ingles cultura ing.

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INGLES CULTURA
For Marcuse and other members of the Frankfurt School, civilization had resulted in capitalist exploitation of the masses and their alienation.
Anthropology began as a specialized discipline in the 19th century within a theoretical school called evolutionism. This approach was related to the dominant Darwinist and, more importantly, social Darwinist paradigms of the period.
Choose the option which best completes the following sentence: The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. That is a task and its promise.
For Marcuse, the so-called civilized culture of the modern age had simply resulted in ever more technologically enhanced means by which humans could kill with ever increasing efficiency.
Identity¿ means..being able to ¿fix¿ or ¿figure out¿ who we are as people
How do Marxists see culture?
as a mechanism by which some groups maintain power over other groups
Man needs to transmit culture. What for?Because if the knowledge constructed by his people was not transmitted generation by generation, everything would be missed, which would block evolution process.
The learning of a culture - the process whereby the traditions of a community are passed down the generations - is known as socialization. This is usually seen as involving the transmission of the norms and values of a given culture.
According to Freud In Civilization and its Discontents (1930), the rules of supposedly civilized societies are in fact massive social constraints .that lead to unhappiness - or discontents- since they prevent people from acting in truly human ways.
According to the following statement, choose the option which can best complete it. ¿ Because the self emerges in social interaction within the context of a complex, organized, differentiated society, it has been argued that the self must be complex, organized and differentiated as well¿. (Stryker, 1980).So the self reflects society
The political and moral problems in valuing some cultures above others has led many sociologists to adopt a more relativistic position when thinking about and comparing cultures. In this view, No one culture is "correct"- rather, different cultures are simply different and should be tolerated as such.
Choose the word which best completes the following statement: Norbert Elias´ s central thesis is that as time goes by society becomes increasingly more civilized.
When Marx refers to a class in itself to a class for itself, he means that, in other words, the members of the working classes realize the nature of their situation and begin to develop a class identity that allows them to develo solidarityp with their fellow members and act against their oppressors.
Choose the option which best completes the following statement: The nature of society from a Marxist point of view is one in which unnatural systems of power must be made to seem as though they are a natural and organic outgrowth of the progress of civilization
Mark the option which best completes the following sentence: Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber all analyzed the way in which society is constructed in great part from its relationship to conditions; specifically the division of economic / labor
Sociologists study and researc Society structures, as ethnical groups; social classes, as business men, politicians; genre, as kids, men, women; violence, institutions like family, school, religion, etc.h:
The process of commodification is also seen as creating false needs, making people purchase objects/products they do not really need in order to provide capitalists with ---------------.profits
Sociology is one of the Human Sciences that has as subjects:society, its social organization and the processes that connect persons in groups, institutions and associations.
Choose the only option which does NOT describe culture according to sociological action: It's A process but not a fluid one.
What is meant by multiculturalism?
Culture drawing on many influences but still within the patriarchal framework
Which theoretical perspective on cultural development rests on the logic of evolution?sociobiology
Weber´s was the type of mind which was continually developing throughout his intellectually productive life. His system of ´sociological theory´ was not meant to stand alone. We dare say that his work may be conceived rather as an introduction to the institutional foundations of the modern economic and social order. For Weber, what is the difference between behavior and action? Behavior is an automatic response that occurs with little thought, whereas action is the result of a conscious process in which people give meaning to their actions and the world around them.
Action theory describes the -------------------- that influence action and serve as the foundation for society. In developing his theory, Weber distinguished between the concepts of behavior and action.The option which best completes the previous statement is.subjective factors
When people consider the influence of security policies developed by the police in their daily lives we can say that they are studying society.a micro level
Choose the WRONG alternative.Identity is essential if meaningful interaction is to take place amongst a society of thinking, creative, conscious and active individuals
For Weber, people make sense of what they do when they understand.
culture is created by humans through the meanings and motives they hold
What are the main features of a culture?All of the above
Which of the alternatives below does not characterizes Modernity?Small and calm cities, where individual production took place
Why are Giddens concepts criticized? Because.he exaggerates the degree of choice that individuals have over their own lives, and plays down the fact that often our lives are not of our own choosing.
Choose the option which best completes the following statement: Modernization and specialization is an expected and welcome product of that outgrowth and serves to shape society by offering choices based on.
individual desires.
Which definition does not characterize Modernity?The decrease of Nationalization
Habermas´ seeks a society in which unrestricted communication can occur, a society free from domination, free from the constraints ofideology
Mark the only option which does not suit Habermas´ ideas: Habermas seeks a society in which unrestricted communication can occur, a society free from domination, free from the constraints of ideology. The existence of ideology is seen to Individual acceptance to promote changes
Goffman´s dramaturgical analogy is so called because he compares social life to the theatre. Mark the only option which does not suit the statement:
people believe they have no way out
According to the Post-Modernity phenomenon, globalization may alter time and space notions, drive out the social system and the imposed structures as well as make possible the emergence of a pluralization of social power centers
What ´s the ´ mass society thesis ´?It is a pessimistic critique of mass/popular culture, based on sociological theories such as Marxism. It suggests that popular culture prevents critical and revolutionary thought. It leads to a society where individuals lose their sense of community, their individuality and come to rely on strong authority from above.
The consumption of cultural products commodities- under a capitalist economy creates -------------------which in turn safeguards the dominance of the ruling group. In this respect consumerism is ideological.fetichism
The highly conservative view of the popular/mass culture of the working classes which need the high culture to become better educated, provides intellectual justification for the continuation of the -----------------in society.class system
What does agency refer to?It refers to the freedom individuals have to act on their own choices. Commonly,
it is referred to as free will.
Which one is seen as a product of human action, has an aim and has a physical presence?Artefacts
According to theoretical assumptions, the expression 'Subculture' may represent:a set of specific cultural elements adopted by a social group, as a micro-group, which may either peacefully coexist in society or constitute a marginal subculture if compared to the culture imposed by the 'cream of the society' (elite).
The process by which one generation passes culture to the next is called
Certo	cultural transmission.
This sensationalism over the activities of the young might be described as ------------- an exaggerated, media-provoked fear that causes the members of society to perceive that a problem is much greater than it is.(a moral panic)
What is the official language of 20 percent of the world's people?Chinese
Many contemporary sociologists, especially postmodernists, are interested in the role played by popular culture in the creation of identity.They define it as
Certo	Popular culture ¿ or sometimes mass culture ¿ is usually defined as media and other cultural products that are readily available, often cheap to consume and have popular or mass appeal. Popular culture ¿ especially fashion and music ¿ is also seen to be major feature of youth subcultures.
Although young people are criticized by their bad behavior by the media, they are also controlled by the same media and are said to be.wonderful consumers
Which alternative represents the right definition of subculture:Subculture: This usually refers to a group that has broken away from the wider, dominant culture: a culture within a culture that has its own specialist norms and values ¿ its own of life, shared by a smaller proportion of a population.
Howard Becker thinks the behavior that people exhibit may sometimes be labeled deviant by others, but on other occasions it may be regarded as acceptable and even normal. The group who support this idea is called Subculture
Choose the best word which completes the following sentence With urban ecology the city and its organization are depicted as a series of concentric circles, at the middle of which lies a business district the inner core of the city. Next to the central area is a zone referred to as a zone of transition since it has a high migration rate and consequently an unsettled culture. Life is this zone mirrors. In many respects their idea of the functionalist concept of-anomie or normlessness
Which alternative represents the right definition of deviant subculture:Deviant subculture: While some subcultures conform for most of part to the broader norms and values of the dominant culture, other groups seek to reject these norms and values and are therefore considered as a deviant⊂ct̲ure¿.
Which alternative cannot answer the following question: What are consumer culture elements?Consumption does not play a part in life-style formation.
Functionalism main goal is.analyze key elements of a social system, trying to understand how these elements are related to other elements of the same social system and to social system as a whole.
How can functionalism be defined?
Certo	It is the perspective in sociology according to which society consists of different but related parts, each of which serves a general purpose.
All of the following typically generate cultural change, except:ethnocentrism.
Choose the alternative that is correct in relation to Post modernism and identity:
Certo	Postmodernists such as Crook suggests that present-day identities are much more fluid and ambivalent than they were under the rigid constraints in class identity in the past. Now individuals are free to become who they wish, through consumption and the creative adaptation of life-styles.
Advertising plays an important role in the economic life of almost every market economy. Why is it so? Because ...consumption is based on the instant gratification of needs.
Durkheim thoughts revealed the independent existence of social facts in relation to persons. He created the expression collective conscious, which means. the standardized manner of conduct and thought that may be observed in an inner social group
What are the strengths of functionalism in relation to culture?
Certo	It allows us to think about the nature of the social system as a whole, explains the process of socialization and how culture can create order in society.
The strength of postmodern feminism is that it moves beyond simplistic notions of ---------- based on distinctions between opposites such as being either male or female, or black or white.identity
Complete the following sentence with the best option: Postmodern feminists seek to give a voice to a whole range of groups in society.marginal
All women must be free from the constraints of belonging to a specific gender. This is called.global feminism.
tudies about Feminism content are important, especially in Latin America because The political reality in this continent is marked by authoritarian crises, the increase of social differences and prejudice against women
Post-Structuralism can be characterized as a way of thinking, a style of philosophizing and a way of writing. In relation to this perspective, mark the correct option.Post-Structuralism cannot be reduced to a set of theoretical assumptions or a school, since it represents a 'complex and interdisciplinary thought movement'
Feminism ideology can take many different forms. In the 1970's, women started developing a the Mark the only option white.identity
Feminism ideology can take many different forms. In the 1970's, women started developing a theory which helped to explain their oppression. By the 1980's, feminists started disagreeing on particular issues linked to feminism. What was once one theory, began to branch out into many theories that focused on different feminist issues.What is the main focus of radical feminism?Radical feminism focuses on men as oppressors. Radical feminists view prostitution as a reinforcement, perpetuation, subordination, and exploitation of women.
Mark the only option which cannot complete the statement: Ethnic stereotypes vary along several dimensions among them are degree of races
Teresa is a brazilian feminist but she contends that no woman is free until the conditions that oppress women worldwide are eliminated. When Teresa defends these ideas, she defends the Global feminism
According to the Reflexive Modernization theory, politicians are not to be blamed for all of their decisions because the political decisions that influence everyday life the most are not from formal political resolution, but from informal spheres of society.
The illusion of a hegemonic society in a world level has brought some problems, as for example:The evidence that social inequality, prejudice, racial segregation and intolerance in general are still prevailing.
What is religious fundamentalism?All of the above
In a globalized contemporary world, high technology has emerged and developed different means of communication more and more. This generates advantages and disadvantages, respectively:
A large flow of ideas among different cultures by the radio, newspapers, TV and the internet; the denying access to technology by lower classes, which creates a gap between different communities.
Progress and technology have created an illusion of a cultural hegemonic world. Why?Because they provide a sensation that everybody may have access to everything the world offers
The emergence of the newspaper and novels strengths the idea of an imaginative national community. This way, we can say that the press enables¿Mass communication and the consciousness of the diversified linguistic system
Reflexive Modernity is an expression used by authors as Anthony Giddens, Ulrich Beck and Scott Lash in order to characterize a contemporary or post-modern society. According to this thought, reflection represents. a possibility of
modernity reinvention, opening the doors to multiple possibilities of modernities
An exaggerated consumerism has generated many problems such as.A higher level of obesity, personal arrearages, a mistreated environment, violence increase, lack of time to have fun
What ´s the ´ mass society thesis ´?It is a pessimistic critique of mass/popular culture, based on sociological theories such as Marxism. It suggests that popular culture prevents critical and revolutionary thought. It leads to a society where individuals lose their sense of community, their individuality and come to rely on strong authority from above.
Which one of the following is seen as the bedrock of any corporate culture?
Certo	Norms
The values, beliefs, behaviour, and material objects that constitute a people's way of life is defined as culture.culture. 
According to the Post-Modernity phenomenon, globalization may alter time and space notions, drive out the social system and the imposed structures as well as make possible the emergence of a pluralization of social power centers.
The highly conservative view of the popular/mass culture of the working classes which need the high culture to become better educated, provides intellectual justification for the continuation of the -----------------in society. Certo	class system
Jean Baudrillard's philosophy centers on the twin concepts of 'hyperreality' and 'simulation'.
What do these terms refer to? To the virtual or unreal nature of contemporary culture in an age of mass communication and mass consumption.
1) Define Linguistics.
Gabarito: Linguistics concerns itself with describing and explaining the nature of human language. Fundamental questions include what is universal to language, how language can vary, and how human beings come to know languages.Linguistic fields can then be broadly divided.
2) Connect the collective to the correct group of people it defines. a. audience b. army c. cast d .flock e. cattle f. agenda g. archipelago h. bouquet ( ) sheep ( ) soldiers ( ) flowers ( ) cows ( ) actors ( ) islands ( ) tasks ( ) espectators
Gabarito: D - B - H - E - C - G - F - A
3) Analise a sentença dada. Retire dela o trecho que pode ser classificado como sendo a NOUN PHRASE. Depois, explique, usando o conceito de NP, o que motivou a sua escolha. Whichever dress you choose will be fine for the banquet.
Gabarito: O aluno deve colocar o conceito de NP e como é feito o reconhecimento.
4) What is the difference between phrase and sentence?
Gabarito: O aluno deverá saber a diferença entre frase e período.
5) Identify the NOUN PHRASE(S) in the following sentence: "The winner of the race hasnt been announced yet".
Gabarito: THE WINNER / THE RACE
6) ''Usually a noun is countable when used in a general, abstract meaning (when you don't think of it as a separate object) and uncountable when used in a particular meaning (when you can think of it as a separate object)''. True or False? Justify.
Gabarito: False. Usually a noun is uncountable when used in a general, abstract meaning (when you don't think of it as a separate object) and countable when used in a particular meaning (when you can think of it as a separate object).
7) Adjectives have their specific characteristics and functions. Mention one of these characteristics and comment its function.
Gabarito: Adjetivos classificam e qualificam os nomes. Melhorar a resposta.
8) Define syntax.
Gabarito: Syntax is the study of how words combine to form meanigful phrases and sentences.
9) A palavra PRESENT foi utilizada de forma diferente nos exemplos a seguir. Comente.
[1] The present situation of the country is not stable \u37e [2] The people present in the meeting approved the budget for the semester.
Gabarito: [1] A palavra PRESENT é um PREMODIFIER \u37e em [2], um POSTMODIFIER.
10) Quantas NOUN PHRASES temos na seguinte sentença: ''Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty in words''?
Gabarito: São 04: 1) Poetry; 2) the rhythmical creation; 3) beauty; 4) words;
11) Which is the adjective phrase in the following sentence: Whitney Houston is the greatest singer of all times.
Gabarito: The greatest singer
12) ´No one can be really sure about the choices one makes in life. Actually there is no safe choice, there is no infallible answer. However, it is not an impossible task to be accomplished. ´Establish a relationship between the sentence above and the job of a teacher.
Gabarito: Even if we don't know about what we want or what is the best chices to keep living safely, we can ask someone's help and ask some orientation. More than teach students a technical subject, teachers can also help students with their future and give them some advices.