Bibliografia sobre Riscos Ambientais e Projetos de Construção

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Geomorfologia
Applicações (continuação)
Bad news everyone…
Good news everyone...
Bibliografia basica
• AB'SABER, A. N. 2007. Os domínios de natureza no Brasil: potencialidades paisagísticas. 4. ed., Ateliê 
Editorial, São Paulo (Brasil), 159p. 
• CHRISTOFOLETTI, A. 1999. Modelagem de sistemas ambientais. Edgard Blücher Ed., São Paulo (Brasil), 
236 p. 
• CUNHA, S. B. & GUERRA, A. J. T. 2006. Geomorfologia do Brasil. 4.ed., Bertrand Brasil Ed., Rio de 
Janeiro (Brasil), 388 p. 
• GUERRA, A. J. T. 2006. Geomorfologia ambiental. Bertrand Brasil Ed. Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), 189p. 
• VOGT, K. A. 1996. Ecosystems: balancing science with management. Springer, New York (USA), 470 p. 
Perigo (Hazard )
 
Perigo (Hazard )
 
Propriedade intrínseca do agente de provocar uma alteração no estado 
de saúde ou um dano ao meio ambiente.
O grau de periculosidade dependerá:
• perigos à saúde / meio ambiente: capacidade de interferir nos processos 
biológicos normais
• perigos físicos: ou de explodir, corroer, etc..
•O perigo baseia-se principalmente numa avaliação dos estudos científicos 
disponíveis.
Risco (Risk) 
 =Probabilidade de efeitos nocivos ou que algum evento prejudicial 
venha a ocorrer.
 Risco = perigo x exposição
Analises de risco
Evaluações de risco
Tipos de perguntas: construção
• The answers to these questions can be both qualitative (e.g. recognition of pre-existing 
landslides with potential for reactivation) and/or quantitative (e.g. rates of change and the 
magnitude/frequency of events):
• What ground conditions could be expected in a particular area? e.g. the presence of relict solifluction sheets in temperate 
regions, the occurrence of running sands or buried peat horizons. 
• Will the project be at risk from erosion or depositional processes over its design lifetime? e.g. will instability occur at 
the site, or is the proposed development set back sufficiently from a retreating cliff top? 
• How could problems arise? e.g. from removal of support during excavation at the base of a slope. 
• Why has a problem arisen? e.g. leaking water pipes, disruption of sediment transport along a shoreline. 
• What effects will the project have elsewhere? e.g. reduction in floodplain storage, changes in surface run-off and erosion 
potential. 
• What magnitude event should be designed for to provide a particular standard of defense? e.g. what is the expected 
volume/depth and spatial coverage of the 1 in 50 year debris flow event? 
• All doubts need to be answered in practical terms and take account of uncertainty. 
Controle de risco: decições
Projetos de construção
• Abrupt and dramatic changes which are likely to be significant over a 
10–100+ year timescale have to be understood and taken into account 
in the design. 
• Examples include establishment of gully systems, migration of sand dunes, river 
planform changes, coastal cliff recession, and the growth and breakdown of shingle 
barriers. 
• Low probability events that would have a major impact on the project or 
development, such as flash floods, major first-time landslides, 
reactivation of pre-existing deep-seated landslides, excessive channel 
bed scour, neotectonic fault rupturing and tsunamis. 
• The design needs to define an acceptable level of risk (e.g. build for a 1 in 
100 year flood event, but not the 1 in 1000 year event). 
Mapa de risco de terremotos→ avaliar 
normas de construção de prédios (NE brazil)
(Santos et al. 2010)
Como fazer um mapa de risco?
1. Ocorrência de terramotos 
• data-base de terramotos históricos e medidos 
2. Calcular distribuição de aceleração (horizontal) e duração associados par 
um evento de magnitude M
• utilizando um data-base de terramotos medidos 
3. Calcular atenuação pelos rochas no região
• não existe um modelo especifico para brazil (Santos et al. 2010)
• E depois: mapa com estimação de dano
• Este tipo de estimações:
Probability (Event)× (Total Loss × Exposure Factor × Vulnerability Factor)
Como fazer um mapa de risco?
Estimar ocorrência 
• Probabilidade anual de um terremoto: numéro de terremotos recordados/ 
período de tempo
• Queria comprar um casa em Pelotas e morrer aqui para 50 anos
• 5 terremotos de Magnitude 6 em 5000 anos → probabilidade anual = 0.001
• Probabilidade cumulativo (n=50 anos) = 1-(1-0.001)50 = 0.05
• Assunção que o distribuição magnitude-frequência estava constante
• Probabilidade cumulativo para x eventos com probabilidade p em tempo n: 
(n x) px (1 – p)n–x
Probabilidad
e cumulativo
• Probabilidade (Pn, x) de um 
evento independente com 
probabilidade Po ocorrer ao 
menos X vezes em n anos
(Gretener 1967)
Estimar probabilidade de um terramoto
• = loglinear Log(Σn )= a bM
• Recorrência TM = 1/ Σn
• NE Brazil Log(TM )=-2.92 + 1.01M
Terremotos não são independentes (réplicas)
• Hawkes process: (HP) é um modelo matematico para ‘self-exciting’ 
processos
• Probabilidade de um novo evento = occurência médio + ‘chute’ pelos 
todos eventos na passado
 
‘chute’ + decay 
 
 
Outros riscos-tratamento parecido: eflúvios
• Floods: a variety of probability distributions can be used to 
model flood frequency/magnitude (e.g. the log-normal distribution, 
the Gumbel Type I and III distributions, the Pearson Type III 
distribution). 
• The criteria for selection are goodness of fit and ease of application
• F(Q) is the probability that an annual flood will equal or be less than 
the discharge Q.
Geomorfologia
Aplicações da geomorfologia em pesquisa mineral, geotecnia, hidrogeologia e 
meio ambiente. 
Mapeamento geomorfológico. Cartas temáticas. Métodos digitais aplicados à 
geomorfologia. 
SIG e Remote sensing
Think about all the activity occurring though out a landscape. 
How can we map, manage and analyze all that is going on? 
SIG
Data Types
Aspatial data—data not tied to a location on 
the earth’s surface
Spatial data—data associated with a location on 
earth
Much of the information we deal with daily has 
some spatial component.
What is SIG?
1. Data Management 
• Manages various kinds of GIS data including vector, raster, images, tables, 
other data files
• Data models and architectures
• Conversion between formats
• Import/export utilities
• Interacts with RDBMS (SQL Server, Oracle, etc…)
What is SIG?
2. Analysis
• Spatially aware data
• Attribute and spatial query
• Proximity and Overlay
• Processing techniques
• Decision support
• Flexible
• Programming, scripting (to perform analysis)
What is SIG?
3. Visualization
• Maps! Maps! Maps!
• If a picture is worth a 1000 words…
• Professional cartographic tool
• Charts, graphs, tables, etc…
• Various coordinate systems
• 2D and 3D
• Web, desktop, handheld, etc…
What is SIG?
1. Data Management – Visto Database
2. Analysis – Visto Modelo
3. Visualization – Visto Mapa
What About the “S” in GIS?
Systems
Science
Studies
Services
The “I”
• “I” = Information
• Substance (knowledge) about location
• Factual and interpretative
• Tables + Maps + Analysis
• Transformation of table information into spatial 
context for analysis
• Technology and computer systems
The “G”
•“G” = Geographic
• Denotes the concept of spatial location on Earth’s surface
• Importance of relative location (not just where you are but where 
you are in relation to everything else)
• Theories and techniques in Geography form the basis of GIS
Core of SIG: camadas
• Geographicdata = 
Representation of reality
• Reality is complex.
• GIS utilizes a layer approach
• Each layer only includes 
information about one type of 
phenomenon.
• Data layers must be aligned 
with one another
Importancia de camadas
• Proximitidade
• Procurar coisas perto de um estrutura
 ex: todos casas até 100 m do um rio
• Overlay
• Combinação para criar novos informações
Ex: habitat based on veg, elevation, and temp
Families of GIS Data
▪ Vector mode or coordinate based
▪ Three vector objects exist—points, lines, polygons; these 
are called “features.”
▪ Represented by X,Y coordinates
▪ sometimes Z (3D), sometimes M (linear reference)
▪ Information about features is (are) called “attributes.”
▪ Two types of vector models—topological and object
▪ Topological means the data models stores relationships 
between vectors
▪ Vector objects exist independent of any other nearby 
features
Families of GIS Data
▪ Raster mode or grid cell
▪ Entire study area is covered by a grid
▪ Each cell within grid is given a value
▪ Values can be integer or decimal
▪ Data can be discrete or continuous
▪ Cell size is variable and linked to the file size of the raster 
data
▪ Areas outside of the grid are ignored
▪ Grid must be expanded if those areas are to be included
Modeling Geospatial Reality
Real World
Vector Model
Raster Model
Coding Vector GIS
Reality Vector Mode Model of Reality
Coding Vector GIS
Polygon
I
Polygon
II
Polygon
III
Polygon
V
Polygon
IV
node
A
node
B
node
C
node
E nodeF
node
G
node
D
Reality Vector Mode Model of Reality
Advantages of Vector
• Vector data make maps that look more like maps we 
are use to seeing on paper.
• Accurate shapes of features.
• Vector data can have topology
• Vector data is good for managing attributes
• Vector data has smaller storage requirement
• Only the objects need to be represented in the database 
(empty space in-between is not captured)
Disadvantages of Vector
• Complicated data structure
• Software must manage many data tables
• Not good at representing geographic features that 
gradually change over location
• For example elevation or moisture in soil
• Slower processing time
Coding Raster GIS Data
Reality Raster Mode Model of Reality
Coding Raster GIS Data
1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4
1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4
2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5
1 1 1 1 6 5 5 5
1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5
Reality Raster Mode Model of Reality
Vantagens of Raster
• Good at depicting continuously changing surfaces 
such as elevation or soil moisture
• Grid format is simple data structure
• Easier for computer to make analytical calculations
• Ideal for utilizing remote sensing images
Disvantagens of Raster
• Maps can be blocky looking (depending on the size of 
the grid cells)
• Cells can only be coded for one attribute when there 
may be more than one attribute at each location
• Can have very large datasets (depending on the size of 
the grid cell)
• Not topological: adjacency data structure
GIS Is Evolving
Projects Systems Networks
Integrated Coordinated Cooperative
Moving to the Internet and Web Services
Aplicações?
• Sometimes, the best way to learn about GIS is to see how it’s being 
used…..
• Science
• Emergency management
• Government record-keeping
• Business location
• Environmental management
• Planning
• Crime mapping
Risco para inundacoes em RJ
Meanwhile in the governor’s office….
Remote sensing
Benefits geologists, scientists and exploration managers 
Mineral exploration and exploitation is a huge source of employment around the world
Remote Sensing
= one of the most important sources of data for GIS.
= Acquiring data from a distance
• Usually uses electromagnetic energy
• sunlight, radar, laser
• Originally captured on photographic film
• Recent platforms utilize digital sensors
Remote Sensing: vantagens
• Classificação para mapeamento
• Identificacao de ‘Targets’
• “bird’s eye view” – can cover large areas quickly 
• Can see any patterns or trends – differences in tone, 
texture and structure
• Wide Spectrum 
The Visible Spectrum
• The visible spectrum is only a 
tiny window
• We are blind to 99.99% of 
the energy in the universe
• We have created devices that 
allow us to see beyond the 
range of human vision
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Remote Sensing
• Black and White or “Panchromatic”
• Sensitive to visible light
• True Color
• Similar to color film
• Infrared 
• can’t be seen by humans
• Developed by military for identifying tanks painted with camouflage ….
• Good for evaluating conditions of vegetation
• Good for evaluating moisture in soil
• False-color adjusted
• When frequencies of received data are shifted to allow enhanced human viewing
• Multi spectral
• When more than a single “band” of energy is captured
• Color is multi-spectral (3 bands)
• Some satellites can have 7 or even more “bands” of sensitivity
Quais machinas colectaram dados? 
• Aviões
• High altitude
• Low altitude
• Satelites
• Landsat
• SPOT
• Satelites de tempo
• GeoEye-1
Geosynchronous Orbit
when the satellite moves at 
the same speed as the 
spinning earth – results in the 
camera staying over the same 
spot of the earth
Black and White
or
“Panchromatic”
Sensitive to visible light
 Aircraft: 
images
 Aircraft: 
Médidos magnéticos e raios de gamma 
measurements
Fotos orthographicos digitais
• Fotos digitais da Terra
• Geralmente colectada pelos aviões
• Orthographic means that the photo has all 
distortion removed
• A regular photo from an airplane will have 
distortion due to:
• Parallax – effect that distance away from the center 
point of a photo will always have distortion
• Terrain – the hills and valleys or a land area will 
cause distortion in the photo
• An orthographic photo is adjusted by computer 
software to make the image line up with a flat 
map 
Satellites
>1000 opcões.
• Orbito de satelite
• Resolução: 
• Temporal 
• Spatial
• Spectral
• Custa
Problemas e soluções
Problemas 
• Nuvens
• vegetação
• Atributas subterrâneos
solução
• Radar
• Radar
• Radio Echo Sounding
Landsat e ASTER
Landsat 
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) + the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration (NASA)
• Temporal resolution 16/18 days
• 11 Bands
• Spatial resolution 30-60m
• Free images
• Easily accessible
(U.S.G.S., 2012)
Satellite Images (LANDSAT 8) 
Landsat TM 741 color composite image of the southern Colorado River
illustrating extensional faults and the newly interpreted accommodation zone.
Satellite Images (LANDSAT 8) 
What are the spatial units for which data are 
collected?
• Pixel or Picture Element
• Smallest unit of data collection
• Features smaller than the pixel 
size can’t be distinguished
• Pixel Sizes
• Landsat MSS = 79 meters
• Landsat TM = 30 meters
• SPOT = 10 meters
• IKONOS = 1 meter
• GeoEye-1 = 0.41 meters
Spatial
resolutio
n
keeps 
getting
better...
GeoEye-1
1, 3, and
10 meters
Resolução spatial: sempre melor
Resolução temporal
• Remote sensing images begin to get old as soon as 
they are taken.
• Satellites repeatedly circle the earth.
• Airplanes must be commissioned every time they 
photograph (expensive).
• NJ aerial photography was taken 1995, 2002, and 
2007. Statewide aerials often have to be taken in 
multiple years. (95/97) (07/08)
• Turnaround isimproving: NearMap’s 2cm imagery 
of Brisbane floods released within 1 week.
ASTER
• Mapping of surface mineralogy 
• ASTER band ratios as proxies
• 14 different wavelengths
• Issues of cloud cover and vegetation
• Each terrain is different and so algorithms and ratios will vary
• Do not look at the ASTER data in isolation
The “work horse” for geologic Remote Sensing (van der Meer, 2014).
Spectral Signatures 
• Multiple bands that 
show what the human 
eye cannot see
• Visible, near infrared, 
short-wave infrared and 
thermal infrared
http://www.akitarescueoftulsa.com/label-the-electromagnetic-wave-dia
gram/
“Many minerals have unique and diagnostic spectral 
properties, and features such as the band centre, 
strength, shape, and width are used to identify 
species with high confidence” 
(Calvin et al, 2015)
“Spectrally Active” minerals can be mapped 
with Remote Sensing
Environment of formation Main spectrally active alteration minerals
High sulphidation epithermal Alunite, pyrophyllite, dickite, kaolinite, diaspore, 
zunyite, smectite, illite
Low sulphidation epithermal Sericite, illite, smectite, chlorite, cabonate
Porphyry: Cu, Cu-Au Biotite, anhydrite, chlorite, sericite, pyrophyllite, 
zeolite, smectite, canbonate, tourmaline
Carlin-type Illite, dickite, kaolinite
Volcanogenic massive sulphide Sericite, chlorite, chloritoid, carbonates, anhydrite, 
gypsum, amphiobole
Archean Lode Gold Carbonate, talc, tremolite, muscovite, paragonite
Calcic skarn Garnet, clinopyroxene, wollastonite, actinlite
Retrograde skarn Calcite, chlorite, hematite, illite
Magnesium skarn Forsterite, serpentine-tak, magnetite, calcite
Van der Meer, et al, 2014. 
Spectral signatures of different minerals 
shown through 9 ASTER spectral bands
(Beiranvand Pour & Hashim, 2012)
ASTER spectral 
signatures
• ASTER has 5 thermal 
bands – different 
outcrops of minerals can 
be identified due to 
differences in specific 
heat capacity
• Algorithms to extract the 
spectral information
Applicação 1: Exploração para minerais
▪ Subduction zones: Focus of magmatic and fluid flow, 
tectonic movement, supply and concentration of mineral 
elements from the mantle
▪ Porphyry Copper deposits (chile!)
▪ Deep-crustal breaks that often become syntectonic 
volcanic centers because they localize the magmatic 
material, thus becoming an elongated volcanic and 
plutonic center that intrudes existing fault zones and 
provides the thermodynamic energy to drive mineralized 
fluids
Deep fault zones
▪ Increase in brecciation and 
the number of faults with a 
net decrease in the average 
fault slip within the 
accommodation zone
▪ Localized compressional 
stress regime forms 
anticlinal culminations 
located structurally up-dip 
from the normal faults it 
separates or 
"accommodates" on either 
side
Diagrammatic representation of opposite polarity tilt patterns in extensional terranes as separated by a strike-slip or transfer fault 
(A) or an accommodation zone (B).
Quem tem as minerais? 
Valuable data for the planning and exploration 
program 
• The advantage of creating large scale area maps which allows them to examine in single scenes or in 
mosaics the geological portrayal of Earth on a regional basis. 
• The ability to analyze multispectral bands quantitatively in terms of numbers permits them to apply 
special image processing techniques to discern and enhance certain compositional properties of Earth 
materials. 
• The capability of merging different types of remote sensing products (e.g., reflectance images with 
radar or with thermal imagery) or combining these with topographic elevation data (DEMs) and with 
other kinds of information bases (e.g., thematic maps; geophysical measurements and chemical 
sampling surveys) enables views of existing or planning of proposed mines. 
• Mapping subregional surface geology. 
• Creating field exploration maps with detailed views of access roads. 
Pleiades-1A (0.5m)
Bingham Canyon Copper Mine - Utah, USA
Satellite Image
Case study: Bingham Canyon Copper Mine - Utah, USAc
Geological Interpretation using ASTER, DEM and 8-Band MS WorldView-2 Imagery 
Geological
Interpretation 
1 Meter DEM Pleiades-1A Triple Stereo Satellite Imagery 
Bingham Canyon Copper Mine - Utah, USA
Digital
Elevation
Model 
Bingham Canyon Copper Mine, Utah, USA — ArcScene 3D View — Pleiades-1A 
3D Vista
Case Study : ASTER & Detecting areas of 
high-potential gold mineralization 
•Hydrothermal alteration zones (gold and 
copper)
•Methods: band ratio & mineral extraction 
method
•Field mapping was also undertaken
• Gabr et al, 2010
Study Site: 
Abu-Marawat, the Eastern Desert of Egypt
• Abu Marawat Deposit is a gold rich, 
polymetallic deposit 
• Historical area of gold and copper 
mining dating back to the time of 
Pharaohs and Pyramids
Alexander Nubia Inc., 2011
Spectral
Signatures
Gabr et al, 2010
Result:
ASTER band ratio image 
The white colour represents mineralized parts 
of the alteration zone 
potential for significant, undiscovered gold 
ore
Case Study: La Escondida, Chile:
GIS analyses and satellite data in northern Chile to improve 
exploration for copper mineral deposits
1975 before extraction began 2008 with huge expansion
Data integration and analyses 
within a geographic information 
system • Different thematic layers of the database in the vicinity 
of La Escondida mining 
district. 
• Upper layers represent 
optimized Landsat data 
derived from band ratio-ing, 
principal component 
analysis (PCA), and inverse 
PCA. 
• Lower layers represent 
topographic data, lithology, 
and aeromagnetic data. 
• Bottom layer is one of the 
calculated favourability 
maps. 
Ott et al., 2006.
The End Result
Favourability map of altered rocks at La Escondida mining district
Problemas com ‘remote sensing’ exploração
• Cloud cover and vegetation
• Reproducibility
• Expense – software and datasets / raw images
• The gap between academia and industry
• Use of radar in mineral geology?
Vantagens de ‘remote sensing’ exploração
• Geoinformatics – many applications and uses
• Long and reliable history
• Multidimentional: many different dimensions and components can 
be considered at once
• The future: Drones and Sentinel-2
The Future: drones
 
• Drones will improve the ability to map small-scale surface features 
associated with geothermal systems in remote, rugged or vegetated 
terrain.
(Calvin et al, 2015)
• Can also be used to monitor mines for maintenance and efficient 
business management.
• Issues with standards, ethics and regulations.
On the left is an aerial view of a mine in the USA 
captured using the INTEGRATOR UAV pictured 
above on the right
The Future: Sentinel-2
E.S.A., n.d.
Sentinel-2 Specifications
• Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B
• 2A - April 2015
• 2B - 1st half of 2016
• To ensure the continuity of SPOT, Landsat and 
ASTER imagery
• High resolution optical imagery
• Spectral resolution: 13bands
• Spatial resolution: 10m, 20m and 60m
• Temporal resolution: 5days
Sentinel-2 Methods
•Band ratios serve as proxies to derive different 
minerals
•A dataset was simulated from a 
reflectance-at-surface airborne hyperspectral 
image
•Simulation studies
Case Study:
Cabo de Gata, 
SE Spain
A volcanic field which consists of 
calc-alkaline volcanic rocks (andesites & 
rhyolites) (Van der Meer, et al, 2014.)
• Case study to test the potential of Sentinel-2
• Cabo de Gato Volcanic field
• Metamorphic minerals
Process
Input 
(airborne 
hyperspectral 
data from the 
HyMAP 
sensor)
Geometric 
correctionSpatial subset
Spectral 
resampling
Spatial 
degradation
Comparison 
of 
scatterplots
Output 
(Scatter plots)
Scatterplots between simulated 
Sentinel-2 and simulated ASTER bands
Cabo de Gata
A. Photographs of the study site
B. Interpretation of the geology in 
the area
C. 3D perspective with a natural 
colour composite image derived 
from HyMAP
D. HyMAP band ratio image showing 
hydrothermal alteration 
mineralogy. 
Van der Meer, et al, 2014.
Van der Meer, et al, 2014.
The End 
Result
Band Ratio Products
• Simulated Sentinel-2
• Simulated ASTER
• Real ASTER
Geological & Mineral Interpretation
Van der Meer, et al, 2014.
Ratio mapping
Good correspondence between 
the ASTER and Sentinel-2 ratios 
for ferric/ferrous iron, ferric 
oxides, ferrous silicates, gossan 
and NDVI 
Geologic mapping
The simulated Sentinel-2 was 
visually compared to a geological 
map & mineral maps. 
Simulated image products 
demonstrate a good 
correspondence between ASTER 
and Sentinel-2 VNIR and SWIR 
bands
Applicação 2: Exploração para oleo e gaseo
• Oil and gas exploration activities for large areas require airborne 
magnetic or ground gravity and seismic surveys to facilitate detailed 
geological interpretations for subsurface features. 
• Orthorectified high resolution satellite image data
• Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) generated from Stereo Satellite or 
Airborne sensors, SIC delivers detailed computer visualization 
environments for desktop programs such as ArcGIS 9.x with Spatial 
Analyst and 3D Analyst with DSM/DEM posting intervals from 3m to 
90m.
Oléo
Quem tem o oléo?
Brazil: Pré-sal 173 bbsl (90% probabilidade)
ArcGIS Exploration and Production - Albania
ArcGIS
Exploration 
Exporação pelo agua subterraneo
METHODOLOGY
• Pre-field
• Literature Survey and data Collection
• Image interpretation and creation of spatial database
• Field Reconnaissance
• Ground truthing for spatial database
• Finalization of the spatial database
• Field Work
• Spatial Analysis of Data
• Recommended recharge structures
Flowchart for groundwater exploration
IRS LISS II standard FCC (Geo corrected) image of Dhanbad District.
Ground Water Table depth map (after CGWB Report, 2000).
SRTM -Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Dhanbad District
Vertical Electrical Sounding Resistivity curve and modeled section
Multi-technique approach is best
• Integration with other geoinformatics technologies
• GIS data layers 
– to get a better 
understanding of 
the site
• Topographical
• Geophysical
• Geochemical data
• Adding layers on 
transport, relief, 
elevation etc Some of the GIS data layers used by the USGS in their geological 
studies
http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/longislandsoun
d/data/gis.html
Reading assignment: