t so happy to listen to melody music from her neighbor
SPECIAL FORMS FOR SPECIAL USES
To give emphasis to an event that happened in the past, is the auxiliary did the particle which will work in an affirmative sentence, and the main verbs remains its infinitive form, as follows:
I did wait for you at floriano peixoto!
My father did study at UNIFAP some years ago.
The auxiliary used to signals the past as a habitual past or repetitive past as in:
She used to talk more about capoieira
He used to live in Macapá
The auxiliary would is also used to show that an event was habitual in the past:
He would eat more than five pieces of cupuaçu cake a day
They’d study hard to be approved at UNIFAP 
There is a semantic diference between using used to and would, sice the first one implies the action is finished and the second one implies the action may still happen:
She used to dance marabaixo with her family every day (she does not do it anymore)
She would dance marabaixo with her family every day (she may still do it)
The simple past can also be used to give temporal sequence in a narrative as illustrated:
She went home; made herself some dinner; then, she fell asleep.
 
EXERCISES 
Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.
It was warm, so I took off my coat. (take)
The film wasn’t very good. I didn’t enjoy it very much. (enjoy)
I knew Sarah was very busy, so I her. (disturb)
I was very tired, so I the party early. (leave)
The bed was very uncomfortable. I very well. (sleep)The window was open and a bird into the room. (fly)
The hotel wasn’t very expensive. It very much. (cost)
I was in a hurry, so I time to phone you. (have)
It was hard carrying the bags. They very heavy. (be)
Write questions or negative sentences:
He cleaned his room before school (negative)
The teacher corrected our tests last night (question)
Tom wanted to go to the movies alone (negative)
Helena offered Henrique a piece of cake (question)
Alexander helped Anita with her exercises (negative)
They turned off the TV after the news (negative) 
Answer key
 
c) didn’t disturb
d) left
e) didn’t sleep
f) flew
g) didn’t cost
h) didn’t have
i) were
 
He didn’t clean his room before school.
Did the teacher correct our tests last night? 
Tom didn’t want to go to the movies alone.
Did Helena offered Henrique a piece of cake?
Alexander didn’t help Anita with her exercises.
They didn’t turn off the TV after the news.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
GIVÓN, T. English Grammar. A function-based introduction V. I.Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,1993.
MURPHY, Raymond. English Grammar in Use. Cambrigde, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
www.speakspeak.com/resources/vocabulary-elementary-pre-intermediate/70-common-irregular-verbs
www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/regular_verbs.htm