<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w0 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/942cb4ae-47cb-4170-86c2-59885af3a391/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Stephen Foster</div><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Ricardo Hirata</div><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Daniel Gomes</div><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Monica D\u2019Elia</div><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Marta Paris</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y6 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws0">a guide for water utilities, municipal authorities,<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_0 blank"></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y7 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws0">and environment agencies<span class="_0 blank"></span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y8 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws0">gr<span class="_1 blank"></span>oundwater<span class="_2 blank"></span> <span class="_3 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h4 y9 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws0">QUALITy PROTECTION<span class="_4 blank"></span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x5 y0 w1 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/942cb4ae-47cb-4170-86c2-59885af3a391/bg2.png"><div class="t m1 x6 h5 ya ff3 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Groundwater <span class="_3 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m1 x6 h5 yb ff3 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Quality <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Protection</div><div class="t m1 x6 h6 yc ff4 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>guide <span class="_5 blank"> </span>for <span class="_5 blank"> </span>water <span class="_5 blank"> </span>utilities, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>municipal <span class="_5 blank"> </span>authorities, </div><div class="t m1 x6 h6 yd ff4 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>environment <span class="_5 blank"> </span>agencies</div><div class="t m0 x6 h7 ye ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Stephen Fost<span class="_1 blank"></span>er</div><div class="t m0 x6 h7 yf ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Ricardo <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Hirata</div><div class="t m0 x6 h7 y10 ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Daniel <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Gomes</div><div class="t m0 x6 h7 y11 ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Monica <span class="_5 blank"> </span>D\u2019Elia</div><div class="t m0 x6 h7 y12 ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Mar<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ta Paris</div><div class="t m1 x6 h8 y13 ff3 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Management <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Advisory <span class="_5 blank"> </span>T<span class="_1 blank"></span>eam (GW\u2022MA<span class="_1 blank"></span>TE)</div><div class="t m1 x6 h9 y14 ff3 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">in <span class="_5 blank"> </span>association <span class="_5 blank"> </span>with the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Global <span class="_5 blank"> </span>W<span class="_1 blank"></span>ater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Partnership</div><div class="t m1 x6 h9 y15 ff3 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">co-sponsored <span class="_5 blank"> </span>by <span class="_5 blank"> </span>WHO-P<span class="_6 blank"></span>AHO-CEPIS <span class="_5 blank"> </span>& <span class="_5 blank"> </span>UNESCO-ROSTLAC-PHI</div><div class="t m1 x6 h7 y16 ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls4 ws0">THE <span class="_1 blank"></span>WORLD BANK</div><div class="t m1 x6 h7 y17 ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">W<span class="_1 blank"></span>ashington, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>D<span class="_1 blank"></span>.C.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w0 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/942cb4ae-47cb-4170-86c2-59885af3a391/bg3.png"><div class="t m0 x7 ha y18 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">©2002 The International Bank <span class="_5 blank"> </span>for Reconstruction <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and Development / The W<span class="_1 blank"></span>orld <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Bank</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y19 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">1818 H <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Street NW</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1a ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">W<span class="_1 blank"></span>ashington <span class="_5 blank"> </span>DC 20433</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1b ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">T<span class="_6 blank"></span>elephone: <span class="_5 blank"> </span>202-473-1000</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1c ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Internet: w<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ww<span class="_1 blank"></span>.worldbank<span class="_5 blank"> </span>.org</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1d ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">E-mail: feedback@worldbank.org</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1e ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">All rights <span class="_5 blank"> </span>reserved</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1f ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">First printing September <span class="_5 blank"> </span>2002</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y20 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Second printing <span class="_5 blank"> </span>January <span class="_5 blank"> </span>2007 </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y21 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">2 3 <span class="_5 blank"> </span>4 5 <span class="_5 blank"> </span>07 06 <span class="_5 blank"> </span>05</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y22 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">This volume is <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a produc<span class="_5 blank"> </span>t of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the staff <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>International Bank <span class="_5 blank"> </span>for Reconstruction <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and Development </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y23 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">/ The <span class="_1 blank"></span>World Bank. 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</span>rights and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>licenses, including <span class="_5 blank"> </span>subsidiary <span class="_5 blank"> </span>rights, should be <span class="_5 blank"> </span>addressed to </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y33 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">the O<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ffice of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the Publisher<span class="_1 blank"></span>, The <span class="_1 blank"></span>World Bank, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>1818 H <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Street NW<span class="_1 blank"></span>, Washingt<span class="_1 blank"></span>on, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>DC 20433, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>USA; <span class="_5 blank"> </span>fax: </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y34 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">202-522-2422; e<span class="_5 blank"> </span>-mail: <span class="_5 blank"> </span>pubrights@worldbank.org.</div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y35 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Stephen Foster is Leader of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the W<span class="_1 blank"></span>orld <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Bank\u2013Global W<span class="_1 blank"></span>ater Partnership <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Groundwater </div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y36 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Management Advisor<span class="_5 blank"> </span>y T<span class="_6 blank"></span>eam (GW-MA<span class="_6 blank"></span>TE), Visiting Pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ofessor <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of Contaminant Hydrogeology </div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y37 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">in the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>University of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>London, V<span class="_1 blank"></span>ice<span class="_5 blank"> </span>-Pr<span class="_0 blank"></span>esident of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the I<span class="_5 blank"> </span>nternational Association of </div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y38 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Hydrogeologists and was <span class="_5 blank"> </span>formerly the W<span class="_1 blank"></span>or<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ld Health <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Organization<span class="_1 blank"></span>\u2019<span class="_1 blank"></span>s Groundwater Advisor </div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y39 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">for the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Latin American\u2013Caribbean <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Region and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Divisional Director <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>British G<span class="_5 blank"> </span>eological </div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y3a ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Survey. </div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y3b ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Ricardo H<span class="_5 blank"> </span>irata is Professor of H<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ydrogeology at the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Universidade de S<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ão Paulo-Brazil, having </div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y3c ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">previously been <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>University of Wat<span class="_1 blank"></span>er<span class="_5 blank"> </span>loo-Canada <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and </div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y3d ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">a Y<span class="_6 blank"></span>oung Professional of the WHO/Pan-A<span class="_0 blank"></span>merican Health <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Organization.</div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y3e ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Daniel Gomes <span class="_5 blank"> </span>is a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Senior <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Consultant of W<span class="_1 blank"></span>aterloo H<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ydrogeolog<span class="_1 blank"></span>ic <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Inc-<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Canada, having </div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y3f ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">previously been <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a Hydrogeologist with <span class="_5 blank"> </span>CETESB-Brazil <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and a Y<span class="_6 blank"></span>oung <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ofessional <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of the WHO/</div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y40 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Pan-<span class="_0 blank"></span>American Health <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Organization.</div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y41 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Monica D<span class="_5 blank"> </span>\u2019Elia and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Marta <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Paris are both <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Researchers and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Lecturers in G<span class="_5 blank"> </span>eohy<span class="_1 blank"></span>drology <span class="_5 blank"> </span>at the </div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y42 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Universidad Nacional <span class="_5 blank"> </span>del Litoral-F<span class="_1 blank"></span>acultad <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de Ingenier<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ia y <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Ciencias Hidricas, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Argentina.</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y43 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Left Cover Photo by <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Getty <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Images, photographer Jeremy W<span class="_1 blank"></span>oodhouse</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y44 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Right Cover Photo <span class="_5 blank"> </span>courtesy of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Ron <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Giling/Still Pictures</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y45 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Photos page <span class="_5 blank"> </span>37 cour<span class="_5 blank"> </span>tesy of Stephen <span class="_5 blank"> </span>F<span class="_1 blank"></span>oster</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y46 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">ISBN <span class="_5 blank"> </span>0-8213-4951-1</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y47 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">The Librar<span class="_5 blank"> </span>y of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Congr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ess <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Cataloging-in-Publica<span class="_0 blank"></span>tion data <span class="_5 blank"> </span>has been <span class="_5 blank"> </span>applied for<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w0 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/942cb4ae-47cb-4170-86c2-59885af3a391/bg4.png"><div class="t m0 x9 hb y48 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5">iii</div><div class="t m0 xa hc y49 ff6 fsb fc2 sc0 ls5 ws1">C<span class="_0 blank"></span>o<span class="_0 blank"></span>n<span class="_0 blank"></span>t<span class="_0 blank"></span>e<span class="_0 blank"></span>n<span class="_0 blank"></span>t<span class="_0 blank"></span>s</div><div class="t m0 xa hd y4a ff6 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Forewords <span class="_8 blank"> </span>vi</div><div class="t m0 xa hd y4b ff6 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Acknowledgments, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Dedication <span class="_9 blank"> </span>vii</div><div class="t m0 xb he y4c ff6 fsc fc0 sc0 ls5 ws0">Part <span class="_5 blank"> </span>A: <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Executive <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Overview</div><div class="t m0 xa hd y4d ff6 fs8 fc2 sc0 ls5 ws0">Rationale <span class="_5 blank"> </span>for <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Groundwater Protection <span class="_a blank"> </span>1</div><div class="t m0 xa hf y4e ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">1. <span class="_b blank"> </span>Why <span class="_5 blank"> </span>has this <span class="_5 blank"> </span><span class="ff4 ws2">Guide</span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>been <span class="_5 blank"> </span>written? <span class="_c blank"> </span>2</div><div class="t m0 xa hf y4f ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">2. <span class="_b blank"> </span>Why <span class="_5 blank"> </span>do groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>supplies <span class="_5 blank"> </span>merit <span class="_5 blank"> </span>protection? <span class="_d blank"> </span>2</div><div class="t m0 xa hf y50 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">3. <span class="_b blank"> </span>What <span class="_5 blank"> </span>are the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>common <span class="_5 blank"> </span>causes <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>quality <span class="_5 blank"> </span>deterioration? <span class="_e blank"> </span>3</div><div class="t m0 xa hf y51 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">4. <span class="_b blank"> </span>How <span class="_5 blank"> </span>do aquifers <span class="_5 blank"> </span>become <span class="_5 blank"> </span>polluted? <span class="_f blank"> </span>4</div><div class="t m0 xa hf y52 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">5. <span class="_b blank"> </span>How <span class="_5 blank"> </span>can groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>pollution <span class="_5 blank"> </span>hazard <span class="_5 blank"> </span>be assessed? <span class="_10 blank"> </span>6</div><div class="t m0 xa hf y53 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">6. <span class="_b blank"> </span>What <span class="_5 blank"> </span>does groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>pollution <span class="_5 blank"> </span>protection <span class="_5 blank"> </span>involve? <span class="_11 blank"> </span>7</div><div class="t m0 xa hf y54 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">7. <span class="_b blank"> </span>Why <span class="_5 blank"> </span>distinguish between <span class="_5 blank"> </span>groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>resource and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>supply <span class="_5 blank"> </span>protection? <span class="_12 blank"> </span>9</div><div class="t m0 xa hf y55 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">8. <span class="_b blank"> </span>Who <span class="_5 blank"> </span>should promote <span class="_5 blank"> </span>groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>pollution <span class="_5 blank"> </span>protection? <span class="_13 blank"> </span>10</div><div class="t m0 xa hf y56 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">9. <span class="_b blank"> </span>What <span class="_5 blank"> </span>are the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>human <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>financial resource <span class="_5 blank"> </span>implications? <span class="_14 blank"> </span>11</div><div class="t m0 xb he y57 ff6 fsc fc0 sc0 ls5 ws0">Part <span class="_5 blank"> </span>B: <span class="_5 blank"> </span>T<span class="_6 blank"></span>echnical <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Guide</div><div class="t m0 xa hd y58 ff6 fs8 fc2 sc0 ls5 ws0">Methodological <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Approaches <span class="_5 blank"> </span>to Groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Protection <span class="_15 blank"> </span>13</div><div class="t m0 xa hd y59 ff7 fs8 fc2 sc0 ls5 ws3">B1<span class="ff6 fc1 ws0"> <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Mapping <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Aquifer <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Pollution V<span class="_1 blank"></span>ulnerability <span class="_17 blank"> </span>15</span></div><div class="t m2 xc h10 y5a ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">1<span class="_0 blank"></span>.1</div><div class="t m0 xd hf y5a ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Principles <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Underlying the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>V<span class="_1 blank"></span>ulnerability <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Approach <span class="_19 blank"> </span>15</div><div class="t m2 xc h10 y5b ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">1<span class="_0 blank"></span>.2</div><div class="t m0 xd hf y5b ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Development <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>V<span class="_1 blank"></span>ulnerability <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Concept <span class="_1a blank"> </span>16</div><div class="t m2 xc h10 y5c ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">1<span class="_0 blank"></span>.3</div><div class="t m0 xd hf y5c ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Need <span class="_5 blank"> </span>for an <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Absolute <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Integrated <span class="_5 blank"> </span>V<span class="_1 blank"></span>ulnerability Index <span class="_5 blank"> </span> <span class="_1b blank"> </span>17</div><div class="t m2 xc h10 y5d ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">1<span class="_0 blank"></span>.4</div><div class="t m0 xd hf y5d ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Application <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of GOD <span class="_5 blank"> </span>V<span class="_1 blank"></span>ulnerability <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Index <span class="_1c blank"> </span>19</div><div class="t m2 xc h10 y5e ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">1<span class="_0 blank"></span>.5</div><div class="t m0 xd hf y5e ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Comparison <span class="_5 blank"> </span>with Other <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Methodologies <span class="_1d blank"> </span>25</div><div class="t m2 xc h10 y5f ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">1<span class="_0 blank"></span>.6</div><div class="t m0 xd hf y5f ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Limitations <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of V<span class="_1 blank"></span>ulnerability <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Mapping <span class="_5 blank"> </span> <span class="_1e blank"> </span>27</div><div class="t m2 xc h10 y60 ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">1<span class="_0 blank"></span>.7</div><div class="t m0 xd hf y60 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Procedural <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Issues in <span class="_5 blank"> </span>V<span class="_1 blank"></span>ulnerability <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Mapping <span class="_5 blank"> </span> <span class="_1f blank"> </span>29</div><div class="t m0 xa hd y61 ff7 fs8 fc2 sc0 ls5 ws3">B2<span class="ff6 fc1 ws0"> <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Delineation <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Groundwater Supply <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Protection <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Areas <span class="_20 blank"> </span>31</span></div><div class="t m2 xc h10 y62 ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">2<span class="_0 blank"></span>.1</div><div class="t m0 xd hf y62 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Basis <span class="_5 blank"> </span>for Definition <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Perimeters <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of Areas <span class="_21 blank"> </span>31</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y63 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(A) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>T<span class="_6 blank"></span>otal <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Source Capture Area <span class="_22 blank"> </span>33</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y64 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(B) <span class="_23 blank"> </span>Microbiological Protection Area <span class="_24 blank"> </span>34</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y65 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(C) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Wellhead Operational Zone <span class="_25 blank"> </span>36</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y66 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(D) <span class="_26 blank"> </span>F<span class="_1 blank"></span>ur<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ther Subdivision <span class="_27 blank"> </span>36</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w2 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/942cb4ae-47cb-4170-86c2-59885af3a391/bg5.png"><div class="t m2 xd h10 y67 ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">2<span class="_0 blank"></span>.2</div><div class="t m0 xf hf y67 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Factors <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Controlling Shape <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Zones <span class="_28 blank"> </span>36</div><div class="t m2 xd h10 y68 ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">2<span class="_0 blank"></span>.3</div><div class="t m0 xf hf y68 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Limitations <span class="_5 blank"> </span>to Supply <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Protection <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Area <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Concept <span class="_29 blank"> </span>40</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y69 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(A) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Common Problems with Suggested <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Solutions <span class="_2a blank"> </span>40</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y6a ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(B) <span class="_23 blank"> </span>Case of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Karstic Limestone <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Aquifers <span class="_2b blank"> </span>42</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y6b ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(C) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Case <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of Spring <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and Galler<span class="_5 blank"> </span>y <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Sources <span class="_2c blank"> </span>44</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y6c ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(D) <span class="_26 blank"> </span>Implementation in <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Urban S<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ettings <span class="_2d blank"> </span>45</div><div class="t m2 xd h10 y6d ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">2<span class="_0 blank"></span>.4</div><div class="t m0 xf hf y6d ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Methods <span class="_5 blank"> </span>for Definition <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Protection <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Zone Perimeters <span class="_2e blank"> </span>45</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y6e ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(A) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Analytical V<span class="_1 blank"></span>ersus Numerical <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Aquifer Models <span class="_d blank"> </span>46</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y6f ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(B) <span class="_23 blank"> </span>2-D V<span class="_1 blank"></span>ersus 3-D <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Aquif<span class="_1 blank"></span>er <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Representation <span class="_2f blank"> </span>48</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y70 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(C) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Practical <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Considerations <span class="_30 blank"> </span>49</div><div class="t m2 xd h10 y71 ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">2<span class="_0 blank"></span>.5</div><div class="t m0 xf hf y71 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Dealing <span class="_5 blank"> </span>with Scientific <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Uncertainty <span class="_31 blank"> </span>49</div><div class="t m2 xd h10 y72 ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">2<span class="_0 blank"></span>.6</div><div class="t m0 xf hf y72 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Perimeter <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Adjustment and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Map <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Production <span class="_32 blank"> </span>51</div><div class="t m0 x11 hd y73 ff7 fs8 fc2 sc0 ls5 ws3">B3<span class="ff6 fc1 ws0"> <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Inventory <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Subsurface <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Contaminant <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Load <span class="_33 blank"> </span>53</span></div><div class="t m2 xd h10 y74 ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">3<span class="_0 blank"></span>.1</div><div class="t m0 xf hf y74 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Common <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Causes of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Pollution <span class="_34 blank"> </span>53</div><div class="t m2 xd h10 y75 ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">3<span class="_0 blank"></span>.2</div><div class="t m0 xf hf y75 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Basic <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Data Collection <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Procedures <span class="_35 blank"> </span>56</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y76 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(A) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Designing a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Contaminan<span class="_0 blank"></span>t Load <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Inven<span class="_0 blank"></span>tory <span class="_36 blank"> </span>56</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y77 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(B) <span class="_23 blank"> </span>Characteristics of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Subsur<span class="_5 blank"> </span>face Contaminant Load <span class="_37 blank"> </span>58</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y78 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(C) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Practical <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Survey <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Considera<span class="_1 blank"></span>tions <span class="_38 blank"> </span>58</div><div class="t m2 xd h10 y79 ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">3<span class="_0 blank"></span>.3</div><div class="t m0 xf hf y79 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Classification <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and Estimation <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Subsurface <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Contaminant <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Load <span class="_39 blank"> </span>60</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y7a ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(A) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Spatial and T<span class="_6 blank"></span>emporal <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Occurrence <span class="_3a blank"> </span>60</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y7b ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(B) <span class="_23 blank"> </span>The POSH Method <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of Load Characterization <span class="_d blank"> </span>62</div><div class="t m2 xd h10 y7c ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">3<span class="_0 blank"></span>.4</div><div class="t m0 xf hf y7c ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Estimation <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of Subsur<span class="_5 blank"> </span>face Contaminant <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Load <span class="_3b blank"> </span>63</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y7d ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(A) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Diffuse Sources of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Pollution <span class="_9 blank"> </span>63</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y7e ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(B) <span class="_23 blank"> </span>Point Sources of Pollution <span class="_3c blank"> </span>69</div><div class="t m2 xd h10 y7f ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">3<span class="_0 blank"></span>.5</div><div class="t m0 xf hf y7f ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Presentation <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of Results <span class="_5 blank"> </span> <span class="_3d blank"> </span>77</div><div class="t m0 x11 hd y80 ff7 fs8 fc2 sc0 ls5 ws3">B4<span class="ff6 fc1 ws0"> <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Assessment <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Control of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Pollution <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Hazards <span class="_3e blank"> </span>79</span></div><div class="t m2 xd h10 y81 ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">4<span class="_0 blank"></span>.1</div><div class="t m0 xf hf y81 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Evaluation <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of Aquifer <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Pollution <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Hazard <span class="_36 blank"> </span>79</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y82 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(A) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Recommended Approach <span class="_3c blank"> </span>79</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y83 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(B) <span class="_23 blank"> </span>Distinction <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Between Hazard and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Risk <span class="_3f blank"> </span>80</div><div class="t m2 xd h10 y84 ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">4<span class="_0 blank"></span>.2</div><div class="t m0 xf hf y84 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Evaluation <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of Groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Supply <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Pollution <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Hazard <span class="_40 blank"> </span>80</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y85 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(A) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Approach to Incorporation <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of Supply <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Capture Zones <span class="_41 blank"> </span>80</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y86 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(B) <span class="_23 blank"> </span>Complementary W<span class="_1 blank"></span>ellhead <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Sanitar<span class="_5 blank"> </span>y Sur<span class="_5 blank"> </span>veys <span class="_42 blank"> </span>81</div><div class="t m0 x12 hb y48 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5">iv</div><div class="t m0 x5 h11 y87 ff6 fse fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Groundwater Quality <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Protection<span class="ff5 ws5">:<span class="fsf ws0"> a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>guide for <span class="_5 blank"> </span>water utilities, municipal authorities, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and environment agencies</span></span></div><div class="t m3 x13 h12 y88 ff8 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls5">contents</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xa y0 w3 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/942cb4ae-47cb-4170-86c2-59885af3a391/bg6.png"><div class="t m0 x11 h11 y87 ff6 fse fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Groundwater Quality <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Protection<span class="ff5 ws5">:<span class="fsf ws0"> a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>guide for <span class="_5 blank"> </span>water utilities, municipal authorities, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and environment agencies</span></span></div><div class="t m2 xc h10 y67 ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">4<span class="_0 blank"></span>.3</div><div class="t m0 xd hf y67 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Strategies <span class="_5 blank"> </span>for Control <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Pollution <span class="_33 blank"> </span>81</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y89 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(A) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>eventing <span class="_5 blank"> </span>F<span class="_1 blank"></span>uture Pollution <span class="_43 blank"> </span>81</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y8a ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(B) <span class="_23 blank"> </span>Dealing with <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Existing Pollution Sources <span class="_44 blank"> </span>86</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y8b ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(C) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Approach <span class="_5 blank"> </span>to Historic <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Land Contamination <span class="_45 blank"> </span>89</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y8c ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(D) <span class="_26 blank"> </span>Selecting <span class="_5 blank"> </span>New Groundwater Supply <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Areas <span class="_46 blank"> </span>89 </div><div class="t m2 xc h10 y8d ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">4<span class="_0 blank"></span>.4</div><div class="t m0 xd hf y8d ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Role <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and Approach <span class="_5 blank"> </span>to <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Quality Monitoring <span class="_5 blank"> </span> <span class="_47 blank"> </span>92</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y8e ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(A) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Limitations of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>oduc<span class="_5 blank"> </span>tion W<span class="_1 blank"></span>ell S<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ampling <span class="_48 blank"> </span>92</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y8f ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(B) <span class="_23 blank"> </span>Systematic Monitoring for <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Groundwa<span class="_0 blank"></span>ter Pollution Control <span class="_49 blank"> </span>93</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y90 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(C) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>S<span class="_5 blank"> </span>election of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Analytical Parameters <span class="_4a blank"> </span>93</div><div class="t m2 xc h10 y91 ff6 fsa fc0 sc0 ls5 ws4">4<span class="_0 blank"></span>.5</div><div class="t m0 xd hf y91 ff3 fsd fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Mounting <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Groundwater Quality <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Protection <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Programs <span class="_4b blank"> </span>95</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y92 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(A) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Institutional Requirements <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and Responsibilities <span class="_4c blank"> </span>95</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y93 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(B) <span class="_23 blank"> </span>Addressing Key Uncer<span class="_5 blank"> </span>tainties and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Challenges <span class="_4d blank"> </span>96</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y94 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(C) <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Creating a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Consensus for Action <span class="_4e blank"> </span>98</div><div class="t m0 xa hd y95 ff6 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">References <span class="_4f blank"> </span><span class="ff3 fsd ws6">100</span> </div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y48 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5">v</div><div class="t m4 x14 h13 y96 ff8 fs11 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws7">c<span class="fs10">ontents</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w4 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/942cb4ae-47cb-4170-86c2-59885af3a391/bg7.png"><div class="t m0 x15 h14 y97 ff5 fs12 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws8">T<span class="fs9 ls6 ws0 v1">his <span class="_50 blank"> </span>is <span class="_50 blank"> </span>a <span class="_50 blank"> </span>much <span class="_50 blank"> </span>welcomed <span class="_50 blank"> </span>publication <span class="_50 blank"> </span>that <span class="_50 blank"> </span>pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ovides <span class="_50 blank"> </span>clear </span></div><div class="t m0 x16 ha y97 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls7 ws0">guidance <span class="_50 blank"> </span>to <span class="_50 blank"> </span>water<span class="_1 blank"></span>-sec<span class="_5 blank"> </span>tor <span class="_50 blank"> </span>decision <span class="_50 blank"> </span>makers, <span class="_50 blank"> </span>planners<span class="_0 blank"></span>, <span class="_50 blank"> </span>and </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha y98 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws0">practioners <span class="_50 blank"> </span>on <span class="_51 blank"> </span>how <span class="_50 blank"> </span>to <span class="_50 blank"> </span>deal <span class="_51 blank"> </span>with <span class="_50 blank"> </span>the <span class="_50 blank"> </span>qualit<span class="_5 blank"> </span>y <span class="_50 blank"> </span>dimension <span class="_50 blank"> </span>of </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha y99 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">groundwat<span class="_0 blank"></span>er <span class="_3 blank"> </span>resources <span class="_3 blank"> </span>management <span class="_3 blank"> </span>in <span class="_52 blank"> </span>the <span class="_3 blank"> </span>W<span class="_1 blank"></span>orld <span class="_52 blank"> </span>Bank\u2019<span class="_1 blank"></span>s <span class="_3 blank"> </span>client </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha y9a ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">countries. It is v<span class="_1 blank"></span>er<span class="_5 blank"> </span>y timely<span class="_1 blank"></span>, since there is <span class="_52 blank"> </span>growing evidenc<span class="_0 blank"></span>e of </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha y9b ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls9 ws0">increasing <span class="_50 blank"> </span>pollution <span class="_50 blank"> </span>threats <span class="_50 blank"> </span>t<span class="_0 blank"></span>o <span class="_50 blank"> </span>groundwat<span class="_0 blank"></span>er <span class="_50 blank"> </span>and <span class="_50 blank"> </span>some <span class="_50 blank"> </span>well-</div><div class="t m0 x15 ha y9c ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">documented <span class="_5 blank"> </span>cases <span class="_53 blank"> </span>of <span class="_53 blank"> </span>irrev<span class="_1 blank"></span>ersible <span class="_53 blank"> </span>damage <span class="_53 blank"> </span>to <span class="_5 blank"> </span>impor<span class="_5 blank"> </span>tant <span class="_5 blank"> </span>aquifers, </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha y9d ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">following many years of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>widespread public <span class="_5 blank"> </span>policy <span class="_5 blank"> </span>neglect. </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha y9e ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">The idea <span class="_5 blank"> </span>to under<span class="_5 blank"> </span>take <span class="_5 blank"> </span>such a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>review came <span class="_5 blank"> </span>from Carl <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Bartone <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha y9f ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Abel Mejia of the W<span class="_1 blank"></span>orld Bank, following an initial attempt to draw </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha ya0 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">attention <span class="_52 blank"> </span>to the <span class="_52 blank"> </span>need f<span class="_1 blank"></span>or groundwat<span class="_1 blank"></span>er protection in <span class="_52 blank"> </span>the Latin </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha ya1 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">American-Caribbean <span class="_1 blank"></span>Region <span class="_6 blank"></span>by <span class="_6 blank"></span>the <span class="_6 blank"></span>WHO-P<span class="_6 blank"></span>AHO <span class="_1 blank"></span>Centre <span class="_6 blank"></span>for <span class="_6 blank"></span>Sanitar<span class="_5 blank"> </span>y </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha ya2 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Engineering <span class="_5 blank"> </span>& Environmental S<span class="_5 blank"> </span>cience (CEPIS), <span class="_5 blank"> </span>who together <span class="_5 blank"> </span>with </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha ya3 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">the UNESC<span class="_1 blank"></span>O<span class="_5 blank"> </span>-IHP Regional Office f<span class="_1 blank"></span>or Latin American-Caribbean </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha ya4 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Region have provided suppor<span class="_5 blank"> </span>t <span class="_5 blank"> </span>for this new <span class="_5 blank"> </span>initiative. </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha ya5 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">The <span class="_53 blank"> </span>publication <span class="_53 blank"> </span>has <span class="_53 blank"> </span>been <span class="_53 blank"> </span>prepared <span class="_53 blank"> </span>for <span class="_53 blank"> </span>a <span class="_53 blank"> </span>global <span class="_3 blank"> </span>target <span class="_53 blank"> </span>audience </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha ya6 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">under <span class="_1 blank"></span>the <span class="_6 blank"></span>initiative <span class="_1 blank"></span>of <span class="_1 blank"></span>the <span class="_2 blank"></span>World <span class="_6 blank"></span>Bank<span class="_5 blank"> </span>\u2019<span class="_1 blank"></span>s <span class="_6 blank"></span>Groundwater <span class="_1 blank"></span>Management </div><div class="t m0 x15 h15 ya7 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Advisory <span class="_53 blank"> </span>T<span class="_1 blank"></span>eam <span class="_3 blank"> </span>(GW<span class="_1 blank"></span>-MA<span class="_1 blank"></span>TE)<span class="v0">, <span class="_3 blank"> </span>which <span class="_3 blank"> </span>works <span class="_53 blank"> </span>in <span class="_3 blank"> </span>association <span class="_3 blank"> </span>with <span class="_3 blank"> </span>the </span></div><div class="t m0 x15 ha ya8 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Global Wa<span class="_1 blank"></span>ter <span class="_54 blank"> </span>Partnership, under <span class="_54 blank"> </span>the <span class="_54 blank"> </span>c<span class="_1 blank"></span>oordination <span class="_54 blank"> </span>of <span class="_55 blank"> </span>the <span class="_55 blank"> </span>GW-</div><div class="t m0 x15 ha ya9 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">MA<span class="_6 blank"></span>TE <span class="_5 blank"> </span>leader<span class="_1 blank"></span>, Dr. Stephen Foster<span class="_6 blank"></span>. <span class="_5 blank"> </span>It <span class="_5 blank"> </span>is <span class="_5 blank"> </span>practically <span class="_5 blank"> </span>based in <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>review </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha yaa ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">of the <span class="_1 blank"></span>last decade\u2019<span class="_6 blank"></span>s experienc<span class="_0 blank"></span>e of <span class="_1 blank"></span>groundwater <span class="_0 blank"></span>protection in <span class="_1 blank"></span>Latin </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha yab ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">America and of <span class="_52 blank"> </span>concomitant advanc<span class="_1 blank"></span>es in the European <span class="_52 blank"> </span>Union </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha yac ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">and <span class="_55 blank"> </span>Nor<span class="_5 blank"> </span>th America. <span class="_54 blank"> </span>F<span class="_1 blank"></span>ollowing <span class="_55 blank"> </span>the <span class="_54 blank"> </span>approaches advocated <span class="_55 blank"> </span>will </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha yad ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">help <span class="_3 blank"> </span>make <span class="_52 blank"> </span>groundwa<span class="_0 blank"></span>ter <span class="_3 blank"> </span>more <span class="_3 blank"> </span>visible <span class="_52 blank"> </span>at <span class="_3 blank"> </span>the <span class="_52 blank"> </span>policy <span class="_3 blank"> </span>level <span class="_52 blank"> </span>and <span class="_3 blank"> </span>in </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha yae ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">civil societ<span class="_5 blank"> </span>y<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x17 ha yaf ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">John Briscoe</div><div class="t m0 x18 ha yb0 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">W<span class="_1 blank"></span>or<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ld Bank <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Senior W<span class="_1 blank"></span>ater Adviser</div><div class="t m0 x19 h14 y97 ff5 fs12 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws8">T<span class="fs9 ws0 v1">his <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Guide <span class="_53 blank"> </span>has <span class="_5 blank"> </span>been <span class="_5 blank"> </span>produced <span class="_5 blank"> </span>in <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the <span class="_53 blank"> </span>belief <span class="_5 blank"> </span>that <span class="_5 blank"> </span>groundwater </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a ha y97 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">pollution <span class="_53 blank"> </span>hazard <span class="_5 blank"> </span>assessment <span class="_53 blank"> </span>must <span class="_53 blank"> </span>become <span class="_5 blank"> </span>an <span class="_53 blank"> </span>essential <span class="_53 blank"> </span>part </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha y98 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">of environmental best pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ac<span class="_5 blank"> </span>tice for wa<span class="_0 blank"></span>ter supply utilities. Such </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha y99 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">assessments <span class="_54 blank"> </span>should <span class="_54 blank"> </span>lead <span class="_54 blank"> </span>to <span class="_54 blank"> </span>a <span class="_54 blank"> </span>clearer <span class="_54 blank"> </span>appreciation <span class="_54 blank"> </span>of <span class="_54 blank"> </span>priority </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha y9a ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls9 ws0">actions <span class="_50 blank"> </span>required <span class="_50 blank"> </span>of <span class="_50 blank"> </span>municipal <span class="_50 blank"> </span>authorities <span class="_50 blank"> </span>and <span class="_50 blank"> </span>environmen<span class="_0 blank"></span>tal </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha y9b ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">regulators to <span class="_55 blank"> </span>protect <span class="_55 blank"> </span>groundwater<span class="_6 blank"></span>, <span class="_55 blank"> </span>both <span class="_55 blank"> </span>in <span class="_55 blank"> </span>terms <span class="_55 blank"> </span>of <span class="_55 blank"> </span>avoiding </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha y9c ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">future <span class="_6 blank"></span>pollution <span class="_1 blank"></span>and <span class="_6 blank"></span>mitigating <span class="_1 blank"></span>threats <span class="_6 blank"></span>posed <span class="_1 blank"></span>by <span class="_6 blank"></span>existing <span class="_1 blank"></span>activities. </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha y9d ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">In <span class="_53 blank"> </span>the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>major<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ity <span class="_53 blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>cases <span class="_53 blank"> </span>the <span class="_53 blank"> </span>cost <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of <span class="_53 blank"> </span>these <span class="_5 blank"> </span>ac<span class="_5 blank"> </span>tions <span class="_53 blank"> </span>will <span class="_5 blank"> </span>be <span class="_53 blank"> </span>modest </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha yb1 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">compared <span class="_53 blank"> </span>to <span class="_3 blank"> </span>that <span class="_53 blank"> </span>of <span class="_3 blank"> </span>developing <span class="_3 blank"> </span>new <span class="_53 blank"> </span>water <span class="_3 blank"> </span>supply <span class="_53 blank"> </span>sources <span class="_3 blank"> </span>and </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha y9e ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">linking <span class="_5 blank"> </span>them into <span class="_5 blank"> </span>existing water distribution <span class="_5 blank"> </span>networks.</div><div class="t m0 x19 ha yb2 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">The <span class="_54 blank"> </span>situation <span class="_54 blank"> </span>in <span class="_50 blank"> </span>some <span class="_54 blank"> </span>Latin <span class="_54 blank"> </span>Amer<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ican <span class="_54 blank"> </span>countries <span class="_54 blank"> </span>has <span class="_50 blank"> </span>become </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha yb3 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">critical, in par<span class="_5 blank"> </span>t because many of the <span class="_55 blank"> </span>aquifers providing man<span class="_0 blank"></span>y </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha ya2 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 lsa ws0">municipal <span class="_50 blank"> </span>water <span class="_50 blank"> </span>supplies <span class="_50 blank"> </span>are <span class="_54 blank"> </span>experiencing <span class="_50 blank"> </span>serious <span class="_50 blank"> </span>overdraft </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha yb4 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">and/or <span class="_53 blank"> </span>increasing <span class="_53 blank"> </span>pollution. <span class="_53 blank"> </span>Among <span class="_53 blank"> </span>the <span class="_53 blank"> </span>cities <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of <span class="_53 blank"> </span>the <span class="_53 blank"> </span>region <span class="_53 blank"> </span>that </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha ya4 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">are highly <span class="_52 blank"> </span>dependent upon gr<span class="_1 blank"></span>oundwater resources<span class="_1 blank"></span>, are Recife </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha yb5 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">in <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Brazil, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Lima <span class="_53 blank"> </span>in <span class="_5 blank"> </span>P<span class="_1 blank"></span>eru, <span class="_53 blank"> </span>numerous <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Mexican <span class="_5 blank"> </span>cities, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>most <span class="_53 blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha yb6 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Central American capitals.</div><div class="t m0 x19 ha yb7 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">The <span class="_50 blank"> </span>Guide <span class="_50 blank"> </span>is <span class="_50 blank"> </span>thus <span class="_50 blank"> </span>par<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ticularly <span class="_50 blank"> </span>relevant <span class="_50 blank"> </span>for <span class="_50 blank"> </span>the <span class="_50 blank"> </span>W<span class="_1 blank"></span>orld <span class="_50 blank"> </span>Ba<span class="_5 blank"> </span>nk\u2019<span class="_1 blank"></span>s </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha yb8 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Latin <span class="_52 blank"> </span>American and <span class="_52 blank"> </span>Caribbean <span class="_52 blank"> </span>Region, <span class="_52 blank"> </span> where <span class="_3 blank"> </span>many countries </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha yb9 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">have <span class="_55 blank"> </span>initiated <span class="_55 blank"> </span>major <span class="_54 blank"> </span>changes <span class="_54 blank"> </span>to <span class="_55 blank"> </span>moder<span class="_5 blank"> </span>nize <span class="_55 blank"> </span>their <span class="_54 blank"> </span>institutional </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha yba ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">and <span class="_51 blank"> </span>lega<span class="_5 blank"> </span>l <span class="_50 blank"> </span>fra<span class="_5 blank"> </span>mewor<span class="_5 blank"> </span>k <span class="_50 blank"> </span>for <span class="_51 blank"> </span>water <span class="_51 blank"> </span>resou<span class="_5 blank"> </span>rces <span class="_50 blank"> </span>ma<span class="_5 blank"> </span>nage<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ment, <span class="_51 blank"> </span>but </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha ybb ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">may <span class="_53 blank"> </span>not <span class="_3 blank"> </span>yet <span class="_53 blank"> </span>have <span class="_53 blank"> </span>considered <span class="_3 blank"> </span>groundwa<span class="_0 blank"></span>ter <span class="_53 blank"> </span>at <span class="_3 blank"> </span>the <span class="_3 blank"> </span>same <span class="_53 blank"> </span>level <span class="_3 blank"> </span>as </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha ybc ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">sur<span class="_5 blank"> </span>face <span class="_3 blank"> </span>water<span class="_1 blank"></span>, <span class="_3 blank"> </span>because <span class="_52 blank"> </span>of <span class="_52 blank"> </span>lack <span class="_3 blank"> </span>of <span class="_52 blank"> </span>awareness <span class="_3 blank"> </span>and <span class="_52 blank"> </span>knowledge <span class="_52 blank"> </span>of </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha ybd ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">groundwat<span class="_0 blank"></span>er issues <span class="_52 blank"> </span>and policy <span class="_52 blank"> </span>options. A <span class="_52 blank"> </span>process <span class="_52 blank"> </span>of <span class="_52 blank"> </span>specialist </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha yae ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">consultation <span class="_53 blank"> </span>inf<span class="_1 blank"></span>or<span class="_5 blank"> </span>med <span class="_53 blank"> </span>the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>present <span class="_53 blank"> </span>work, <span class="_53 blank"> </span>and <span class="_53 blank"> </span>came <span class="_53 blank"> </span>out <span class="_53 blank"> </span>with <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha ybe ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">recommendation <span class="_5 blank"> </span>that <span class="_53 blank"> </span>the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Guide <span class="_53 blank"> </span>should <span class="_5 blank"> </span>focus <span class="_53 blank"> </span>on <span class="_5 blank"> </span>one <span class="_53 blank"> </span>technique </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha yaf ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">for <span class="_1 blank"></span>each component of <span class="_1 blank"></span>groundwater <span class="_1 blank"></span>pollution hazard assessment </div><div class="t m0 x19 ha ybf ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">in the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>interest of clarit<span class="_5 blank"> </span>y and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>consistency for <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the average user<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x1b ha yc0 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Abel Mejia-B<span class="_5 blank"> </span>etancourt</div><div class="t m0 x1c ha yc1 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Sector <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Manager<span class="_1 blank"></span>, W<span class="_1 blank"></span>ater Cluster<span class="_5 blank"> </span>; </div><div class="t m0 x1d ha yc2 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Financ<span class="_1 blank"></span>e, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Privat<span class="_1 blank"></span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Sector<span class="_1 blank"></span>, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and I<span class="_5 blank"> </span>nfrastructure,</div><div class="t m0 x1e ha yc3 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Latin America <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and Caribbean <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Region</div><div class="t m0 x12 hb y48 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5">vi</div><div class="t m0 x15 hc y49 ff6 fsb fc2 sc0 ls5 ws1">F<span class="_0 blank"></span>o<span class="_0 blank"></span>r<span class="_0 blank"></span>e<span class="_0 blank"></span>w<span class="_0 blank"></span>o<span class="_0 blank"></span>r<span class="_0 blank"></span>d<span class="_0 blank"></span>s</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x1f y0 w5 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/942cb4ae-47cb-4170-86c2-59885af3a391/bg8.png"><div class="t m0 x1f ha yc4 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 lsb ws0">F<span class="_1 blank"></span>our <span class="_56 blank"> </span>meetings <span class="_56 blank"> </span>in <span class="_51 blank"> </span>Latin <span class="_56 blank"> </span>America <span class="_57 blank"> </span>represent<span class="_0 blank"></span>ed <span class="_57 blank"> </span>key <span class="_57 blank"> </span>steps <span class="_57 blank"> </span>in </div><div class="t m0 x1f ha y97 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">undertak<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ing the syst<span class="_0 blank"></span>ematic assessment of <span class="_52 blank"> </span>relevant experience </div><div class="t m0 x1f ha y98 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">in <span class="_3 blank"> </span>that <span class="_3 blank"> </span>region <span class="_3 blank"> </span>and <span class="_52 blank"> </span>in <span class="_3 blank"> </span>reviewing <span class="_3 blank"> </span>the <span class="_52 blank"> </span>substantive <span class="_3 blank"> </span>conten<span class="_0 blank"></span>t <span class="_3 blank"> </span>of <span class="_52 blank"> </span>this </div><div class="t m0 x1f ha y99 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Guide. <span class="_52 blank"> </span>The following are acknowledged for their suppor<span class="_5 blank"> </span>t and </div><div class="t m0 x1f ha y9a ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">input to <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the respective <span class="_5 blank"> </span>meetings:</div><div class="t m0 x1f ha y9b ff9 fs13 fc1 sc0 lsc">\u25cf<span class="ff5 fs9 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_58 blank"> </span>Santa Fe, Argentina: October <span class="_5 blank"> </span>1999</span></div><div class="t m0 x1f ha yc5 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_59 blank"> </span>the <span class="_3 blank"> </span>late <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Mario <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Fi<span class="_1 blank"></span>li <span class="_52 blank"> </span>(Univ<span class="_1 blank"></span>ersidad <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Nacional<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>del <span class="_52 blank"> </span>Lit<span class="_1 blank"></span>oral); <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Mario </div><div class="t m0 x20 ha yc6 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws0">Hernand<span class="_1 blank"></span>ez <span class="_51 blank"> </span>(Universidad <span class="_50 blank"> </span>Nacional <span class="_51 blank"> </span>de <span class="_51 blank"> </span>La <span class="_50 blank"> </span>Plata); <span class="_51 blank"> </span>Monica </div><div class="t m0 x20 ha yc7 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Blasarin <span class="_53 blank"> </span>(Universidad <span class="_53 blank"> </span>Nacional <span class="_3 blank"> </span>de <span class="_53 blank"> </span>Rio <span class="_53 blank"> </span>Cuar<span class="_5 blank"> </span>to); <span class="_53 blank"> </span>and <span class="_53 blank"> </span>Claudio </div><div class="t m0 x20 ha yc8 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Lex<span class="_1 blank"></span>ouw <span class="_5 blank"> </span>(Universidad Nacional <span class="_5 blank"> </span>del Sur), <span class="_5 blank"> </span>all from <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Argentina </div><div class="t m0 x1f ha yc9 ff9 fs13 fc1 sc0 lsc">\u25cf<span class="ff5 fs9 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_58 blank"> </span>Montevideo<span class="_0 blank"></span>, Uruguay<span class="_5 blank"> </span>: Oc<span class="_5 blank"> </span>tober 2000 </span></div><div class="t m0 x1f ha yca ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_59 blank"> </span>Carlos Fernandez-<span class="_1 blank"></span>Jauregui and Angelica Obes <span class="_55 blank"> </span>de Lussich </div><div class="t m0 x20 ha ycb ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(UNESCO<span class="_0 blank"></span>); <span class="_55 blank"> </span>Alejandro D<span class="_5 blank"> </span>elleperre and <span class="_55 blank"> </span>Mar<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ia-<span class="_1 blank"></span>Theresa Roma </div><div class="t m0 x20 ha ycc ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(OSE-Uruguay) </div><div class="t m0 x1f ha ya3 ff9 fs13 fc1 sc0 lsc">\u25cf<span class="ff5 fs9 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_58 blank"> </span>Lima, Peru: March <span class="_5 blank"> </span>2001</span></div><div class="t m0 x1f ha ycd ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_59 blank"> </span>Henry <span class="_51 blank"> </span>Salas <span class="_50 blank"> </span>and <span class="_51 blank"> </span>Pilar<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_50 blank"> </span>Ponce <span class="_50 blank"> </span>(<span class="_5 blank"> </span>WHO-P<span class="_1 blank"></span>AHO-CEPIS), <span class="_51 blank"> </span>Maria-</div><div class="t m0 x20 ha yce ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">C<span class="_1 blank"></span>on<span class="_1 blank"></span>su<span class="_1 blank"></span>el<span class="_1 blank"></span>o <span class="_50 blank"> </span>V<span class="_1 blank"></span>ar<span class="_1 blank"></span>ga<span class="_1 blank"></span>s <span class="_51 blank"> </span>(I<span class="_1 blank"></span>NG<span class="_1 blank"></span>EO<span class="_1 blank"></span>MI<span class="_1 blank"></span>NA<span class="_1 blank"></span>S-C<span class="_1 blank"></span>o<span class="_1 blank"></span>lo<span class="_1 blank"></span>mb<span class="_1 blank"></span>ia<span class="_1 blank"></span>),<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_57 blank"> </span>Hu<span class="_1 blank"></span>go<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_57 blank"> </span>Ro<span class="_1 blank"></span>dr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ig<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue<span class="_1 blank"></span>z </div><div class="t m0 x20 ha ycf ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(I<span class="_0 blank"></span>CA<span class="_1 blank"></span>yA-C<span class="_1 blank"></span>ost<span class="_1 blank"></span>a Ri<span class="_1 blank"></span>ca),<span class="_1 blank"></span> Ju<span class="_1 blank"></span>lia<span class="_0 blank"></span> P<span class="_1 blank"></span>ac<span class="_1 blank"></span>hec<span class="_1 blank"></span>o (<span class="_1 blank"></span>CN<span class="_1 blank"></span>A-<span class="_6 blank"></span>Y<span class="_6 blank"></span>uca<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta<span class="_1 blank"></span>n-<span class="_1 blank"></span>Mex<span class="_1 blank"></span>ic<span class="_1 blank"></span>o)<span class="_1 blank"></span> a<span class="_1 blank"></span>nd </div><div class="t m0 x20 ha yd0 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Ju<span class="_1 blank"></span>an-<span class="_0 blank"></span>Ca<span class="_1 blank"></span>rlo<span class="_1 blank"></span>s Ru<span class="_1 blank"></span>iz (<span class="_1 blank"></span>SED<span class="_1 blank"></span>AP<span class="_2 blank"></span>AL<span class="_6 blank"></span>-P<span class="_1 blank"></span>er<span class="_0 blank"></span>u)</div><div class="t m0 x21 ha yc4 ff9 fs13 fc1 sc0 lsc">\u25cf<span class="ff5 fs9 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_58 blank"> </span>San Jose, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Costa Rica: <span class="_5 blank"> </span>November 2001</span></div><div class="t m0 x21 ha yd1 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0"> <span class="_59 blank"> </span>Mauree<span class="_0 blank"></span>n <span class="_50 blank"> </span>Balles<span class="_0 blank"></span>tero<span class="_1 blank"></span>s <span class="_50 blank"> </span>and <span class="_54 blank"> </span>Y<span class="_6 blank"></span>amileth <span class="_54 blank"> </span>Astorga<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_50 blank"> </span>(GWP<span class="_1 blank"></span>-CA<span class="_1 blank"></span>T<span class="_6 blank"></span>AC), </div><div class="t m0 x22 ha yd2 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Ar<span class="_1 blank"></span>cadio Ch<span class="_0 blank"></span>oza<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>(M<span class="_0 blank"></span>ARE<span class="_0 blank"></span>NA \u2013 Nicar<span class="_1 blank"></span>agua)<span class="_0 blank"></span>, Jenn<span class="_1 blank"></span>y Reynol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ds (UNA-</div><div class="t m0 x22 ha yd3 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Co<span class="_1 blank"></span>sta Rica)<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Jos<span class="_1 blank"></span>e<span class="_5 blank"> </span>-Rob<span class="_1 blank"></span>erto Duarte (P<span class="_1 blank"></span>RISMA<span class="_1 blank"></span>-El Salv<span class="_1 blank"></span>ador)<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x21 ha y9b ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Th<span class="_1 blank"></span>e <span class="_50 blank"> </span>pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>odu<span class="_1 blank"></span>ction<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_50 blank"> </span>of <span class="_54 blank"> </span>th<span class="_0 blank"></span>e <span class="_54 blank"> </span>Gui<span class="_1 blank"></span>de <span class="_54 blank"> </span>was<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_50 blank"> </span>man<span class="_1 blank"></span>aged<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_50 blank"> </span>by<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_54 blank"> </span>Karin<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_50 blank"> </span>Kem<span class="_1 blank"></span>per<span class="_6 blank"></span>, </div><div class="t m0 x21 ha yc5 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">C<span class="_1 blank"></span>oor<span class="_1 blank"></span>din<span class="_1 blank"></span>at<span class="_1 blank"></span>or of<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_55 blank"> </span>the<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_55 blank"> </span>Ba<span class="_1 blank"></span>nk<span class="_1 blank"></span>-Ne<span class="_1 blank"></span>the<span class="_1 blank"></span>rla<span class="_1 blank"></span>nds<span class="_1 blank"></span> W<span class="_1 blank"></span>at<span class="_1 blank"></span>er P<span class="_1 blank"></span>artn<span class="_1 blank"></span>ers<span class="_1 blank"></span>hip<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_55 blank"> </span>P<span class="_0 blank"></span>r<span class="_0 blank"></span>og<span class="_1 blank"></span>ra<span class="_1 blank"></span>m </div><div class="t m0 x21 ha yc6 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(B<span class="_1 blank"></span>NWP<span class="_1 blank"></span>P),<span class="_1 blank"></span> wit<span class="_1 blank"></span>h th<span class="_1 blank"></span>e as<span class="_1 blank"></span>si<span class="_0 blank"></span>st<span class="_1 blank"></span>anc<span class="_1 blank"></span>e of<span class="_1 blank"></span> Ca<span class="_1 blank"></span>rla<span class="_1 blank"></span> V<span class="_1 blank"></span>al<span class="_1 blank"></span>e. </div><div class="t m0 x21 ha y9e ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">The authors <span class="_5 blank"> </span>would also <span class="_5 blank"> </span>like to <span class="_5 blank"> </span>acknowledge valuable <span class="_5 blank"> </span>discussions </div><div class="t m0 x21 ha yc9 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">with the following of their r<span class="_0 blank"></span>espective colleagues: Hector Garduño </div><div class="t m0 x21 ha yca ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(GW-M<span class="_1 blank"></span>A<span class="_1 blank"></span>TE), <span class="_53 blank"> </span>Brian <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Morris <span class="_53 blank"> </span>(Br<span class="_5 blank"> </span>itish <span class="_53 blank"> </span>Geological <span class="_53 blank"> </span>Sur<span class="_5 blank"> </span>vey), <span class="_53 blank"> </span>Paul <span class="_53 blank"> </span>Martin </div><div class="t m0 x21 ha ycb ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">(<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Wat<span class="_1 blank"></span>er<span class="_5 blank"> </span>loo <span class="_1 blank"></span>Hydrogeologic <span class="_1 blank"></span>I<span class="_5 blank"> </span>nc) <span class="_1 blank"></span>and Ofelia <span class="_6 blank"></span>T<span class="_1 blank"></span>ujchneider (Univ<span class="_0 blank"></span>ersidad </div><div class="t m0 x21 ha ycc ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Nacional del <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Litoral-Argen<span class="_0 blank"></span>tina).</div><div class="t m0 x21 ha ya4 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">The <span class="_52 blank"> </span>desig<span class="_1 blank"></span>n and <span class="_52 blank"> </span>pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>duction of<span class="_1 blank"></span> the <span class="_52 blank"> </span>publica<span class="_1 blank"></span>tion w<span class="_1 blank"></span>as carrie<span class="_1 blank"></span>d out, </div><div class="t m0 x21 ha yd4 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">on <span class="_5 blank"> </span>behalf<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_53 blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the W<span class="_1 blank"></span>orld <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Bank <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Gr<span class="_0 blank"></span>oup<span class="_1 blank"></span>, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>by Wor<span class="_1 blank"></span>ds <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Public<span class="_0 blank"></span>ation<span class="_0 blank"></span>s <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of </div><div class="t m0 x21 ha yd5 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Oxf<span class="_1 blank"></span>ord, UK, with the support of Gill T<span class="_1 blank"></span>yson<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Graphi<span class="_1 blank"></span>cs.</div><div class="t m0 x23 hb y48 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5">vii</div><div class="t m0 x1f hc y49 ff6 fsb fc2 sc0 ls5 ws1">A<span class="_0 blank"></span>c<span class="_0 blank"></span>k<span class="_0 blank"></span>n<span class="_0 blank"></span>o<span class="_0 blank"></span>w<span class="_0 blank"></span>l<span class="_0 blank"></span>e<span class="_0 blank"></span>dg<span class="_1 blank"></span>m<span class="_0 blank"></span>e<span class="_0 blank"></span>n<span class="_0 blank"></span>t<span class="_0 blank"></span>s</div><div class="t m0 x1f hc yd6 ff6 fsb fc2 sc0 ls5 ws1">D<span class="_0 blank"></span>e<span class="_0 blank"></span>d<span class="_0 blank"></span>i<span class="_0 blank"></span>c<span class="_0 blank"></span>a<span class="_0 blank"></span>t<span class="_0 blank"></span>i<span class="_0 blank"></span>on</div><div class="t m0 x10 ha yd7 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">The authors <span class="_5 blank"> </span>wish to <span class="_5 blank"> </span>dedicate this Guide <span class="_5 blank"> </span>to the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>memory <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of Professor Mario <span class="_5 blank"> </span>F<span class="_0 blank"></span>ili of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the </div><div class="t m0 x10 ha yd8 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Universidad Nacional <span class="_5 blank"> </span>del Litoral-F<span class="_1 blank"></span>acultad <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de Ingenier<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ia y <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Ciencias Hidricas, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Santa Fe-</div><div class="t m0 x10 ha yd9 ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">Argentina, who died <span class="_5 blank"> </span>prematurely during <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the project. <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Mario was <span class="_5 blank"> </span>one of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the leading </div><div class="t m0 x10 ha yda ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">groundwat<span class="_0 blank"></span>er specialists <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of Argentina <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and Latin America, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>author <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of some <span class="_5 blank"> </span>70 published </div><div class="t m0 x10 ha ydb ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">technical papers <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and ar<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ticles, a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>life-long professional fr<span class="_5 blank"> </span>iend of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the first <span class="_5 blank"> </span>author and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>much-</div><div class="t m0 x10 ha ydc ff5 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">loved professor and colleague <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of two <span class="_5 blank"> </span>other authors <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of this <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Guide.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w0 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/942cb4ae-47cb-4170-86c2-59885af3a391/bga.png"><div class="t m0 x9 hb y48 ff5 fsa fc1 sc0 ls5">1</div><div class="t m0 xe h16 ydd ff5 fs14 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">An <span class="_54 blank"> </span>Ex<span class="_0 blank"></span>ecu<span class="_1 blank"></span>tive<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_50 blank"> </span>Ove<span class="_1 blank"></span>r<span class="_5 blank"> </span>vie<span class="_1 blank"></span>w <span class="_50 blank"> </span>fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>r <span class="_50 blank"> </span>sen<span class="_0 blank"></span>ior<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_50 blank"> </span>perso<span class="_1 blank"></span>nnel <span class="_54 blank"> </span>of <span class="_54 blank"> </span>wate<span class="_1 blank"></span>r <span class="_50 blank"> </span>servic<span class="_1 blank"></span>e <span class="_50 blank"> </span>co<span class="_1 blank"></span>mpani<span class="_0 blank"></span>es<span class="_1 blank"></span>, <span class="_50 blank"> </span>muni<span class="_1 blank"></span>cipal </div><div class="t m0 xe h16 yde ff5 fs14 fc1 sc0 lsd ws0">authorities, <span class="_26 blank"> </span>and <span class="_26 blank"> </span>environment <span class="_26 blank"> </span>agencies, <span class="_26 blank"> </span>answering <span class="_26 blank"> </span>anticipated <span class="_26 blank"> </span>questions <span class="_26 blank"> </span>about </div><div class="t m0 xe h16 ydf ff5 fs14 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">gr<span class="_1 blank"></span>oundw<span class="_1 blank"></span>ate<span class="_0 blank"></span>r p<span class="_1 blank"></span>ollut<span class="_1 blank"></span>ion t<span class="_1 blank"></span>hrea<span class="_1 blank"></span>ts an<span class="_1 blank"></span>d pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>otecti<span class="_1 blank"></span>on ne<span class="_1 blank"></span>eds,<span class="_1 blank"></span> and <span class="_1 blank"></span>prov<span class="_1 blank"></span>iding<span class="_1 blank"></span> esse<span class="_1 blank"></span>ntial<span class="_1 blank"></span> back<span class="_1 blank"></span>gro<span class="_0 blank"></span>und </div><div class="t m0 xe h16 ye0 ff5 fs14 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">and<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>stand<span class="_0 blank"></span>ar<span class="_1 blank"></span>dized<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>appr<span class="_1 blank"></span>oache<span class="_1 blank"></span>s <span class="_3 blank"> </span>to <span class="_53 blank"> </span>adopt<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>in <span class="_53 blank"> </span>comp<span class="_0 blank"></span>lia<span class="_1 blank"></span>nce <span class="_53 blank"> </span>with <span class="_53 blank"> </span>their<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>duty <span class="_3 blank"> </span>to<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>safe<span class="_1 blank"></span>guar<span class="_1 blank"></span>d <span class="_3 blank"> </span>the </div><div class="t m0 xe h16 ye1 ff5 fs14 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws0">qua<span class="_1 blank"></span>lity of wa<span class="_1 blank"></span>ter de<span class="_1 blank"></span>stine<span class="_0 blank"></span>d fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>r publi<span class="_0 blank"></span>c sup<span class="_1 blank"></span>ply<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xe ha ye2 ff7 fs14 fc2 sc0 ls5 ws9">1.<span class="ff3 fc1 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Why has <span class="_5 blank"> </span>this <span class="_5 blank"> </span><span class="ff4 wsa">Guide</span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>been written? <span class="_5a blank"> </span><span class="ff5 fs9">2</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe ha ye3 ff7 fs14 fc2 sc0 ls5 ws9">2.<span class="ff3 fc1 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Why do <span class="_5 blank"> </span>groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>supplies <span class="_5 blank"> </span>merit protection? <span class="_5b blank"> </span><span class="ff5 fs9">2</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe ha ye4 ff7 fs14 fc2 sc0 ls5 ws9">3.<span class="ff3 fc1 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>What are <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>common <span class="_5 blank"> </span>causes of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>quality <span class="_5 blank"> </span>deterioration? <span class="_5c blank"> </span><span class="ff5 fs9">3</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe ha ye5 ff7 fs14 fc2 sc0 ls5 ws9">4.<span class="ff3 fc1 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>How do <span class="_5 blank"> </span>aquifers <span class="_5 blank"> </span>become <span class="_5 blank"> </span>polluted? <span class="_48 blank"> </span><span class="ff5 fs9">4</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe ha ye6 ff7 fs14 fc2 sc0 ls5 ws9">5.<span class="ff3 fc1 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>How can <span class="_5 blank"> </span>groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>pollution <span class="_5 blank"> </span>hazard be <span class="_5 blank"> </span>assessed? <span class="_5d blank"> </span><span class="ff5 fs9">6</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe ha ye7 ff7 fs14 fc2 sc0 ls5 ws9">6.<span class="ff3 fc1 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>What does <span class="_5 blank"> </span>groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>pollution <span class="_5 blank"> </span>protection involve? <span class="_5e blank"> </span><span class="ff5 fs9">7</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe ha ye8 ff7 fs14 fc2 sc0 ls5 ws9">7.<span class="ff3 fc1 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Why distinguish <span class="_5 blank"> </span>between <span class="_5 blank"> </span>groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>resour<span class="_0 blank"></span>ce <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and supply <span class="_5 blank"> </span>protection? <span class="_5f blank"> </span><span class="ff5 fs9">9</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe ha ye9 ff7 fs14 fc2 sc0 ls5 ws9">8.<span class="ff3 fc1 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Who should <span class="_5 blank"> </span>promote <span class="_5 blank"> </span>groundwater <span class="_5 blank"> </span>pollution protection? <span class="_60 blank"> </span><span class="ff5 fs9">10</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe ha yea ff7 fs14 fc2 sc0 ls5 ws9">9.<span class="ff3 fc1 ws0"> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>What are <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>human <span class="_5 blank"> </span>and financial <span class="_5 blank"> </span>resource implications? <span class="_61 blank"> </span><span class="ff5 fs9">11</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hc yeb ff6 fsb fc2 sc0 ls5 ws0">R<span class="_0 blank"></span>a<span class="_0 blank"></span>t<span class="_0 blank"></span>i<span class="_0 blank"></span>o<span class="_0 blank"></span>n<span class="_0 blank"></span>a<span class="_0 blank"></span>l<span class="_0 blank"></span>e <span class="_5 blank"></span>f<span class="_1 blank"></span>or </div><div class="t m0 xe hc yec ff6 fsb fc2 sc0 ls5 ws0">G<span class="_0 blank"></span>r<span class="_0 blank"></span>o<span class="_0 blank"></span>u<span class="_0 blank"></span>n<span class="_0 blank"></span>d<span class="_0 blank"></span>w<span class="_0 blank"></span>a<span class="_0 blank"></span>te<span class="_1 blank"></span>r<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ot<span class="_1 blank"></span>ec<span class="_1 blank"></span>ti<span class="_1 blank"></span>on</div><div class="t m0 x24 h13 yed ff8 fs11 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws7">P<span class="fs10 wsb">art</span><span class="ws0"> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a: <span class="_53 blank"> </span>e<span class="fs10 wsb">xecutive</span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>o<span class="fs10 wsb">verview</span></span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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